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Dhayat NA, Mattmann C, Seeger H, Ritter A, Ernandez T, Stoermann-Chopard C, Buchkremer F, Segerer S, Roth B, Wuerzner G, Wagner CA, Bonny O, Popp AW, Vogt B, Bargagli M, Fuster DG. The Vitamin D Metabolite Diagnostic Ratio Associates With Phenotypic Traits of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1072-1082. [PMID: 38765596 PMCID: PMC11101794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Underlying mechanisms for hypercalciuria remain unknown in most cases; thus, the designation "idiopathic." We hypothesized that the vitamin D-inactivating enzyme, CYP24A1 contributes to the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria in kidney stone formers. Methods We conducted association analyses between CYP24A1 activity, estimated by the vitamin D metabolite diagnostic ratio (25(OH) vitamin D3/total 24,25 (OH)2 vitamin D ratio; VMDR), and the phenotype of participants in 2 observational cohorts of kidney stone formers, the Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC) and the Bern Kidney Stone Registry (BKSR). Circulating 25(OH)- and 24,25 (OH)2 vitamin D were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay. Results A total of 974 participants were included in the analysis. We found a positive association of VMDR (and hence negative association of CYP24A1 activity) with total (β 0.009 mmol/l; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.002, 0.016; P = 0.02) and ionized plasma calcium (β 0.005 mmol/l; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.008; P < 0.01), absolute and fractional excretion of urinary calcium (β 0.054 mmol/24h; 95% CI: 0.010, 0.097; P = 0.02 and β 0.046%; 95% CI: 0.018, 0.074; P < 0.01, respectively). Further, VMDR was associated with an increased likelihood of forming calcium oxalate dihydrate stones (Odds ratio [OR] 1.64; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.35; P < 0.01) and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck (β -0.005 g/cm2; 95% CI: -0.010, -0.001; P = 0.04). The described associations became stronger when the analysis was confined to idiopathic calcium stone formers. Conclusion Our study reveals that CYP24A1 activity, estimated by VMDR, is associated with clinical traits previously linked to idiopathic hypercalciuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A. Dhayat
- B. Braun Medical Care AG, Nephrology and Dialysis Care Center, Hochfelden, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Mattmann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Harald Seeger
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ritter
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ernandez
- Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stephan Segerer
- Division of Nephrology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Beat Roth
- Department of Urology, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire Wuerzner
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A. Wagner
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Fribourg State Hospital and University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Albrecht W. Popp
- Department of Osteoporosis, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Bargagli
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Fuster
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Książek A, Zagrodna A, Lombardi G, Słowińska-Lisowska M. Seasonal changes in free 25-(OH)D and vitamin D metabolite ratios and their relationship with psychophysical stress markers in male professional football players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1258678. [PMID: 37908338 PMCID: PMC10613696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1258678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Novel markers of vitamin D status are currently being investigated, including free 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)DF) and the vitamin D metabolite ratio (24,25-(OH)2D3:25-(OH)D3; VMR). The VMR may provide additional functional information on vitamin D metabolism in athletes. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to evaluate 25-(OH)DF, bioavailable 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)DB), VMR, and psychophysical stress markers during different training periods over a half-season. The second aim was to assess the association between vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), total and free 25-(OH)D, VMRs, and psychophysical stress markers in professional football players. Moreover, we examined the relationship between 25-(OH)D3 and vitamin D metabolites (24,25-(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3) to determine if training loads in different training periods influenced the vitamin D metabolome. Methods: Twenty professional football players were tested at six different time points across half a year (V1-June; V2-July; V3-August; V4-October; V5-December; V6-January). Results: Analyses indicated a significant seasonal rhythm for VDBP, and total 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)DT), 25-(OH)DB, 24,25-(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3, 25-(OH)D3:24,25-(OH)2D3, and 24,25-(OH)2D3:25-(OH)D3 VMRs throughout the training period. No correlation was detected between 25-(OH)DT, 25-(OH)DB, 25-(OH)DF, vitamin D metabolites, VMRs, VDBP, and ferritin, liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT]), creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) in each period (V1-V6). However, there was a strong statistically significant correlation between 25-(OH)D3 and 24,25-(OH)D3 in each training period. Conclusion: In conclusion, a seasonal rhythm was present for VDBP, 25-(OH)DT, 25-(OH)DB, vitamin D metabolites (24,25-(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3), and VMRs (25-(OH)D3:24,25-(OH)2D3, 25-(OH)D3:3-epi-25-(OH)D3). However, no rhythm was detected for 25-(OH)DF and markers of psychophysical stress (ferritin, liver enzymes, CK, testosterone, cortisol, and T/C ratio). Moreover, the relationships between free and total 25-(OH)D with psychophysical stress markers did not demonstrate the superiority of free over total measurements. Furthermore, training loads in different training periods did not affect resting vitamin D metabolite concentrations in football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Książek
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zagrodna
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Carswell AT, O'Leary TJ, Swinton P, Jackson S, Tang JC, Oliver SJ, Izard RM, Walsh NP, Fraser WD, Greeves JP. Vitamin D Metabolites Are Associated With Musculoskeletal Injury in Young Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1453-1464. [PMID: 37526272 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between vitamin D metabolites and lower body (pelvis and lower limb) overuse injury is unclear. In a prospective cohort study, we investigated the association between vitamin D metabolites and incidence of lower body overuse musculoskeletal and bone stress injury in young adults undergoing initial military training during all seasons. In 1637 men and 530 women (aged 22.6 ± 7.5 years; body mass index [BMI], 24.0 ± 2.6 kg/m- 2 ; 94.3% white ethnicity), we measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2 D) by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) by immunoassay during week 1 of training. We examined whether the relationship between 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2 D:24,25(OH)2 D ratio was associated with overuse injury. During 12 weeks of training, 21.0% sustained ≥1 overuse musculoskeletal injury, and 5.6% sustained ≥1 bone stress injury. After controlling for sex, BMI, 2.4 km run time, smoking, bone injury history, and Army training course (Officer, standard, or Infantry), lower body overuse musculoskeletal injury incidence was higher for participants within the second lowest versus highest quartile of 24,25(OH)2 D (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.32; p = 0.009) and lowest versus highest cluster of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2 D:24,25(OH)2 D (OR = 6.30; 95% CI 1.89-21.2; p = 0.003). Lower body bone stress injury incidence was higher for participants within the lowest versus highest quartile of 24,25(OH)2 D (OR = 4.02; 95% CI 1.82-8.87; p < 0.001) and lowest versus highest cluster of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2 D:24,25(OH)2 D (OR = 22.08; 95% CI 3.26-149.4; p = 0.001), after controlling for the same covariates. Greater conversion of 25(OH)D to 24,25(OH)2 D, relative to 1,25(OH)2 D (ie, low 1,25(OH)2 D:24,25(OH)2 D), and higher serum 24,25(OH)2 D were associated with a lower incidence of lower body overuse musculoskeletal and bone stress injury. Serum 24,25(OH)2 D may have a role in preventing overuse injury in young adults undertaking arduous physical training. © 2023 Crown copyright and The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Carswell
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HQ, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HQ, Andover, UK
| | - Jonathan Cy Tang
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Departments of Endocrinology and Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Rachel M Izard
- Defence Science and Technology, Porton Down, Ministry of Defence, Salisbury, UK
| | - Neil P Walsh
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Departments of Endocrinology and Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army HQ, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
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Pons-Belda OD, Alonso-Álvarez MA, González-Rodríguez JD, Mantecón-Fernández L, Santos-Rodríguez F. Mineral Metabolism in Children: Interrelation between Vitamin D and FGF23. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076661. [PMID: 37047636 PMCID: PMC10094813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was identified at the turn of the century as the long-sought circulating phosphatonin in human pathology. Since then, several clinical and experimental studies have investigated the metabolism of FGF23 and revealed its relevant pathogenic role in various diseases. Most of these studies have been performed in adult individuals. However, the mineral metabolism of the child is, to a large extent, different from that of the adult because, in addition to bone remodeling, the child undergoes a specific process of endochondral ossification responsible for adequate mineralization of long bones’ metaphysis and growth in height. Vitamin D metabolism is known to be deeply involved in these processes. FGF23 might have an influence on bones’ growth as well as on the high and age-dependent serum phosphate concentrations found in infancy and childhood. However, the interaction between FGF23 and vitamin D in children is largely unknown. Thus, this review focuses on the following aspects of FGF23 metabolism in the pediatric age: circulating concentrations’ reference values, as well as those of other major variables involved in mineral homeostasis, and the relationship with vitamin D metabolism in the neonatal period, in vitamin D deficiency, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in hypophosphatemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Santos-Rodríguez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Fischer PR, Sempos CT, Pettifor JM, Fraser DR, Munns CF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Thacher TD. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of nutritional rickets - a multivariable re-analysis of a case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:998-1004. [PMID: 36801463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multivariable logistic regression model resulting from a case-control study of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children suggested that higher levels of serum 25(OH)D may be required to prevent nutritional rickets in populations with low-calcium intakes. OBJECTIVES This current study evaluates if adding serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] to that model shows that increased levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D are independently associated with risk of children on low-calcium diets having nutritional rickets. METHODS Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between serum 1,25(OH)2D and risk of having nutritional rickets in cases (n = 108) and controls (n = 115) after adjusting for age, sex, weight-for age z-score, religion, phosphorus intake and age began walking and the interaction between serum 25(OH)D and dietary calcium intake (Full Model). RESULTS Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels were significantly higher (320 pmol/L vs. 280 pmol/L) (P = 0.002), and 25(OH)D levels were lower (33 nmol/L vs. 52 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) in children with rickets than in control children. Serum calcium levels were lower in children with rickets (1.9 mmol/L) than in control children (2.2 mmol/L) (P < 0.001). Dietary calcium intakes were similarly low in both groups (212 mg/d) (P = 0.973). In the multivariable logistic model, 1,25(OH)2D was independently associated with risk of having rickets [coefficient = 0.007 (95% confidence limits: 0.002-0.011)] after adjusting for all variables in the Full Model. CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed theoretical models that in children with low dietary calcium intake, 1,25(OH)2D serum concentrations are higher in children with rickets than in children without rickets. The difference in 1,25(OH)2D levels is consistent with the hypothesis that children with rickets have lower serum calcium concentrations which prompt the elevation of PTH levels resulting in an elevation of 1,25(OH)2D levels. These results support the need for additional studies to identify dietary and environmental risks for nutritional rickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fischer
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - John M Pettifor
- Department of Pediatrics, SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David R Fraser
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig F Munns
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Biostatistical Core, The Sabin Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tom D Thacher
- Department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
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Vitamin D and Bone: A Story of Endocrine and Auto/Paracrine Action in Osteoblasts. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030480. [PMID: 36771187 PMCID: PMC9919888 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its rigid structure, the bone is a dynamic organ, and is highly regulated by endocrine factors. One of the major bone regulatory hormones is vitamin D. Its renal metabolite 1α,25-OH2D3 has both direct and indirect effects on the maintenance of bone structure in health and disease. In this review, we describe the underlying processes that are directed by bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts. During the bone formation process, osteoblasts undergo different stages which play a central role in the signaling pathways that are activated via the vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D is involved in directing the osteoblasts towards proliferation or apoptosis, regulates their differentiation to bone matrix producing cells, and controls the subsequent mineralization of the bone matrix. The stage of differentiation/mineralization in osteoblasts is important for the vitamin D effect on gene transcription and the cellular response, and many genes are uniquely regulated either before or during mineralization. Moreover, osteoblasts contain the complete machinery to metabolize active 1α,25-OH2D3 to ensure a direct local effect. The enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) that synthesizes the active 1α,25-OH2D3 metabolite is functional in osteoblasts, as well as the enzyme 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) that degrades 1α,25-OH2D3. This shows that in the past 100 years of vitamin D research, 1α,25-OH2D3 has evolved from an endocrine regulator into an autocrine/paracrine regulator of osteoblasts and bone formation.
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Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Lombardi G. Relationship Between Metabolites of Vitamin D, Free 25-(OH)D, and Physical Performance in Indoor and Outdoor Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909086. [PMID: 35874521 PMCID: PMC9304810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of vitamin D in athletes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, little is known about vitamin D metabolites and their association with physical performance in athletes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the relationship between metabolites of vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), free, bioavailable 25-(OH)D, and physical fitness tests in athletes. A total of 40 indoor and outdoor players (16 judoists and 24 football players) participated in the study. Vitamin D metabolites (25-(OH)D, 24,25-(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3, and 1,25-(OH)2D) were assessed using LM-MS/MS. Free 25-(OH)D concentration was evaluated by calculation using serum albumin and VDBP levels. Athletic performance was assessed using handgrip and vertical jump. Our study showed a significant correlation between vitamin D metabolites and handgrip strength and vertical jump variables in indoor players. It demonstrated a significant association between 3-epi-25-(OH)D3 and vertical jump parameters in outdoor players. The results of our study showed relationship between free, bioavailable 25-(OH)D, and vertical jump variables in indoor players. In conclusion, we provide novel information on the vitamin D metabolites and athletic performance in athletes. Based on the results of our study, we concluded that vitamin D metabolites might be involved in skeletal muscle function in relation to athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Książek
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Książek,
| | - Aleksandra Zagrodna
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Haris A, Lam YPY, Wootton CA, Theisen A, Marzullo BP, Schorr P, Volmer DA, O’Connor PB. Differentiation of Dihydroxylated Vitamin D 3 Isomers Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1022-1030. [PMID: 35561028 PMCID: PMC9164238 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D compounds are a group of secosteroids derived from cholesterol that are vital for maintaining bone health in humans. Recent studies have shown extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, involving vitamin D metabolites such as the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 compounds 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Differentiation and characterization of these isomers by mass spectrometry can be challenging due to the zero-mass difference and minor structural differences between them. The isomers usually require separation by liquid chromatography (LC) prior to mass spectrometry, which adds extra complexity to the analysis. Herein, we investigated and revisited the use of fragmentation methods such as collisional induced dissociation (CID), infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), available on a 12T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) to generate characteristic fragments for the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 isomers that can be used to distinguish between them. Isomer-specific fragments were observed for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which were clearly absent in the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 MS/MS spectra using all fragmentation methods mentioned above. The fragments generated due to cleavage of the C-6/C-7 bond in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compound demonstrate that the fragile OH groups were retained during fragmentation, thus enabling differentiation between the two dihydroxylated vitamin D3 isomers without the need for prior chromatographic separation or derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Haris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Alina Theisen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Bryan P. Marzullo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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Żychowska M, Rola R, Borkowska A, Tomczyk M, Kortas J, Anczykowska K, Pilis K, Kowalski K, Pilch W, Antosiewicz J. Fasting and Exercise Induce Changes in Serum Vitamin D Metabolites in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061963. [PMID: 34201027 PMCID: PMC8226906 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D plays pleiotropic roles in the body and hence, changes in its metabolism and distribution during starvation could play an important role in the adaptive response to famine. We aimed to identify the responses of some vitamin D metabolites to 8 d of fasting and exercise. Methods: A repeated-measures design was implemented, in which 14 male volunteers fasted for 8 d and performed an exercise test before and after fasting. Serum samples were collected on day 1 after night fasting and after 8 d of complete food restriction, before and 1 h and 3 h after exercise. Results: After 8 d of fasting, compared with baseline values, serum 24,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels significantly increased; those of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were unaffected; and those of 25(OH)D2 decreased. Exercise on the first day of fasting induced an increase in serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels, while exercise performed after 8 d of fasting induced an increase in 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D2, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels. Conclusion: Increases in 24,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels imply that fasting stimulates vitamin D metabolism. The effects of exercise on serum vitamin D metabolites, which are most pronounced after fasting and in subjects with serum 25(OH)D3 above 25 ng/mL, support the notion that fasting and exercise augment vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Żychowska
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Rafał Rola
- Masdiag Sp. z o.o. Company, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland; (R.R.); (K.K.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Andżelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Maja Tomczyk
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jakub Kortas
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Anczykowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Karol Pilis
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Masdiag Sp. z o.o. Company, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland; (R.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Wanda Pilch
- Institute for Basics Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491456
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Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz A, Piskorska E, Niespodziński B, Siódmiak J, Buśko K, Stankiewicz B, Olszewska-Słonina D, Antosiewicz J. Serum levels of bone formation and resorption markers in relation to vitamin D status in professional gymnastics and physically active men during upper and lower body high-intensity exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 33849553 PMCID: PMC8045337 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose/introduction To compare serum levels of bone turnover markers in athletes and non-athletes, and to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and exercise-induced changes in biomarker levels. Methods Sixteen elite male artistic gymnasts (EG; 21.4 ± 0.8 years-old) and 16 physically active men (the control group, PAM; 20.9 ± 1.2 years-old) performed lower and upper body 30-s Wingate anaerobic tests (LBWT and UBWT, respectively). For biomarker analysis, blood samples were collected before, and 5 and 30 min after exercise. Samples for vitamin D levels were collected before exercise. N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) was analysed as a marker of bone formation. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) was analysed as a marker of bone resorption. Results UBWT fitness readings were better in the EG group than in the PAM group, with no difference in LBWT readings between the groups. UBWT mean power was 8.8% higher in subjects with 25(OH)D3 levels over 22.50 ng/ml and in those with 24,25(OH)2D3 levels over 1.27 ng/ml. Serum CTX levels increased after both tests in the PAM group, with no change in the EG group. PINP levels did not change in either group; however, in PAM subjects with 25(OH)D3 levels above the median, they were higher than those in EG subjects. Conclusion Vitamin D metabolites affect the anaerobic performance and bone turnover markers at rest and after exercise. Further, adaptation to physical activity modulates the effect of anaerobic exercise on bone metabolism markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Piskorska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Siódmiak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Blazej Stankiewicz
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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11
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Mieszkowski J, Stankiewicz B, Kochanowicz A, Niespodziński B, Kowalik T, Żmijewski MA, Kowalski K, Rola R, Bieńkowski T, Antosiewicz J. Ultra-Marathon-Induced Increase in Serum Levels of Vitamin D Metabolites: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123629. [PMID: 33255807 PMCID: PMC7760943 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: While an increasing number of studies demonstrate the importance of vitamin D for athletic performance, the effects of any type of exercise on vitamin D metabolism are poorly characterized. We aimed to identify the responses of some vitamin D metabolites to ultra-marathon runs. Methods: A repeated-measures design was implemented, in which 27 amateur runners were assigned into two groups: those who received a single dose of vitamin D3 (150,000 IU) 24 h before the start of the marathon (n = 13) and those (n = 14) who received a placebo. Blood samples were collected 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Results: In both groups of runners, serum 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels significantly increased by 83%, 63%, and 182% after the ultra-marathon, respectively. The increase was most pronounced in the vitamin D group. Body mass and fat mass significantly decreased after the run in both groups. Conclusions: Ultra-marathon induces the mobilization of vitamin D into the blood. Furthermore, the 24,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 increases imply that the exercise stimulates vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (B.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (B.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Kowalik
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (B.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Michał A. Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Masdiag Sp. z o.o. Company, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.R.); (T.B.)
| | - Rafał Rola
- Masdiag Sp. z o.o. Company, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.R.); (T.B.)
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bieńkowski
- Masdiag Sp. z o.o. Company, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.R.); (T.B.)
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-583491456
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12
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THE VITAMIN D STATUS OF ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) MANAGED IN A NORTHERN TEMPERATE CLIMATE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:1-12. [PMID: 32212541 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the normal metabolism and involvement of vitamin D in elephant calcium homeostasis is essential to understanding the possible role of vitamin D in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) health, as well as to informing accurate diet formulation. This study provides an evaluation of analytes involved in vitamin D metabolism, in conjunction with dietary intake and ultraviolet light (UV) exposure, in Asian elephants managed in a northern temperate climate. Once monthly, for a total of 12 mo, serum from six adult Asian elephants was analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca), ionized calcium (iCa), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg). The diet was analyzed monthly for vitamin D, Ca, and P. Monthly average vitamin D-weighted UV daily sums were determined to gauge average UV light exposure within the vitamin D action spectrum. No serum or diet parameters were affected by time or season. Average serum 25(OH)D2 was 7.02 ± 0.85 ng/ml. 25(OH)D3 levels were nondetectable in all samples despite supplementation of the diet with recommended levels of vitamin D3, and UV exposure was at sufficient levels for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis for 6 mo of the year. Levels of 24,25(OH)2D averaged 31.7% higher than 25(OH)D, and average 1,25(OH)2D2 was 11.24 ± 1.04 pg/ml. Values for PTH, Ca, iCa, P, and Mg were within expected ranges for Asian elephants. The information gained from this research expands the knowledge base for these analytes, evaluates 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D for the first time, and provides new information regarding vitamin D metabolism and test interpretation in the Asian elephant.
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13
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Martineau C, Kaufmann M, Arabian A, Jones G, St-Arnaud R. Preclinical safety and efficacy of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 or lactosylceramide treatment to enhance fracture repair. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:77-88. [PMID: 32518749 PMCID: PMC7270532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Cyp24a1-null mice deficient in 24,25(OH)2D3 display impaired callus formation during the endochondral phase of bone fracture repair. The 24,25(OH)2D3 metabolite acted by binding to the TLC domain containing 3B isoform 2 (TLCD3B2, previously named FAM57B2) effector protein, which then synthesizes lactosylceramide (LacCer). Treatment with 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer restored callus size and mechanical properties in Cyp24a1-null mice. Methods To assess the safety of these molecules and test their efficacy for bone healing in wild-type, non-genetically modified mice, we treated 12-week-old, osteotomized C57BL/6 female mice with each compound for up to 21 days post-osteotomy. Control cohorts were injected with vehicle. Results Neither compound was found to exhibit any nephro- nor hepato-toxicity. Calcemia remained stable throughout the experiment and was unaffected by either treatment. Supplementation with 24,25(OH)2D3 increased circulating levels of this metabolite about 8-fold, decreased 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, and significantly increased circulating 1,24,25(OH)3D3 levels, suggesting 1?-hydroxylation of 24,25(OH)2D3. TLCD3B2 was found to be expressed in fracture callus at the surface of unmineralized or pre-mineralized cartilage on day 10 and day 12 post-osteotomy and to progressively recede to become undetectable by day 18. Treatment with 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer reduced the number of TLCD3B2-positive cells. Both treatments also significantly increased stiffness and elastic modulus of the healing bone callus. Conclusion Exogenous administration of 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer improved the biomechanical properties of repaired bones in wild-type animals without affecting circulating calcium levels or other blood parameters, demonstrating preclinical safety and efficacy. Translational potential Our data suggest the use of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or lactosylceramide for ameliorating fracture healing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Martineau
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 2R9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada.
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14
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Kaufmann M, Martineau C, Arabian A, Traynor M, St-Arnaud R, Jones G. Calcioic acid: In vivo detection and quantification of the terminal C24-oxidation product of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and related intermediates in serum of mice treated with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:23-28. [PMID: 30553931 PMCID: PMC9703456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcitroic acid, the excretory form of vitamin D, is the terminal product of a 5-step pathway catalyzed by CYP24A1, commencing with C24-hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). Catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) proceeds via analogous steps culminating in calcioic acid; however this C23-truncated acid has not been reported in the circulation. It has recently been shown that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25-(OH)2D3) is an important factor in optimal bone fracture healing acting via an effector molecule FAM57B2 to produce lactosylceramide. Administration of 24,25-(OH)2D3 was found to restore normal fracture repair in Cyp24a1-/- mice devoid of 24,25-(OH)2D3. We set out to study the multi-step catabolism of D3 metabolites in vivo using LC-MS/MS methods in vehicle or 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated mice. Vehicle-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice possessed normal levels of serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 (7 ng/mL) and 25-OH-D3-26,23-lactone (4 ng/mL). We also detected 24-oxo-25-OH-D3 (3 ng/mL) and 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 (0.4 ng/mL); which were not detectable in vehicle-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice. In 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice, serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 rose to 200 ng/mL while 25-OH-D3-26,23-lactone remained unchanged in comparison to vehicle-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice Concentration of serum 24-oxo-25-OH-D3 and 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 rose by 10-fold, when Cyp24a1+/- mice were treated with 24,25-(OH)2D3 Calcioic acid was increased to 0.030 ng/mL for 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice. In 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice, serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 rose further to a striking 830 ng/mL due to lack of catabolism of the 24,25-(OH)2D3 dose. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels were suppressed in 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- and Cyp24a1-/- mice. Circulating 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 rose from 73 pg/mL to 106 pg/mL when Cyp24a1+/- mice were treated with 24,25-(OH)2D3. While undetectable in vehicle-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice, 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 rose unexpectedly to 153 pg/mL in 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated nulls suggesting conversion of 24,25-(OH)2D3 to 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 via 1-hydroxylation. Taken together, amplification of 24,25-(OH)2D3 catabolism by exogenous doses of this metabolite have enabled detection of downstream C24-oxidation pathway products in vivo, including calcioic acid; and provides a platform for studying alternative routes of vitamin D metabolism that may occur in pathological states including hypervitaminosis D and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia caused by mutations of CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Corine Martineau
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Mary Traynor
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, PQ, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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15
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Thayer MT, Nelssen JL, Langemeier AJ, Morton JM, Gonzalez JM, Kruger SR, Ou Z, Makowski AJ, Bergstrom JR. The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) and 25(OH)D 3 on sow and progeny performance. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:692-708. [PMID: 32704837 PMCID: PMC7200878 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 69 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences neonatal and sow vitamin D status, muscle fiber morphometrics at birth and weaning, and subsequent growth performance. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to one of three dietary treatments fortified with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 (CON), 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DL), or 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DH). When pigs were sacrificed at birth, there were no treatment effects for all fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.170), except primary fiber number and the ratio of secondary to primary muscle fibers (P < 0.016). Pigs from CON fed sows had fewer primary fibers than pigs from sows fed the DH treatment (P = 0.014), with pigs from sows fed DL treatment not differing from either (P > 0.104). Pigs from CON and DL fed sows had a greater secondary to primary muscle fiber ratio compared to pigs from DH sows (P < 0.022) but did not differ from each other (P = 0.994). There were treatment × time interactions for all sow and pig serum metabolites (P < 0.001). Therefore, treatment means were compared within the time period. At all time periods, sow serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations differed for all treatments with the magnitude of difference largest at weaning (P < 0.011), where serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was always the greatest when sows were fed the DH diet. At birth, piglets from DH fed sows had greater serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations than piglets from sows fed the DL treatment (P = 0.003), with piglets from sows fed CON treatment not differing from either (P > 0.061). At weaning, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in piglets from all sow treatments were different (P < 0.001), with the greatest concentration in piglets from DH sows, followed by CON, and followed by DL. There were no treatment × time interactions for any of the metabolites measured in milk and no treatment or time main effects for 24,25(OH)2D3 concentration (P > 0.068). Colostrum collected within 12 h of parturition contained less (P = 0.001) 25(OH)D3 than milk collected on day 21 of lactation. Regardless of time, concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in milk were different (P < 0.030), with the largest 25(OH)D3 concentration from DH fed sows, followed by DL, and then CON. In conclusion, combining vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the maternal diet improves the vitamin D status of the dam and progeny and it increases primary muscle fiber number at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan T Thayer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jim L Nelssen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Austin J Langemeier
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jodi M Morton
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Stephanie R Kruger
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Zhining Ou
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Jon R Bergstrom
- DSM Nutritional Products, North America, Animal Nutrition and Health, Parsippany, NJ
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16
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Jones G, Kaufmann M. Update on pharmacologically-relevant vitamin D analogues. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:1095-1102. [PMID: 30308088 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologists have been interested in vitamin D since its metabolism was elucidated in the early 1970s. Despite the synthesis of thousands of vitamin D analogues in the hope of separating its calcemic and anti-proliferative properties, few molecules have reached the market for use in the treatment of clinical conditions from psoriasis to chronic kidney disease. This review discusses vitamin D drugs, recently developed or still under development, for use in various diseases, but in particular bone disease. In the process we explore the mechanisms postulated to explain the action of these vitamin D analogues including action through the vitamin D receptor, action through other receptors e.g. FAM57B2 and dual action on transcriptional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Abstract
While disorders of impaired vitamin D activation and action have long been appreciated, the consequences of abnormalities in pathways leading to the inactivation of vitamin D metabolites have only recently been identified. Two recent articles have shed new light on this area of vitamin D biology. The report by Martineau et al., published in the JCI, describes a pathway in which binding of the vitamin D metabolite 24R,25(OH)2D3 to its effector molecule FAM57B2 plays an important role in endochondral ossification during bone repair. This work follows, and adds to, another recent JCI publication by Roizen et al., showing that rapid inactivation of vitamin D metabolites causes vitamin D deficiency, leading to vitamin D-dependent rickets.
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18
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Martineau C, Naja RP, Husseini A, Hamade B, Kaufmann M, Akhouayri O, Arabian A, Jones G, St-Arnaud R. Optimal bone fracture repair requires 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its effector molecule FAM57B2. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3546-3557. [PMID: 30010626 DOI: 10.1172/jci98093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3] remains controversial, but it has been suggested that it contributes to fracture healing. Cyp24a1-/- mice, synthesizing no 24R,25(OH)2D3, show suboptimal endochondral ossification during fracture repair, with smaller callus and reduced stiffness. These defects were corrected by 24R,25(OH)2D3 treatment, but not by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Microarrays with Cyp24a1-/- callus mRNA identified FAM57B2 as a mediator of the 24R,25(OH)2D3 effect. FAM57B2 produced lactosylceramide (LacCer) upon specific binding of 24R,25(OH)2D3. Fam57b inactivation in chondrocytes (Col2-Cre Fam57bfl/fl) phenocopied the callus formation defect of Cyp24a1-/- mice. LacCer or 24R,25(OH)2D3 injections restored callus volume, stiffness, and mineralized cartilage area in Cyp24a1-null mice, but only LacCer rescued Col2-Cre Fam57bfl/fl mice. Gene expression in callus tissue suggested that the 24R,25(OH)2D3/FAM57B2 cascade affects cartilage maturation. We describe a previously unrecognized pathway influencing endochondral ossification during bone repair through LacCer production upon binding of 24R,25(OH)2D3 to FAM57B2. Our results identify potential new approaches to ameliorate fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Martineau
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roy Pascal Naja
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, and
| | - Abdallah Husseini
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bachar Hamade
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar Akhouayri
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, and.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Husseini A, St-Arnaud R. CYP24A1-deficiency does not affect bone regeneration in distraction osteogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:168-172. [PMID: 27825991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The putative biological activity of 24,25-(OH)2D remains unclear. Previous studies showed an increase in the circulating levels of this metabolite following fracture in chicks. Our laboratory has generated a mouse model deficient for the Cyp24a1 gene for studying the role of 24,25-(OH)2D. We set out to study the role of CYP24A1 and 24,25-(OH)2D in intramembranous bone formation during distraction osteogenesis in wild-type and Cyp24a1-deficient mice. Distraction osteogenesis was applied to mouse tibiae using a miniature external fixator apparatus. Histomorphometric parameters and gene expression differences between the mutant mice and the wild-type controls were measured using micro computed tomography and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR.There were no statistically significant differences between genotypes when bone volume/tissue volume ratios were calculated at mid distraction, end of distraction, mid consolidation, or end of consolidation. We measured reduced expression of the Col10a1 gene in the mutant vs. wild-type mice at mid distraction (0.4±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.2 respectively, p=0.01). Similarly, we measured a significantly lower expression of the osteogenic marker Atf4 in mutant vs. wild-type mice at end of distraction (0.7±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.1 respectively, p=0.01) and at mid consolidation (0.6±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.1 respectively, p=0.0003). These results suggest moderate and restricted differences in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis that did not affect the volume of bone produced following distraction. We conclude that CYP24A1 activity is not essential for intramembranous bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Husseini
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, Québec H4A 0A9, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, Québec H4A 0A9, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In addition to the actions of the endocrine hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in stimulating intestinal calcium absorption, the regulation of bone mineral metabolism by 1,25(OH)2D is also considered an important contributor to calcium homeostasis. However, recent evidence suggest that 1,25(OH)2D acting either via endocrine or autocrine pathways plays varied roles in bone, which suggests that vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of bone mineral in addition to its catabolic roles. This review highlights the contrasting evidence for the direct action for vitamin D metabolism and activity in bone. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous cells within bone express vitamin D receptor (VDR), synthesise and catabolise 1,25(OH)2D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) enzymes, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that all three genes are required to regulate processes of bone resorption, mineralization and fracture repair. The actions of vitamin D in bone appear to negatively or positively regulate bone mineral depending on the physiological and pathological circumstances, suggesting that vitamin D plays pleiotropic roles in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Anderson
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Carpenter TO. CYP24A1 loss of function: Clinical phenotype of monoallelic and biallelic mutations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:337-340. [PMID: 28093352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CYP24A1, encoding the vitamin D-24-hydroxylase, is of major clinical and physiologic importance, serving to regulate the catabolism of 1,25-(OH)2D, the physiologically active vitamin D metabolite. In addition to facilitating catabolism of 1,25-(OH)2D, CYP24A1 also enhances the turnover and elimination of 25-OHD, the abundant precursor metabolite and storage form of the vitamin. CYP24A1 can be stimulated hormonally by 1,25-(OH)2D and by FGF23, whereas CYP27B1, encoding the vitamin D-1α-hydroxylase, is stimulated hormonally by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and downregulated by FGF23. Thus CYP24A1 and CYP27B1, together, provide for alternate and regulated fates of 25-OHD, and control the availability of the active metabolite, 1,25-(OH)2D, depending upon physiologic needs. These two enzymes, are therefore central to the homeostatic control of vitamin D metabolism, and as a result affect calcium metabolism in critical ways. Disruption of CYP24A1 in mice results in elevated circulating 1,25-(OH)2D, substantiating the importance of the enzyme in the maintenance of vitamin D metabolism. The consequential skeletal phenotype in these mice further demonstrates the biologic sequelae of the disruption of the vitamin D pathway, and illustrates a specific developmental pathology mediated largely by oversupply of 1,25-(OH)2D. More recent evidence has identified loss of function mutations in CYP24A1 in association with hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis in humans. Initial reports described certain variant mutations in CYP24A1 as an unrecognized cause of "Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia," and more recently older children and adults have been identified with a similar phenotype. Over 25 likely disease-causing variants are described. Homozygous and compound heterozygote mutations account for the overwhelming majority of cases, however the heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of CYP24A1 do not appear to consistently result in symptomatic hypercalcemia. Considerations ripe for exploration include the potential role for such mutations in the tolerance to challenges to the calcium homeostatic system, such as changes in dietary calcium intake, vitamin D supplementation, sunlight exposure or pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Carpenter
- Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, United States.
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22
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Fentaw Y, Woldie H, Mekonnen S, Tsegaye AT. Change in serum level of vitamin D and associated factors at early phase of bone healing among fractured adult patients at University of Gondar teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a prospective follow up study. Nutr J 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 28870252 PMCID: PMC5583753 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently, Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem and it affects more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is crucial for bone mineralization and ossification. Patients with fractures need Vitamin D for the healing of their fractured bone. The current study was carried out to determine if there is change in the serum level of Vitamin–D associated with factors at early phase of fractured bone healing (ossification) process among adult fractured patients at University of Gondar teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods This facility-based prospective follow up study was conducted from March to June 2016. Data was collected by an interviewer, and pretested and structured questionnaires were used. Biological samples were collected to determine the serum level of vitamin–D in all subjects. In addition, X–Ray findings were used to determine the early phase of bone healing process. Data was entered into EPI INFO version 3.5.3 and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to screen for factors associated with decreased serum levels of Vitamin–D. In the Multivariate regression analysis, those variables which had a P–value of <0.05 were considered as independently associated with change in serum level of Vitamin–D. Results A total of 118 adult patients with fractures participated in this study. The prevalence of patients’ with decreased serum levels of vitamin–D at post-test was 63.6% [95% CI; (0.551–0.720)]. Inadequate intake of milk and milk products in the 1st week of fracture [AOR = 95%CI: 0.20 (0.05–0.90)], Poor Dietary Diversity Score [AOR = 95% CI: 29.1 (2.27–371.65)], and ossified bone [AOR =95% CI: 4.10 (1.12–14.95)] showed statistically significant association with decreased serum level of Vitamin–D. Conclusion and recommendations Decreased serum level of Vitamin–D at early phase of fractured bone healing process was found in the majority of patients (>63%) raising concern for Vitamin D deficiency to be a significant public health problem in the study population. It was statistically associated with: poor dietary diversity score, in adequate intake of milk and milk products in the 1stone week of fracture and ossified (healed) bone. Introducing hospital based Vitamin–D supplementation and integrated with health and nutritional education is a vital intervention needed to improve serum levels of Vitamin–D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalelet Fentaw
- Department of Nutrition, University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Haile Woldie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Mekonnen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ertl DA, Raimann A, Csaicsich D, Patsch JM, Laccone F, Haeusler G. A Pediatric Patient with a CYP24A1 Mutation: Four Years of Clinical, Biochemical, and Imaging Follow-Up. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 87:196-204. [PMID: 27798933 DOI: 10.1159/000450947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A female infant was admitted to hospital due to failure to thrive. She presented hypercalcemia (4.09 mmol/L, normal range: 2.2-2.65 mmol/L), high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (283 nmol/L, normal range: 75-250 nmol/L), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the upper normal range, and low parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D intoxication was suspected. The patient had received routine rickets prophylaxis. METHODS Williams-Beuren syndrome was genetically excluded. Sequencing of CYP24A1 showed 2 mutations: c.443T>C and c.1186C>T. RESULTS The patient's clinical status improved after intravenous rehydration, cessation of supplementation, and on a low-calcium diet. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations normalized within days, while 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D remained in the upper normal range. We also investigated our patient's bone health. CONCLUSION The patient was hospitalized initially on suspicion of vitamin D intoxication but proved to be a case of compound heterozygosity. Data on the long-term clinical and biochemical evolution of patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia are sparse. Our follow-up showed seasonal variations of vitamin D and calcium parameters, with no influence on kidney function or bone health for the investigated period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Alexandra Ertl
- University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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van der Meijden K, Bravenboer N, Dirks NF, Heijboer AC, den Heijer M, de Wit GMJ, Offringa C, Lips P, Jaspers RT. Effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 and 25(OH)D3 on C2C12 Myoblast Proliferation, Differentiation, and Myotube Hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2517-28. [PMID: 27018098 PMCID: PMC5111790 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An adequate vitamin D status is essential to optimize muscle strength. However, whether vitamin D directly reduces muscle fiber atrophy or stimulates muscle fiber hypertrophy remains subject of debate. A mechanism that may affect the role of vitamin D in the regulation of muscle fiber size is the local conversion of 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2 D by 1α-hydroxylase. Therefore, we investigated in a murine C2C12 myoblast culture whether both 1,25(OH)2 D3 and 25(OH)D3 affect myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and myotube size and whether these cells are able to metabolize 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 . We show that myoblasts not only responded to 1,25(OH)2 D3 , but also to the precursor 25(OH)D3 by increasing their VDR mRNA expression and reducing their proliferation. In differentiating myoblasts and myotubes 1,25(OH)2 D3 as well as 25(OH)D3 stimulated VDR mRNA expression and in myotubes 1,25(OH)2 D3 also stimulated MHC mRNA expression. However, this occurred without notable effects on myotube size. Moreover, no effects on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as well as MyoD and myogenin mRNA levels were observed. Interestingly, both myoblasts and myotubes expressed CYP27B1 and CYP24 mRNA which are required for vitamin D3 metabolism. Although 1α-hydroxylase activity could not be shown in myotubes, after treatment with 1,25(OH)2 D3 or 25(OH)D3 myotubes showed strongly elevated CYP24 mRNA levels compared to untreated cells. Moreover, myotubes were able to convert 25(OH)D3 to 24R,25(OH)2 D3 which may play a role in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. These data suggest that skeletal muscle is not only a direct target for vitamin D3 metabolites, but is also able to metabolize 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 . J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2517-2528, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van der Meijden
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N F Dirks
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G M J de Wit
- Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Offringa
- Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Lips
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Hegde V, Jo JE, Andreopoulou P, Lane JM. Effect of osteoporosis medications on fracture healing. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:861-871. [PMID: 26419471 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antiosteoporotic medications are often used to concurrently treat a patient's fragility fractures and underlying osteoporosis. This review evaluates the existing literature from animal and clinical models to determine these drugs' effects on fracture healing. The data suggest that these medications may enhance bone healing, yet more thorough prospective studies are warranted. Pharmacologic agents that influence bone remodeling are an essential component of osteoporosis management. Because many patients are first diagnosed with osteoporosis when presenting with a fragility fracture, it is critical to understand how osteoporotic medications influence fracture healing. Vitamin D and its analogs are essential for the mineralization of the callus and may also play a role in callus formation and remodeling that enhances biomechanical strength. In animal models, antiresorptive medications, including bisphosphonates, denosumab, calcitonin, estrogen, and raloxifene, do not impede endochondral fracture healing but may delay repair due to impaired remodeling. Although bisphosphonates and denosumab delay callus remodeling, they increase callus volume and result in unaltered biomechanical properties. Calcitonin increases cartilage formation and callus maturation, resulting in improved biomechanical properties. Parathyroid hormone, an anabolic agent, has demonstrated promise in animal models, resulting in accelerated healing with increased callus volume and density, more rapid remodeling to mature bone, and improved biomechanical properties. Clinical data with parathyroid hormone have demonstrated enhanced healing in distal radius and pelvic fractures as well as postoperatively following spine surgery. Strontium ranelate, which may have both antiresorptive and anabolic properties, affects fracture healing differently in normal and osteoporotic bone. While there is no effect in normal bone, in osteoporotic bone, strontium ranelate increases callus bone formation, maturity, and mineralization; forms greater and denser trabeculae; and improves biomechanical properties. Further clinical studies with these medications are needed to fully understand their effects on fracture healing in order to simultaneously treat fragility fractures and underlying osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hegde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 755, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - J E Jo
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 445 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 475 East 72nd Street, Ground Floor, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- , 2900 Main St. Apt 332, Bridgeport, CT, 06606, USA.
| | - P Andreopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 519 East 72nd St, Suite 202, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - J M Lane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 475 East 72nd Street, Ground Floor, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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26
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Volmer DA, Mendes LRBC, Stokes CS. Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: current techniques, limitations of the "gold standard" method, and anticipated future directions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:2-23. [PMID: 24318020 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D compounds belong to a group of secosteroids, which occur naturally as vitamin D3 in mammals and D2 in plants. Vitamin D is vital for bone health but recent studies have shown a much wider role in the pathologies of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, mental and cardiovascular diseases. Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the human skin and subsequent hepatic and renal metabolism generate a wide range of transformation products occurring over a large dynamic range spanning from picomolar to nanomolar levels. This necessitates selective and sensitive analytical methods to quantitatively capture these low concentration levels in relevant tissues such as blood. Ideally, vitamin D assessment would be performed using a universal and standardized analytical method available to clinical laboratories that provides reliable and accurate quantitative results for all relevant vitamin D metabolites with sufficiently high throughput. At present, LC-MS/MS assays are the most promising techniques for vitamin D analysis. The present review focuses on developments in mass spectrometry methodologies of the past 12 years. It will highlight detrimental influences of the biological matrix, epimer contributions, pitfalls of specific mass spectrometry data acquisition routines (in particular multiple reaction monitoring, MRM), influence of ionization source, derivatization reactions, inter-laboratory comparisons on precision, accuracy, and application range of vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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27
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Ray M. Vitamin D and bone fracture healing. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:199-208. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine whether vitamin D is of potential relevance in the healing process of fractures.
METHODS: The present narrative review examined the bulk of the evidence based literature on the topic of vitamin D and bone healing in key electronic data bases from 1980 onwards using the terms vitamin D and bone healing, callus, fracture healing. All data were examined carefully and categorized according to type of study. A summary of the diverse terms and approaches employed in the research, as well as the rationale for hypothesizing vitamin D has a role in fracture healing was detailed.
RESULTS: The results show very few human studies have been conducted to examine if vitamin D is effective at promoting post fracture healing, and the different animal models that have been studied provide no consensus on this topic. The terms used in the related literature, as well as the methods used to arrive at conclusions on this clinical issue are highly diverse, there is no standardization of either of these important terms and methodologies, hence no conclusive statements or clinical guidelines can be forthcoming. There is a strong rational for continuing to examine if vitamin D supplements should be administered post-fracture, and ample evidence vitamin D is an essential hormone for functioning in general, as well as bone health and muscle as this relates to bone density.
CONCLUSION: Whether those with low vitamin D levels can benefit from supplements if their nutritional practices do not cover recommended daily amounts, remains in question.
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van der Meijden K, Lips P, van Driel M, Heijboer AC, Schulten EAJM, den Heijer M, Bravenboer N. Primary human osteoblasts in response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110283. [PMID: 25329305 PMCID: PMC4201491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has well known direct effects on osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro. The precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) can affect osteoblast function via conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3, however, it is largely unknown whether 25(OH)D3 can affect primary osteoblast function on its own. Furthermore, 25(OH)D3 is not only converted to 1,25(OH)2D3, but also to 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R,25(OH)2D3) which may have bioactivity as well. Therefore we used a primary human osteoblast model to examine whether 25(OH)D3 itself can affect osteoblast function using CYP27B1 silencing and to investigate whether 24R,25(OH)2D3 can affect osteoblast function. We showed that primary human osteoblasts responded to both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 by reducing their proliferation and enhancing their differentiation by the increase of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin expression. Osteoblasts expressed CYP27B1 and CYP24 and synthesized 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 dose-dependently. Silencing of CYP27B1 resulted in a decline of 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, but we observed no significant differences in mRNA levels of differentiation markers in CYP27B1-silenced cells compared to control cells after treatment with 25(OH)D3. We demonstrated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin. In addition, 24R,25(OH)2D3 strongly increased CYP24 mRNA. In conclusion, the vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 can affect osteoblast differentiation directly or indirectly. We showed that primary human osteoblasts not only respond to 1,25(OH)2D3, but also to 24R,25(OH)2D3 by enhancing osteoblast differentiation. This suggests that 25(OH)D3 can affect osteoblast differentiation via conversion to the active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3, but also via conversion to 24R,25(OH)2D3. Whether 25(OH)D3 has direct actions on osteoblast function needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen van der Meijden
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C. Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A. J. M. Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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29
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Tieu EW, Tang EKY, Tuckey RC. Kinetic analysis of human CYP24A1 metabolism of vitamin D via the C24-oxidation pathway. FEBS J 2014; 281:3280-96. [PMID: 24893882 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CYP24A1 is the multicatalytic cytochrome P450 responsible for the catabolism of vitamin D via the C23- and C24-oxidation pathways. We successfully expressed the labile human enzyme in Escherichia coli and partially purified it in an active state that permitted detailed characterization of its metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3] and the intermediates of the C24-oxidation pathway in a phospholipid-vesicle reconstituted system. The C24-oxidation pathway intermediates, 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24-oxo-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24-oxo-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and tetranor-1,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, were enzymatically produced from 1,25(OH)2 D3 using rat CYP24A1. Both 1,25(OH)2 D3 and 1,23-dihydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D3 were found to partition strongly into the phospholipid bilayer when in aqueous medium. Changes to the phospholipid concentration did not affect the kinetic parameters for the metabolism of 1,25(OH)2 D3 by CYP24A1, indicating that it is the concentration of substrates in the membrane phase (mol substrate·mol phospholipid(-1) ) that determines their rate of metabolism. CYP24A1 exhibited Km values for the different C24-intermediates ranging from 0.34 to 15 mmol·mol phospholipid(-1) , with 24-oxo-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [24-oxo-1,23,25(OH)3 D3] displaying the lowest and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3 D3] displaying the highest. The kcat values varied by up to 3.8-fold, with 1,24,25(OH)3 D3 displaying the highest kcat (34 min(-1) ) and 24-oxo-1,23,25(OH)3 D3 the lowest. The data show that the cleavage of the side chain of 24-oxo-1,23,25(OH)3 D3 occurs with the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) and produces 1-hydroxy-23-oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D3 and not 1,23-dihydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D3, as the primary product. These kinetic analyses also show that intermediates of the C24-oxidation pathway effectively compete with precursor substrates for binding to the active site of the enzyme, which manifests as an accumulation of intermediates, indicating that they dissociate after each catalytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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30
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Lancaster ST, Blackburn J, Blom A, Makishima M, Ishizawa M, Mansell JP. 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperates with a stable, fluoromethylene LPA receptor agonist to secure human (MG63) osteoblast maturation. Steroids 2014; 83:52-61. [PMID: 24513053 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists supporting human osteoblast (hOB) differentiation in the absence of bone resorption are attractive agents in a bone regenerative setting. One potential candidate fulfilling these roles is 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (24,25D). Over forty years ago it was reported that supraphysiological levels of 24,25D could stimulate intestinal calcium uptake and aid bone repair without causing bone calcium mobilisation. VDR agonists co-operate with certain growth factors to enhance hOB differentiation but whether 24,25D might act similarly in promoting cellular maturation has not been described. Given our discovery that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) co-operated with VDR agonists to enhance hOB maturation, we co-treated MG63 hOBs with 24,25D and a phosphatase-resistant LPA analog. In isolation 24,25D inhibited proliferation and stimulated osteocalcin expression. When co-administered with the LPA analog there were synergistic increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These are encouraging findings which may help realise the future application of 24,25D in promoting osseous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tamar Lancaster
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Julia Blackburn
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Ashley Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Jason Peter Mansell
- Department of Biological, Biomedical & Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D and gene networks in human osteoblasts. Front Physiol 2014; 5:137. [PMID: 24782782 PMCID: PMC3988399 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation is indirectly influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) through the stimulation of calcium uptake in the intestine and re-absorption in the kidneys. Direct effects on osteoblasts and bone formation have also been established. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in osteoblasts and 1,25D3 modifies gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation and mineralization-related genes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), osteocalcin (BGLAP), and osteopontin (SPP1). 1,25D3 is known to stimulate mineralization of human osteoblasts in vitro, and recently it was shown that 1,25D3 induces mineralization via effects in the period preceding mineralization during the pre-mineralization period. For a full understanding of the action of 1,25D3 in osteoblasts it is important to get an integrated network view of the 1,25D3-regulated genes during osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. The current data will be presented and discussed alluding to future studies to fully delineate the 1,25D3 action in osteoblast. Describing and understanding the vitamin D regulatory networks and identifying the dominant players in these networks may help develop novel (personalized) vitamin D-based treatments. The following topics will be discussed in this overview: (1) Bone metabolism and osteoblasts, (2) Vitamin D, bone metabolism and osteoblast function, (3) Vitamin D induced transcriptional networks in the context of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bone and Calcium Metabolism Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Curtis KM, Aenlle KK, Roos BA, Howard GA. 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:644-58. [PMID: 24597546 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] is considered the most biologically active vitamin D3 metabolite, the vitamin D3 prohormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], is metabolized into other forms, including 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3]. Herein we show that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is fundamental for osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our approach involved analyses of cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and pro-osteogenic genes (collagen 1A1, osteocalcin, vitamin D receptor [VDR], vitamin D3-hydroxylating enzymes [cytochrome P450 hydroxylases: CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1]) and assessment of Ca(2+) mineralization of extracellular matrix. 24R,25(OH)2D3 inhibited hMSC proliferation, decreased 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B) expression, thereby reducing the ability of hMSCs to convert 25(OH)D3 to 1α,25(OH)2D3, and promoted osteoblastic differentiation through increased alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca(2+) mineralization. 24R,25(OH)2D3 decreased expression of the 1α,25(OH)2D3 receptor, VDR. 24R,25(OH)2D3 but not 1α,25(OH)2D3 induced Ca(2+) mineralization dependent on the absence of the glucocorticoid analog, dexamethasone. To elucidate the mechanism(s) for dexamethasone-independent 1α,25(OH)2D3 inhibition/24R,25(OH)2D3 induction of Ca(2+) mineralization, we demonstrated that 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased whereas 24R,25(OH)2D3 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. 25(OH)D3 also decreased ROS production, potentially by conversion to 24R,25(OH)2D3. Upon inhibition of the vitamin D3-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450s), 25(OH)D3 increased ROS production, potentially due to its known (low) affinity for VDR. We hypothesize that vitamin D3 actions on osteoblastic differentiation involve a regulatory relationship between 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3. These results implicate 24R,25(OH)2D3 as a key player during hMSC maturation and bone development and support the concept that 24R,25(OH)2D3 has a bioactive role in the vitamin D3 endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Curtis
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service (K.M.C., K.K.A., B.A.R., G.A.H.), Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33125; and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.M.C., G.A.H.), Medicine (B.A.R., G.A.H.), and Neurology (B.A.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101
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van Driel M, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D endocrine system and osteoblasts. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:493. [PMID: 24605210 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between vitamin D and osteoblasts is complex. In the current review we will give an overview of the current knowledge of the vitamin D endocrine system in osteoblasts. The presence of the vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts enables direct effects of 1α,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25D3) on osteoblasts, but the magnitude of the effects is subject to the presence of many other factors. Vitamin D affects osteoblast proliferation, as well as differentiation and mineralization, but these effects vary with the timing of treatment, dosage and origin of the osteoblasts. Vitamin D effects on differentiation and mineralization are mostly stimulatory in human and rat osteoblasts, and inhibitory in murine osteoblasts. Several genes and mechanisms are studied to explain the effects of 1α,25D3 on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Besides the classical VDR, osteoblasts also express a membrane-localized receptor, and in vitro studies have shown that osteoblasts are capable of the synthesis of 1α,25D3.
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Ettehad H, Mirbolook A, Mohammadi F, Mousavi M, Ebrahimi H, Shirangi A. Changes in the serum level of vitamin d during healing of tibial and femoral shaft fractures. Trauma Mon 2014; 19:e10946. [PMID: 24719823 PMCID: PMC3955922 DOI: 10.5812/traumamon.10946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several systemic factors and hormones are thought to regulate the fracture healing process. Vitamin D has emerged as a compound or hormone that actively participates in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine the serum changes in the level of vitamin D during the acute healing period of tibial and femoral shaft fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included of 73 patients with tibial and femoral shaft fractures referred to the Poursina Hospital between February 2011 and February 2012. Changes in the serum levels of vitamin D were assessed three times in a period of three weeks (at the first visit, end of first week, and end of the third week). Variables such as age, gender, fractured bone, concomitant fracture of tibia and fibula, type of fracture, time of measurement and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were assessed. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software. RESULTS Forty tibial fractures and 33 femoral fractures were recorded. Mean vitamin D levels at the time of admission, after one week and at the end of the third week for the 73 participants included in the study were 39.23, 31.49, and 28.57 ng/mL, respectively. The overall reduction of vitamin D level was significantly more evident in the first week versus the following (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of vitamin D in patients with tibial or femoral fractures were reduced during the curative period of the fracture. This can be related the role of vitamin D in the formation and mineralization of the callus. Patients with tibial or femoral shaft fractures may benefit from the administration of vitamin D supplements during the fracture healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ettehad
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Mirbolook
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ahmadreza Mirbolook, Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-9112310025, Fax: +98-1313224422, E-mail:
| | - Fereshteh Mohammadi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
| | - Mohammadsadegh Mousavi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
| | - Hannan Ebrahimi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
| | - Ardeshir Shirangi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran
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Bansal N, Katz R, de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B, Siscovick DS, Hoofnagle AN, Tracy R, Laughlin GA, Criqui MH, Budoff MJ, Li D, Ix JH. Influence of estrogen therapy on calcium, phosphorus, and other regulatory hormones in postmenopausal women: the MESA study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:4890-8. [PMID: 24092825 PMCID: PMC3849680 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen therapy (ET) is associated with lower serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and is known to increase bone mineral density (BMD). Other biomarkers of mineral metabolism may help understand the biological basis of these actions. METHODS We studied 2767 postmenopausal women in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 862 (31%) of whom were using ET. We measured serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydoxyvitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor-23 and urinary fractional excretion of calcium (FEca) and phosphorus (FEphos). We examined the associations of ET with each biomarker. In addition, we tested whether the adjustment for biomarkers attenuated the association of ET with lumbar BMD measured by abdominal computed tomography in a subset of 810 women. RESULTS In adjusted models, women who used ET were younger in age [62 (SD 8) vs 66 (9) y, P < .001], had lower mean serum calcium [-13 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.17, -0.10), P < .001] and lower FEca [-0.15% (95% CI -0.21, -0.09), P < .001]. Mean serum phosphorus was lower [-0.19 mg/dL (95% CI -0.23, -0.15), P < .001] and FEphos [0.56% (95% CI 0.16, 0.96), P = .007] was higher in women on ET. Mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were higher [1.52 ng/dL (95% CI 0.57, 2.47), P = .002, and 0.26 ng/mL (95% CI 0.03, 0.48), P = .03, respectively] in women who used ET. Mean PTH and fibroblast growth factor-23 did not differ significantly by the use of ET. ET use was strongly associated with higher lumbar BMD [12.75 mg/cm³ (95% CI 7.77-17.73), P < .001]; however, mineral metabolism measures did not meaningfully alter this association. CONCLUSIONS In a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women, ET use was associated with lower serum calcium, lower FEca, lower serum phosphorus, and higher FEphos, suggesting these associations are attributable to increased calcium intake into bone and increased urinary phosphorus excretion. ET use was also associated with greater concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. ET-associated differences in these mineral metabolism measures did not meaningfully attenuate the strong association between ET use and lumbar BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bansal
- MD, MAS, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, 908 Jefferson Street, Third Floor, Seattle, WA 98104.
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Edouard T, Husseini A, Glorieux FH, Rauch F. Serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in osteogenesis imperfecta: relationship to bone parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:1243-9. [PMID: 22319032 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)₂D] may have an effect on bone mass and metabolism. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relationship between serum 24,25(OH)₂D levels and bone density and bone metabolism in children with a primary bone disorder-osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 132 patients (age, 1.1 to 17.9 yr; 67 girls) with OI types I, III, or IV who had not received bisphosphonate treatment at the time of analysis. RESULTS Serum 24,25(OH)₂D levels were significantly higher in OI type III than in OI type I or IV. Serum 24,25(OH)₂D concentrations were positively correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and negatively correlated with serum PTH levels, and were not correlated with serum 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)₂D]. The ratio between serum 24,25(OH)₂D and 25OHD was negatively correlated with age and was independent of serum 25OHD concentrations. Regression analysis revealed that OI severity (P = 0.04), serum 25OHD levels (P < 0.001), and serum PTH concentrations (P = 0.045), but not age, gender, or serum 1,25(OH)₂D, were independent predictors of serum 24,25(OH)₂D levels. No correlation was found between serum 24,25(OH)₂D levels or the ratio between serum 24,25(OH)₂D and 25OHD and lumbar spine bone mineral density z-scores or bone marker levels (serum osteocalcin and urinary collagen type I N-telopeptide) after adjusting for OI type, age, and gender. CONCLUSION Patients with more severe OI type had higher 24,25(OH)₂D serum levels and higher serum 24,25(OH)₂D to 25OHD ratios, suggesting an increased 25OHD-24-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edouard
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1A6
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Taskapan H. Is 24,25(OH)D level really high in dialysis patients with high FGF23 levels? Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44:1135-44. [PMID: 22467088 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] and excessive fibroblast growth factor (FGF23) are suggested to be associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1,25(OH)(2)D and 25(OH)D. 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)(2)D] was believed to be a degradation product, with no important biological effects. However, some data have accumulated showing that 24,25(OH)(2)D has biological effects on its own. Under conditions of eucalcemia, the synthesis of 24,25(OH)(2)D is increased, and the synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D is decreased. In patients with CKD, both high parathyroid hormone levels, which decrease the activity of enzyme CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase), and high FGF23 levels, which increase the activity of enzyme CYP24A1, were often detected. However, information about 24,25(OH)(2)D levels in these patients is very limited. Whether compensatory changes in levels of FGF23 and 24,25(OH)(2)D in CKD patients are protective or harmful remain unknown issues. Therefore, more studies are needed to identify the nature of the interactions between these molecules and to fully elucidate their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Taskapan
- Nephrology Department, Inonu University Medical Faculty, 4400 Malatya, Turkey.
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Nicoletti D, Gregorio C, Mouriño A, Maestro M. A short practical approach to 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:43-5. [PMID: 20385233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of the vitamin D3 metabolite 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1) by Lythgoe's Wittig-Horner approach is described. The key step of the synthesis is the stereocontrolled introduction of the 24-hydroxyl group by a palladium(0)-induced [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement on a 22R-allylic acetate (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicoletti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al C.S.I.C., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abstract
Plasma 25(OH)D has emerged as a valuable biomarker for the many varied health-related effects of vitamin D in the clinic mainly because of the recognition of the importance of the enzyme, CYP27B1, or the 25(OH)D-alpha-hydroxylase in the extrarenal, target cell production of calcitriol. This review briefly assesses current methodology for plasma 25(OH)D assay focusing mainly on currrent controversies surrounding the definition of the normal range and performance characteristics of the assay, separate measurement of both 25(OH)D(2) and 25(OH)D(3), and quality assurance tesing of laboratories offering the test. Clinicians have two main types of 25(OH)D assay based on either high-performance liquid chromatography with UV or mass detection or higher throughput kits based on protein (competitive protein binding assay or radioimmunoassay) binding. Based on 30 yr of experience with measuring 25(OH)D levels, it is concluded that, in the hands of appropriately trained experts, both types of assay provide reliable and accurate results, but all laboratories providing 25(OH)D data need frequent external quality assurance service to ensure that this performance is maintained.
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van Driel M, Koedam M, Buurman CJ, Roelse M, Weyts F, Chiba H, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HAP, van Leeuwen JPTM. Evidence that both 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:922-35. [PMID: 16741965 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a major role in the regulation of mineral homeostasis and affects bone metabolism. So far, detailed knowledge on the vitamin D endocrine system in human bone cells is limited. Here we investigated the direct effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Also, we studied the impact of 24-hydroxylation, generally considered as the first step in the degradation pathway of vitamin D, as well as the role of the nuclear and presumed membrane vitamin D receptor (VDR). For this we used a human osteoblast cell line (SV-HFO) that has the potency to differentiate during culture forming a mineralized extracellular matrix in a 3-week period. Transcriptional analyses demonstrated that both 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and the 24-hydroxylated metabolites 24R,25-(OH)2D3 and 1alpha,24R,25-(OH)3D3 induced gene transcription. All metabolites dose-dependently increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OC) production (protein and RNA), and directly enhanced mineralization. 1Alpha,24R,25-(OH)3D3 stimulated ALP activity and OC production most potently, while for mineralization it was equipotent to 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3. The nuclear VDR antagonist ZK159222 almost completely blocked the effects of all metabolites. Interestingly, 1beta,25-(OH)2D3, an inhibitor of membrane effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in the intestine, induced gene transcription and increased ALP activity, OC expression and mineralization. In conclusion, not only 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, but also the presumed 24-hydroxylated "degradation" products stimulate differentiation of human osteoblasts. 1Alpha,25-(OH)2D3 as well as the 24-hydroxylated metabolites directly enhance mineralization, with the nuclear VDR playing a central role. The intestinal antagonist 1beta,25-(OH)2D3 acts in bone as an agonist and directly stimulates mineralization in a nuclear VDR-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Miettinen S, Ahonen MH, Lou YR, Manninen T, Tuohimaa P, Syvälä H, Ylikomi T. Role of 24-hydroxylase in vitamin D3growth response of OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 108:367-73. [PMID: 14648702 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and its analogues are potent regulators of cell growth and differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. We studied the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and vitamin D analogue, EB 1089, on the growth of a human ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. We also studied the expression of vitamin D metabolising enzymes 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) and 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alphaOHase). Our results showed that high concentrations (10 and 100 nM) of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited a cell proliferation, whereas low concentration (0.1 nM) stimulated growth of the OVCAR-3 cells. In the concentration range of 10-500 nM a prohormone, 25(OH)D(3), stimulated growth. An amount of 1 nM EB 1089 and 100 nM 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited growth with an equal magnitude. The expression of 24OHase was strongly induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and EB 1089 in OVCAR-3 cells, and analysis of vitamin D metabolites showed the functionality of 24OHase. An inhibition of 24OHase activity with a novel 24OHase inhibitor enhanced growth-inhibiting effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and suppressed the growth stimulation of 100 nM 25(OH)D(3). We also report the expression of a vitamin D activating enzyme, 1alphaOHase, in 7 ovarian cancer cell lines. The production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in OVCAR-3 cells was low, possibly due to an extensive activity of 24OHase or a low 1alphaOHase activity. These results suggest that in ovarian cancer cells vitamin D metabolizing enzymes might play a key role in modulating the growth response to vitamin D. The possible mitogenic effects of vitamin D should be considered when evaluating treatment of ovarian cancer with vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Miettinen
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Yamagata M, Kimoto A, Michigami T, Nakayama M, Ozono K. Hydroxylases involved in vitamin D metabolism are differentially expressed in murine embryonic kidney: application of whole mount in situ hybridization. Endocrinology 2001; 142:3223-30. [PMID: 11416045 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.7.8122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-hydroxylase) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) by RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization using organ culture of kidney taken from mouse embryo. First, the kidneys of mouse embryo at 11.5-17.5 days gestation were cultured in the presence or absence of forskolin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3)]. Forskolin and 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) induced the expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase, respectively, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the absence of stimulants, the expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase was detected from days 13.5-17.5 gestation. The expression of vitamin D receptor and megalin was detected from days 13.5 and 11.5, respectively. Next, signals for the expression of either 1alpha-hydroxylase or 24-hydroxylase were detected by whole mount in situ hybridization in kidney explants taken from embryo at 15.5 days gestation after the appropriate stimulation. However, the localization of signals differed between the two enzymes; 1alpha-hydroxylase messenger RNA was expressed in the inner area of the kidney explants, whereas 24-hydroxylase messenger RNA was expressed in the surface area. The expression of both hydroxylases was restricted to the epithelium of developing renal tubules. The pattern of megalin expression was similar to that of 1alpha-hydroxylase expression. To confirm the difference in distribution of 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase transcripts, the explants were hybridized with probes for both 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase using double labeling techniques after simultaneous stimulation with forskolin and 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3), resulting in the detection at different locations of positive signals for the two enzymes. These results suggest that the expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase is induced in a distinct epithelium of renal tubules from that of 24-hydroxylase even at the early stage of kidney development before glomerulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamagata
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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Norman AW, Silva FR. Structure function studies: identification of vitamin D analogs for the ligand-binding domains of important proteins in the vitamin D-endocrine system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2001; 2:229-38. [PMID: 11705328 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010067030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Norman AW, Henry HL, Bishop JE, Song XD, Bula C, Okamura WH. Different shapes of the steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) act as agonists for two different receptors in the vitamin D endocrine system to mediate genomic and rapid responses. Steroids 2001; 66:147-58. [PMID: 11179722 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D(3) produces biologic responses as a consequence of its metabolism into 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and 24R,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3). The metabolic production of these two seco steroids and their generation of the plethora of biologic actions that are attributable to the parent vitamin D(3) are orchestrated via the integrated operation of the vitamin D endocrine system. This system is very similar in its organization to that of classic endocrine systems and is characterized by an endocrine gland (the kidney, the source of the two steroid hormones), target cells which possess receptors for the steroid hormones, and a feed-back loop involving changes in serum Ca(2+) that alter the secretion of parathyroid hormone (a stimulator of the renal 1-hydroxylase) which modulates the output by the kidney of the steroid hormones. There are, however, at least two unique aspects to the vitamin D endocrine system. (a) The chemical structures of vitamin D and its steroid hormones dictate that these be highly conformationally flexible molecules present a wide variety of shapes to their biologic environments. (b) It is now believed that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) produces biologic responses through two distinct receptors which recognize totally different shapes of the conformationally flexible 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Thus, the classic actions of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) to regulate gene transcription occur as a consequence of the stereospecific interaction of a modified 6-s-trans bowl-shape of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) with its nuclear receptor (VDR(nuc)). The ability of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) to generate a variety of rapid (seconds to minutes) biologic responses (opening of chloride channels, activation of PKC and MAP kinases) requires a planar 6-s-cis ligand shape which is recognized by a putative plasma membrane receptor (VDR(mem)) to initiate appropriate signal transduction pathways. This report summarizes the evidence for the specificity of different ligand shapes and the operation of the two receptor families for 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Taniguchi T, Eto TA, Shiotsuki H, Sueta H, Higashi S, Iwamura T, Okuda KI, Setoguchi T. Newly established assay method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase revealed much lower Km for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:57-62. [PMID: 11149490 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An accurate assay method of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) was established. Kidney mitochondria prepared from vitamin D-replete rats were treated with polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate. The solubilized suspension was ultracentrifuged at 100,000g for 60 minutes and an aliquot of the supernatant was incubated under the saturating concentrations of substrate NADPH and the mitochondrial-type electron transferring proteins, adrenodoxin and NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase. Products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitoring effluents at a wavelength of 265 nm. The maximal velocity of the enzyme in vitamin D-replete rats was 400 pmol/minute per mg of protein, which was considerably higher than those reported by previous authors who used intact kidney mitochondria as the enzyme source. In applying the new assay method, an interesting property was found; Michaelis constant of 24-hydroxylase for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] was 0.6 microM, which was 35-fold lower than that for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] which was 20.9 microM. This fact indicates that affinity of the enzyme to 25(OH)D3 is 35-fold higher than that to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. These data suggest that 25(OH)D3 is the preferred substrate to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Taniguchi
- Department of Surgery I, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Japan
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Lohmann CH, Schwartz Z, Liu Y, Guerkov H, Dean DD, Simon B, Boyan BD. Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells affects differentiation and local factor production. J Orthop Res 2000; 18:637-46. [PMID: 11052501 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation has been used to promote the healing of chronic nonunions and fractures with delayed healing, but relatively little is known about its effects on osteogenic cells or the mechanisms involved. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of osteoblast-like cells to a pulsed electromagnetic field signal used clinically and to determine if the signal modulates the production of autocrine factors associated with differentiation. Confluent cultures of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells were placed between Helmholtz coils and exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic signal consisting of a burst of 20 pulses repeating at 15 Hz for 8 hours per day for 1, 2, or 4 days. Controls were cultured under identical conditions, but no signal was applied. Treated and control cultures were alternated between two comparable incubators and, therefore, between active coils; measurement of the temperature of the incubators and the culture medium indicated that application of the signal did not generate heat above the level found in the control incubator or culture medium. The pulsed electromagnetic signal caused a reduction in cell proliferation on the basis of cell number and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cellular alkaline phosphatase-specific activity increased in the cultures exposed to the signal, with maximum effects at day 1. In contrast, enzyme activity in the cell-layer lysates, which included alkaline phosphatase-enriched extracellular matrix vesicles, continued to increase with the time of exposure to the signal. After 1 and 2 days of exposure, collagen synthesis and osteocalcin production were greater than in the control cultures. Prostaglandin E2 in the treated cultures was significantly reduced at 1 and 2 days, whereas transforming growth factor-beta1 was increased; at 4 days of treatment, however, the levels of both local factors were similar to those in the controls. The results indicate enhanced differentiation as the net effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on osteoblasts, as evidenced by decreased proliferation and increased alkaline phosphatase-specific activity, osteocalcin synthesis, and collagen production. Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation appears to promote the production of matrix vesicles on the basis of higher levels of alkaline phosphatase at 4 days in the cell layers than in the isolated cells, commensurate with osteogenic differentiation in response to transforming growth factor-beta1. The results indicate that osteoblasts are sensitive to pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation, which alters cell activity through changes in local factor production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA
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St-Arnaud R, Arabian A, Travers R, Barletta F, Raval-Pandya M, Chapin K, Depovere J, Mathieu C, Christakos S, Demay MB, Glorieux FH. Deficient mineralization of intramembranous bone in vitamin D-24-hydroxylase-ablated mice is due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and not to the absence of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology 2000; 141:2658-66. [PMID: 10875271 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.7.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase enzyme (24-OHase) is responsible for the catabolic breakdown of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], the active form of vitamin D. The 24-OHase enzyme can also act on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D substrate to generate 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, a metabolite whose physiological importance remains unclear. We report that mice with a targeted inactivating mutation of the 24-OHase gene had impaired 1,25(OH)2D catabolism. Surprisingly, complete absence of 24-OHase activity during development leads to impaired intramembranous bone mineralization. This phenotype was rescued by crossing the 24-OHase mutant mice to mice harboring a targeted mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene, confirming that the elevated 1,25(OH)2D levels, acting through the vitamin D receptor, were responsible for the observed accumulation of osteoid. Our results confirm the physiological importance of the 24-OHase enzyme for maintaining vitamin D homeostasis, and they reveal that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is a dispensable metabolite during bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R St-Arnaud
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Nemere I. 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses the rapid actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone on calcium transport in chick intestine. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:1543-9. [PMID: 10469282 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine whether 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) modulates the rapid effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium transport in the perfused chick intestine. Perfusion with control media resulted in a transport ratio (treated/average basal) of 1.07 +/- 0.06 at t = 40 minutes, while perfusion with 65, 130, 300, or 650 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 yielded ratios of 1.92 +/- 0.23, 2.6 +/- 0.4, 2.8 +/- 0.08, and 3.34 +/- 0.37, respectively. Simultaneous perfusion with each of these doses and 6.5 nM 24,25(OH)2D3 reduced treated/average basal ratios to approximately 1.4 after 40 minutes of perfusion. Vascular perfusion with 65 pM bovine PTH [bPTH(1-34)] stimulated intestinal calcium transport ratios to 3.0 +/- 0.5 after 40 minutes, while the inclusion of 6.5 nM 24,25(OH)2D3 reduced ratios at this time point to 0.56 +/- 0.19. To investigate the effect of these agents on signal transduction, isolated intestinal cells were monitored for intracellular calcium changes using the indicator dye fura-2. After establishing a stable baseline, addition of 130 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 induced rapid calcium oscillations. Intestinal cells exposed to 6.5 nM 24,25(OH)2D3 also exhibited rapid oscillations in fluorescence, which were not further altered by subsequent addition of 1,25(OH)2D3. Incubation of isolated cells with 130 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to increase protein kinase C (PKC) activity within 5 minutes, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity within 7 minutes. Exposure of cells to 65 pM bPTH(1-34) had minimal effect on PKC activity, but resulted in pronounced increases in PKA activity. Stimulation of protein kinases by either secosteroid or peptide hormone was inhibited in the presence of 6.5 nM 24,25(OH)2D3. It is concluded that 24,25(OH)2D3 may exert endocrine actions on intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nemere
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, and the Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-8700, USA
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