1
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Yang R, Li J, Zhang J, Xue Q, Qin R, Wang R, Goltzman D, Miao D. 17β-estradiol plays the anti-osteoporosis role via a novel ESR1-Keap1-Nrf2 axis-mediated stress response activation and Tmem119 upregulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:231-244. [PMID: 36592659 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and decreased osteoblastic bone formation contribute to estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. However, the role and mechanism of estrogen-deficiency in regulating oxidative stress and osteoblastic activity remain unclear. Here, we showed that estrogen-deficient bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs) exhibited impaired capacity to combat stress, characterized by increased oxidative stress, shortened cell survival and reduced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, which were due to a decrease of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 re-activation induced by the pyrazinyl dithiolethione oltipraz significantly rescued the cell phenotype of estrogen-deficient BMSCs in vitro and ex vivo. Mechanistically, we found that 17β-estradiol/ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor 1) facilitated Nrf2 accumulation, and activated its target genes by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) via ESR1 containing a highly conserved DLL motif. Of note, oltipraz, an Nrf2 activator, rescued ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis partly by inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting osteoblastic bone formation via Nrf2-induced antioxidant signaling activation and Tmem119 (transmembrane protein 119) upregulation. Conversely, Nrf2 knockout largely blocked the bone anabolic effect of 17β-estradiol in vivo and ex vivo. This study provides insight into the mechanisms whereby estrogen prevents osteoporosis through promoting osteoblastic bone formation via Nrf2-mediated activation of antioxidant signaling and upregulation of Tmem119, and thus provides evidence for Nrf2 as a potential target for clinical prevention and treatment of menopause-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlei Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Buck A, Prade VM, Kunzke T, Erben RG, Walch A. Spatial metabolomics reveals upregulation of several pyrophosphate-producing pathways in cortical bone of Hyp mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e162138. [PMID: 36278488 PMCID: PMC9714788 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with the renal phosphate-wasting disease X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and Hyp mice, the murine homolog of XLH, are characterized by loss-of-function mutations in phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX), leading to excessive secretion of the bone-derived phosphotropic hormone FGF23. The mineralization defect in patients with XLH and Hyp mice is caused by a combination of hypophosphatemia and local accumulation of mineralization-inhibiting molecules in bone. However, the mechanism by which PHEX deficiency regulates bone cell metabolism remains elusive. Here, we used spatial metabolomics by employing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of undecalcified bone cryosections to characterize in situ metabolic changes in bones of Hyp mice in a holistic, unbiased manner. We found complex changes in Hyp bone metabolism, including perturbations in pentose phosphate, purine, pyrimidine, and phospholipid metabolism. Importantly, our study identified an upregulation of several biochemical pathways involved in intra- and extracellular production of the mineralization inhibitor pyrophosphate in the bone matrix of Hyp mice. Our data emphasize the utility of MSI-based spatial metabolomics in bone research and provide holistic in situ insights as to how Phex deficiency-induced changes in biochemical pathways in bone cells are linked to impaired bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verena M. Prade
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunzke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold G. Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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3
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Pathogenic Variants of the PHEX Gene. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, a pathogenic variant of the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX) gene was identified as the cause of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH). Subsequently, the overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) due to PHEX defects has been found to be associated with XLH pathophysiology. However, the mechanism by which PHEX deficiency contributes to the upregulation of FGF23 and the function of PHEX itself remain unclear. To date, over 700 pathogenic variants have been identified in patients with XLH, and functional assays and genotype–phenotype correlation analyses based on pathogenic variant data derived from XLH patients have been reported. Genetic testing for XLH is useful for the diagnosis. Not only have single-nucleotide variants causing missense, nonsense, and splicing variants and small deletion/insertion variants causing frameshift/non-frameshift alterations been observed, but also gross deletion/duplication variants causing copy number variants have been reported as pathogenic variants in PHEX. With the development of new technologies including next generation sequencing, it is expected that an increasing number of pathogenic variants will be identified. This chapter aimed to summarize the genotype of PHEX and related analyses and discusses the pathophysiology of PHEX defects to seek clues on unsolved questions.
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4
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Chen A, Li X, Zhao J, Zhou J, Xie C, Chen H, Wang Q, Wang R, Miao D, Li J, Jin J. Chronic alcohol reduces bone mass through inhibiting proliferation and promoting aging of endothelial cells in type-H vessels. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:541-554. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210029, ,
| | - Jie Li
- Xuzhou Medical University, 38044, Department of Orthopaedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital; The Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Nanjing, China, 211166
- No.101,Longmian Avenue,Jiangning DistrictChina
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5
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Fuente R, García-Bengoa M, Fernández-Iglesias Á, Gil-Peña H, Santos F, López JM. Cellular and Molecular Alterations Underlying Abnormal Bone Growth in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020934. [PMID: 35055123 PMCID: PMC8778463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common form of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, is caused by inactivating mutations of the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase gene (PHEX). XLH is mainly characterized by short stature, bone deformities and rickets, while in hypophosphatemia, normal or low vitamin D levels and low renal phosphate reabsorption are the principal biochemical aspects. The cause of growth impairment in patients with XLH is not completely understood yet, thus making the study of the growth plate (GP) alterations necessary. New treatment strategies targeting FGF23 have shown promising results in normalizing the growth velocity and improving the skeletal effects of XLH patients. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate how this treatment affects the GP as well as its long-term effects and the impact on adult height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María García-Bengoa
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Yang R, Zhang J, Li J, Qin R, Chen J, Wang R, Goltzman D, Miao D. Inhibition of Nrf2 degradation alleviates age-related osteoporosis induced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:246-261. [PMID: 34890768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 1,25(OH)2D plays an anti-osteoporosis role by an anti-aging mechanism. Oxidative stress is a key mediator of aging and bone loss; however, whether 1,25(OH)2D can exert its anti-osteoporosis effect by inhibiting oxidative stress is unclear. In this study, osteoporosis and the bone aging phenotype induced by 1,25(OH)2D deficiency in male mice were significantly rescued in vivo upon the supplementation of oltipraz, an inhibitor of Nrf2 degradation. Increased oxidative stress, cellular senescence and reduced osteogenesis of BM-MSCs from VDR knockout mice were also significantly rescued when the cells were pre-treated with oltipraz. We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 promoted Nrf2 accumulation by inhibiting its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, thus facilitating Nrf2 activation of its transcriptional targets. Mechanistically, 1,25(OH)2D3 enhances VDR-mediated recruitment of Ezh2 and facilitation of H3K27me3 action at the promoter region of Keap1, thus transcriptionally repressing Keap1. To further validate that the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway serves as the key mediator in the anabolic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone, Nrf2-/- mice, or hBM-MSCs with shRNA-mediated Nrf2-knockdown, were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3; we found that Nrf2 knockout largely blocked the bone anabolic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo and ex vivo, and Nrf2 knockdown in hBM-MSCs markedly blocked the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. This study provides insight into the mechanism whereby 1,25(OH)2D3 postpones age-related osteoporosis via VDR-mediated activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and inhibition of oxidative stress, and thus provides evidence for oltipraz as a potential reagent for clinical prevention and treatment of age-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlei Yang
- The Research Center for Aging, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- The Research Center for Aging, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for Aging, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Dambroise E, Ktorza I, Brombin A, Abdessalem G, Edouard J, Luka M, Fiedler I, Binder O, Pelle O, Patton EE, Busse B, Menager M, Sohm F, Legeai-Mallet L. Fgfr3 Is a Positive Regulator of Osteoblast Expansion and Differentiation During Zebrafish Skull Vault Development. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1782-1797. [PMID: 32379366 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gain or loss-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) result in cranial vault defects highlighting the protein's role in membranous ossification. Zebrafish express high levels of fgfr3 during skull development; in order to study FGFR3's role in cranial vault development, we generated the first fgfr3 loss-of-function zebrafish (fgfr3lof/lof ). The mutant fish exhibited major changes in the craniofacial skeleton, with a lack of sutures, abnormal frontal and parietal bones, and the presence of ectopic bones. Integrated analyses (in vivo imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing of the osteoblast lineage) of zebrafish fgfr3lof/lof revealed a delay in osteoblast expansion and differentiation, together with changes in the extracellular matrix. These findings demonstrate that fgfr3 is a positive regulator of osteogenesis. We conclude that changes in the extracellular matrix within growing bone might impair cell-cell communication, mineralization, and new osteoblast recruitment. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dambroise
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Ktorza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ghaith Abdessalem
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Joanne Edouard
- UMS AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marine Luka
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Imke Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Binder
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Pelle
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mickaël Menager
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Sohm
- UMS AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France.,Functional Genomics Institute of Lyon, University of Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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8
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Zhou J, Chen A, Wang Z, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhang H, Wang R, Miao D, Jin J. Bmi-1 determines the stemness of renal stem or progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1165-1172. [PMID: 32819581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal stem or progenitor cells (RSCs), labeled with CD24 and CD133, play an important role during the repair of renal injury. Bmi-1 is a critical factor in regulating stemness of adult stem cells or progenitor cells. To investigate whether Bmi-1 determines the stemness of RSCs by inhibiting p16 and p53, and/or maintaining redox balance, RSCs were isolated, cultured and analyzed for stemness characterizations. In RSCs from Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice and wild type (WT) littermates, self-renewal, stemness, and expressions of molecules for regulating redox balance and cell cycle progression were compared. Self-renewal of RSCs from Bmi-1 and p16 double-knockout (Bmi-1-/-p16-/-), Bmi-1 and p53 double-knockout (Bmi-1-/-p53-/-) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated Bmi-1-/- mice were further analyzed for amelioration. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) were also used for signaling analysis. Our results showed that third-passage RSCs from WT mice had good stemness; Bmi-1 deficiency led to the decreased stemness, and the increased apoptosis for RSCs; NAC treatment or p16/p53 deletion ameliorated the decreased self-renewal of RSCs in Bmi-1 deficiency mice by maintaining redox balance or inhibiting cell cycle arrest respectively; Oxidative stress (OS) could negatively feedback regulate the mRNA expressions of Bmi-1, p16 and p53. In conclusion, Bmi-1 determined the stemness of RSCs through maintaining redox balance and preventing cell cycle arrest. Thus, Bmi-1 signaling molecules would be novel therapeutic targets for maintaining RSCs and hampering the progression of kidney diseases to prevent renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhou
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jin'ge Zhang
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hengzhi Zhang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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9
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Yang R, Chen J, Zhang J, Qin R, Wang R, Qiu Y, Mao Z, Goltzman D, Miao D. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D protects against age-related osteoporosis by a novel VDR-Ezh2-p16 signal axis. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13095. [PMID: 31880094 PMCID: PMC6996957 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) can exert an anti-osteoporosis role through anti-aging mechanisms, we analyzed the bone phenotype of mice with 1,25(OH)2 D deficiency due to deletion of the enzyme, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, while on a rescue diet. 1,25(OH)2 D deficiency accelerated age-related bone loss by activating the p16/p19 senescence signaling pathway, inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation, and stimulating osteoclastic bone resorption, osteocyte senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Supplementation of exogenous 1,25(OH)2 D3 corrected the osteoporotic phenotype caused by 1,25(OH)2 D deficiency or natural aging by inhibiting the p16/p19 pathway. The proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and ectopic bone formation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from mice with genetically induced deficiency of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) were significantly reduced by mechanisms including increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular senescence. We also demonstrated that p16 deletion largely rescued the osteoporotic phenotype caused by 1,25(OH)2 D3 deficiency, whereas 1,25(OH)2 D3 could up-regulate the enzyme Ezh2 via VDR-mediated transcription thereby enriching H3K27me3 and repressing p16/p19 transcription. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with 1,25(OH)2 D3 improved the osteogenic defects of human BM-MSCs caused by repeated passages by stimulating their proliferation and inhibiting their senescence via the VDR-Ezh2-p16 axis. The results of this study therefore indicate that 1,25(OH)2 D3 plays a role in preventing age-related osteoporosis by up-regulating Ezh2 via VDR-mediated transcription, increasing H3K27me3 and repressing p16 transcription, thus promoting the proliferation and osteogenesis of BM-MSCs and inhibiting their senescence, while also stimulating osteoblastic bone formation, and inhibiting osteocyte senescence, SASP, and osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlei Yang
- The Research Center for Aging Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology Central South University Changsha China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ran Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yue Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for Aging Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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10
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Geng Q, Gao H, Yang R, Guo K, Miao D. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Prevents Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Osteocyte Senescence. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:58-68. [PMID: 30662347 PMCID: PMC6329928 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have shown that oxidative stress increases with aging, which is related to the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a natural anti-oxidant with anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects. However, it is unclear whether PQQ has a protective role against estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of PQQ on bone mineral density, bone microarchitecture, bone turnover and biomechanical strength in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Although dietary PQQ supplement did not affect serum E2 levels and uterine weight in OVX mice, it could prevent OVX-induced bone loss and improve bone strength by inhibiting oxidative stress, osteocyte senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), subsequently promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption, which was comparable to treatment with exogenous estrogen. The results from our study provide experimental evidence for the clinical use of PQQ to prevent estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaijin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Imel EA, White KE. Pharmacological management of X-linked hypophosphataemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:1188-1198. [PMID: 30207609 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common heritable disorder of renal phosphate wasting, X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH), was discovered to be caused by inactivating mutations in the phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X-chromosome (PHEX) gene in 1995. Although the exact molecular mechanisms by which PHEX mutations cause disturbed phosphate handling in XLH remain unknown, focus for novel therapies has more recently been based upon the finding that the bone-produced phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 is elevated in XLH patient plasma. Previous treatment strategies for XLH were based upon phosphate repletion plus active vitamin D analogues, which are difficult to manage, fail to address the primary pathogenesis of the disease, and can have deleterious side effects. A novel therapy for XLH directly targeting fibroblast growth factor-23 via a humanized monoclonal antibody (burosumab-twza/CRYSVITA, henceforth referred to just as burosumab) has emerged as an effective, and recently approved, pharmacological treatment for both children and adults. This review will provide an overview of the clinical manifestations of XLH, the molecular pathophysiology, and summarize its current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Gong A, Chen J, Wu J, Li J, Wang L, Goltzman D, Miao D. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency accelerates alveolar bone loss independent of aging and extracellular calcium and phosphorus. J Periodontol 2018; 89:983-994. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aixiu Gong
- Department of Stomatology; Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Center for Bone and Stem Cells; Department of Anatomy; Histology and Embryology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Center for Bone and Stem Cells; Department of Anatomy; Histology and Embryology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Stomatology; Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory; McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Center for Bone and Stem Cells; Department of Anatomy; Histology and Embryology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing PR China
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13
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Minamizaki T, Konishi Y, Sakurai K, Yoshioka H, Aubin JE, Kozai K, Yoshiko Y. Soluble Klotho causes hypomineralization in Klotho-deficient mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:285-300. [PMID: 29632215 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The type I transmembrane protein αKlotho (Klotho) serves as a coreceptor for the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in kidney, while a truncated form of Klotho (soluble Klotho, sKL) is thought to exhibit multiple activities, including acting as a hormone, but whose mode(s) of action in different organ systems remains to be fully elucidated. FGF23 is expressed primarily in osteoblasts/osteocytes and aberrantly high levels in the circulation acting via signaling through an FGF receptor (FGFR)-Klotho coreceptor complex cause renal phosphate wasting and osteomalacia. We assessed the effects of exogenously added sKL on osteoblasts and bone using Klotho-deficient (kl/kl) mice and cell and organ cultures. sKL induced FGF23 signaling in bone and exacerbated the hypomineralization without exacerbating the hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia and hypervitaminosis D in kl/kl mice. The same effects were seen in rodent bone models in vitro, in which we also detected formation of a sKL complex with FGF23-FGFR and decreased Phex (gene responsible for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH)/osteomalacia) expression. Further, sKL-FGF23-dependent hypomineralization in vitro was rescued by soluble PHEX. These data suggest that exogenously added sKL directly participates in FGF23 signaling in bone and that PHEX is a downstream effector of the sKL-FGF23-FGFR axis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Konishi
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yoshioka
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jane E Aubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Zhang Y, Chen G, Gu Z, Sun H, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Miao D. DNA damage checkpoint pathway modulates the regulation of skeletal growth and osteoblastic bone formation by parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:508-517. [PMID: 29805302 PMCID: PMC5968843 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) 1-84 knockin (Pthrp KI) mice, which lacked a PTHrP nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and C-terminus, displayed early senescence, defective osteoblastic bone formation, and skeletal growth retardation. However, the mechanism of action of the PTHrP NLS and C-terminus in regulating development of skeleton is still unclear. In this study, we examined alterations of oxidative stress and DNA damage response-related molecules in Pthrp KI skeletal tissue. We found that ROS levels, protein expression levels of γ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker, and the DNA damage response markers p-Chk2 and p53 were up-regulated, whereas gene expression levels of anti-oxidative enzymes were down-regulated significantly. We therefore further disrupted the DNA damage response pathway by deleting the Chk2 in Pthrp KI (Chk2-/-KI) mice and did comparison with WT, Chk2-/- and Pthrp KI littermates. The Pthrp KI mice with Chk2 deletion exhibited a longer lifespan, improvement in osteoblastic bone formation and skeletal growth including width of growth plates and length of long bones, trabecular and epiphyseal bone volume, BMD, osteoblast numbers, type I collagen and ALP positive bone areas, the numbers of total colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-f), ALP+ CFU-f and the expression levels of osteogenic genes. In addition, the genes associated with anti-oxidative enzymes were up-regulated significantly, whereas the tumor suppressor genes related to senescence were down-regulated in Chk2-/- KI mice compared to Pthrp KI mice. Our results suggest that Chk2 deletion in Pthrp KI mice can somewhat rescue defects in osteoblastic bone formation and skeletal growth by enhancing endochondral bone formation and osteogenesis. These studies therefore indicate that the DNA damage checkpoint pathway may be a target for the nuclear action of PTHrP to regulate skeletal development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangpei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Research Center for Aging Research, Friendship Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Clinkenbeard EL, White KE. Heritable and acquired disorders of phosphate metabolism: Etiologies involving FGF23 and current therapeutics. Bone 2017; 102:31-39. [PMID: 28159712 PMCID: PMC5537045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate is critical for many cellular processes and structural functions, including as a key molecule for nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism, as well as hydroxyapatite formation in bone. Therefore it is critical to maintain tight regulation of systemic phosphate levels. Based upon its broad biological importance, disruption of normal phosphate homeostasis has detrimental effects on skeletal integrity and overall health. Investigating heritable diseases of altered phosphate metabolism has led to key discoveries underlying the regulation and systemic actions of the phosphaturic hormone Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). Both molecular and clinical studies have revealed novel targets for the development and optimization of therapies for disorders of phosphate handling. This review will focus upon the bridge between genetic discoveries involving disorders of altered FGF23 bioactivity, as well as describe how these findings have translated into pharmacologic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Clinkenbeard
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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16
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Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Claramunt-Taberner D, Hernández O, Fernández-Iglesias A, Alonso-Durán L, Rodríguez-Rubio E, Santos F. X-linked hypophosphatemia and growth. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:107-115. [PMID: 28130634 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
X-Linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common form of hereditary rickets caused by loss-of function mutations in the PHEX gene. XLH is characterized by hypophosphatemia secondary to renal phosphate wasting, inappropriately low concentrations of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and high circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Short stature and rachitic osseous lesions are characteristic phenotypic findings of XLH although the severity of these manifestations is highly variable among patients. The degree of growth impairment is not dependent on the magnitude of hypophosphatemia or the extent of legs´ bowing and height is not normalized by chronic administration of phosphate supplements and 1α hydroxyvitamin D derivatives. Treatment with growth hormone accelerates longitudinal growth rate but there is still controversy regarding the potential risk of increasing bone deformities and body disproportion. Treatments aimed at blocking FGF23 action are promising, but information is lacking on the consequences of counteracting FGF23 during the growing period. This review summarizes current knowledge on phosphorus metabolism in XLH, presents updated information on XLH and growth, including the effects of FGF23 on epiphyseal growth plate of the Hyp mouse, an animal model of the disease, and discusses growth hormone and novel FGF23 related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - H Gil-Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - D Claramunt-Taberner
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - O Hernández
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - L Alonso-Durán
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - E Rodríguez-Rubio
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - F Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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17
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Wang Y, Fang X, Wang C, Ding C, Lin H, Liu A, Wang L, Cao Y. Exogenous PTHrP Repairs the Damaged Fracture Healing of PTHrP+/- Mice and Accelerates Fracture Healing of Wild Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020337. [PMID: 28178186 PMCID: PMC5343872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a complicated physiological regenerative process initiated in response to injury and is similar to bone development. To demonstrate whether an exogenous supply of parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) helps in bone fracture healing, closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with intramedullary pins in eight-week-old wild-type (WT) PTHrP+/+ and PTHrP+/− mice. After administering PTHrP for two weeks, callus tissue properties were analyzed at one, two, and four weeks post-fracture (PF) by various methods. Bone formation–related genes and protein expression levels were evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blots. At two weeks PF, mineral density of callus, bony callus areas, mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), and protein levels of Runx-2 and insulin-like growth factor-1 decreased in PTHrP+/− mice compared with WT mice. At four weeks PF, total collagen-positive bony callus areas, osteoblast number, ALP-positive areas, and type I collagen-positive areas all decreased in PTHrP+/− mice. At both two and four weeks PF, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclast number and surface decreased a little in PTHrP+/− mice. The study indicates that exogenous PTHrP provided by subcutaneous injection could redress impaired bone fracture healing, leading to mutation of activated PTHrP by influencing callus areas, endochondral bone formation, osteoblastic bone formation, and bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Congzhu Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Anlong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden.
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18
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Hum JM, Clinkenbeard EL, Ip C, Cass TA, Allen M, White KE. The metabolic bone disease associated with the Hyp mutation is independent of osteoblastic HIF1α expression. Bone Rep 2017; 6:38-43. [PMID: 28377980 PMCID: PMC5365303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) controls key responses to systemic phosphate increases through its phosphaturic actions on the kidney. In addition to stimulation by phosphate, FGF23 positively responds to iron deficiency anemia and hypoxia in rodent models and in humans. The disorder X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by elevated FGF23 in concert with an intrinsic bone mineralization defect. Indeed, the Hyp mouse XLH model has disturbed osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation with altered expression of a wide variety of genes, including FGF23. The transcription factor Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) has been implicated in regulating FGF23 production and plays a key role in proper bone cell differentiation. Thus the goals of this study were to determine whether HIF1α activation could influence FGF23, and to test osteoblastic HIF1α production on the Hyp endocrine and skeletal phenotypes in vivo. Treatment of primary cultures of osteoblasts/osteocytes and UMR-106 cells with the HIF activator AG490 resulted in rapid HIF1α stabilization and increased Fgf23 mRNA (50–100 fold; p < 0.01–0.001) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Next, the Phex gene deletion in the Hyp mouse was bred onto mice with a HIF1α/Osteocalcin (OCN)-Cre background. Although HIF1α effects on bone could be detected, FGF23-related phenotypes due to the Hyp mutation were independent of HIF1α in vivo. In summary, FGF23 can be driven by ectopic HIF1α activation under normal iron conditions in vitro, but factors independent of HIF1α activity after mature osteoblast formation are responsible for the disease phenotypes in Hyp mice in vivo. In vitro, a HIF activator stabilized HIF1α and increased Fgf23 mRNA expression. A novel mouse model was generated by breeding the Hyp mouse onto the HIF1α/Osteocalcin (OCN)-Cre background. Factors independent of HIF1α activity are responsible for the disease phenotypes in Hyp mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Hum
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Erica L Clinkenbeard
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Colin Ip
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Taryn A Cass
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Matt Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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19
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Meo Burt P, Xiao L, Dealy C, Fisher MC, Hurley MM. FGF2 High Molecular Weight Isoforms Contribute to Osteoarthropathy in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4602-4614. [PMID: 27732085 PMCID: PMC5133359 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Humans with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and Hyp mice, the murine homolog of the disease, develop severe osteoarthropathy and the precise factors that contribute to this joint degeneration remain largely unknown. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulatory growth factor in osteoarthritis. Although there are multiple FGF2 isoforms the potential involvement of specific FGF2 isoforms in joint degradation has not been investigated. Mice that overexpress the high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms in bone (HMWTg mice) phenocopy Hyp mice and XLH subjects and Hyp mice overexpress the HMWFGF2 isoforms in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Given that Hyp mice and XLH subjects develop osteoarthropathies we examined whether HMWTg mice also develop knee joint degeneration at 2, 8, and 18 mo compared with VectorTg (control) mice. HMWTg mice developed spontaneous osteoarthropathy as early as age 2 mo with thinning of subchondral bone, osteophyte formation, decreased articular cartilage thickness, abnormal mineralization within the joint, increased cartilage degradative enzymes, hypertrophic markers, and angiogenesis. FGF receptors 1 and 3 and fibroblast growth factor 23 were significantly altered compared with VectorTg mice. In addition, gene expression of growth factors and cytokines including bone morphogenetic proteins, Insulin like growth factor 1, Interleukin 1 beta, as well as transcription factors Sex determining region Y box 9, hypoxia inducible factor 1, and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 were differentially modulated in HMWTg compared with VectorTg. This study demonstrates that overexpression of the HMW isoforms of FGF2 in bone results in catabolic activity in joint cartilage and bone that leads to osteoarthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Meo Burt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Caroline Dealy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Melanie C Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
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20
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Onishi T, Ogawa T, Hayashibara T, Hoshino T, Okawa R, Ooshima T. Hyper-expression of Osteocalcin mRNA in Odontoblasts of Hyp Mice. J Dent Res 2016; 84:84-8. [PMID: 15615882 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hyp mouse is a murine homologue of human X-linked hypophosphatemia that displays hypo-mineralization in bone and dentin. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the defect in Hyp mice leads to alterations in the expression of dentin matrix proteins that may be associated with the hypo-mineralization changes in the tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that expression of the osteocalcin gene in Hyp mice tooth germ samples was significantly higher than in wild-type mice, whereas the gene expressions of osteonectin, osteopontn, dentin matrix protein 1, and type I collagen in both types of mice were similar. Further, cultured Hyp mice tooth germ samples exhibited a higher expression of the osteocalcin gene than did those from wild-type mice, which was in accord with the results of our in vivo analysis. These findings suggest that osteocalcin mRNA is highly expressed in Hyp mice odontoblasts and may be associated with dentin hypo-mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Onishi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Zhou X, Dai X, Wu X, Ji J, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Yang X, Miao D. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Lymphocytes Stimulates Skeletogenesis by Improving the Osteogenic Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29171. [PMID: 27373231 PMCID: PMC4931581 DOI: 10.1038/srep29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by improving the osteogenic microenvironment, we examined the skeletal phenotype of EμBmi1 transgenic mice with overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes. The size of the skeleton, trabecular bone volume and osteoblast number, indices of proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were increased significantly, ROS levels were reduced and antioxidative capacity was enhanced in EμBmi1 mice compared to WT mice. In PTHrP1-84 knockin (Pthrp(KI/KI)) mice, the expression levels of Bmi1 are reduced and potentially can mediate the premature osteoporosis observed. We therefore generated a Pthrp(KI/KI) mice overexpressing Bmi1 in lymphocytes and compared them with Pthrp(KI/KI) and WT littermates. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight and improvement in skeletal growth and parameters of osteoblastic bone formation with reduced ROS levels and DNA damage response parameters. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate osteogenesis in vivo and partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteogenesis in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice. These studies therefore indicate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving the osteogenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuliang Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiangjiao Yang
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Clinkenbeard EL, Cass TA, Ni P, Hum JM, Bellido T, Allen MR, White KE. Conditional Deletion of Murine Fgf23: Interruption of the Normal Skeletal Responses to Phosphate Challenge and Rescue of Genetic Hypophosphatemia. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1247-57. [PMID: 26792657 PMCID: PMC4891276 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic and knockout (KO) animals involving Fgf23 have been highly informative in defining novel aspects of mineral metabolism, but are limited by shortened lifespan, inability of spatial/temporal FGF23 control, and infertility of the global KO. To more finely test the role of systemic and genetic influences in FGF23 production, a mouse was developed that carried a floxed ("f")-Fgf23 allele (exon 2 floxed) which demonstrated in vivo recombination when bred to global-Cre transgenic mice (eIIa-cre). Mice homozygous for the recombined allele ("Δ") had undetectable serum intact FGF23, elevated serum phosphate (p < 0.05), and increased kidney Cyp27b1 mRNA (p < 0.05), similar to global Fgf23-KO mice. To isolate cellular FGF23 responses during phosphate challenge, Fgf23(Δ/f) mice were mated with early osteoblast type Iα1 collagen 2.3-kb promoter-cre mice (Col2.3-cre) and the late osteoblast/early osteocyte Dentin matrix protein-1-cre (Dmp1-cre). Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre(+) and Fgf23(Δ/f) /Dmp1-cre(+) exhibited reduced baseline serum intact FGF23 versus controls. After challenge with high-phosphate diet Cre(-) mice had 2.1-fold to 2.5-fold increased serum FGF23 (p < 0.01), but Col2.3-cre(+) mice had no significant increase, and Dmp1-cre(+) mice had only a 37% increase (p < 0.01) despite prevailing hyperphosphatemia in both models. The Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre was bred onto the Hyp (murine X-linked hypophosphatemia [XLH] model) genetic background to test the contribution of osteoblasts and osteocytes to elevated FGF23 and Hyp disease phenotypes. Whereas Hyp mice maintained inappropriately elevated FGF23 considering their marked hypophosphatemia, Hyp/Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre(+) mice had serum FGF23 <4% of Hyp (p < 0.01), and this targeted restriction normalized serum phosphorus and ricketic bone disease. In summary, deleting FGF23 within early osteoblasts and osteocytes demonstrated that both cell types contribute to baseline circulating FGF23 concentrations, and that targeting osteoblasts/osteocytes for FGF23 production can modify systemic responses to changes in serum phosphate concentrations and rescue the Hyp genetic syndrome. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Clinkenbeard
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taryn A. Cass
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth E. White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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23
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Liu ES, Martins JS, Raimann A, Chae BT, Brooks DJ, Jorgetti V, Bouxsein ML, Demay MB. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Alone Improves Skeletal Growth, Microarchitecture, and Strength in a Murine Model of XLH, Despite Enhanced FGF23 Expression. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:929-39. [PMID: 26751835 PMCID: PMC4862933 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by impaired renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate owing to increased circulating FGF23 levels, resulting in rickets in growing children and impaired bone mineralization. Increased FGF23 decreases renal brush border membrane sodium-dependent phosphate transporter IIa (Npt2a) causing renal phosphate wasting, impairs 1-α hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and induces the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase, leading to inappropriately low circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). The goal of therapy is prevention of rickets and improvement of growth in children by phosphate and 1,25D supplementation. However, this therapy is often complicated by hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis and does not always prevent hyperparathyroidism. To determine if 1,25D or blocking FGF23 action can improve the skeletal phenotype without phosphate supplementation, mice with XLH (Hyp) were treated with daily 1,25D repletion, FGF23 antibodies (FGF23Ab), or biweekly high-dose 1,25D from d2 to d75 without supplemental phosphate. All treatments maintained normocalcemia, increased serum phosphate, and normalized parathyroid hormone levels. They also prevented the loss of Npt2a, α-Klotho, and pERK1/2 immunoreactivity observed in the kidneys of untreated Hyp mice. Daily treatment with 1,25D decreased urine phosphate losses despite a marked increase in bone FGF23 mRNA and in circulating FGF23 levels. Daily 1,25D was more effective than other treatments in normalizing the growth plate and metaphyseal organization. In addition to being the only therapy that normalized lumbar vertebral height and body weight, daily 1,25D therapy normalized bone geometry and was more effective than FGF23Ab in improving trabecular bone structure. Daily 1,25D and FGF23Ab improved cortical microarchitecture and whole-bone biomechanical properties more so than biweekly 1,25D. Thus, monotherapy with 1,25D improves growth, skeletal microarchitecture, and bone strength in the absence of phosphate supplementation despite enhancing FGF23 expression, demonstrating that 1,25D has direct beneficial effects on the skeleton in XLH, independent of its role in phosphate homeostasis. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janaina S Martins
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalbert Raimann
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel J Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanda Jorgetti
- Division of Nephrology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie B Demay
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Bai X, Miao D, Xiao S, Qiu D, St-Arnaud R, Petkovich M, Gupta A, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. CYP24 inhibition as a therapeutic target in FGF23-mediated renal phosphate wasting disorders. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:667-80. [PMID: 26784541 DOI: 10.1172/jci81928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP24A1 (hereafter referred to as CYP24) enzymatic activity is pivotal in the inactivation of vitamin D metabolites. Basal renal and extrarenal CYP24 is usually low but is highly induced by its substrate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Unbalanced high and/or long-lasting CYP24 expression has been proposed to underlie diseases like chronic kidney disease, cancers, and psoriasis that otherwise should favorably respond to supplemental vitamin D. Using genetically modified mice, we have shown that renal phosphate wasting hypophosphatemic states arising from high levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are also associated with increased renal Cyp24 expression, suggesting that elevated CYP24 activity is pivotal to the pathophysiology of these disorders. We therefore crossed 2 mouse strains, each with distinct etiology for high levels of circulating FGF23, onto a Cyp24-null background. Specifically, we evaluated Cyp24 deficiency in Hyp mice, the murine homolog of X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, and transgenic mice that overexpress a mutant FGF23 (FGF23R176Q) that is associated with the autosomal dominant form of hypophosphatemic rickets. Loss of Cyp24 in these murine models of human disease resulted in near-complete recovery of rachitic/osteomalacic bony abnormalities in the absence of any improvement in the serum biochemical profile. Moreover, treatment of Hyp and FGF23R1760-transgenic mice with the CYP24 inhibitor CTA102 also ameliorated their rachitic bones. Our results link CYP24 activity to the pathophysiology of FGF23-dependent renal phosphate wasting states and implicate pharmacologic CYP24 inhibition as a therapeutic adjunct for their treatment.
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25
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Liu A, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Shi H, Qiu Y. Exogenous Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Promotes Fracture Healing in Lepr(-/-) Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:581-91. [PMID: 26314884 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic osteoporosis continues to surge worldwide, increasing the risk of fracture. We have previously demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) impairs fracture healing. However, whether an exogenous supply of PTHrP can repair bone damage and accelerate fracture healing remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of PTHrP in healing fractures. Standardized mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were generated in 12-week-old wild-type and leptin receptor null Lepr(-/-) mice. After administration of PTHrP for 2 weeks, callus tissue properties were analyzed by radiography, micro-computed tomography, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology techniques. At 2 weeks post-fracture, cartilaginous callus areas were reduced, while total callus and bony callus areas were increased in PTHrP-treated Lepr(-/-) animals and control wild-type mice, compared with vehicle-treated Lepr(-/-) mice. The following parameters were enhanced both in Lepr(-/-) mice after treatment with PTHrP and vehicle-treated wild-type animals, compared with vehicle-treated Lepr(-/-) mice: osteoblast numbers; tissue alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Type I collagen immunopositive areas; mRNA levels of ALP, Type I collagen, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand; protein levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor-1; and the number and surface of osteoclasts. In conclusion, exogenous PTHrP by subcutaneous injection promotes fracture repair in Lepr(-/-) mice by increasing callus formation and accelerating cell transformation: upregulated osteoblastic gene and protein expression, increased endochondral bone formation, osteoblastic bone formation, and osteoclastic bone resorption. However, complete repair was not obtained in PTHrP-treated Lepr(-/-) mice as in control wild-type animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yishan Li
- Department of International Training, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongfei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Zhu M, Zhang J, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Wang R, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Miao D. The p27 Pathway Modulates the Regulation of Skeletal Growth and Osteoblastic Bone Formation by Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1969-79. [PMID: 25917430 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) 1-84 knock-in mice (Pthrp KI) develop skeletal growth retardation and defective osteoblastic bone formation. To further examine the mechanisms underlying this phenotype, microarray analyses of differential gene expression profiles were performed in long bone extracts from Pthrp KI mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. We found that the expression levels of p27, p16, and p53 were significantly upregulated in Pthrp KI mice relative to WT littermates. To determine whether p27 was involved in the regulation by PTHrP of skeletal growth and development in vivo, we generated compound mutant mice, which were homozygous for both p27 deletion and the Pthrp KI mutation (p27(-/-) Pthrp KI). We then compared p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice with p27(-/-), Pthrp KI, and WT littermates. Deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight, and improvement in skeletal growth. At 2 weeks of age, skeletal parameters, including length of long bones, size of epiphyses, numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive chondrocytes, bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast numbers, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-, type I collagen-, and osteocalcin-positive bone areas were increased in p27(-/-) mice and reduced in both Pthrp KI and p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with WT mice; however, these parameters were increased in p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. As well, protein expression levels of PTHR, IGF-1, and Bmi-1, and the numbers of total colony-forming unit fibroblastic (CFU-f) and ALP-positive CFU-f were similarly increased in p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. Our results demonstrate that deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice can partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteoblastic bone formation by enhancing endochondral bone formation and osteogenesis. These studies, therefore, indicate that the p27 pathway may function downstream in the action of PTHrP to regulate skeletal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Shi C, Wu J, Yan Q, Wang R, Miao D. Bone marrow ablation demonstrates that estrogen plays an important role in osteogenesis and bone turnover via an antioxidative mechanism. Bone 2015; 79:94-104. [PMID: 26036172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effect of estrogen deficiency on osteogenesis and bone turnover in vivo, 8-week-old mice were sham-operated or bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX), and after 8 weeks, mechanical bone marrow ablation (BMX) was performed and newly formed bone tissue was analyzed from 6 days to 2 weeks after BMX. Our results demonstrated that OVX mice following BMX displayed 2 reversed phase changes, one phase observed at 6 and 8 days after BMX delayed osteogenesis accompanied by a delay in osteoclastogenesis, and the other phase observed at 12 and 14 days after BMX increased osteoblastic activity and osteoclastic activity. Furthermore, we asked whether impaired osteogenesis caused by estrogen deficiency was associated with increased oxidative stress, and oxidative stress parameters were examined in bone tissue from sham-operated and OVX mice and OVX mice were administrated with antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or vehicle after BMX. Results demonstrated that estrogen deficiency induced oxidative stress in mouse bone tissue with reduced antioxidase levels and activity, whereas NAC administration almost rescued the abnormalities in osteogenesis and bone turnover caused by OVX. Results from this study indicate that estrogen deficiency resulted in primarily impaired osteogenesis and subsequently accelerated bone turnover by increasing oxidative stress and oxidative stress promises to be an effective target in the process of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmin Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanquan Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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28
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Yin Y, Wang Q, Sun W, Wang Y, Chen N, Miao D. p27(kip1) deficiency accelerates dentin and alveolar bone formation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:807-16. [PMID: 24916068 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of p27(kip1) in regulating dental formation and alveolar bone development, we compared the teeth and mandible phenotypes of homozygous p27(kip1) -deficient (p27(-/-) ) mice with their wild-type littermates at 2 weeks of age. At 2 weeks of age, dental mineral density, dental volume and dentin sialoprotein-immunopositive areas were increased significantly, whereas the predentin area : total dentin area and biglycan-immunopositive area : dentin area ratios were decreased significantly in p27(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates. Mandible mineral density, cortical thickness, alveolar bone volume, type I collagen and osterix-immunopositive areas, osteoblast number and activity and mRNA expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein (bmp2) were all significantly increased in the mandibles, as was the number and surface of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of p27(-/-) mice compared with their WT littermates. Furthermore, the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and protein expression of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 were increased significantly in p27(-/-) mice relative to their WT littermates. The results from this study indicate that p27 plays a negative regulatory role in dentin formation and alveolar bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Abstract
Traditionally, control of phosphorus in the body has been considered secondary to the tighter control of calcium by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. However, over the past decade, substantial advances have been made in understanding the control of phosphorus by the so-called phosphatonin system, the lynchpin of which is fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 binds to the klotho/FGFR1c receptor complex in renal tubular epithelial cells, leading to upregulation of Na/Pi cotransporters and subsequent excretion of phosphorus from the body. In addition, FGF23 inhibits parathyroid hormone and the renal 1α-hydroxylase enzyme, while it stimulates 24-hydroxylase, leading to decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FGF23 is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, particularly the hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets group and chronic kidney disease, and is a target for the development of new treatments in human medicine. Little work has been done on FGF23 or the other phosphatonins in veterinary medicine, but increases in FGF23 are seen with chronic kidney disease in cats, and increased FGF23 expression has been found in soft tissue sarcomas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Hardcastle
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology Ltd, Mt Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K. E. Dittmer
- Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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30
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Synergistic effects of high dietary calcium and exogenous parathyroid hormone in promoting osteoblastic bone formation in mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:909-22. [PMID: 25744000 PMCID: PMC4392706 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether high dietary Ca and exogenous parathyroid hormone 1–34 fragments (PTH 1–34) have synergistic effects on bone formation in adult mice, and explored the related mechanisms. Adult male mice were fed a normal diet, a high-Ca diet, a PTH-treated diet, or a high-Ca diet combined with subcutaneously injected PTH 1–34 (80 μg/kg per d) for 4 weeks. Bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast number, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)- and type I collagen-positive areas, and the expression levels of osteoblastic bone formation-related genes and proteins were increased significantly in mice fed the high-Ca diet, the PTH-treated diet, and, even more dramatically, the high-Ca diet combined with PTH. Osteoclast number and surface and the ratio of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL):osteoprotegerin (OPG) were decreased in the high-Ca diet treatment group, increased in the PTH treatment group, but not in the combined treatment group. Furthermore, third-passage osteoblasts were treated with high Ca (5 mm), PTH 1–34 (10− 8m) or high Ca combined with PTH 1–34. Osteoblast viability and ALP activity were increased in either the high Ca-treated or PTH-treated cultures and, even more dramatically, in the cultures treated with high Ca plus PTH, with consistent up-regulation of the expression levels of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation-related genes and proteins. These results indicate that dietary Ca and PTH play synergistic roles in promoting osteoblastic bone formation by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Ben X. Neuronal-like cell differentiation of non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2078-85. [PMID: 25206516 PMCID: PMC4146062 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells from C57BL/6J mice were separated and cultured using the “pour-off” method. Non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells developed colony-forming unit-fibroblasts, and could be expanded by supplementation with epidermal growth factor. Immunocytochemistry showed that the non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor/epidermal growth factor/nerve growth factor expressed the neuron specific markers, neurofilament-200 and NeuN, in vitro. Non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells from β-galactosidase transgenic mice were also transplanted into focal ischemic brain (right corpus striatum) of C57BL/6J mice. At 8 weeks, cells positive for LacZ and β-galactosidase staining were observed in the ischemic tissues, and cells co-labeled with both β-galactosidase and NeuN were seen by double immunohistochemical staining. These findings suggest that the non-adherent bone marrow cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells could differentiate into neuronal-like cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Ben
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
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Abstract
Rapid and somewhat surprising advances have recently been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms causing heritable disorders of hypophosphatemia. The results of clinical, genetic, and translational studies have interwoven novel concepts underlying the endocrine control of phosphate metabolism, with far-reaching implications for treatment of both rare Mendelian diseases as well as common disorders of blood phosphate excess such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). In particular, diseases caused by changes in the expression and proteolytic control of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) have come to the forefront in terms of directing new models explaining mineral metabolism. These hypophosphatemic disorders as well as others resulting from independent defects in phosphate transport or metabolism will be reviewed herein, and implications for emerging therapeutic strategies based upon these new findings will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E. White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Correspondence to: Kenneth E. White, Ph.D., Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 West Walnut St., IB130, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Office phone: (317) 278-1775, Fax: (317) 274-2293,
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michael J. Econs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Lu R, Wang Q, Han Y, Li J, Yang XJ, Miao D. Parathyroid hormone administration improves bone marrow microenvironment and partially rescues haematopoietic defects in Bmi1-null mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93864. [PMID: 24705625 PMCID: PMC3976339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulator Bmi1 is key in haematopoietic stem cells, and its inactivation leads to defects in haematopoiesis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), an important modulator of bone homeostasis, also regulates haematopoiesis, so we asked whether PTH administration improves bone marrow microenvironment and rescues the haematopoietic defects in Bmi1-null mice. The mice were treated with PTH1-34 (containing the first 34 residues of mature PTH), an anabolic drug currently used for treating osteoporosis, and compared with the vehicle-treated Bmi1-/- and wild-type littermates in terms of skeletal and haematopoietic phenotypes. We found that the administration significantly increased all parameters related to osteoblastic bone formation and significantly reduced the adipocyte number and PPARγ expression. The bone marrow cellularity, numbers of haematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in the femur, and numbers of lymphocytes and other white blood cells in the peripheral blood all increased significantly when compared to vehicle-treated Bmi1-/- mice. Moreover, the number of Jagged1-positive cells and percentage of Notch intracellular domain-positive bone marrow cells and protein expression levels of Jagged1 and NICD in bone tissue were also increased in Bmi1-/- mice upon PTH1-34 administration,whereas the up-regulation of PTH on both Notch1 and Jagged1 gene expression was blocked by the Notch inhibitor DAPT administration. These results thus indicate that PTH administration activates the notch pathway and partially rescues haematopoietic defects in Bmi1-null mice, further suggesting that haematopoietic defects in the animals are not only a result of reduced self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells but also due to impaired bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongli Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang H, Liu J, Yin Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Miao D, Sun W. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone related protein 1-34 and 1-84 and their roles in osteoporosis treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88237. [PMID: 24516619 PMCID: PMC3916416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by compromised bone strength that predisposes patients to increased fracture risk. Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) is one of the candidates for clinical osteoporosis treatment. In this study, GST Gene Fusion System was used to express recombinant human PTHrP (hPTHrP) 1-34 and 1-84. To determine whether the recombinant hPTHrP1-34 and 1-84 can enhance renal calcium reabsorption and promote bone formation, we examined effects of recombinant hPTHrP1-34 and 1-84 on osteogenic lineage commitment in a primary bone marrow cell culture system and on osteoporosis treatment. Results revealed that both of recombinant hPTHrP1-34 and 1-84 increased colony formation and osteogenic cell differentiation and mineralization in vitro; however, the effect of recombinant hPTHrP1-84 is a little stronger than that of hPTHrP1-34. Next, ovariectomy was used to construct osteoporosis animal model (OVX) to test activities of these two recombinants in vivo. HPTHrP1-84 administration elevated serum calcium by up-regulating the expression of renal calcium transporters, which resulted in stimulation of osteoblastic bone formation. These factors contributed to augmented bone mass in hPTHrP1-84 treated OVX mice but did not affect bone resorption. There was no obvious bone mass alteration in hPTHrP1-34 treated OVX mice, which may be, at least partly, associated with shorter half-life of hPTHrP1-34 compared to hPTHrP1-84 in vivo. This study implies that recombinant hPTHrP1-84 is more effective than hPTHrP1-34 to enhance renal calcium reabsorption and to stimulate bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
- Institute of Dental Research, Stomatological College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Jingning Liu
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Ying Yin
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
- Institute of Dental Research, Stomatological College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Jun Wu
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Zilu Wang
- Institute of Dental Research, Stomatological College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
| | - Wen Sun
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. of China
- * E-mail:
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Shen M, Luo Y, Niu Y, Chen L, Yuan X, Goltzman D, Chen N, Miao D. 1,25(OH)2D deficiency induces temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis via secretion of senescence-associated inflammatory cytokines. Bone 2013; 55:400-9. [PMID: 23624390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] insufficiency appears to be associated with several age-related diseases. Insufficient levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D has been shown to lead to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) while underlying biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we sought to determine whether 1,25(OH)(2)D deficiency has a direct effect on the process of murine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA in 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase knockout [1α(OH)ase(-/-)] mice that had been fed a rescue diet (high calcium, phosphate, and lactose) from weaning until 6 or 18 months of age. Our results showed that the bone mineral density and subchondral bone volume were reduced in mandibular condyles, articular surfaces were collapsed, the thickness of articular cartilage and cartilage matrix protein abundance were progressively decreased and eventually led to an erosion of articular cartilage of mandibular condyles. We also found that DNA damage, cellular senescence and the production of senescence-associated inflammatory cytokines were increased significantly in 1α(OH)ase(-/-) mice. This study demonstrates that 1,25(OH)(2)D deficiency causes an erosive TMJ OA phenotype by inducing DNA damage, cellular senescence and the production of senescence-associated inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that 1,25(OH)(2)D plays an important role in preventing the development and progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shen
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 140, Han Zhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Nikitovic D, Aggelidakis J, Young MF, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. The biology of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in bone pathophysiology. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33926-33. [PMID: 22879588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.379602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The class of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) is a family of homologous proteoglycans harboring relatively small (36-42 kDa) protein cores compared with the larger cartilage and mesenchymal proteoglycans. SLRPs have been localized to most skeletal regions, with specific roles designated during all phases of bone formation, including periods relating to cell proliferation, organic matrix deposition, remodeling, and mineral deposition. This is mediated by key signaling pathways regulating the osteogenic program, including the activities of TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and NF-κB, which influence both the number of available osteogenic precursors and their subsequent development, differentiation, and function. On the other hand, SLRP depletion is correlated with degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and ectopic bone formation. This minireview will focus on the SLRP roles in bone physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Greece
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Bone Marrow Ablation Demonstrates That Excess Endogenous Parathyroid Hormone Plays Distinct Roles in Trabecular and Cortical Bone. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:234-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang X, Jin T, Chang S, Zhang Z, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Nör JE, Clarkson BH, Ni L, Liu J. In vitro differentiation and mineralization of dental pulp stem cells on enamel-like fluorapatite surfaces. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:821-30. [PMID: 22563788 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown good biocompatibility of fluorapatite (FA) crystal surfaces in providing a favorable environment for functional cell-matrix interactions of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and also in supporting their long-term growth. The aim of the current study was to further investigate whether this enamel-like surface can support the differentiation and mineralization of DPSCs, and, therefore, act as a potential model for studying the enamel/dentin interface and, perhaps, dentine/pulp regeneration in tooth tissue engineering. The human pathway-focused osteogenesis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array demonstrated that the expression of osteogenesis-related genes of human DPSCs was increased on FA surfaces compared with that on etched stainless steel (SSE). Consistent with the PCR array, FA promoted mineralization compared with the SSE surface with or without the addition of a mineralization promoting supplement (MS). This was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin red staining, and tetracycline staining for mineral formation. In conclusion, FA crystal surfaces, especially ordered (OR) FA surfaces, which mimicked the physical architecture of enamel, provided a favorable extracellular matrix microenvironment for the cells. This resulted in the differentiation of human DPSCs and mineralized tissue formation, and, thus, demonstrated that it may be a promising biomimetic model for dentin-pulp tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Liu J, Wang X, Jin Q, Jin T, Chang S, Zhang Z, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Giannobile WV, Nör JE, Clarkson BH. The stimulation of adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and mineralization by ordered rod-like fluorapatite coatings. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5036-46. [PMID: 22483243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of ordered rod-like FA coatings of metal discs on adipose-derived stem cell (ASC)'s growth, differentiation and mineralization was studied in vitro; and their mineral inductive effects in vivo. After 3 and 7 days, the cell number on the metal surfaces was significantly higher than those on the ordered and disordered FA surfaces. However, after 4 weeks much greater amounts of mineral formation was induced on the two FA surfaces with and even without osteogenesis induction. The osteogenic profiles showed the up regulation of a set of pro-osteogenic transcripts and bone mineralization phenotypic markers when the ASCs were grown on FA surfaces compared to metal surfaces at 7 and 21 days. In addition to BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways, EGF and FGF pathways also appeared to be involved in ASC differentiation and mineralization. In vivo studies showed accelerated and enhanced mineralized tissue formation integrated within ordered FA coatings. After 5 weeks, over 80% of the ordered FA coating was integrated with a mineralized tissue layer covering the implants. Both the intrinsic properties of the FA crystals and the topography of the FA coating appeared to dominate the cell differentiation and mineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Ichikawa S, Austin AM, Gray AK, Econs MJ. A Phex mutation in a murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia alters phosphate responsiveness of bone cells. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:453-60. [PMID: 22006791 PMCID: PMC3288231 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PHEX gene cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Hypophosphatemia in XLH results from increased circulating levels of a phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) synthesis. The current standard therapy for XLH--high-dose phosphate and calcitriol--further increases FGF23 concentrations, suggesting that patients with XLH may have an altered response to extracellular phosphate. To test for the presence of abnormal phosphate responsiveness, we compared serum biochemistries and femoral Fgf23 mRNA expression between wild-type mice, murine models of XLH (Phex(K496X)) and hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis (Galnt3(-/-)), and Galnt3/Phex double-mutant mice. Phex mutant mice had not only increased Fgf23 expression but also reduced proteolytic cleavage of intact Fgf23 protein, resulting in markedly elevated intact Fgf23 levels and consequent hypophosphatemia. In contrast, despite markedly increased Fgf23 expression, Galnt3 knockout mice had significantly high proteolytic cleavage of Fgf23 protein, leading to low intact Fgf23 concentrations and hyperphosphatemia. Galnt3/Phex double-mutant mice had an intermediate biochemical phenotype between wild-type and Phex mutant mice, including slightly elevated intact Fgf23 concentrations with milder hypophosphatemia. Despite the hypophosphatemia, double-mutant mice attempted to reduce serum phosphate back to the level of Phex mutant mice by upregulating Fgf23 expression as much as 24-fold higher than Phex mutant mice. These data suggest that Phex mutations alter the responsiveness of bone cells to extracellular phosphate concentrations and may create a lower set point for "normal" phosphate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Ji J, Lu R, Zhou X, Xue Y, Shi C, Goltzman D, Miao D. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ contributes to regulating mammary calcium transport and modulates neonatal skeletal growth and turnover cooperatively with calcium. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E889-900. [PMID: 21791625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the interaction of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and dietary calcium on mammary calcium transport in lactating dams and skeletal growth and turnover in the neonate, female lactating 1α(OH)ase(+/-) or 1α(OH)ase(-/-) mice were fed either a high-calcium diet containing 1.5% calcium in the drinking water or a "rescue diet." Dietary effects on the expression of molecules mediating mammary calcium transport were determined in the dams, and the effects of milk calcium content were assessed on skeletal growth and turnover in 2-wk-old 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-deficient pups. Results showed that the reduction of milk calcium levels in the 1α(OH)ase(-/-) dams and the elevation of milk calcium levels in dams fed the rescue diet were associated with the down- or upregulation of calbindin D(9k) and plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase isoform 2b expression, respectively, in mammary epithelial cells. The action of ambient calcium in stimulating skeletal growth in the neonates appeared to supercede the direct action of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and the response of chondrocytes in the neonates to elevated calcium was more sensitive in hypocalcemic animals. Osteopenia was more apparent in pups nursed by dams with lower milk calcium than in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-deficient pups nursed by dams with higher milk calcium. Bone formation parameters were increased significantly in all pups fed by dams on the rescue diet but were still lower in 1α(OH)ase(-/-) pups than in 1α(OH)ase(+/-) pups. Consequently, there is an important contributory role of calcium in conjunction with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to mammary calcium transport in lactating dams and skeletal growth and turnover in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
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Yoshiba N, Yoshiba K, Ohkura N, Hosoya A, Shigetani Y, Yamanaka Y, Izumi N, Nakamura H, Okiji T. Expressional alterations of fibrillin-1 during wound healing of human dental pulp. J Endod 2011; 38:177-84. [PMID: 22244632 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The degradation of fibrillins, the major constituents of microfibrils, is known to facilitate the release of active transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a signaling molecule contributing to mineralized tissue barrier formation in exposed dental pulps. To examine the involvement of fibrillins in the barrier formation, we examined the temporospatial expression of (1) genes and proteins of fibrillins and (2) factors possibly associated with fibrillin degradation and cytodifferentiation in exposed human pulps. Human pulp slice cultures were also examined for the role of fibrillins in mineralization. METHODS Clinically healthy pulps were mechanically exposed and capped with mineral trioxide aggregate. After 7 to 42 days, the teeth were processed for immunohistochemical and cytochemical staining of fibrillin-1, fibrillin-2, latent TGF-β-binding protein (LTBP)-1, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and in situ hybridization of fibrillin-1. Pulp tissue slices cultured with β-glycerophosphate were analyzed for fibrillin-1, fibrillin-2, and ALP with the immunohistochemical/cytochemical staining and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fibrillin-1-immunoreactivity was seen until 7 days but turned into undetectable since 14 days in the pulpal area just beneath the exposure site. MMP-3-immunoreaction was transiently detected at 14 days. At 42 days when the mineralized barrier was evident, fibrillin-1-immunoreactivity and fibrillin-1 expression remained down-regulated. Fibrillin-2, LTBP-1, and ALP were constantly detected in the fibrillin-1-undetectable area. Pulp slices cultured with β-glycerophosphate showed mineralization with up-regulation of ALP and down-regulation of fibrillin-1. CONCLUSIONS Degradation and down-regulation of fibrillin-1 expression took place during the mineralized tissue barrier formation in exposed pulps in vivo and β-glycerophosphate-induced pulpal mineralization in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagako Yoshiba
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D. The abnormal phenotypes of cartilage and bone in calcium-sensing receptor deficient mice are dependent on the actions of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002294. [PMID: 21966280 PMCID: PMC3178615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) are homozygous for the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mutation and have very high circulating PTH, abundant parathyroid hyperplasia, and severe life-threatening hypercalcemia. Mice with homozygous deletion of CaR mimic the syndrome of NSHPT. To determine effects of CaR deficiency on skeletal development and interactions between CaR and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or PTH on calcium and skeletal homeostasis, we compared the skeletal phenotypes of homozygous CaR-deficient (CaR(-/-)) mice to those of double homozygous CaR- and 1α(OH)ase-deficient [CaR(-/-)1α(OH)ase(-/-)] mice or those of double homozygous CaR- and PTH-deficient [CaR(-/-)PTH(-/-)] mice at 2 weeks of age. Compared to wild-type littermates, CaR(-/-) mice had hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, and severe skeletal growth retardation. Chondrocyte proliferation and PTHrP expression in growth plates were reduced significantly, whereas trabecular volume, osteoblast number, osteocalcin-positive areas, expression of the ALP, type I collagen, osteocalcin genes, and serum ALP levels were increased significantly. Deletion of 1α(OH)ase in CaR(-/-) mice resulted in a longer lifespan, normocalcemia, lower serum phosphorus, greater elevation in PTH, slight improvement in skeletal growth with increased chondrocyte proliferation and PTHrP expression, and further increases in indices of osteoblastic bone formation. Deletion of PTH in CaR(-/-) mice resulted in rescue of early lethality, normocalcemia, increased serum phosphorus, undetectable serum PTH, normalization in skeletal growth with normal chondrocyte proliferation and enhanced PTHrP expression, and dramatic decreases in indices of osteoblastic bone formation. Our results indicate that reductions in hypercalcemia play a critical role in preventing the early lethality of CaR(-/-) mice and that defects in endochondral bone formation in CaR(-/-) mice result from effects of the marked elevation in serum calcium concentration and the decreases in serum phosphorus concentration and skeletal PTHrP levels, whereas the increased osteoblastic bone formation results from direct effects of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangqiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Institute of Dental Research, Stomatological College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Edward Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Endogenous PTH deficiency impairs fracture healing and impedes the fracture-healing efficacy of exogenous PTH(1-34). PLoS One 2011; 6:e23060. [PMID: 21829585 PMCID: PMC3146536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the capacity of exogenous PTH1-34 to enhance the rate of bone repair is well established in animal models, our understanding of the mechanism(s) whereby PTH induces an anabolic response during skeletal repair remains limited. Furthermore it is unknown whether endogenous PTH is required for fracture healing and how the absence of endogenous PTH would influence the fracture-healing capacity of exogenous PTH. Methodology/Principal Findings Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth−/−) mice. Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1–4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture. Cartilaginous callus areas were reduced at 1 week post-fracture, but were increased at 2 weeks post-fracture in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice respectively. The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance Absence of endogenous PTH1-84 impedes bone fracture healing. Exogenous PTH1-34 can act in the absence of endogenous PTH but callus formation, including accelerated endochondral bone formation and callus remodeling as well as mechanical strength of the bone are greater when endogenous PTH is present. Results of this study suggest a complementary role for endogenous PTH1-84 and exogenous PTH1-34 in accelerating fracture healing.
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Zhang R, Lu Y, Ye L, Yuan B, Yu S, Qin C, Xie Y, Gao T, Drezner MK, Bonewald LF, Feng JQ. Unique roles of phosphorus in endochondral bone formation and osteocyte maturation. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1047-56. [PMID: 21542006 PMCID: PMC3179305 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which inorganic phosphate (P(i)) homeostasis controls bone biology are poorly understood. Here we used Dmp1 null mice, a hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia model, combined with a metatarsal organ culture and an application of neutralizing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) antibodies to gain insight into the roles of P(i) in bone biology. We showed (1) that abnormal bone remodeling in Dmp1 null mice is due to reduced osteoclast number, which is secondary to a reduced ratio of RANKL/OPG expressed by osteoclast supporting cells and (2) that osteoblast extracellular matrix mineralization, growth plate maturation, secondary ossification center formation, and osteoblast differentiation are phosphate-dependent. Finally, a working hypothesis is proposed to explain how phosphate and DMP1 control osteocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Shu L, Ji J, Zhu Q, Cao G, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D. The calcium-sensing receptor mediates bone turnover induced by dietary calcium and parathyroid hormone in neonates. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1057-71. [PMID: 21542007 PMCID: PMC3179300 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated, in neonates, whether the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mediates the effects of dietary calcium on bone turnover and/or modulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced bone turnover. Wild-type (WT) pups and pups with targeted deletion of the Pth (Pth(-/-)) gene or of both Pth and CaR (Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-)) genes were nursed by dams on a normal or high-calcium diet. Pups nursed by dams on a normal diet received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH(1-34) (80 µg/kg) for 2 weeks starting from 1 week of age. In pups receiving vehicle and fed by dams on a normal diet, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast number, type 1 collagen-positive area, and mineral apposition rate, as well as the expression of bone-formation-related genes, all were reduced significantly in Pth(-/-) pups compared with WT pups and were decreased even more dramatically in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups. These parameters were increased in WT and Pth(-/-) pups but not in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups fed by dams on a high-calcium diet compared with pups fed by dams on a normal diet. These parameters also were increased in WT, Pth(-/-), and Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups following exogenous PTH treatment; however, the percentage increase was less in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups than in WT and Pth(-/-) pups. In vehicle-treated pups fed by dams on either the normal or high-calcium diet and in PTH-treated pups fed by dams on a normal diet, the number and surfaces of osteoclasts and the ratio of RANKL/OPG were reduced significantly in Pth(-/-) pups and less significantly in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups compared with WT pups. These parameters were further reduced significantly in WT and Pth(-/-) pups from dams fed a high-calcium diet but did not decrease significantly in similarly treated Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups, and they increased significantly in PTH-treated pups compared with vehicle-treated, genotype-matched pups fed by dams on the normal diet. These results indicate that in neonates, the CaR mediates alterations in bone turnover in response to changes in dietary calcium and modulates PTH-stimulated bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Lu Y, Yuan B, Qin C, Cao Z, Xie Y, Dallas SL, McKee MD, Drezner MK, Bonewald LF, Feng JQ. The biological function of DMP-1 in osteocyte maturation is mediated by its 57-kDa C-terminal fragment. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:331-40. [PMID: 20734454 PMCID: PMC3179348 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) is a key molecule in controlling osteocyte formation and phosphate homeostasis. Based on observations that full-length DMP-1 is not found in bone, but only cleaved fragments of 37 and 57 kDa are present, and in view of the finding that mutations in the 57-kDa fragment result in disease, we hypothesized that the 57-kDa C-terminal fragment is the functional domain of DMP-1. To test this hypothesis, a 3.6-kb type I collagen promoter was used to express this 57-kDa C-terminal fragment for comparison with full-length DMP-1 in Dmp1 null osteoblasts/osteocytes. Not only did expression of the full-length DMP-1 in bone cells fully rescue the skeletal abnormalities of Dmp1 null mice, but the 57-kDa fragment also had similar results. This included rescue of growth plate defects, osteomalacia, abnormal osteocyte maturation, and the abnormal osteocyte lacunocanalicular system. In addition, the abnormal fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) expression in osteocytes, elevated circulating FGF-23 levels, and hypophosphatemia were rescued. These results show that the 57-kDa C-terminal fragment is the functional domain of DMP-1 that controls osteocyte maturation and phosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Bolivar I, Strugnell SA, Goltzman D. Comparison of active vitamin D compounds and a calcimimetic in mineral homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:1713-23. [PMID: 20651168 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential effects between cinacalcet and active vitamin D compounds on parathyroid function, mineral metabolism, and skeletal function are incompletely understood. Here, we studied cinacalcet and active vitamin D compounds in mice expressing the null mutation for Cyp27b1, which encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase, thereby lacking endogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. Vehicle-treated mice given high dietary calcium had hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and marked secondary hyperparathyroidism. Doxercalciferol and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) each normalized these parameters and corrected both the abnormal growth plate architecture and the diminished longitudinal bone growth observed in these mice. In contrast, cinacalcet suppressed serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) cyclically and did not correct the skeletal abnormalities and hypocalcemia persisted. Vehicle-treated mice given a "rescue diet" (high calcium and phosphorus, 20% lactose) had normal serum calcium and PTH levels; cinacalcet induced transient hypocalcemia and mild hypercalciuria. The active vitamin D compounds and cinacalcet normalized the increased osteoblast activity observed in mice with secondary hyperparathyroidism; cinacalcet, however, increased the number and activity of osteoclasts. In conclusion, cinacalcet reduces PTH in a cyclical manner, does not eliminate hypocalcemia, and does not correct abnormalities of the growth plate. Doxercalciferol and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) reduce PTH in a sustained manner, normalize serum calcium, and improve skeletal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Nguyen-Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Defects in mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and cell fate determination lead to an osteopenic phenotype in Bmi-1 null mice. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:640-52. [PMID: 19653817 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In parathyroid hormone-related protein 1-84 [PTHrP(1-84)] knockin mice, expression of the polycomb protein Bmi-1 is reduced and potentially can mediate the phenotypic alterations observed. We have therefore now examined the skeletal phenotype of Bmi-1(-/-) mice in vivo and also assessed the function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from Bmi-1(-/-) mice ex vivo in culture. Neonatal Bmi-1(-/-) mice exhibited skeletal growth retardation, with reduced chondrocyte proliferation and increased apoptosis. Osteoblast numbers; gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteocalcin; the mineral apposition rate; trabecular bone volume; and bone mineral density all were reduced significantly; however, the number of bone marrow adipocytes and Ppar-gamma expression were increased. These changes were consistent with the skeletal phenotype observed in the PTHrP(1-84) knockin mouse. The efficiency of colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) formation in bone marrow cultures was decreased, and the percentage of alkaline phosphatase-positive CFU-F and Runx2 expression were reduced. In contrast, adipocyte formation and Ppar-gamma expression in cultures were increased, and expression of the polycomb protein sirtuin (Sirt1) was reduced. Reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of BM-MSCs were associated with upregulation of senescence-associated tumor-suppressor genes, including p16, p19, and p27. Analysis of the skeletal phenotype in Bmi-1(-/-) mice suggests that Bmi-1 functions downstream of PTHrP. Furthermore, our studies indicate that Bmi-1 maintains self-renewal of BM-MSCs by inhibiting the expression of p27, p16, and p19 and alters the cell fate of BM-MSCs by enhancing osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation at least in part by stimulating Sirt1 expression. Bmi-1 therefore plays a critical role in promoting osteogenesis.
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