1
|
Su X, Lin Y, Liu L, Mei H, Xu A, Zeng C, Sheng H, Cheng J, Shao Y, Zheng R, Ting TH, Zhang W, Li X. Features of BSCL2 related congenital generalized lipodystrophy in China: long-term follow-up of three patients and literature review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:74-80. [PMID: 36433712 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a group of rare autosomal inherited diseases characterized by a widespread loss of adipose tissue. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the features of Chinese patients with CGL2. METHODS Three patients diagnosed with CGL2 from our center were reviewed. Data on clinical features, results of laboratory analyses, and previous treatments were retrospectively collected. This study also reviewed studies that reported patients diagnosed with CGL2 in the last 30 years. RESULTS All patients presented a lack of subcutaneous fat, hypertriglyceridemia, reversed triangular faces, acanthosis nigricans, and hepatomegaly within the first six months of life. All three patients developed splenomegaly, and mental retardation in later life. Dietary control dramatically lowered triglyceride levels in all patients. One patient presented with diabetes mellitus at 1 year-old. Although combined therapy with low fat diet and metformin maintained normal levels of blood lipid and glucose, this patient developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at the age of three. By a literature review on all Chinese cases with CGL2, it is known that classic manifestations such as hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and diabetes mellitus can occur shortly after birth, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve quality of life. In this cohort, the most frequent variations are c.782dupG and c.974dup in the BSCL2 gene. However, the same genotype may have different clinical phenotypes in patients with CGL2. CONCLUSIONS This study not only described the clinical and genetic features of three patients with CGL2 in China, but also reviewed literature about CGL2 around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifen Mei
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiying Sheng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongxian Shao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruidan Zheng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tzer Hwu Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, Univeristy Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Magré J, Prieur X. Seipin Deficiency as a Model of Severe Adipocyte Dysfunction: Lessons from Rodent Models and Teaching for Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:740. [PMID: 35054926 PMCID: PMC8775404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide, leading to cardiometabolic morbidities. Adipocyte dysfunction, impairing white adipose tissue (WAT) expandability and metabolic flexibility, is central in the development of obesity-related metabolic complications. Rare syndromes of lipodystrophy characterized by an extreme paucity of functional adipose tissue should be considered as primary adipocyte dysfunction diseases. Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is the most severe form with a near absence of WAT associated with cardiometabolic complications such as insulin resistance, liver steatosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathy. Twenty years ago, mutations in the BSCL2 gene have been identified as the cause of BSCL in human. BSCL2 encodes seipin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) anchored protein whose function was unknown back then. Studies of seipin knockout mice or rats demonstrated how seipin deficiency leads to severe lipodystrophy and to cardiometabolic complications. At the cellular levels, seipin is organized in multimers that are particularly enriched at ER/lipid droplet and ER/mitochondria contact sites. Seipin deficiency impairs both adipocyte differentiation and mature adipocyte maintenance. Experiments using adipose tissue transplantation in seipin knockout mice and tissue-specific deletion of seipin have provided a large body of evidence that liver steatosis, cardiomyopathy, and renal injury, classical diabetic complications, are all consequences of lipodystrophy. Rare adipocyte dysfunctions such as in BSCL are the key paradigm to unravel the pathways that control adipocyte homeostasis. The knowledge gathered through the study of these pathologies may bring new strategies to maintain and improve adipose tissue expandability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Prieur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, L’institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hello from the other side: Membrane contact of lipid droplets with other organelles and subsequent functional implications. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101141. [PMID: 34793861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play crucial roles in response to physiological and environmental cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing and regulatory protein complexes have propelled significant advance on the mechanisms of LD biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Increasing evidence suggests that distinct proteins and regulatory factors, which localize to membrane contact sites (MCS), are involved not only in interorganellar lipid exchange and transport, but also function in other important cellular processes, including autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance, ion signaling and inter-regulation of these MCS. More and more tethers and molecular determinants are associated to MCS and to a diversity of cellular and pathophysiological processes, demonstrating the dynamics and importance of these junctions in health and disease. The conjugation of lipids with proteins in supramolecular complexes is known to be paramount for many biological processes, namely membrane biosynthesis, cell homeostasis, regulation of organelle division and biogenesis, and cell growth. Ultimately, this physical organization allows the contact sites to function as crucial metabolic hubs that control the occurrence of chemical reactions. This leads to biochemical and metabolite compartmentalization for the purposes of energetic efficiency and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional aspects of LD-organelle interactions and how they ensure signaling exchange and metabolites transfer between organelles.
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa-Riquetto AD, Santana LS, Caetano LA, Lerário AM, Correia-Deur JEM, Bertola DR, Kim CA, Nery M, Jorge AAL, Teles MG. Targeted massively parallel sequencing for congenital generalized lipodystrophy. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 64:559-566. [PMID: 34033296 PMCID: PMC10118969 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Our aim is to establish genetic diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) using targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS), also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods Nine unrelated individuals with a clinical diagnosis of CGL were recruited. We used a customized panel to capture genes related to genetic lipodystrophies. DNA libraries were generated, sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results An accurate genetic diagnosis was stated for all nine patients. Four had pathogenic variants in AGPAT2 and three in BSCL2. Three large homozygous deletions in AGPAT2 were identified by copy-number variant analysis. Conclusion Although we have found allelic variants in only 2 genes related to CGL, the panel was able to identify different variants including deletions that would have been missed by Sanger sequencing. We believe that MPS is a valuable tool for the genetic diagnosis of multi-genes related diseases, including CGL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Costa-Riquetto
- Grupo de Diabetes Monogênico, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/25) e Unidade de Diabetes, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lucas S Santana
- Grupo de Diabetes Monogênico, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/25) e Unidade de Diabetes, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lílian A Caetano
- Grupo de Diabetes Monogênico, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/25) e Unidade de Diabetes, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Antônio M Lerário
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Divisão de Metabolismo, Endocrinologia e Diabetes, Universidade de Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joya E M Correia-Deur
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Débora R Bertola
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Chong A Kim
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Criança, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia Nery
- Unidade de Diabetes, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Milena G Teles
- Grupo de Diabetes Monogênico, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM/25) e Unidade de Diabetes, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Araújo de Melo Campos JT, Dantas de Medeiros JL, Cardoso de Melo ME, Alvares da Silva M, Oliveira de Sena M, Sales Craveiro Sarmento A, Fassarella Agnez Lima L, de Freitas Fregonezi GA, Gomes Lima J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and muscle dysfunction in congenital lipodystrophies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166120. [PMID: 33713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of rare diseases related to the pathological impairment of adipose tissue and metabolic comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypoleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. They can be categorized as partial or generalized according to the degree of fat loss, and inherited or acquired disorders, if they are associated with genetic mutations or are related to autoimmunity, respectively. Some types of lipodystrophies have been associated with changes in both redox and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis as well as muscle dysfunction (MD). Although ER stress (ERS) has been related to muscle dysfunction (MD) in many diseases, there is no data concerning its role in lipodystrophies' muscle physiopathology. Here we focused on congenital lipodystrophies associated with ERS and MD. We also described recent advances in our understanding of the relationships among ERS, MD, and genetic lipodystrophies, highlighting the adiponectin-protective roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Luiz Dantas de Medeiros
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eduarda Cardoso de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Monique Alvares da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira de Sena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Unidade de Laboratório de Análises Clínicas e Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário de Lagarto (HUL)/UFS, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Augusto de Freitas Fregonezi
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josivan Gomes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL)/UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hepatic lipid droplet homeostasis and fatty liver disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:72-81. [PMID: 32444289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cells, lipids are stored in lipid droplets, dynamic organelles that adapt their size, abundance, lipid and protein composition and organelle interactions to metabolic changes. Lipid droplet accumulation in the liver is the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the prevalence of obesity, the strongest risk factor for steatosis, NAFLD and its associated complications are currently affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide. Here, we review how triglyceride and phospholipid homeostasis are regulated in hepatocytes and how imbalances between lipid storage, degradation and lipoprotein secretion lead to NAFLD. We discuss how organelle interactions are altered in NAFLD and provide insights how NAFLD progression is associated with changes in hepatocellular signaling and organ-crosstalk. Finally, we highlight unsolved questions in hepatic LD and lipoprotein biology and give an outlook on therapeutic options counteracting hepatic lipid accumulation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren M, Shi J, Jia J, Guo Y, Ni X, Shi T. Genotype-phenotype correlations of Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy and novel candidate genes prediction. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:108. [PMID: 32349771 PMCID: PMC7191718 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an almost total lack of adipose tissue in the body. Mutations in the AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1 and PTRF genes define I-IV subtype of BSLC respectively and clinical data indicate that new causative genes remain to be discovered. Here, we retrieved 341 cases from 60 BSCL-related studies worldwide and aimed to explore genotype-phenotype correlations based on mutations of AGPAT2 and BSCL2 genes from 251 cases. We also inferred new candidate genes for BSCL through protein-protein interaction and phenotype-similarity. RESULTS Analysis results show that BSCL type II with earlier age of onset of diabetes mellitus, higher risk to suffer from premature death and mental retardation, is a more severe disorder than BSCL type I, but BSCL type I patients are more likely to have bone cysts. In BSCL type I, females are at higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus and acanthosis nigricans than males, while in BSCL type II, males suffer from diabetes mellitus earlier than females. In addition, some significant correlations among BSCL-related phenotypes were identified. New candidate genes prediction through protein-protein interaction and phenotype-similarity was conducted and we found that CAV3, EBP, SNAP29, HK1, CHRM3, OBSL1 and DNAJC13 genes could be the pathogenic factors for BSCL. Particularly, CAV3 and EBP could be high-priority candidate genes contributing to pathogenesis of BSCL. CONCLUSIONS Our study largely enhances the current knowledge of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of BSCL and promotes the more comprehensive understanding of pathogenic mechanisms for BSCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ren
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingru Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmeng Jia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Changes in redox and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis are related to congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158610. [PMID: 31917334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CGL type 2 is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by an almost complete lack of body fat. CGL is caused by loss-of-function mutations in both alleles of the BSCL2 gene that codifies to seipin. Subjects often show hyperglycemia, decreased HDL-c, and hypoadiponectinemia. These laboratory findings are important triggers for changes in redox and ER homeostasis. Therefore, our aim was to investigate whether these intracellular mechanisms are associated with this syndrome. We collected blood from people from Northeastern Brazil with 0, 1, and 2 mutant alleles for the rs786205071 in the BSCL2 gene. Through the qPCR technique, we evaluated the expression of genes responsible for triggering the antioxidant response, DNA repair, and ER stress in leukocytes. Colorimetric tests were applied to quantify lipid peroxidation and to evaluate the redox status of glutathione, as well as to access the panorama of energy metabolism. Long extension PCR was performed to observe leukocyte mitochondrial DNA lesions, and the immunoblot technique to investigate plasma adiponectin concentrations. Subjects with the rs786205071 in both BSCL2 alleles showed increased transcription of NFE2L2, APEX1, and OGG1 in leukocytes, as well as high concentrations of malondialdehyde and the GSSG:GSH ratio in plasma. We also observed increase of mitochondrial DNA lesions and XBP1 splicing, as well as a decrease in adiponectin and HDL-c. Our data suggest the presence of lipid lesions due to changes in redox homeostasis in that group, associated with increased levels of mitochondrial DNA damage and transcriptional activation of genes involved with antioxidant response and DNA repair.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ceccarini G, Magno S, Pelosini C, Ferrari F, Sessa MR, Scabia G, Maffei M, Jéru I, Lascols O, Vigouroux C, Santini F. Congenital Generalized Lipoatrophy (Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome) Type 1: Description of Novel AGPAT2 Homozygous Variants Showing the Highly Heterogeneous Presentation of the Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:39. [PMID: 32117065 PMCID: PMC7034310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipoatrophy (BSCL) is characterized by near total fat atrophy, associated with the progressive development of metabolic complications. BSCL type 1 (BSCL1) is caused by mutations in AGPAT2, encoding 1-acylglycerol-3phosphate-O-acyltransferase β (recently renamed lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase beta), which catalyzes the transformation of lysophosphatidic acid in phosphatidic acid, the precursor of glycerophospholipids and triglycerides. BSCL1 is an autosomal recessive disease due to AGPAT2 pathogenic variants leading to a depletion of triglycerides inside the adipose organ, and to a defective signaling of key elements involved in proper adipogenesis. We herein investigated the characteristics of two AGPAT2 variants in Caucasian Italian patients with Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipoatrophy. The first patient exhibited a novel homozygous nonsense c.430 C > T AGPAT2 mutation (p.Gln144*) predicting the synthesis of a truncated enzyme of approximately half of the proper size. The second patient harbored a homozygous AGPAT2 missense variant (p.Arg159Cys), never described previously in BSCL1 patients: the segregation of the disease with the mutation in the pedigree of the family and the in silico analysis are compatible with a causative role of the p.Arg159Cys variant. We remark that BSCL1 can be clinically very heterogeneous at presentation and that the associated complications, occurring in the natural history of the disease, reduce life-expectancy. We point to the necessity for medical treatments capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular death. In BSCL1 patients, the assessment of cardiovascular disease with conventional diagnostic means maybe particularly challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ceccarini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Ceccarini
| | - Silvia Magno
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Pelosini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory at University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Sessa
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory at University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaia Scabia
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabelle Jéru
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lascols
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Montenegro Junior RM, Lima GEDCP, Fernandes VO, Montenegro APDR, Ponte CMM, Martins LV, Pinheiro DP, de Moraes MEA, de Moraes Filho MO, d’Alva CB. Leu124Serfs*26, a novel AGPAT2 mutation in congenital generalized lipodystrophy with early cardiovascular complications. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:28. [PMID: 32280377 PMCID: PMC7137278 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the near-total loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue soon after birth, resulting in ectopic fat deposition and severe metabolic disturbances. Most cases are caused by AGPAT2 or BSCL2 gene mutations. We aimed to report two unrelated CGL patients with a novel frameshift mutation in AGPAT2 (p.Leu124Serfs*26). METHODS Clinical features and laboratory were obtained by medical interview and medical records review. DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced. Mutation Taster was used to estimate the potential biological impact of the AGPAT2 mutations on the protein function. RESULTS Patient 1: a 30-year-old woman with lipodystrophy phenotype at birth and diagnosis of diabetes at age 13 presented with severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis at age 17, hypertension and albuminuria at age 18, proliferative diabetic retinopathy with visual loss at age 25, and an acute myocardial infarction due to multivessel coronary disease during a hospitalization for forefoot amputation at age 29. At this time, she required hemodialysis due to end-stage renal disease. Patient 2: a 12-year-old girl with lipodystrophy phenotype and hypertriglyceridemia detected in the first year of life and abnormalities in the global longitudinal strain, evaluated by speckle-tracking echocardiography last year. Molecular analysis identified a c.369_372delGCTC (p.Leu124Serfs*26) AGPAT2 mutation in both unrelated patients, a compound heterozygous mutation in Patient 1, and homozygous mutation in Patient 2. CONCLUSION We describe two unrelated patients with type 1 CGL due to Leu124Serfs*26, a novel AGPAT2 frameshift mutation, presenting as early cardiovascular disease. These findings suggest an association between Leu124Serfs*26 and a more aggressive phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Magalhães Montenegro Junior
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | - Grayce Ellen da Cruz Paiva Lima
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | - Virgínia Oliveira Fernandes
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dias Rangel Montenegro
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | - Clarisse Mourão Melo Ponte
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | - Lívia Vasconcelos Martins
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Catarina Brasil d’Alva
- Brazilian Group for the Study of Inherited and Acquired Lipodystrophies (BRAZLIPO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará 60416200 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gomes PTC, Mata VE, Borges TC, Galato D. Horizon scanning in Brazil: outputs and repercussions. Rev Saude Publica 2019; 53:111. [PMID: 31800908 PMCID: PMC9586449 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the four types of horizon scanning (HS) outputs developed by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC) and show their main repercussions on the decision-making processes of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH). METHODS Descriptive study based on participant observation and document analysis of HS outputs (internal reports, alert reports, briefs and sections for CONITEC recommendation reports) developed between January 2014 and July 2018. RESULTS Fifteen internal reports, six alert reports, two briefs and 57 HS sections were produced. Each output has a specific structure according to its purpose. The methodological approach adopted for developing HS outputs in Brazil is described by EuroScan International Network. The outputs had institutional and international repercussions. The activities resulted in the inclusion of HS as a tool for reducing health lawsuits in the legal framework of the MH. One of the internal reports on a high-cost drug not approved in Brazil for a rare disease was requested by the Health Technology Assessments Network for the Americas (RedETSA), showing the international relevance of the outputs. The HS sections in recommendation reports influenced discussions about incorporating technologies into the Unified Health System. CONCLUSIONS The developed outputs have purposes ranging from helping build arguments for defense of the MH in cases of health judicialization to inform decision-making processes. In addition, HS sections in recommendation reports have grown in importance recently. CONITEC's HS system has been structured, and its role as a tool to inform health managers has shown to be been relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna Teresa Cirilo Gomes
- Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Gestão e Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil
- Universidade de Brasília. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde. Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil
| | - Verónica Elizabeth Mata
- Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Gestão e Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil
| | - Thais Conceição Borges
- Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Gestão e Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil
| | - Dayani Galato
- Universidade de Brasília. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde. Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Craveiro Sarmento AS, Ferreira LC, Lima JG, de Azevedo Medeiros LB, Barbosa Cunha PT, Agnez-Lima LF, Galvão Ururahy MA, de Melo Campos JTA. The worldwide mutational landscape of Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:30-52. [PMID: 31416577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare disease characterized by the near total absence of body fat at birth. BSCL etiology involves genetic variations in four different genes: AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, and CAVIN1. The four different biochemical subtypes of the disease are distinguished depending on which gene is mutated. The diagnosis of lipodystrophy can be based on clinical criteria, but the gold standard remains genetic testing. Since many different mutations have already been correlated with the onset of the disease, the most indicative method is DNA sequencing. However, not all laboratories have the resources to perform sequencing. Thus, less expensive techniques that include narrow gene regions may be applied. In such cases, the target mutations to be tested must be carefully determined taking into account the frequency of the description of the mutations in the literature, the nationality of the patient, as well as their phenotype. This review considers the molecular basis of BSCL, including the manual count of the majority of mutations reported in the literature up to the year 2018. Ninety different genetic mutations in 332 cases were reported at different frequencies. Some mutations were distributed homogeneously and others were specific to geographic regions. Type 2 BSCL was mentioned most often in the literature (50.3% of the cases), followed by Type 1 (38.0%), Type 4 (10.2%), and Type 3 (1.5%). The mutations comprised frameshifts (34.4%), nonsense (26.6%), and missense (21.1%). The c.517dupA in the BSCL2 gene was the most frequent (13.3%), followed by c.589-2A>G in the AGPAT2 gene (11.5%), c.507_511delGTATC in the BSCL2 gene (9.7%), c.317-588del in the AGPAT2 gene (7.3%), and c.202C>T in the AGPAT2 gene (4.5%). This information should prove valuable for analysts in making decisions regarding the best therapeutic targets in a population-specific context, which will benefit patients and enable faster and less expensive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Capistrano Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josivan Gomes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Batista de Azevedo Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sui X, Arlt H, Brock KP, Lai ZW, DiMaio F, Marks DS, Liao M, Farese RV, Walther TC. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the lipid droplet-formation protein seipin. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4080-4091. [PMID: 30327422 PMCID: PMC6279392 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sui et al. report the cryo-EM structure of the conserved luminal domain of the lipid droplet (LD)-formation protein seipin. The structure reveals key features of this domain and suggests a new model for seipin’s role in LD formation. Metabolic energy is stored in cells primarily as triacylglycerols in lipid droplets (LDs), and LD dysregulation leads to metabolic diseases. The formation of monolayer-bound LDs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer is poorly understood, but the ER protein seipin is essential to this process. In this study, we report a cryo–electron microscopy structure and functional characterization of Drosophila melanogaster seipin. The structure reveals a ring-shaped dodecamer with the luminal domain of each monomer resolved at ∼4.0 Å. Each luminal domain monomer exhibits two distinctive features: a hydrophobic helix (HH) positioned toward the ER bilayer and a β-sandwich domain with structural similarity to lipid-binding proteins. This structure and our functional testing in cells suggest a model in which seipin oligomers initially detect forming LDs in the ER via HHs and subsequently act as membrane anchors to enable lipid transfer and LD growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Sui
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Henning Arlt
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kelly P Brock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zon Weng Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maofu Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Broekema MF, Massink MPG, De Ligt J, Stigter ECA, Monajemi H, De Ridder J, Burgering BMT, van Haaften GW, Kalkhoven E. A Single Complex Agpat2 Allele in a Patient With Partial Lipodystrophy. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1363. [PMID: 30319454 PMCID: PMC6168662 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic lipodystrophies are a group of rare syndromes associated with major metabolic complications – including severe insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia – which are classified according to the distribution of adipose tissue. Lipodystrophies can be present at birth or develop during life and can range from local to partial and general. With at least 18 different genes implicated so far, definite diagnosis can be challenging due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity. In an adult female patient with clinical and metabolic features of partial lipodystrophy we identified via whole genome sequencing (WGS) a single complex AGPAT2 allele [V67M;V167A], functionally equivalent to heterozygosity. AGPAT2 encodes for an acyltransferase implicated in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipids. So far homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in AGPAT2 have only been associated with generalized lipodystrophy. A SNP risk score analysis indicated that the index patient is not predisposed to lipodystrophy based on her genetic background. The partial phenotype in our patient is therefore more likely associated to the genetic variants in AGPAT2. To test whether the resulting double-mutant AGPAT2 protein is functional we analyzed its in vitro enzymatic activity via mass spectrometry. The resulting AGPAT2 double mutant is enzymatically inactive. Our data support the view that the current classification of lipodystrophies as strictly local, partial or generalized may have to be re-evaluated and viewed more as a continuum, both in terms of clinical presentation and underlying genetic causes. Better molecular understanding of lipodystrophies may lead to new therapies to treat adipose tissue dysfunction in common and rare diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjoleine F Broekema
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten P G Massink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joep De Ligt
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin C A Stigter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Houshang Monajemi
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen De Ridder
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs W van Haaften
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang H, Airola MV, Reue K. How lipid droplets "TAG" along: Glycerolipid synthetic enzymes and lipid storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1131-1145. [PMID: 28642195 PMCID: PMC5688854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAG) serve as the predominant form of energy storage in mammalian cells, and TAG synthesis influences conditions such as obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. In most tissues, the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway enzymes are responsible for TAG synthesis, and the regulation and function of these enzymes is therefore important for metabolic homeostasis. Here we review the sites and regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), lipin phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme action. We highlight the critical roles that these enzymes play in human health by reviewing Mendelian disorders that result from mutation in the corresponding genes. We also summarize the valuable insights that genetically engineered mouse models have provided into the cellular and physiological roles of GPATs, AGPATs, lipins and DGATs. Finally, we comment on the status and feasibility of therapeutic approaches to metabolic disease that target enzymes of the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Azevedo Medeiros LB, Cândido Dantas VK, Craveiro Sarmento AS, Agnez-Lima LF, Meireles AL, Xavier Nobre TT, de Lima JG, de Melo Campos JTA. High prevalence of Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy in Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeast Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:80. [PMID: 29046728 PMCID: PMC5640922 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare disease characterized by the almost complete absence of adipose tissue. Although a large number of BSCL cases was previously identified in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), a state in Northeast Brazil, its prevalence in RN regions and municipalities remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to better characterize the prevalence of BSCL in RN. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the Association of Parents and People with BSCL of RN to determine its prevalence. The patients' socio-demographic characteristics and geolocalization were analyzed. RESULTS We estimated a total of 103 BSCL cases in RN, resulting in a prevalence of 3.23 per 100,000 people. The Central Potiguar mesoregion, Seridó territory, Carnaúba dos Dantas and Timbaúba dos Batistas municipalities had a much higher prevalence of BSCL, with 20.56, 20.66, 498.05 and 217.85 per 100,000 people, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results showed that BSCL is highly prevalent in RN and confirmed that our state has one of the highest prevalences of this lipodystrophy worldwide. More studies are still needed to better estimate the prevalence and incidence of BSCL in RN as well as in other states in Brazil. Trial registration Study Number 31809314.0.0000.5568.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Batista de Azevedo Medeiros
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | | | - Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Adriana Lúcia Meireles
- Departamento de Nutrição Clínica e Social, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG Brazil
| | | | - Josivan Gomes de Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL)/UFRN, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a near complete lack of adipose tissue from birth and, later in life, the development of metabolic complications, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis. Four distinct subtypes of CGL exist: type 1 is associated with AGPAT2 mutations; type 2 is associated with BSCL2 mutations; type 3 is associated with CAV1 mutations; and type 4 is associated with PTRF mutations. The products of these genes have crucial roles in phospholipid and triglyceride synthesis, as well as in the formation of lipid droplets and caveolae within adipocytes. The predominant cause of metabolic complications in CGL is excess triglyceride accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscle owing to the inability to store triglycerides in adipose tissue. Profound hypoleptinaemia further exacerbates metabolic derangements by inducing a voracious appetite. Patients require psychological support, a low-fat diet, increased physical activity and cosmetic surgery. Aside from conventional therapy for hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, metreleptin replacement therapy can dramatically improve metabolic complications in patients with CGL. In this Review, we discuss the molecular genetic basis of CGL, the pathogenesis of the disease's metabolic complications and therapeutic options for patients with CGL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Patni
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8537, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8537, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cartwright BR, Goodman JM. Seipin: from human disease to molecular mechanism. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1042-55. [PMID: 22474068 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r023754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most-severe form of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is caused by mutations in BSCL2/seipin. Seipin is a homo-oligomeric integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that concentrates at junctions with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). While null mutations in seipin are responsible for lipodystrophy, dominant mutations cause peripheral neuropathy and other nervous system pathologies. We first review the clinical aspects of CGL and the discovery of the responsible genetic loci. The structure of seipin, its normal isoforms, and mutations found in patients are then presented. While the function of seipin is not clear, seipin gene manipulation in yeast, flies, mice, and human cells has recently yielded a trove of information that suggests roles in lipid metabolism and LD assembly and maintenance. A model is presented that attempts to bridge these new data to understand the role of this fascinating protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R Cartwright
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Barra CB, Savoldelli RD, Manna TD, Kim CA, Magre J, Porta G, Setian N, Damiani D. [Genetic and metabolic description of five patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:54-9. [PMID: 21468520 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the genetic and metabolic profile of patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSCL) followed at Instituto da Criança, HC-FMUSP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients with clinical features of BSCL (n = 5), all female, were evaluated through serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, leptin, and liver enzymes. Abdominal sonography and DNA analysis were also performed. RESULTS Leptin deficiency and hypertriglyceridemia were found in all the patients. Three progressed to diabetes mellitus. Four patients have mutations in AGPAT2 gene and one have a mutation in CAV1 gene. CONCLUSION The earliest metabolic abnormalities were hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, culminating in the onset of diabetes at the time of puberty. Mutations in the AGPAT2 gene were the most frequent in our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane B Barra
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pelosini C, Martinelli S, Bagattini B, Pucci E, Fierabracci P, Scartabelli G, Salvetti G, Vitti P, Maffei M, Pinchera A, Santini F. Description of an AGPAT2 pathologic allelic variant in a 54-year-old Caucasian woman with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome. Acta Diabetol 2011; 48:243-6. [PMID: 21744063 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 54-year-old Italian female patient was admitted to our Department with the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with insulin therapy. The patient was born by consanguineous parents (first degree cousins); she had acromegaloid features, diffuse lipoatrophy and muscular pseudo-hypertrophy since childhood. To confirm the clinical hypothesis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) or Berardinelli-Seip syndrome, the sequences of AGPAT2 (encoding for 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta) and BSCL2 (encoding for seipin) candidate genes were analyzed. DNA analysis showed the presence of a homozygous mutation in exon 3 of the AGPAT2 gene (P112L). This is the first description of a Caucasian subject with CGL who carries the pathologic allelic variant P112L of the AGPAT2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pelosini
- Department of Endocrinology and Kidney, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by complete or partial loss of adipose tissue. Not infrequently, lipodystrophy occurs in combination with pathological accumulation of adipose tissue at distinct anatomical sites. Patients with lipodystrophy exhibit numerous metabolic complications, which indicate the importance of adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ. Not only the total amount but also the appropriate distribution of adipose tissue depots contribute to the metabolic state. Genetic and molecular research has improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying lipodystrophy. Circulating levels of hormones secreted by the adipose tissue, such as leptin and adiponectin, are greatly reduced in distinct subpopulations of patients with lipodystrophy. This finding rationalizes the use of these adipokines or of agents that increase their circulating levels, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, for therapeutic purposes. Other novel therapeutic approaches, including the use of growth hormone and growth-hormone-releasing factors, are also being studied as potential additions to the therapeutic armamentarium. New insights gained from research and clinical trials could potentially revolutionize the management of this difficult-to-treat condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Fiorenza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vogel P, Read R, Hansen G, Wingert J, Dacosta CM, Buhring LM, Shadoan M. Pathology of congenital generalized lipodystrophy in Agpat2-/- mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:642-54. [PMID: 21051554 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare diseases associated with partial or total loss of adipose tissue. Of these, autosomal recessive Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is characterized by the absence of metabolically active subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Metabolic abnormalities associated with lipodystrophy include insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes. One form of BSCL has been linked to genetic mutations affecting the lipid biosynthetic enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), which is highly expressed in adipose tissue. Precisely how AGPAT2 deficiency causes lipodystrophy remains unresolved, but possible mechanisms include impaired lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis and storage), blocked adipogenesis (differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes), or apoptosis/necrosis of adipocytes. Agpat2(-/-) mice share important pathophysiologic features of CGL previously reported in humans. However, the small white adipose tissue (WAT) depots consisting largely of amoeboid adipocytes with microvesiculated basophilic cytoplasm showed that adipogenesis with deficient lipogenesis was present in all usual locations. Although well-defined lobules of brown adipose tissue (BAT) were present, massive necrosis resulted in early ablation of BAT. Although necrotic or apoptotic adipocytes were not detected in WAT of 10-day-old Agpat2(-/-), the absence of adipocytes in aged mice indicates that these cells must undergo necrosis/apoptosis at some point. Another significant finding in aged lipodystrophic mice was massive pancreatic islet hypertrophy in the face of chronic hyperglycemia, which suggests that glucotoxicity is insufficient by itself to cause β-cell loss and that adipocyte-derived factors help regulate total β-cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Pathology Department, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chan JL, Oral EA. Clinical classification and treatment of congenital and acquired lipodystrophy. Endocr Pract 2010; 16:310-23. [PMID: 20061300 DOI: 10.4158/ep09154.ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the initial clinical manifestations of congenital and acquired lipodystrophy syndromes, discuss novel classifications associated with genetic mutations, and assess currently available therapeutic options for patients with lipodystrophy. METHODS This review is the result of the authors' collective clinical experience and a comprehensive MEDLINE literature search on the English-language literature published between January 1966 and October 2009 on "lipodystrophy." This review focuses primarily on severe dystrophy not related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in light of the additional scope required to cover HIV-related lipodystrophy. RESULTS Congenital lipodystrophy syndromes are characterized by a paucity of adipose tissue and classified on the basis of the extent of fat loss and heritability Paradoxically, they are associated with metabolic abnormalities often found in obese patients, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and severe hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with severe forms of lipodystrophy are also deficient in adipokines such as leptin, which may contribute to metabolic abnormalities. The search for molecular defects has revealed a role for genes that affect adipocyte differentiation (for example, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), lipid droplet morphology (seipin, caveolin-1), or lipid metabolism (AGPAT2). Others (lamin A/C) are known to be associated with completely different diseases. There are also acquired forms of lipodystrophy that are thought to occur primarily attributable to autoimmune mechanisms. Recently, recombinant leptin has emerged as a useful therapy. CONCLUSION Lipodystrophy syndromes have advanced our understanding of the physiologic role of adipose tissue and allowed identification of key molecular mechanisms involved in adipocyte differentiation. Novel therapeutic strategies are being developed on the basis of the pathophysiologic aspects of these syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Chan
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gomes KB, Pardini VC, Fernandes AP. Clinical and molecular aspects of Berardinelli–Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy (BSCL). Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Gomes KB, Pardini VC, Ferreira ACS, Fonseca CG, Fernandes AP. Founder effect of the 669insA mutation in BSCL2 gene causing Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy in a cluster from Brazil. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:729-34. [PMID: 17535271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) or Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome (BSCL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a nearly-complete absence of adipose tissue from birth and severe metabolic alterations. The 669insA mutation in exon 4 of the BSCL2 gene was identified as the major genetic alteration leading to BSCL in a group of 22 patients from the northeastern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte. Aiming to investigate the causes of the high frequency of BSCL in this region, a molecular genetic study was conducted using eight microsatelite markers located in chromosome 11. Additional investigations concerning the proportion of expected homozygous and heterozygous individuals, genetic diversity, fixation index and coefficient of endogamy were undertaken, and indicated significant differences by comparing the allelic and haplotypic frequencies observed for the BSCL affected families and the control group. It was concluded that a founder effect, genetic drift and consanguineous marriages have significantly affected the structure of this population, resulting in the highest frequency of BSCL in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Gomes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:529-644. [PMID: 16741264 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the 12th update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2005. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTL) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2005, 176 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 11 different genes have been reported, 50 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 244 genes that, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 408. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we now have 253 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 61 genome-wide scans. A total of 52 genomic regions harbor QTLs supported by two or more studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably, with 426 findings of positive associations with 127 candidate genes. A promising observation is that 22 genes are each supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu B, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Xu F, Hatch G, Choy P. Cloning and characterization of murine 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases and their regulation by PPARalpha in murine heart. Biochem J 2005; 385:469-77. [PMID: 15367102 PMCID: PMC1134718 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AGPAT (1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase) exists in at least five isoforms in humans, termed as AGPAT1, AGPAT2, AGPAT3, AGPAT4 and AGPAT5. Although they catalyse the same biochemical reaction, their relative function, tissue expression and regulation are poorly understood. Linkage studies in humans have revealed that AGPAT2 contributes to glycerolipid synthesis and plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism. We report the molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and enzyme characterization of mAGPATs (murine AGPATs) and regulation of cardiac mAGPATs by PPARalpha (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha). mAGPATs demonstrated differential tissue expression profiles: mAGPAT1 and mAGPAT3 were ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, whereas mAGPAT2, mAGPAT4 and mAGPAT5 were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. mAGPAT2 expressed in in vitro transcription and translation reactions and in transfected COS-1 cells exhibited specificity for 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. When amino acid sequences of five mAGPATs were compared, three highly conserved motifs were identified, including one novel motif/pattern KX2LX6GX12R. Cardiac mAGPAT activities were 25% lower (P<0.05) in PPARalpha null mice compared with wild-type. In addition, cardiac mAGPAT activities were 50% lower (P<0.05) in PPARalpha null mice fed clofibrate compared with clofibrate fed wild-type animals. This modulation of AGPAT activity was accompanied by significant enhancement/reduction of the mRNA levels of mAGPAT3/mAGPAT2 respectively. Finally, mRNA expression of cardiac mAGPAT3 appeared to be regulated by PPARalpha activation. We conclude that cardiac mAGPAT activity may be regulated by both the composition of mAGPAT isoforms and the levels of each isoform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- *Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
| | - Yan J. Jiang
- †Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
| | - Yaling Zhou
- *Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
- ‡Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
| | - Fred Y. Xu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
| | - Grant M. Hatch
- †Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
- ‡Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (email )
| | - Patrick C. Choy
- *Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
- ‡Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T6
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gomes KB, Pardini VC, Ferreira ACDS, Fernandes AP. Phenotypic heterogeneity in biochemical parameters correlates with mutations in AGPAT2 or Seipin genes among Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005; 28:1123-31. [PMID: 16435205 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-005-0038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) syndrome is characterized by a near-total congenital absence of fat and predisposition to develop diabetes mellitus. We have previously reported that 22 patients from 16 consanguineous pedigrees living in the northeastern region of Brazil had a homozygous 669insA mutation in the Seipin gene (BSCL2 locus), while all of the 10 investigated subjects from the southeastern region were homozygous for a 1036 bp deletion in the AGPAT2 gene (BSCL1 locus). In this study, we compared the serum insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA), leptin, triglyceride and fasting glucose levels in individuals of these two genetically distinct clusters of BSCL subjects. The onset of diabetes was also estimated. The fasting glucose and triglyceride levels were not significantly different in these groups. Significant differences were detected for leptin, insulin and insulin resistance. BSCL1 patients presented lower serum leptin levels compared to BSCL2 patients. BSCL2 subjects had earlier onset of diabetes and higher insulin levels. In agreement, BSCL2 patients were more insulin resistant, as detected by HOMA. These results indicate phenotypic heterogeneity between BSCL1 and BSCL2 Brazilian subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Gomes
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Raygada M, Rennert O. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy: profile of the disease and gender differences in two siblings. Clin Genet 2004; 67:98-101. [PMID: 15617555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital generalized Lipodystrophy (BSCL) or Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (Mendelian inheritance in man, catalog no. 269700) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by paucity of body fat since birth and insulin resistance. The pathophysiology of this condition is unclear, but defects in insulin function and impaired adipogenesis have been described as important factors in the etiology of the disease. Recently, two gene loci have been identified to harbor the mutations causing this disorder: BSCL1 mapped to human chromosome 9q34 (1, 2) and BSCL2 mapped to human chromosome 11q13 (1, 3). This report describes the natural history of the disease in two siblings (female and male) of Lebanese origin who have mutations in the BSCL2 locus (669delGTATC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Raygada
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4429, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of genetic lipodystrophies have promoted understanding of how adipose tissue disorders can cause the metabolic syndrome and its complications. These discoveries hold promise for elucidating pathways and mechanisms by which common disorders of obesity cause metabolic complications. Novel therapeutic approaches for patients with lipodystrophies also may have implications for treatment of the metabolic syndrome in patients with regional adiposity. This article reviews these recent advances in our knowledge of the clinical features, metabolic abnormalities, and pathogenetic or other bases of various types of lipodystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9052, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|