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Ortega E, Vlacho B, Treserres RP, Mata-Cases M, Altes A, Mauricio D, Franch-Nadal J. Severe hypertriglyceridemia prevalence at a primary care setting in Catalonia, Spain. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:777-787. [PMID: 37741728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis, and its prevalence varies across populations. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of moderate-to-severe hypertriglyceridemia (msHTG, 500-879 mg/dl) and severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG, ≥ 880 mg/dl) in a primary care population in Catalonia, Spain, and to categorize them according to presence/absence of factors potentially causing HTG. METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data in SIDIAP (Information System for the Development of Primary Care Research) from 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019. We considered medications with hypolipidemic effects and those potentially increasing TG levels. We developed logistic regression models adjusted by age and sex to calculate the probability of having ms/sHTG according to covariates of interest. RESULTS In the study years, 36.2‒42.0% of the >3.5 million active primary care users had ≥1 TG determination. Prevalence for msHTG was 0.7% and for sHTG 0.2% among those with recorded TG. In 2019, 54.7% were female; median (IQR) age was 62.5 (49.4‒73.7) years. Prevalence was higher in 36‒50-year-old persons (1.3% msHTG, 0.4% sHTG) and men (1.1% msHTG, 0.3% sHTG). Most cases were associated with secondary and <20% with non-secondary causes, the latter being most prevalent in young patients. The secondary causes more strongly associated with msHTG/sHTG were obesity, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) and gamma-glutamyl transferase >100 U/L. CONCLUSION The prevalence of msHTG was 0.7% and that of sHTG was 0.2% between 2010 and 2019 among individuals with recorded TG. msHTG/sHTG most often affected men around their fifties and people with obesity and uncontrolled DM. Most msHTG and sHTG cases were associated with the presence of secondary causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ortega
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Lipid and Vascular Risk Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Bogdan Vlacho
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ray Puig Treserres
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Mata-Cases
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Primary Health Care Center, Gerència d'Àmbit d'Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Altes
- Primary Health Care Center, Gerència d'Àmbit d'Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Primary Health Care Center, Gerència d'Àmbit d'Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
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2
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Hilton C, Sabaratnam R, Drakesmith H, Karpe F. Iron, glucose and fat metabolism and obesity: an intertwined relationship. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:554-563. [PMID: 37029208 PMCID: PMC10299911 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship exists between adipose tissue metabolism and iron regulation. Total body fat, fat distribution and exercise influence iron status and components of the iron-regulatory pathway, including hepcidin and erythroferrone. Conversely, whole body and tissue iron stores associate with fat mass and distribution and glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle. Manipulation of the iron-regulatory proteins erythroferrone and erythropoietin affects glucose and lipid metabolism. Several lines of evidence suggest that iron accumulation and metabolism may play a role in the development of metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review we summarise the current understanding of the relationship between iron homoeostasis and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Wang L, Cai J, Qiao T, Li K. Ironing out macrophages in atherosclerosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1-10. [PMID: 36647723 PMCID: PMC10157607 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
<p indent="0mm">The most common cause of death worldwide is atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders. Macrophages are important players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and perform critical functions in iron homeostasis due to recycling iron by phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells and regulating iron availability in the tissue microenvironment. With the growth of research on the "iron hypothesis" of atherosclerosis, macrophage iron has gradually become a hotspot in the refined iron hypothesis. Macrophages with the M1, M2, M(Hb), Mox, and other phenotypes have been defined with different iron-handling capabilities related to the immune function and immunometabolism of macrophages, which influence the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on macrophage iron and its effects on the development of atherosclerosis. We also cover the contradictory discoveries and propose a possible explanation. Finally, pharmaceutical modulation of macrophage iron is discussed as a promising target for atherosclerosis therapy.</p>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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4
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Vinchi F. Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron in the Spotlight: Novel Mechanistic Insights into the Vasculotoxic and Atherosclerotic Effect of Iron. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:387-414. [PMID: 33554718 PMCID: PMC8328045 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: While atherosclerosis is an almost inevitable consequence of aging, food preferences, lack of exercise, and other aspects of the lifestyle in many countries, the identification of new risk factors is of increasing importance to tackle a disease, which has become a major health burden for billions of people. Iron has long been suspected to promote the development of atherosclerosis, but data have been conflicting, and the contribution of iron is still debated controversially. Recent Advances: Several experimental and clinical studies have been recently published about this longstanding controversial problem, highlighting the critical need to unravel the complexity behind this topic. Critical Issues: The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the proatherosclerotic impact of iron, and discuss the emerging role of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) as driver of vasculotoxicity and atherosclerosis. Finally, I will provide detailed mechanistic insights on the cellular processes and molecular pathways underlying iron-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Overall, this review highlights a complex framework where NTBI acts at multiple levels in atherosclerosis by altering the serum and vascular microenvironment in a proatherogenic and proinflammatory manner, affecting the functionality and survival of vascular cells, promoting foam cell formation and inducing angiogenesis, calcification, and plaque destabilization. Future Directions: The use of additional iron markers (e.g., NTBI) may help adequately predict predisposition to cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies are needed in the aging population to address the atherogenic role of iron fluctuations within physiological limits and the therapeutic value of iron restriction approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 387-414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vinchi
- Iron Research Program, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute (LFKRI), New York Blood Center (NYBC), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Tang Y, Wang D, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Qi R, Yang J, Shen H, Xu Y, Li M. Rapid responses of adipocytes to iron overload increase serum TG level by decreasing adiponectin. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7544-7553. [PMID: 33855731 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload is tightly connected with metabolic disorders. Excess iron in the adipose and its roles in dyslipidemia are of interest to be identified. In acute iron overload mice receiving intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg/day dextran-iron for 5 days, the epididymis adipose showed a remarkable increase in iron. Serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was decreased, while serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and insulin were not affected. The serum-cytokine-microarray showed that adipocytokines, including adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were significantly decreased. Other serum cytokines, including pro-insulin cytokines, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were not changed, except that ghrelin and chemokine RANTES were increased. Iron overload decreased expressions of adiponectin and leptin both in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant leptin at 1 μg/g in acute iron overload mice had no significant effects on serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, while intraperitoneal injection of recombinant adiponectin at 3 μg/g partially restored serum TG level through improving activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, but abnormal serum LDL-C and HDL-C were not redressed, suggesting other mechanisms also existed. In conclusion, the adipose responds to iron overload at an early stage to interfere with lipid metabolism by secreting adipocytokines, which may further affect glucose metabolism, inflammation, and other iron overload-induced effects on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Tang
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhumadian Second People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yinyin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of International Medical Science and Technology, Sanda University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Nutrition, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of International Medical Science and Technology, Sanda University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Seeßle J, Gan-Schreier H, Kirchner M, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W, Merle U. Plasma Lipidome, PNPLA3 polymorphism and hepatic steatosis in hereditary hemochromatosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32680469 PMCID: PMC7368730 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with increased intestinal iron absorption and therefore iron Overload. iron overload leads to increased levels of toxic non-transferrin bound iron which results in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The impact of iron on lipid metabolism is so far not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid metabolism including lipoproteins (HDL, LDL), neutral (triglycerides, cholesterol) and polar lipids (sphingo- and phospholipids), and PNPLA3 polymorphism (rs738409/I148M) in HH. Methods We conducted a cohort study of 54 subjects with HH and 20 healthy subjects. Patients were analyzed for their iron status including iron, ferritin, transferrin and transferrin saturation and serum lipid profile on a routine follow-up examination. Results HH group showed significantly lower serum phosphatidylcholine (PC) and significantly higher phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) compared to healthy control group. The ratio of PC/PE was clearly lower in HH group indicating a shift from PC to PE. Triglycerides were significantly higher in HH group. No differences were seen for HDL, LDL and cholesterol. Hepatic steatosis was significantly more frequent in HH. PNPLA3 polymorphism (CC vs. CG/GG) did not reveal any significant correlation with iron and lipid parameters including neutral and polar lipids, grade of steatosis and fibrosis. Conclusion Our study strengthens the hypothesis of altered lipid metabolism in HH and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Disturbed phospholipid metabolism may represent an important factor in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Seeßle
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marietta Kirchner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Mateo-Gallego R, Lacalle L, Pérez-Calahorra S, Marco-Benedí V, Recasens V, Padrón N, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Baila-Rueda L, Jarauta E, Calmarza P, Cenarro A, Civeira F. Efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in hypertriglyceridemia and iron overload: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1190-1198. [PMID: 30049591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High ferritin concentration is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, although it is not elucidated if iron overload has a causal role. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in patients with iron overload and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS Twelve weeks, 1:1 randomized, parallel-groups trial conducted at a University Hospital Lipid Clinic, including 86 subjects aged 18-70 years with serum ferritin >300 ng/mL in men or >200 ng/mL in women and triglycerides >200 mg/dL. Participants underwent: (1) three phlebotomies (every 3 weeks) and lipid-lowering dietary counseling or (2) lipid-lowering dietary counseling. The main outcome measured was the mean difference in percent change in triglyceride concentration between groups after the intervention. The mean differences in percent change of other clinical and biochemical variables (including cytokines and proinflammatory markers) after the intervention were also evaluated. RESULTS Subjects who received phlebotomies showed a significant improvement in iron metabolism. The mean percent change in triglycerides between groups was -4.68 [-20.8, 11.4]%, P = .721. Retinol-binding protein 4 decreased by 9.98 ± 21.7% after phlebotomies, with a mean percent change between groups of -14.2 [-25.8, -2.73]%, P = .017, and correlated to gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase change. Subjects with a large reduction in hepcidin showed a large improvement in liver enzymes and proinflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS A lipid-lowering diet plus a substantial reduction in iron deposits with repeated phlebotomies in subjects with hyperferritinemia and hypertriglyceridemia did not reduce triglyceride concentration in comparison with a lipid-lowering diet. Iron depletion for lipid management in these patients is not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Lacalle
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Pérez-Calahorra
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victoria Marco-Benedí
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Valle Recasens
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noelia Padrón
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Jarauta
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Calmarza
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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8
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Tetzlaff WF, Meroño T, Botta EE, Martín ME, Sorroche PB, Boero LE, Castro M, Frechtel GD, Rey J, Daruich J, Cerrone GE, Brites F. - 174 G>C IL-6 polymorphism and primary iron overload in male patients. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:1683-1687. [PMID: 29656314 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary iron overload (IO) is commonly associated with mutations in the hereditary hemochromatosis gene (HFE). Nonetheless, other genetic variants may influence the development of IO beyond HFE mutations. There is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at - 174 G>C of the interleukin (IL)-6 gene which might be associated with primary IO. Our aim was to study the association between the SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6 and primary IO in middle-aged male patients. We studied 37 men with primary IO diagnosed by liver histology. Controls were age-matched male volunteers (n = 37). HFE mutations and the SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6 were evaluated by PCR-RFLP. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between primary IO and SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6. Patients and control subjects were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6 (p = 0.17). Significantly different genotype frequencies were observed between patients (43% CC, 43% CG, and 14% GG) and control subjects (10% CC, 41% CG, and 49% GG) (OR = 4.09, 95% CI = 2.06-8.13; p < 0.0001). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that IO was significantly associated with CC homozygosis in the SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6 (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 1.9-21.4; p < 0.005) in a model adjusted by age and body mass index. In conclusion, CC homozygosis in the SNP - 174 G>C gene promoter of IL-6 can be proposed as one of the gene variants influencing iron accumulation in male adults with HFE mutations. Studies in larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Tetzlaff
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana E Botta
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano E Martín
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia B Sorroche
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio Central, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura E Boero
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Castro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital de clínicas "José de San Martín", Departamento de Hemoterapia y Inmunohematología, División de Transfusión y Transmisión de enfermedades, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo D Frechtel
- CONICET, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Laboratorio de Diabetes y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Rey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital de clínicas "José de San Martín", Departamento de Hemoterapia y Inmunohematología, División de Transfusión y Transmisión de enfermedades, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Daruich
- Hospital de clínicas "José de San Martín", Servicio de Gastroenterología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gloria E Cerrone
- CONICET, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Laboratorio de Diabetes y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Catedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Brites
- Laboratorio Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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De Castro-Orós I, Civeira F, Pueyo MJ, Mateo-Gallego R, Bolado-Carrancio A, Lamíquiz-Moneo I, Álvarez-Sala L, Fabiani F, Cofán M, Cenarro A, Rodríguez-Rey JC, Ros E, Pocoví M. Rare genetic variants with large effect on triglycerides in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of familial vs nonfamilial hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:790-797. [PMID: 27578109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most primary severe hypertriglyceridemias (HTGs) are diagnosed in adults, but their molecular foundations have not been completely elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify rare dysfunctional mutations in genes encoding regulators of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) function in patients with familial and non-familial primary HTG. METHODS We sequenced promoters, exons, and exon-intron boundaries of LPL, APOA5, LMF1, and GPIHBP1 in 118 patients with severe primary HTG (triglycerides >500 mg/dL) and 53 normolipidemic controls. Variant functionality was analyzed using predictive software and functional assays for mutations in regulatory regions. RESULTS We identified 29 rare variants, 10 of which had not been previously described: c.(-16A>G), c.(1018+2G>A), and p.(His80Arg) in LPL; p.(Arg143Alafs*57) in APOA5; p.(Val140Ile), p.(Leu235Ile), p.(Lys520*), and p.(Leu552Arg) in LMF1; and c.(-83G>A) and c.(-192A>G) in GPIHBP1. The c.(1018+2G>A) variant led to deletion of exon 6 in LPL cDNA, whereas the c.(-16A>G) analysis showed differences in the affinity for nuclear proteins. Overall, 20 (17.0%) of the patients carried at least one allele with a rare pathogenic variant in LPL, APOA5, LMF1, or GPIHBP1. The presence of a rare pathogenic variant was not associated with lipid values, family history of HTG, clinical diagnosis, or previous pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Less than one in five subjects with triglycerides >500 mg/dL and no major secondary cause for HTG may carry a rare pathogenic mutation in LPL, APOA5, LMF1, or GPIHBP1. The presence of a rare pathogenic variant is not associated with a differential phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel De Castro-Orós
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pueyo
- Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alfonso Bolado-Carrancio
- Dpto. Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamíquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Sala
- Lipid Unit, Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, RIC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón and Dpto. Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fabiani
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cofán
- Servei d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona and Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Rey
- Dpto. Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Servei d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona and Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Pocoví
- Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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De Castro-Orós I, Cenarro A, Tejedor MT, Baila-Rueda L, Mateo-Gallego R, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Pocoví M, Civeira F. Common genetic variants contribute to primary hypertriglyceridemia without differences between familial combined hyperlipidemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:814-21. [PMID: 25176936 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of hypertriglyceridemias are diagnosed as familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and primary isolated hypertriglyceridemias. The contribution of common genetic variants in primary hypertriglyceridemias and the genetic difference between FCHL and isolated hypertriglyceridemias have not been thoroughly examined. METHODS AND RESULTS This study involved 580 patients with hypertriglyceridemias and 403 controls. Of the 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms examined, 12 located in 10 genes showed allelic and genotype frequency differences between hypertriglyceridemias and controls. The minor alleles of APOE, APOA5, GALNTN2, and GCKR variants were positively correlated with plasma triglycerides, whereas minor alleles of ADIPOR2, ANGPTL3, LPL, and TRIB1 polymorphisms were inversely associated. Body mass index, glucose, sex, rs328 and rs7007797 in LPL, rs662799 and rs3135506 in APOA5, and rs1260326 in GCKR explained 36% of the variability in plasma triglycerides, 7.3% of which was attributable to the genetic variables. LPL, GCKR, and APOA5 polymorphisms fit dominant, recessive, and additive inheritance models, respectively. Variants more frequently identified in isolated hypertriglyceridemias were rs7412 in APOE and rs1800795 in IL6; rs2808607 in CYP7A1 and rs3812316 and rs17145738 in MLXIPL were more frequent in FCHL. The other 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms presented similar frequencies between isolated hypertriglyceridemias and FCHL. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variants found in LPL, APOA5, and GCKR are associated with triglycerides levels in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemias. FCHL and isolated hypertriglyceridemias are probably trace to an accumulation of genetic variants predisposing to familial and sporadic hypertriglyceridemias or to hypertriglyceridemias and hypercholesterolemia in case of FCHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel De Castro-Orós
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ana Cenarro
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Pocoví
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- From the Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis y Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain (I.D.C.-O., A.C., L.B.-R., R.M.-G., I.L.-M., F.C.); Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (M.T.T.) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular (M.P.), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Vinchi F, Muckenthaler MU, Da Silva MC, Balla G, Balla J, Jeney V. Atherogenesis and iron: from epidemiology to cellular level. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:94. [PMID: 24847266 PMCID: PMC4017151 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates in human atherosclerotic lesions but whether it is a cause or simply a downstream consequence of the atheroma formation has been an open question for decades. According to the so called "iron hypothesis," iron is believed to be detrimental for the cardiovascular system, thus promoting atherosclerosis development and progression. Iron, in its catalytically active form, can participate in the generation of reactive oxygen species and induce lipid-peroxidation, triggering endothelial activation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and macrophage activation; all of these processes are considered to be proatherogenic. On the other hand, the observation that hemochromatotic patients, affected by life-long iron overload, do not show any increased incidence of atherosclerosis is perceived as the most convincing evidence against the "iron hypothesis." Epidemiological studies and data from animal models provided conflicting evidences about the role of iron in atherogenesis. Therefore, more careful studies are needed in which issues like the source and the compartmentalization of iron will be addressed. This review article summarizes what we have learnt about iron and atherosclerosis from epidemiological studies, animal models and cellular systems and highlights the rather contributory than innocent role of iron in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milene C Da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - György Balla
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary ; Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Zamani F, Bagheri Z, Bayat M, Fereshtehnejad SM, Basi A, Najmabadi H, Ajdarkosh H. Iranian hereditary hemochromatosis patients: baseline characteristics, laboratory data and gene mutations. Med Sci Monit 2013; 18:CR622-9. [PMID: 23018356 PMCID: PMC3560564 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in white people, characterized by highly abnormal uptake of iron from the gastrointestinal tracts. Recently, mutation studies have focused to detect the genes responsible for HH. MATERIAL/METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 12 HH patients were recruited, who were referred to Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran. In addition to the clinical assessments, a complete laboratory evaluation, imaging modalities, histopathologic assessment, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gene mutation study were performed. The genetic study for HFE gene mutation was examined for all of the patients since 2006, while non-HFE mutation was conducted since December 2010 (only for 1 of them). RESULTS Twelve patients were evaluated consisting of 11 men and 1 woman, with the mean age of 39.58±12.68 yr. The average of atomic iron loads was 13.25±4.83-fold higher than normal standards. Four patients had heterozygotic mutation of H63D (33.3%). There was no significant difference in either the iron load of liver (P=0.927) and heart (P=0.164) or serum concentration of ferritin (P=0.907) and TIBC (P=0.937) between the HFE-mutant and without HFE mutation HH cases. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to other studies, C282Y mutation was not detected in any of our Iranian HH patients. Heterozygotic mutations of H63D (HFE) and TFR2 (non-HFE) genes were found to be more common in these patients. Similar to previous reports, these mutations were not found to be significantly associated with severity of presentation in HH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Hemochromatosis and fatty liver disease: building evidence for insulin resistance in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:S35-47. [PMID: 23156704 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0146.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hemochromatosis in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is associated with high postprandial plasma insulin levels, suggestive of insulin resistance. In humans, insulin resistance is associated with liver pathologies, including excessive iron deposition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dolphin liver tissues, in addition to excessive iron storage, were evaluated for other pathologies supportive of underlying insulin resistance. Archived liver tissues collected postmortem during 1985-2010 from 18 dolphins (median age 27.9 yr, range 0.7-51.4) that were part of the Navy Marine Mammal Program's managed collection were assessed for the presence and severity of hemosiderin deposition, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis. Demographics, clinical pathology values, and percentage weight loss were compared among dolphins with and without these changes. Twelve (66.7%) dolphins had mild to moderate hemosiderin deposition, 7 (38.9%) had mild to severe fatty liver disease, and 11 (61.1%) had mild to moderate hepatitis. Of the 12 dolphins with hemosiderosis, deposition occurred in the Kupffer cells among 11 (91.7%). Dolphins with fatty liver disease were more likely to have higher postprandial serum hyperglycemia (>140 mg/dl), leukocytosis (>11,000 cells/microl), and hyperglobulinemia (>3.5 g/dl). Unlike in many nonhuman terrestrial animals, fatty liver disease was not associated with rapid weight loss or hypoglycemia. Interestingly, there were no significant associations among dolphins with hemosiderosis, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis. This study supports that both hemochromatosis and fatty liver disease were present in the dolphin study population, and histopathology and clinical pathology among these animals suggest a nonhereditary, metabolic etiology. KEYWORDS Bottlenose dolphin, fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, hepatic lipidosis, hepatitis, Tursiops truncatus.
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Kim J, Jia X, Buckett PD, Liu S, Lee CH, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron loading impairs lipoprotein lipase activity and promotes hypertriglyceridemia. FASEB J 2012; 27:1657-63. [PMID: 23241313 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron loading is associated with altered lipid metabolism, but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We compared serum iron and triglycerides (TGs) in Belgrade rats, a genetic model of iron-loading anemia. Homozygous b/b rats had greater serum iron (68 vs. 28 μM; P=0.0004) and TG levels (180 vs. 84 mg/dl; P=0.014) compared to +/b controls. To confirm the association between iron loading and high TGs, Fischer rats were fed chow containing 1% carbonyl iron. Compared to controls pair-fed normal chow, carbonyl iron-fed rats had elevated serum iron (42 vs. 21 μM; P=0.007) and TGs (190 vs. 115 mg/dl; P=0.009). Despite normal hepatic production and secretion, TG clearance was lower in b/b than +/b rats due to reduced serum lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity (3.1 vs. 5.0 mM/min; P=0.026). Likewise, LPL was lower in carbonyl iron-fed rats compared to controls (2.4 vs. 3.7 mM/min; P=0.017). Direct addition of iron to serum ex vivo or recombinant LPL in vitro decreased enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Lowering serum iron in Belgrade rats reduced TG levels (274 to 67 mg/dl, P=0.001). This study explains the relationship between iron status and lipid metabolism and provides mechanistic support for interventions that reduce serum iron levels in individuals at risk for hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Kim
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Solanas-Barca M, de Castro-Orós I, Mateo-Gallego R, Cofán M, Plana N, Puzo J, Burillo E, Martín-Fuentes P, Ros E, Masana L, Pocoví M, Civeira F, Cenarro A. Apolipoprotein E gene mutations in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and a clinical diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Casanova-Esteban P, Guiral N, Andrés E, Gonzalvo C, Mateo-Gallego R, Giraldo P, Paramo JA, Civeira F. Effect of phlebotomy on lipid metabolism in subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis. Metabolism 2011; 60:830-4. [PMID: 20846699 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition to hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is associated with primary hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). If iron overload influences the development of HTG, the management of these patients could be different. However, the metabolic syndrome in primary HTG is frequent; and it could partially confuse the association. The objective was to determine whether periodic bloodletting could decrease triglyceride concentrations in subjects with HH and iron overload. We retrospectively studied 155 genetically defined HH patients (C282Y homozygotes and compound heterozygotes C282Y/H63D) with iron overload and under periodic therapeutic phlebotomy. Hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL) was present in 49 subjects at baseline (31.6%). Phlebotomies significantly decreased triglycerides, especially in subjects with basal HTG (from 287 mg/dL at baseline to 133 mg/dL after phlebotomies, P < .001). Blood glucose and total cholesterol did not change with phlebotomies. The triglyceride-lowering effect was obtained until ferritin concentration decreased to less than 200 μg/L and transferrin saturation to less than 40%. The triglyceride-lowering effect was obtained for glucose levels both less than and greater than 100 mg/dL. In summary, HH subjects frequently have HTG that improves after therapeutic phlebotomy, independently of basal blood glucose. Our results suggest that therapeutic phlebotomy could be a useful therapeutic approach in patients with HTG and iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Casanova-Esteban
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigacion Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud (I + CS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Iron deposits and dietary patterns in familial combined hyperlipidemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:229-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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