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Yang Q, Liu H, Xi Y, Lu Y, Han X, He X, Qi J, Zhu Y, He H, Wang J, Hu J, Li L. Genome-wide association study for bone quality of ducks during the laying period. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103575. [PMID: 38447311 PMCID: PMC11067773 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The cage-rearing model of the modern poultry industry makes the bones of birds, especially egg-laying birds, more vulnerable to fracture, which poses serious damage to the health of birds. Research confirms that genetic material plays an important role in regulating bone growth, development, and remodeling. However, the genetic architecture underlying bone traits is not well understood. The objectives of this study are to identify valuable genes and genetic markers through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breeding to improve the duck bone quality. First, we quantified the tibia and femur quality traits of 260 laying ducks. Based on GWAS, a total of 75 SNP loci significantly associated with bone quality traits were identified, and 67 potential candidate genes were annotated. According to gene function analysis, genes P4HA2, WNT3A, and BST1 et al may influence bone quality by regulating bone cell activity, calcium and phosphate metabolism, or bone collagen maturation and cross-linking. Meanwhile, combined with the transcriptome results, we found that HOXB cluster genes are also important in bone growth and development. Therefore, our findings were helpful in further understanding the genetic architecture of the duck bone quality and provided a worthy theoretical basis and technological support to improve duck bone quality by breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Yang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Yinjuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Xinxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 613000, China.
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van Spelde AM, Schroeder H, Kjellström A, Lidén K. Approaches to osteoporosis in paleopathology: How did methodology shape bone loss research? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 33:245-257. [PMID: 34044198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper will review how different methods employed to study bone loss in the past were used to explore different questions and aspects of bone loss, how methodology has changed over time, and how these different approaches have informed our understanding of bone loss in the past. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review and discussion is conducted on research protocols and results of 84 paleopathology publications on bone loss in archaeological skeletal collections published between 1969 and 2021. CONCLUSIONS The variety in research protocols confounds accurate meta-analysis of previously published research; however, more recent publications incorporate a combination of bone mass and bone quality based methods. Biased sample selection has resulted in a predominance of European and Medieval publications, limiting more general observations on bone loss in the past. Collection of dietary or paleopathological covariables is underemployed in the effort to interpret bone loss patterns. SIGNIFICANCE Paleopathology publications have demonstrated differences in bone loss between distinct archaeological populations, between sex and age groups, and have suggested factors underlying observed differences. However, a lack of a gold standard has encouraged the use of a wide range of methods. Understanding how this array of methods effects results is crucial in contextualizing our knowledge of bone loss in the past. LIMITATIONS The development of a research protocol is also influenced by available expertise, available equipment, restrictions imposed by the curator, and site-specific taphonomic aspects. These factors will likely continue to cause (minor) biases even if a best practice can be established. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Greater effort to develop uniform terminology and operational definitions of osteoporosis in skeletal remains, as well as the expansion of time scale and geographical areas studied. The Next-Generation Sequencing revolution has also opened up the possibility of ancient DNA analyses to study genetic predisposition to bone loss in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marijn van Spelde
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden; The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Kjellström
- Osteological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lidén
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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Twelve years of GWAS discoveries for osteoporosis and related traits: advances, challenges and applications. Bone Res 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33927194 PMCID: PMC8085014 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease, affecting ~200 million people around the world. As a complex disease, osteoporosis is influenced by many factors, including diet (e.g. calcium and protein intake), physical activity, endocrine status, coexisting diseases and genetic factors. In this review, we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in the bone field in the last 12 years. To date, GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures. However, the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability, these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models, such as omnigenic model and natural selection. Finally, we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field, such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors, the development of drug targets and disease prediction. Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field, most of these GWAS participants were of European descent, and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.
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Yau MS, Kuipers AL, Price R, Nicolas A, Tajuddin SM, Handelman SK, Arbeeva L, Chesi A, Hsu YH, Liu CT, Karasik D, Zemel BS, Grant SFA, Jordan JM, Jackson RD, Evans MK, Harris TB, Zmuda JM, Kiel DP. A Meta-Analysis of the Transferability of Bone Mineral Density Genetic Loci Associations From European to African Ancestry Populations. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:469-479. [PMID: 33249669 PMCID: PMC8353846 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of bone mineral density (BMD) largely have been conducted in European populations. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of six independent African ancestry cohorts to determine whether previously reported BMD loci identified in European populations were transferable to African ancestry populations. We included nearly 5000 individuals with both genetic data and assessments of BMD. Genotype imputation was conducted using the 1000G reference panel. We assessed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD in each cohort separately, then combined results in fixed effects (or random effects if study heterogeneity was high, I2 index >60) inverse variance weighted meta-analyses. In secondary analyses, we conducted locus-based analyses of rare variants using SKAT-O. Mean age ranged from 12 to 68 years. One cohort included only men and another cohort included only women; the proportion of women in the other four cohorts ranged from 52% to 63%. Of 56 BMD loci tested, one locus, 6q25 (C6orf97, p = 8.87 × 10-4 ), was associated with lumbar spine BMD and two loci, 7q21 (SLC25A13, p = 2.84 × 10-4 ) and 7q31 (WNT16, p = 2.96 × 10-5 ), were associated with femoral neck BMD. Effects were in the same direction as previously reported in European ancestry studies and met a Bonferroni-adjusted p value threshold, the criteria for transferability to African ancestry populations. We also found associations that met locus-specific Bonferroni-adjusted p value thresholds in 11q13 (LRP5, p < 2.23 × 10-4 ), 11q14 (DCDC5, p < 5.35 × 10-5 ), and 17p13 (SMG6, p < 6.78 × 10-5 ) that were not tagged by European ancestry index SNPs. Rare single-nucleotide variants in AKAP11 (p = 2.32 × 10-2 ), MBL2 (p = 4.09 × 10-2 ), MEPE (p = 3.15 × 10-2 ), SLC25A13 (p = 3.03 × 10-2 ), STARD3NL (p = 3.35 × 10-2 ), and TNFRSF11A (p = 3.18 × 10-3 ) were also associated with BMD. The majority of known BMD loci were not transferable. Larger genetic studies of BMD in African ancestry populations will be needed to overcome limitations in statistical power and to identify both other loci that are transferable across populations and novel population-specific variants. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Yau
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Price
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Salman M Tajuddin
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel K Handelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan FA Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Bone mass is a key determinant of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Epidemiologic studies have shown that a 10% increase in peak bone mass (PBM) at the population level reduces the risk of fracture later in life by 50%. Low PBM is possibly due to the bone loss caused by various conditions or processes that occur during adolescence and young adulthood. Race, gender, and family history (genetics) are responsible for the majority of PBM, but other factors, such as physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake, weight, smoking and alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, age at menarche, and other secondary causes (diseases and medications), play important roles in PBM gain during childhood and adolescence. Hence, the optimization of lifestyle factors that affect PBM and bone strength is an important strategy to maximize PBM among adolescents and young people, and thus to reduce the low bone mass or osteoporosis risk in later life. This review aims to summarize the available evidence for the common but important factors that influence bone mass gain during growth and development and discuss the advances of developing high PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhu
- Disease & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Houfeng Zheng
- Disease & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Crandall CJ, Diamant AL, Maglione M, Thurston RC, Sinsheimer J. Genetic Variation and Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa536. [PMID: 32797194 PMCID: PMC7538102 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 70% of women report experiencing vasomotor symptoms (VMS, hot flashes and/or night sweats). The etiology of VMS is not clearly understood but may include genetic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed and Embase in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. We included studies on associations between genetic variation and VMS. We excluded studies focused on medication interventions or prevention or treatment of breast cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 202 unique citations, 18 citations met the inclusion criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 51 to 17 695. Eleven of the 18 studies had fewer than 500 participants; 2 studies had 1000 or more. Overall, statistically significant associations with VMS were found for variants in 14 of the 26 genes assessed in candidate gene studies. The cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1B1) gene was the focus of the largest number (n = 7) of studies, but strength and statistical significance of associations of CYP1B1 variants with VMS were inconsistent. A genome-wide association study reported statistically significant associations between 14 single-nucleotide variants in the tachykinin receptor 3 gene and VMS. Heterogeneity across trials regarding VMS measurement methods and effect measures precluded quantitative meta-analysis; there were few studies of each specific genetic variant. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants are associated with VMS. The associations are not limited to variations in sex-steroid metabolism genes. However, studies were few and future studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Crandall
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Allison L Diamant
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Rebecca C Thurston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet Sinsheimer
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Rocha-Braz MGM, França MM, Fernandes AM, Lerario AM, Zanardo EA, de Santana LS, Kulikowski LD, Martin RM, Mendonca BB, Ferraz-de-Souza B. Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of 128 Candidate Genes in a Cohort With Idiopathic, Severe, or Familial Osteoporosis. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa148. [PMID: 33195954 PMCID: PMC7645613 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The genetic bases of osteoporosis (OP), a disorder with high heritability, are poorly understood at an individual level. Cases of idiopathic or familial OP have long puzzled clinicians as to whether an actionable genetic cause could be identified. Objective We performed a genetic analysis of 28 cases of idiopathic, severe, or familial osteoporosis using targeted massively parallel sequencing. Design Targeted sequencing of 128 candidate genes was performed using Illumina NextSeq. Variants of interest were confirmed by Sanger sequencing or SNP array. Patients and Setting Thirty-seven patients in an academic tertiary hospital participated (54% male; median age, 44 years; 86% with fractures), corresponding to 28 sporadic or familial cases. Main Outcome Measure The identification of rare stop-gain, indel, splice site, copy-number, or nonsynonymous variants altering protein function. Results Altogether, we identified 28 variants of interest, but only 3 were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants: COL1A2 p.(Arg708Gln), WNT1 p.(Gly169Asp), and IDUA p.(His82Gln). An association of variants in different genes was found in 21% of cases, including a young woman with severe OP bearing WNT1, PLS3, and NOTCH2 variants. Among genes of uncertain significance analyzed, a potential additional line of evidence has arisen for GWAS candidates GPR68 and NBR1, warranting further studies. Conclusions While we hope that continuing efforts to identify genetic predisposition to OP will lead to improved and personalized care in the future, the likelihood of identifying actionable pathogenic variants in intriguing cases of idiopathic or familial osteoporosis is seemingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G M Rocha-Braz
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM-25, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica M França
- Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM-42, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,The University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Adriana M Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM-25, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Laboratorio de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Evelin A Zanardo
- Laboratorio de Citogenomica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas S de Santana
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM-25, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leslie D Kulikowski
- Laboratorio de Citogenomica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina M Martin
- Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM-42, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Laboratorio de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferraz-de-Souza
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM-25, Divisao de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Satz-Jacobowitz B, Hubmacher D. The quest for substrates and binding partners: A critical barrier for understanding the role of ADAMTS proteases in musculoskeletal development and disease. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:8-26. [PMID: 32875613 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted ADAMTS metalloproteases are involved in the sculpting, remodeling, and erosion of connective tissues throughout the body, including in the musculoskeletal system. ADAMTS proteases contribute to musculoskeletal development, pathological tissue destruction, and are mutated in congenital musculoskeletal disorders. Examples include versican cleavage by ADAMTS9 which is required for interdigital web regression during limb development, ADAMTS5-mediated aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritis resulting in joint erosion, and mutations in ADAMTS10 or ADAMTS17 that cause Weill-Marchesani syndrome, a short stature syndrome with bone, joint, muscle, cardiac, and eye involvement. Since the function of ADAMTS proteases and proteases in general is primarily defined by the molecular consequences of proteolysis of their respective substrates, it is paramount to identify all physiological substrates for each individual ADAMTS protease. Here, we review the current knowledge of ADAMTS proteases and their involvement in musculoskeletal development and disease, focusing on some of their known physiological substrates and the consequences of substrate cleavage. We further emphasize the critical need for the identification and validation of novel ADAMTS substrates and binding partners by describing the principles of mass spectrometry-based approaches and by emphasizing strategies that need to be considered for validating the physiological relevance for ADAMTS-mediated proteolysis of novel putative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Satz-Jacobowitz
- Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dirk Hubmacher
- Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Peng H, Guo Q, Xiao Y, Su T, Jiang TJ, Guo LJ, Wang M. ASPH Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation and Cellular Senescence of BMSCs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:872. [PMID: 33015050 PMCID: PMC7494742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis and senescence of BMSCs play great roles in age-related bone loss. However, the causes of these dysfunctions remain unclear. In this study, we identified a differentially expressed ASPH gene in middle-aged and elderly aged groups which were obtained from GSE35955. Subsequent analysis in various databases, such as TCGA, GTEx, and CCLE, revealed that ASPH had positive correlations with several osteogenic markers. The depletion of mouse Asph suppressed the capacity of osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Notably, the expression of ASPH in vitro decreased during aging and senescence. The deficiency of Asph accelerated cellular senescence in BMSCs. Conversely, the overexpression of Asph enhanced the capacity of osteogenic differentiation and inhibited cellular senescence. Mechanistically, ASPH regulated Wnt signaling mediated by Gsk3β. Taken together, our data established that ASPH was potentially involved in the pathogenesis of age-related bone loss through regulating cellular senescence and osteogenic differentiation, which provides some new insights to treat age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Rutledge EA, Parvez RK, Short KM, Smyth IM, McMahon AP. Morphogenesis of the kidney and lung requires branch-tip directed activity of the Adamts18 metalloprotease. Dev Biol 2019; 454:156-169. [PMID: 31242448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adamts18 encodes a secreted metalloprotease restricted to branch-tip progenitor pools directing the morphogenesis of multiple mammalian organs. Adamts18 was targeted to explore a potential role in branching morphogenesis. In the kidney, an arborized collecting system develops through extensive branching morphogenesis of an initial epithelial outgrowth of the mesonephric duct, the ureteric bud. Adamts18 mutants displayed a weakly penetrant phenotype: duplicated ureteric outgrowths forming enlarged, bi-lobed kidneys with an increased nephron endowment. In contrast, Adamts18 mutants showed a fully penetrant lung phenotype: epithelial growth was markedly reduced and early secondary branching scaled to the reduced length of the primary airways. Furthermore, there was a pronounced delay in the appearance of differentiated cell types in both proximal and distally positions of the developing airways. Adamts18 is closely related to Adamts16. In the kidney but not the lung, broad epithelial Adamts16 expression overlaps Adamts18 in branch tips. However, compound Adamts16/18 mutants displayed a comparable low penetrance duplicated ureteric phenotype, ruling out a possible role for Adamts16 as a functional modifier of the Adamts18 kidney phenotype. Given the predicted action of secreted Adamts18 metalloprotease, and broad expression of Adamts18 in branching organ systems, these findings suggest distinct requirements for matrix modelling in the morphogenesis of epithelial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Kieran M Short
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, CA, 90089, USA.
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11
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Yuan J, Tickner J, Mullin BH, Zhao J, Zeng Z, Morahan G, Xu J. Advanced Genetic Approaches in Discovery and Characterization of Genes Involved With Osteoporosis in Mouse and Human. Front Genet 2019; 10:288. [PMID: 31001327 PMCID: PMC6455049 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex condition with contributions from, and interactions between, multiple genetic loci and environmental factors. This review summarizes key advances in the application of genetic approaches for the identification of osteoporosis susceptibility genes. Genome-wide linkage analysis (GWLA) is the classical approach for identification of genes that cause monogenic diseases; however, it has shown limited success for complex diseases like osteoporosis. In contrast, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified over 200 osteoporosis susceptibility loci with genome-wide significance, and have provided most of the candidate genes identified to date. Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) apply a phenotype-to-genotype approach which can be used to complement GWAS. PheWAS is capable of characterizing the association between osteoporosis and uncommon and rare genetic variants. Another alternative approach, whole genome sequencing (WGS), will enable the discovery of uncommon and rare genetic variants in osteoporosis. Meta-analysis with increasing statistical power can offer greater confidence in gene searching through the analysis of combined results across genetic studies. Recently, new approaches to gene discovery include animal phenotype based models such as the Collaborative Cross and ENU mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis and genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, TALENs and ZNFs have been used in functional analysis of candidate genes in vitro and in vivo. These resources are revolutionizing the identification of osteoporosis susceptibility genes through the use of genetically defined inbred mouse libraries, which are screened for bone phenotypes that are then correlated with known genetic variation. Identification of osteoporosis-related susceptibility genes by genetic approaches enables further characterization of gene function in animal models, with the ultimate aim being the identification of novel therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Mullin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Mead TJ, Apte SS. ADAMTS proteins in human disorders. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:225-239. [PMID: 29885460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADAMTS proteins are a superfamily of 26 secreted molecules comprising two related, but distinct families. ADAMTS proteases are zinc metalloendopeptidases, most of whose substrates are extracellular matrix (ECM) components, whereas ADAMTS-like proteins lack a metalloprotease domain, reside in the ECM and have regulatory roles vis-à-vis ECM assembly and/or ADAMTS activity. Evolutionary conservation and expansion of ADAMTS proteins in mammals is suggestive of crucial embryologic or physiological roles in humans. Indeed, Mendelian disorders or birth defects resulting from naturally occurring ADAMTS2, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS13, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS20, ADAMTSL2 and ADAMTSL4 mutations as well as numerous phenotypes identified in genetically engineered mice have revealed ADAMTS participation in major biological pathways. Important roles have been identified in a few acquired conditions. ADAMTS5 is unequivocally implicated in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis via degradation of aggrecan, a major structural proteoglycan in cartilage. ADAMTS7 is strongly associated with coronary artery disease and promotes atherosclerosis. Autoantibodies to ADAMTS13 lead to a platelet coagulopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is similar to that resulting from ADAMTS13 mutations. ADAMTS proteins have numerous potential connections to other human disorders that were identified by genome-wide association studies. Here, we review inherited and acquired human disorders in which ADAMTS proteins participate, and discuss progress and prospects in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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13
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Liu Z, Han T, Werner H, Rosen CJ, Schaffler MB, Yakar S. Reduced Serum IGF-1 Associated With Hepatic Osteodystrophy Is a Main Determinant of Low Cortical but Not Trabecular Bone Mass. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:123-136. [PMID: 28902430 PMCID: PMC5771972 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic osteodystrophy is multifactorial in its pathogenesis. Numerous studies have shown that impairments of the hepatic growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis (GH/IGF-1) are common in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and chronic cholestatic liver disease. Moreover, these conditions are also associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and greater fracture risk, particularly in cortical bone sites. Hence, we addressed whether disruptions in the GH/IGF-1 axis were causally related to the low bone mass in states of chronic liver disease using a mouse model of liver-specific GH-receptor (GHR) gene deletion (Li-GHRKO). These mice exhibit chronic hepatic steatosis, local inflammation, and reduced BMD. We then employed a crossing strategy to restore liver production of IGF-1 via hepatic IGF-1 transgene (HIT). The resultant Li-GHRKO-HIT mouse model allowed us to dissect the roles of liver-derived IGF-1 in the pathogenesis of osteodystrophy during liver disease. We found that hepatic IGF-1 restored cortical bone acquisition, microarchitecture, and mechanical properties during growth in Li-GHRKO-HIT mice, which was maintained during aging. However, trabecular bone volume was not restored in the Li-GHRKO-HIT mice. We found increased bone resorption indices in vivo as well as increased basal reactive oxygen species and increased mitochondrial stress in osteoblast cultures from Li-GHRKO and the Li-GHRKO-HIT compared with control mice. Changes in systemic markers such as inflammatory cytokines, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, or carboxy-terminal collagen cross-links could not fully account for the diminished trabecular bone in the Li-GHRKO-HIT mice. Thus, the reduced serum IGF-1 associated with hepatic osteodystrophy is a main determinant of low cortical but not trabecular bone mass. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-4086
| | - Tianzhen Han
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-4086
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-4086
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14
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Rao BS, Tharigopala A, Rachapalli SR, Rajagopal R, Soumittra N. Association of polymorphisms in the intron of TCF4 gene to late-onset Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: An Indian cohort study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 65:931-935. [PMID: 29044056 PMCID: PMC5678327 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_191_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the corneal endothelium. It is genetically heterogeneous and follows either an autosomal dominant or sporadic pattern of inheritance. Here, we have explored the association of four previously reported intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms and intronic CTG repeat expansions in TCF4 gene to FECD in an Indian cohort. Methods: The cohort consisting of 52 sporadic late-onset cases, 5 early-onset cases, and 148 controls was taken for the study. rs2286812 and rs613872 were genotyped by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) and PCR-based restriction digestion, respectively; rs17595731 and rs9954153 were genotyped by Taqman assay using real-time PCR. The quantitative assessment of the CTG repeat region was performed by PCR/Sanger DNA sequencing. The repeats were assessed qualitatively by short tandem repeat and triplet repeat primed PCR assays. The statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Fisher's exact probability test. Results: SNPsrs613872 (G/T) for the ‘G’ allele (P value: 4.57 × 10−5) and rs17595731 (C/T) for the ‘C’ allele (P value: 1.87 × 10−5), respectively, showed a significant association to sporadic late-onset FECD. CTG repeat expansions were found to be associated with FECD with a P value = 2.4 × 10−3. Conclusion: rs613872, rs17595731, and CTG repeat expansions in intronic region of TCF4 are associated with increased risk of sporadic late-onset FECD in the Indian cohort studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna S Rao
- School of Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur; SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Arokiasamy Tharigopala
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Sudhir R Rachapalli
- Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Rama Rajagopal
- Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Nagasamy Soumittra
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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15
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Horpaopan S, Kirfel J, Peters S, Kloth M, Hüneburg R, Altmüller J, Drichel D, Odenthal M, Kristiansen G, Strassburg C, Nattermann J, Hoffmann P, Nürnberg P, Büttner R, Thiele H, Kahl P, Spier I, Aretz S. Exome sequencing characterizes the somatic mutation spectrum of early serrated lesions in a patient with serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS). Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2017; 15:22. [PMID: 29213343 PMCID: PMC5707812 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-017-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serrated or Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome (SPS, HPS) is a yet poorly defined colorectal cancer (CRC) predisposition characterised by the occurrence of multiple and/or large serrated polyps throughout the colon. A serrated polyp-CRC sequence (serrated pathway) of CRC formation has been postulated, however, to date only few molecular signatures of serrated neoplasia (BRAF, KRAS, RNF43 mutations, CpG Island Methylation, MSI) have been described in a subset of SPS patients and neither the etiology of the syndrome nor the distinct genetic alterations during tumorigenesis have been identified. Methods To identify somatic point mutations in potential novel candidate genes of SPS-associated lesions and the involved pathways we performed exome sequencing of eleven early serrated polyps obtained from a 41 year-old female patient with clinically confirmed SPS. For data filtering and analysis, standard pipelines were used. Somatic mutations were identified by comparison with leukocyte DNA and were validated by Sanger sequencing. Results The BRAF p.V600E or KRAS p.G12D mutation was identified in six polyps (~50%) and not found in polyps from the distal colon. In addition, we found seven unique rare somatic alterations of seven different genes in four serrated tumours, all of which are missense variants. The variant in ABI3BP and CATSPERB are predicted to be deleterious. No established cancer gene or candidate genes related to serrated tumorigenesis were affected. Conclusions Somatic mutations seem to be rare events in early hyperplastic and serrated lesions of SPS patients. Neither frequently affected genes nor enrichment of specific pathways were observed. Thus, other alterations such as non-coding variants or epigenetic changes might be the major driving force of tumour progression in SPS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13053-017-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Horpaopan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophia Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Kloth
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Hüneburg
- Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitriy Drichel
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Strassburg
- Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Kahl
- Heinz-Werner-Seifert-Institut für Dermatopathologie Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Spier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Aretz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Kemp JP, Morris JA, Medina-Gomez C, Forgetta V, Warrington NM, Youlten SE, Zheng J, Gregson CL, Grundberg E, Trajanoska K, Logan JG, Pollard AS, Sparkes PC, Ghirardello EJ, Allen R, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Komla-Ebri D, Adoum AT, Curry KF, White JK, Kussy F, Greenlaw KM, Xu C, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Adams DJ, Greenwood CMT, Maurano MT, Kaptoge S, Rivadeneira F, Tobias JH, Croucher PI, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Richards JB, Evans DM. Identification of 153 new loci associated with heel bone mineral density and functional involvement of GPC6 in osteoporosis. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1468-1475. [PMID: 28869591 PMCID: PMC5621629 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease diagnosed primarily by measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). We undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 142,487 individuals from the UK Biobank to identify loci associated with BMD as estimated by quantitative ultrasound of the heel. We identified 307 conditionally independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that attained genome-wide significance at 203 loci, explaining approximately 12% of the phenotypic variance. These included 153 previously unreported loci, and several rare variants with large effect sizes. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we undertook (1) bioinformatic, functional genomic annotation and human osteoblast expression studies; (2) gene-function prediction; (3) skeletal phenotyping of 120 knockout mice with deletions of genes adjacent to lead independent SNPs; and (4) analysis of gene expression in mouse osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. The results implicate GPC6 as a novel determinant of BMD, and also identify abnormal skeletal phenotypes in knockout mice associated with a further 100 prioritized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - John A Morris
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea S Pollard
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny C Sparkes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Allen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Fiona Kussy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Keelin M Greenlaw
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Celia MT Greenwood
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2015, Australia
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - JH Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
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17
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Noel SE, Arevalo S, Smith CE, Lai CQ, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM, Tucker KL. Genetic admixture and body composition in Puerto Rican adults from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Metab 2017; 35:448-455. [PMID: 27628044 PMCID: PMC5400727 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-016-0775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Population admixture plays a role in the risk of chronic conditions that are related to body composition; however, our understanding of these associations in Puerto Ricans, a population characterized by multiple ancestries, is limited. This study investigated the relationship between genetic admixture and body composition in 652 Puerto Ricans from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study. Genetic ancestry was estimated from 100 ancestry-informative markers. Body composition measures were obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable linear regression analyses examined associations between bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and lumbar spine and percent fat mass and lean mass with genetic admixture. In Puerto Ricans living on the US mainland, European ancestry was associated with lower BMD at the trochanter (P = 0.039) and femoral neck (P = 0.01), and Native American ancestry was associated with lower BMD of the trochanter (P = 0.04). African ancestry was associated with a higher BMD at the trochanter (P = 0.004) and femoral neck (P = 0.001). Ancestry was not associated with percent fat mass or lean mass or waist circumference. Our findings are consistent with existing research demonstrating inverse associations between European and Native American ancestries and BMD and positive relationships between African ancestry and BMD. This work contributes to our understanding of the high prevalence of chronic disease experienced by this population and has implications for other ethnic minority groups, particularly those with multiple ancestries. Future research should consider interactions between ancestry and environmental factors, as this may provide individualized approaches for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Noel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Sandra Arevalo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- IMDEA Food, Ctra. de Cantoblanco, num. 8 Ancient Central Pavilion of the Cantoblanco Hospital (Building num. 7), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway play an important role in the regulation of bone remodeling and osteoclast differentiation. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a relatively recent and noninvasive method providing structural information on microstructure, bone elasticity, and connectivity. However, in contrast to bone mineral density measurements, the possible association of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway with heel QUS has not been analyzed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the contribution of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway genes in the genetic background of heel QUS parameters. METHODS Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of RANKL (rs9594759, rs12585014, rs7988338, rs2148073), RANK (rs1805034, rs12458117, rs3018362), and OPG (rs4355801, rs3102735, rs2073618) were selected as genetic markers and genotyped using Open Array technology in 575 self-reported Caucasian individuals aged 18-25. Bone mass in the right calcaneus was estimated with QUS to obtain the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measurement (dB/MHz). Linear regression analyses were performed to test the possible association between the SNPs and BUA. RESULTS Linear regression analysis of all the tested SNPs revealed no significant association with the BUA parameter after adjusting for age, gender, weight, height, physical activity, and calcium intake. The lowest p-value was observed for the rs9594759 RANKL polymorphism and heel QUS (p = .06; b* = -.075, 95% CI [-0.960, 0.028]). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the RANKL, RANK, and OPG genes does not make a significant genetic contribution to heel ultrasound measurements in a population of young Caucasian adults. Further studies replicating the results in independent populations are needed to support these initial findings.
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Morris JA. Using epigenomic data to inform genome-wide association studies of bone mineral density. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 4:487. [PMID: 28149849 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Pei YF, Xie ZG, Wang XY, Hu WZ, Li LB, Ran S, Lin Y, Hai R, Shen H, Tian Q, Zhang YH, Lei SF, Papasian CJ, Deng HW, Zhang L. Association of 3q13.32 variants with hip trochanter and intertrochanter bone mineral density identified by a genome-wide association study. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3343-3354. [PMID: 27311723 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We performed a GWAS of trochanter and intertrochanter bone mineral density (BMD) in the Framingham Heart Study and replicated in three independent studies. Our results identified one novel locus around the associated variations at chromosomal region 3q13.32 and replicated two loci at chromosomal regions 3p21 and 8q24. Our findings provide useful insights that enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis. INTRODUCTION Hip trochanter (TRO) and intertrochanter (INT) subregions have important clinical relevance to subtrochanteric and intertrochanteric fractures but have rarely been studied by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). METHODS Aiming to identify genomic loci associated with BMD variation at TRO and INT regions, we performed a GWAS utilizing the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, N = 6,912) as discovery sample and utilized the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) African-American subsample (N = 845), WHI Hispanic subsample (N = 446), and Omaha osteoporosis study (N = 971), for replication. RESULTS Combining the evidence from both the discovery and the replication samples, we identified one novel locus around the associated variations at chromosomal region 3q13.32 (rs1949542, discovery p = 6.16 × 10-8, replication p = 2.86 × 10-4 for INT-BMD; discovery p = 1.35 × 10-7, replication p = 4.16 × 10-4 for TRO-BMD, closest gene RP11-384F7.1). We also replicated two loci at chromosomal regions 3p21 (rs148725943, discovery p = 6.61 × 10-7, replication p = 5.22 × 10-4 for TRO-BMD, closest gene CTNNB1) and 8q24 (rs7839059, discovery p = 2.28 × 10-7, replication p = 1.55 × 10-3 for TRO-BMD, closest gene TNFRSF11B) that were reported previously. We demonstrated that the effects at both 3q13.32 and 3p21 were specific to the TRO, but not to the femoral neck and spine. In contrast, the effect at 8q24 was common to all the sites. CONCLUSION Our findings provide useful insights that enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-F Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-G Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - X-Y Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - W-Z Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Rd., Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - L-B Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - S Ran
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Lin
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - R Hai
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - H Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Q Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Y-H Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - S-F Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Rd., Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - C J Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - H-W Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - L Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Rd., Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Pei YF, Hu WZ, Hai R, Wang XY, Ran S, Lin Y, Shen H, Tian Q, Lei SF, Zhang YH, Papasian CJ, Deng HW, Zhang L. Genome-wide association meta-analyses identified 1q43 and 2q32.2 for hip Ward's triangle areal bone mineral density. Bone 2016; 91:1-10. [PMID: 27397699 PMCID: PMC5362380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to identify genomic variants associated with osteoporosis, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) at Ward's triangle of the hip in 7175 subjects from 6 samples. We performed in silico replications with femoral neck, trochanter, and inter-trochanter BMDs in 6912 subjects from the Framingham heart study (FHS), and with forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs in 32965 subjects from the GEFOS summary results. Combining the evidence from all samples, we identified 2 novel loci for areal BMD: 1q43 (rs1414660, discovery p=1.20×10(-8), FHS p=0.05 for trochanter BMD; rs9287237, discovery p=3.55×10(-7), FHS p=9.20×10(-3) for trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for forearm BMD, nearest gene FMN2) and 2q32.2 (rs56346965, discovery p=7.48×10(-7), FHS p=0.10 for inter-trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for spine BMD, nearest gene NAB1). The two lead SNPs rs1414660 and rs56346965 are eQTL sites for the genes GREM2 and NAB1 respectively. Functional annotation of GREM2 and NAB1 illustrated their involvement in BMP signaling pathway and in bone development. We also replicated three previously reported loci: 5q14.3 (rs10037512, discovery p=3.09×10(-6), FHS p=8.50×10(-3), GEFOS p=1.23×10(-24) for femoral neck BMD, nearest gene MEF2C), 6q25.1 (rs3020340, discovery p=1.64×10(-6), GEFOS p=1.69×10(-3) for SPN-BMD, nearest gene ESR1) and 7q21.3 (rs13310130, discovery p=8.79×10(-7), GEFOS p=2.61×10(-7) for spine BMD, nearest gene SHFM1). Our findings provide additional insights that further enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Hai
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Xiu-Yan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Shu Ran
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China.
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22
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Taylor KC, Evans DS, Edwards DRV, Edwards TL, Sofer T, Li G, Liu Y, Franceschini N, Jackson RD, Giri A, Donneyong M, Psaty B, Rotter JI, LaCroix AZ, Jordan JM, Robbins JA, Lewis B, Stefanick ML, Liu Y, Garcia M, Harris T, Cauley JA, North KE. A genome-wide association study meta-analysis of clinical fracture in 10,012 African American women. Bone Rep 2016; 5:233-242. [PMID: 28580392 PMCID: PMC5440953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a major public health problem associated with excess disability and mortality. It is estimated that 50–70% of the variation in osteoporotic fracture risk is attributable to genetic factors. The purpose of this hypothesis-generating study was to identify possible genetic determinants of fracture among African American (AA) women in a GWAS meta-analysis. Methods Data on clinical fractures (all fractures except fingers, toes, face, skull or sternum) were analyzed among AA female participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (N = 8155), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (N = 504), BioVU (N = 704), Health ABC (N = 651), and the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project (JoCoOA) (N = 291). Affymetrix (WHI) and Illumina (Health ABC, JoCoOA, BioVU, CHS) GWAS panels were used for genotyping, and a 1:1 ratio of YRI:CEU HapMap haplotypes was used as an imputation reference panel. We used Cox proportional hazard models or logistic regression to evaluate the association of ~ 2.5 million SNPs with fracture risk, adjusting for ancestry, age, and geographic region where applicable. We conducted a fixed-effects, inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis. Genome-wide significance was set at P < 5 × 10− 8. Results One SNP, rs12775980 in an intron of SVIL on chromosome 10p11.2, reached genome-wide significance (P = 4.0 × 10− 8). Although this SNP has a low minor allele frequency (0.03), there was no evidence for heterogeneity of effects across the studies (I2 = 0). This locus was not reported in any previous osteoporosis-related GWA studies. We also interrogated previously reported GWA-significant loci associated with fracture or bone mineral density in our data. One locus (SMOC1) generalized, but overall there was not substantial evidence of generalization. Possible reasons for the lack of generalization are discussed. Conclusion This GWAS meta-analysis of fractures in African American women identified a potentially novel locus in the supervillin gene, which encodes a platelet-associated factor and was previously associated with platelet thrombus formation in African Americans. If validated in other populations of African descent, these findings suggest potential new mechanisms involved in fracture that may be particularly important among African Americans. This was a hypothesis-generating GWAS for fracture in African Americans. One potentially novel locus (SVIL) was identified at GWA-significant levels. SVIL has been associated with platelet thrombus formation in African-Americans.
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Key Words
- AA, African American
- ASW, African ancestry individuals from Southwest USA
- African American
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMI, body mass index
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale
- CEU, CEPH-Utah (Utah residents with ancestors from central and western Europe)
- CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EAF, effect allele frequency
- Fracture
- GEFOS, Genetic Factors of Osteoporosis
- GPGE, genetically predicted gene expression
- GTEx Project, Genotype-Tissue Expression project
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- Genetic association study
- Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
- JoCoOA, Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
- MAC, minor allele count
- MAF, minor allele frequency
- Meta-analysis
- OF, osteoporotic fracture
- Osteoporosis
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SD, standard deviation
- SHARe, SNP Health Association Resource
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- WHI, Women's Health Initiative
- YRI, Yoruban (Nigeria)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira C Taylor
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 550 16th Street, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94158-2549, USA
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, UW Tower 15th floor, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle 98105, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Metropolitan Park East Tower, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bldg., CB# 7280, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7280, NC, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- The Ohio State University, 376 W 10th Avenue, Suite 260, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Macarius Donneyong
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1620 Tremont St, St 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Bruce Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Metropolitan Park East Tower, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute of Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Bldg., E-5, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, PSSB Building, 4150 V St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - John A Robbins
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bldg., CB# 7280, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7280, NC, USA
| | - Beth Lewis
- University of Alabama, Medical Towers 614, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Medical School Office Building, 1265 Welch Road, Mail Code 5411, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Suite 3C309, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamara Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, A510 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, 250 Bell Tower Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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23
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Kim KM, Kim YJ, Choi SH, Lim S, Moon JH, Kim JH, Kim SW, Jang HC, Shin CS. The effects of body mass index on the hereditary influences that determine peak bone mass in mother-daughter pairs (KNHANES V). Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2057-64. [PMID: 26809191 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A daughter's bone mineral density (BMD) is significantly correlated with her mother's BMD, but the daughter's body mass index (BMI) could modulate this association. Maternal inheritance dominantly affects daughters with a lower BMI, but BMI could compensate for hereditary influences in daughters with a higher BMI in terms of daughter's BMD. INTRODUCTION Achieving optimal peak bone mass at a young age is the best way to protect against future osteoporosis and subsequent fractures. Although environmental components influence bone mass accrual, but peak bone mass is largely programmed by inheritance. The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of maternal inheritance on the daughter's bone mass and to assess whether these influences differ according to the daughter's body mass index (BMI). METHODS We used data obtained from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V and included 187 mother-daughter pairs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the lumbar spine (LS), femur neck (FN), and total hip (TH) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The daughter group was stratified into two groups according to the mean BMI (21.4 kg/m(2)). RESULTS The daughters' BMD correlated significantly with both their BMI and their mothers' Z-score for each skeletal site. In the daughters with a lower BMI (≤21.4 kg/m(2)), the BMDs at the FN and TH were affected more by the mothers' Z-score than by the daughters' BMI. Meanwhile, the influence of the daughters' BMI on their BMD was higher than that of their mothers' Z-score in daughters with a higher BMI (>21.4 kg/m(2)). Moreover, the mothers' Z-scores were a significant predictor of their daughters having Z-scores < -1.0 only in daughters with a lower BMI. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that maternal inheritance is an important determinant of the daughters' bone mass, but that this hereditary factor may vary according to the daughters' BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Borame Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - H C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - C S Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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24
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Hernandez-de Sosa N, Athanasiadis G, Malouf J, Laiz A, Marin A, Herrera S, Farrerons J, Soria JM, Casademont J. Genetic Contribution of Femoral Neck Bone Geometry to the Risk of Developing Osteoporosis: A Family-Based Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154833. [PMID: 27163365 PMCID: PMC4862643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Femoral neck geometry parameters are believed to be as good as bone mineral density as independent factors in predicting hip fracture risk. This study was conducted to analyze the roles of genetic and environmental factors in femoral properties measured in a sample of Spanish families with osteoporotic fractures and extended genealogy. The "Genetic Analysis of Osteoporosis (GAO) Project" involved 11 extended families with a total number of 376 individuals. We studied three categorical phenotypes of particular clinical interest and we used a Hip structural analysis based on DXA to analyze 17 strength and geometrical phenotypes of the hip. All the femoral properties had highly significant heritability, ranging from 0.252 to 0.586. The most significant correlations were observed at the genetic level (ρG). Osteoporotic fracture status (Affected 2) and, particularly, low bone mass and osteoporotic condition (Affected 3) had the highest number of significant genetic correlations with diverse femoral properties. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a relatively simple and easy to use method based on DXA studies can provide useful data on properties of the Hip in clinical practice. Furthermore, our results provide a strong motivation for further studies in order to improve the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism underlying bone architecture and the genetics of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hernandez-de Sosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Georgios Athanasiadis
- Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jorge Malouf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Laiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Herrera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Farrerons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Soria
- Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casademont
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zheng Y, Wang C, Zhang H, Shao C, Gao LH, Li SS, Yu WJ, He JW, Fu WZ, Hu YQ, Li M, Liu YJ, Zhang ZL. Polymorphisms in Wnt signaling pathway genes are associated with peak bone mineral density, lean mass, and fat mass in Chinese male nuclear families. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1805-15. [PMID: 26733379 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our objective was to investigate the associations between polymorphisms in Wnt pathway genes and peak bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in young Chinese men. Our study identified that WNT5B and CTNNBL1 for both BMD and body composition, and WNT4 and CTNNB1 gene polymorphisms contribute to the variation in BMD and body composition in young Chinese men, respectively. INTRODUCTION Our objective was to investigate the associations between polymorphisms in WNT4, WNT5B, WNT10B, WNT16, CTNNB1, and CTNNBL1 genes and peak bone mineral density (BMD), lean mass (LM), and fat mass (FM) in young Chinese men. METHODS Using SNPscan(TM) kits, 51 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 6 genes were genotyped in a total of 1214 subjects from 399 Chinese nuclear families. BMD, total lean mass (TLM), and total fat mass (TFM) were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The associations between the 51 SNPs and peak BMD and body composition [including the TLM, percentage lean mass (PLM), TFM, percentage fat mass (PFM), and the body mass index (BMI)] were analyzed through quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests (QTDTs). RESULTS For peak BMD, we found significant within-family associations of rs2240506, rs7308793, and rs4765830 in the WNT5B gene and rs10917157 in the WNT4 gene with the lumbar spine BMD (all P < 0.05). We detected an association of rs11830202, rs3809269, rs1029628, and rs6489301 in the WNT5B gene and rs2293303 in the CTNNB1 gene with body composition (all P < 0.05). For the CTNNBL1 gene, six SNPs (rs6126098, rs6091103, rs238303, rs6067647, rs8126174, and rs4811144) were associated with peak BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, two of the six SNPs (rs8126174 and rs4811144) were associated with body composition. CONCLUSIONS This study identified WNT5B and CTNNBL1 for peak BMD and body composition in males from the Han Chinese ethnic group, and the results suggest a site-specific gene regulation. The WNT4 and CTNNB1 gene polymorphisms contribute to the variation in peak BMD and body composition, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueqing Hospital Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical University, 318 Qing-Yuan Road, Yueqing, Zhejiang, 325600, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - C Shao
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - L-H Gao
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - S-S Li
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - W-J Yu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - J-W He
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - W-Z Fu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-Q Hu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - M Li
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-J Liu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-L Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Imel EA, Liu Z, McQueen AK, Acton D, Acton A, Padgett LR, Peacock M, Econs MJ. Serum fibroblast growth factor 23, serum iron and bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Bone 2016; 86:98-105. [PMID: 26965530 PMCID: PMC4839198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) circulates as active protein and inactive fragments. Low iron status increases FGF23 gene expression, and iron deficiency is common. We hypothesized that in healthy premenopausal women, serum iron influences C-terminal and intact FGF23 concentrations, and that iron and FGF23 associate with bone mineral density (BMD). Serum iron, iron binding capacity, percent iron saturation, phosphorus, and other biochemistries were measured in stored fasting samples from healthy premenopausal white (n=1898) and black women (n=994), age 20-55years. Serum C-terminal and intact FGF23 were measured in a subset (1631 white and 296 black women). BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femur neck. Serum phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine were lower in white women than black women (p<0.001). Serum iron (p<0.0001) and intact FGF23 (p<0.01) were higher in white women. C-terminal FGF23 did not differ between races. Phosphorus correlated with intact FGF23 (white women, r=0.120, p<0.0001; black women r=0.163, p<0.01). However, phosphorus correlated with C-terminal FGF23 only in black women (r=0.157, p<0.01). Intact FGF23 did not correlate with iron. C-terminal FGF23 correlated inversely with iron (white women r=-0.134, p<0.0001; black women r=-0.188, p<0.01), having a steeper slope at iron <50mcg/dl than ≥50mcg/dl. Longitudinal changes in iron predicted changes in C-terminal FGF23. Spine BMD correlated with iron negatively (r=-0.076, p<0.01) in white women; femur neck BMD correlated with iron negatively (r=-0.119, p<0.0001) in black women. Both relationships were eliminated in weight-adjusted models. BMD did not correlate with FGF23. Serum iron did not relate to intact FGF23, but was inversely related to C-terminal FGF23. Intact FGF23 correlated with serum phosphorus. In weight-adjusted models, BMD was not related to intact FGF23, C-terminal FGF23 or iron. The influence of iron on FGF23 gene expression is not important in determining bone density in healthy premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Indiana University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, USA
| | - Amie K McQueen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dena Acton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Anthony Acton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Leah R Padgett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA; Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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27
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Hwang JY, Kim YJ, Choi BY, Kim BJ, Han BG. Meta analysis identifies a novel susceptibility locus associated with heel bone strength in the Korean population. Bone 2016; 84:47-51. [PMID: 26686025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound has been recognized as a non-invasive method for evaluation of bone strength and prediction of osteoporotic fracture. METHODS To extend a thorough genetic catalog for osteoporotic bone properties, we performed a genome-wide association study (rural cohort I, n=1895) of speed of sound (SOS) using the 1000 genome-based imputation in the discovery stage and then carried out in silico lookups (rural cohort II and III, n=2,967) and de novo genotyping (rural cohort IV, n=4,296) in the replication stage. RESULTS In the combined meta-analysis (n=9,158), we identified a novel variant associated with SOS (rs2445771 in the GLDN gene, P=2.27×10(-9)) reaching genome-wide significance in the Korean population. We further demonstrated that allele-specific regulatory modifications found to be associated with functional enrichments by ENCODE annotations. CONCLUSION Our findings could provide additional insights into understanding of genetic and epigenetic regulations on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Koller DL, Imel EA, Lai D, Padgett LR, Acton D, Gray A, Peacock M, Econs MJ, Foroud T. Genome-wide association study of serum iron phenotypes in premenopausal women of European descent. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 57:50-3. [PMID: 26852655 PMCID: PMC4746500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study was performed on 1130 premenopausal women to detect common variants associated with three serum iron-related phenotypes. Total iron binding capacity was strongly associated (p=10(-14)) with variants in and near the TF gene (transferrin), the serum iron transporting protein, and with variants in HFE (p=4×10(-7)), which encodes the human hemochromatosis gene. Association was also detected between percent iron saturation (p=10(-8)) and variants in the chromosome 6 region containing both HFE and SLC17A2, which encodes a phosphate transport protein. No significant associations were detected with serum iron, but variants in HFE were suggestive (p=10(-6)). Our results corroborate prior studies in older subjects and demonstrate that the association of these genetic variants with iron phenotypes can be detected in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leah R Padgett
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dena Acton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amie Gray
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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29
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Mafi Golchin M, Heidari L, Ghaderian SMH, Akhavan-Niaki H. Osteoporosis: A Silent Disease with Complex Genetic Contribution. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:49-61. [PMID: 26924688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common multifactorial metabolic bone disorder worldwide with a strong genetic component. In this review, the evidence for a genetic contribution to osteoporosis and related phenotypes is summarized alongside with methods used to identify osteoporosis susceptibility genes. The key biological pathways involved in the skeleton and bone development are discussed with a particular focus on master genes clustered in these pathways and their mode of action. Furthermore, the most studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed for their importance as genetic markers of the disease are presented. New data generated by next-generation sequencing in conjunction with extensive meta-analyses should contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of osteoporosis and related phenotype variability. These data could be ultimately used for identifying at-risk patients for disease prevention by both controlling environmental factors and providing possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mafi Golchin
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran
| | - Laleh Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran.
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30
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Pei YF, Tian Q, Zhang L, Deng HW. Exploring the Major Sources and Extent of Heterogeneity in a Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 80:113-22. [PMID: 26686198 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis has become a popular approach for discovering genetic variants responsible for complex diseases. The between-study heterogeneity effect is a severe issue that may complicate the interpretation of results. Aiming to improve the interpretation of meta-analysis results, we empirically explored the extent and source of heterogeneity effect. We analyzed a previously reported GWA meta-analysis of obesity, in which over 21,000 subjects from seven individual samples were meta-analyzed. We first evaluated the extent and distribution of heterogeneity across the entire genome. We then studied the effects of several potentially confounding factors, including age, ethnicity, gender composition, study type, and genotype imputation on heterogeneity with a random-effects meta-regression model. Of the total 4,325,550 SNPs being tested, heterogeneity was moderate to very large for 25.4% of the total SNPs. Heterogeneity was more severe in SNPs with stronger association signals. Ethnicity, average age, and genotype imputation accuracy had significant effects on the heterogeneity. Exploring the effects of ethnicity can provide clues to the potential ethnic-specific effects for two loci known to affect obesity, MC4R, and MTCH2. Our analysis can help to clarify understanding of the obesity mechanism and may provide guidance for an effective design of future GWA meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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31
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Endochondral ossification pathway genes and postmenopausal osteoporosis: Association and specific allele related serum bone sialoprotein levels in Han Chinese. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16783. [PMID: 26568273 PMCID: PMC4645187 DOI: 10.1038/srep16783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and disrupted bone architecture, predisposing the patient to increased fracture risk. Evidence from early genetic epidemiological studies has indicated a major role for genetics in the development of osteoporosis and the variation in BMD. In this study, we focused on two key genes in the endochondral ossification pathway, IBSP and PTHLH. Over 9,000 postmenopausal Han Chinese women were recruited, and 54 SNPs were genotyped. Two significant SNPs within IBSP, rs1054627 and rs17013181, were associated with BMD and postmenopausal osteoporosis by the two-stage strategy, and rs17013181 was also significantly associated with serum IBSP levels. Moreover, one haplotype (rs12425376-rs10843047-rs42294) covering the 5' end of PTHLH was associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our results provide evidence for the association of these two key endochondral ossification pathway genes with BMD and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Han Chinese women. Combined with previous findings, we provide evidence that a particular SNP in IBSP has an allele-specific effect on mRNA levels, which would, in turn, reflect serum IBSP levels.
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32
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Zheng HF, Forgetta V, Hsu YH, Estrada K, Rosello-Diez A, Leo PJ, Dahia CL, Park-Min KH, Tobias JH, Kooperberg C, Kleinman A, Styrkarsdottir U, Liu CT, Uggla C, Evans DS, Nielson CM, Walter K, Pettersson-Kymmer U, McCarthy S, Eriksson J, Kwan T, Jhamai M, Trajanoska K, Memari Y, Min J, Huang J, Danecek P, Wilmot B, Li R, Chou WC, Mokry LE, Moayyeri A, Claussnitzer M, Cheng CH, Cheung W, Medina-Gómez C, Ge B, Chen SH, Choi K, Oei L, Fraser J, Kraaij R, Hibbs MA, Gregson CL, Paquette D, Hofman A, Wibom C, Tranah GJ, Marshall M, Gardiner BB, Cremin K, Auer P, Hsu L, Ring S, Tung JY, Thorleifsson G, Enneman AW, van Schoor NM, de Groot LCPGM, van der Velde N, Melin B, Kemp JP, Christiansen C, Sayers A, Zhou Y, Calderari S, van Rooij J, Carlson C, Peters U, Berlivet S, Dostie J, Uitterlinden AG, Williams SR, Farber C, Grinberg D, LaCroix AZ, Haessler J, Chasman DI, Giulianini F, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Nogues X, Garcia-Giralt N, Launer LL, Gudnason V, Mellström D, Vandenput L, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren Ö, Svensson O, Hallmans G, Rousseau F, Giroux S, Bussière J, Arp PP, Koromani F, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Langdahl BL, Hermann AP, Jensen JEB, Kaptoge S, Khaw KT, Reeve J, Formosa MM, Xuereb-Anastasi A, Åkesson K, McGuigan FE, Garg G, Olmos JM, Zarrabeitia MT, Riancho JA, Ralston SH, Alonso N, Jiang X, Goltzman D, Pastinen T, Grundberg E, Gauguier D, Orwoll ES, Karasik D, Davey-Smith G, Smith AV, Siggeirsdottir K, Harris TB, Zillikens MC, van Meurs JBJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Maurano MT, Timpson NJ, Soranzo N, Durbin R, Wilson SG, Ntzani EE, Brown MA, Stefansson K, Hinds DA, Spector T, Cupples LA, Ohlsson C, Greenwood CMT, Jackson RD, Rowe DW, Loomis CA, Evans DM, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Joyner AL, Duncan EL, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB. Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 2015; 526:112-117. [PMID: 26367794 PMCID: PMC4755714 DOI: 10.1038/nature14878 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF ≤ 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 × 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 × 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 × 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Feng Zheng
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Paul J Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA
| | - Kyung Hyun Park-Min
- Rheumatology Divison, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Aaron Kleinman
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | | | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Charlotta Uggla
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Carrie M Nielson
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ulrika Pettersson-Kymmer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Shane McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Tony Kwan
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mila Jhamai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Memari
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Petr Danecek
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Medical and Clinical Informatics, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lauren E Mokry
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chia-Ho Cheng
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
| | - Warren Cheung
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Bing Ge
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Shu-Huang Chen
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Kwangbom Choi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - James Fraser
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew A Hibbs
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Denis Paquette
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Carl Wibom
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Mhairi Marshall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke B Gardiner
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Katie Cremin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Auer
- School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Li Hsu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sue Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | | | - Anke W Enneman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Adrian Sayers
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Sophie Calderari
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Carlson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Soizik Berlivet
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Charles Farber
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- U-720, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona 28029, Spain
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Women's Health Center of Excellence Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - John A Eisman
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 6959, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Tuan V Nguyen
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Xavier Nogues
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Natalia Garcia-Giralt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain
| | - Lenore L Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vilmunder Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus K Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Olle Svensson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå Unviersity, Umeå 901 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - François Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec City G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Giroux
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Johanne Bussière
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pascal P Arp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fjorda Koromani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Richard L Prince
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Bente L Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - A Pernille Hermann
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik B Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- Medicine and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Melissa M Formosa
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Angela Xuereb-Anastasi
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Kristina Åkesson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 205 02, Sweden
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Jose M Olmos
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Maria T Zarrabeitia
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Jose A Riancho
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Elin Grundberg
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 13010, Israel
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | | | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Department of Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Matthew A Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - David A Hinds
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Gerald Bronfman Centre, McGill University, Montréal H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Cynthia A Loomis
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Emma L Duncan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - J Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 2015; 526:112-7. [PMID: 26367794 DOI: 10.1038/nature14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF ≤ 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 × 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 × 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 × 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.
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Johnsson M, Jonsson KB, Andersson L, Jensen P, Wright D. Genetic regulation of bone metabolism in the chicken: similarities and differences to Mammalian systems. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005250. [PMID: 26023928 PMCID: PMC4449198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds have a unique bone physiology, due to the demands placed on them through egg production. In particular their medullary bone serves as a source of calcium for eggshell production during lay and undergoes continuous and rapid remodelling. We take advantage of the fact that bone traits have diverged massively during chicken domestication to map the genetic basis of bone metabolism in the chicken. We performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) mapping study in an advanced intercross based on Red Junglefowl (the wild progenitor of the modern domestic chicken) and White Leghorn chickens. We measured femoral bone traits in 456 chickens by peripheral computerised tomography and femoral gene expression in a subset of 125 females from the cross with microarrays. This resulted in 25 loci for female bone traits, 26 loci for male bone traits and 6318 local eQTL loci. We then overlapped bone and gene expression loci, before checking for an association between gene expression and trait values to identify candidate quantitative trait genes for bone traits. A handful of our candidates have been previously associated with bone traits in mice, but our results also implicate unexpected and largely unknown genes in bone metabolism. In summary, by utilising the unique bone metabolism of an avian species, we have identified a number of candidate genes affecting bone allocation and metabolism. These findings can have ramifications not only for the understanding of bone metabolism genetics in general, but could also be used as a potential model for osteoporosis as well as revealing new aspects of vertebrate bone regulation or features that distinguish avian and mammalian bone. In this work we seek to further the understanding of bone genetics by mapping bone traits and gene expression in the chicken. Bone in female birds is special due to egg production. In this study, we combine the genetic mapping of bone traits with bone gene expression to find candidate quantitative trait genes that explain the differences between wild and domestic chickens in terms of bone production. The concept of combining genetic mapping and gene expression mapping is not new, and has already been successful in isolating bone-related genes in mammals, however this is the first time it has been applied to an avian system with such unique bone modelling processes. We aim to reveal new molecular mechanisms of bone regulation, and many of the candidates we find are new, highlighting the potential this technique has to identify the potential differences between avian and mammalian bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johnsson
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology group, IFM Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenneth B. Jonsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Jensen
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology group, IFM Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dominic Wright
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology group, IFM Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Demircan K, Cömertoğlu İ, Akyol S, Yiğitoğlu BN, Sarıkaya E. A new biological marker candidate in female reproductive system diseases: Matrix metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS). J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2014; 15:250-5. [PMID: 25584036 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2014.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Playing a key role in the pathophysiology of many diseases, A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin type-1 motif (ADAMTS) proteinases have been attracted more attention in obstetrics and gynecology. First discovered in 1997, this zinc-dependent proteinase family has 19 members today. These enzymes, which are located in the extracellular matrix (ECM), have a lot of very important functions, like matrix formation and resorption, angiogenesis, ovulation, and coagulation. In addition, in the pathogenesis of cancer, inflammation, arthritis, and connective tissue diseases, ADAMTS proteinases have crucial roles. The purpose of this review is to collect previous studies about obstetrics and gynecology that are related to ADAMTS enzymes and discuss the subject in many aspects to give an idea to the investigators who are interested in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Demircan
- Department of Medical Biology, Turgut Özal University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Cömertoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Turgut Özal University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sümeyya Akyol
- Department of Medical Biology, Turgut Özal University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyza Nur Yiğitoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Turgut Özal University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Sarıkaya
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Peprah E, Xu H, Tekola-Ayele F, Royal CD. Genome-wide association studies in Africans and African Americans: expanding the framework of the genomics of human traits and disease. Public Health Genomics 2014; 18:40-51. [PMID: 25427668 DOI: 10.1159/000367962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic research is one of the tools for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases of global health relevance and paving the research dimension to clinical and public health translation. Recent advances in genomic research and technologies have increased our understanding of human diseases, genes associated with these disorders, and the relevant mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proliferated since the first studies were published several years ago and have become an important tool in helping researchers comprehend human variation and the role genetic variants play in disease. However, the need to expand the diversity of populations in GWAS has become increasingly apparent as new knowledge is gained about genetic variation. Inclusion of diverse populations in genomic studies is critical to a more complete understanding of human variation and elucidation of the underpinnings of complex diseases. In this review, we summarize the available data on GWAS in recent African ancestry populations within the western hemisphere (i.e. African Americans and peoples of the Caribbean) and continental African populations. Furthermore, we highlight ways in which genomic studies in populations of recent African ancestry have led to advances in the areas of malaria, HIV, prostate cancer, and other diseases. Finally, we discuss the advantages of conducting GWAS in recent African ancestry populations in the context of addressing existing and emerging global health conditions.
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Zhao Y, Liu W, HUA M, Shi R, Wang H, Yang W. Relationship between CATSPERB, NR5A2 gene polymorphisms and Peak Bone Mineral Density in College Students in China. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 43:1060-9. [PMID: 25927035 PMCID: PMC4411902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peak bone mineral density (PBMD) is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, genes explains most of variation. As the novel candidate genes CATSPERB and NR5A2 may have been associated with spinal PBMD in adult. This study was to investigate the relationship among these two genes^ PBMD and the life style factors in young female. METHODS The rs1298989 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the CATSPERB gene and the rs3762397 SNP of the NR5A2 gene were genotyped using SNaPshot® in 359 students from Xinjiang. The prospective study included 203 Han and 156 Uyghur subjects. PBMD was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were measured by ELISA method. Physical activity, dietary calcium and life styles were assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS Both SNPs showed differences in genotype and allele frequencies (P < 0.05) between the Han and Uyghur subjects. Total calcium intake, energy intake, tea and milk intake were also significantly different between two groups (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed an association between PBMD and vitamin D intake (P = 0.000), milk (P = 0.000), exercise (P = 0.029), rs1298989 (P = 0.028), energy intake (P = 0.043). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the polymorphisms of the rs1298989 and rs3762397 are associated with PBMD both in Han and Uyghur subjects. PBMD, in Xinjiang, appears to be associated with several known factors that are well described in the literature. While the genotypes of rs1298989 and rs3762397 do not appear have a strong effect on the PBMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- 1. Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenya Liu
- 1. Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China,* Corresponding Author:
| | - Ma HUA
- 1. Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Raoni Shi
- 2. Urumqui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- 1. Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen Yang
- 1. Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
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Alam I, Padgett LR, Ichikawa S, Alkhouli M, Koller DL, Lai D, Peacock M, Xuei X, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ, Econs MJ. SIBLING family genes and bone mineral density: association and allele-specific expression in humans. Bone 2014; 64:166-72. [PMID: 24747200 PMCID: PMC4080809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common complex disorder with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased susceptibility to fracture. Peak BMD is one of the primary determinants of osteoporotic fracture risk, and is under substantial genetic control. Extracellular matrix, a major component of the bone, influences BMD by regulating mineral deposition and maintaining cellular activity. It contains several SIBLING family proteins, null mutations of which cause mineralization defects in humans. In this study, we tested 59 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 5 SIBLING family genes (DSPP, DMP1, IBSP, MEPE and SPP1) for association with normal variation in peak BMD in healthy men and women. We measured femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) areal BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1692 premenopausal European-American women, 512 premenopausal African-American women and 715 European-American men. SNPs were tested for association with FN and LS-BMD in the 3 subsamples. In the European-American women, we observed association (p≤0.005) with LS-BMD for SNPs in DSPP, IBSP and MEPE, and for FN-BMD with SNPs in DMP1 and IBSP. Allele-specific regulation of gene expression (ASE) is an important mechanism in which an allele giving rise to modest influence in transcript abundance might result in a predisposition to disease. To identify whether there was ASE of SIBLING family genes at these SNPs, we examined 52 human bone samples obtained from the femoral neck during surgical hip replacement (27 female, 25 male; 44 European-American and 8 African-American). We observed unidirectional ASE for the IBSP gene, with lower expression of the G allele compared to the A allele for SNP rs17013181. Our data suggest that SNPs within the SIBLING genes may contribute to normal variation of peak BMD. Further studies are necessary to identify the functional variants and to determine the mechanisms underlying the differences in ASE and how these differences relate to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imranul Alam
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Leah R Padgett
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shoji Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohammed Alkhouli
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Liu YJ, Zhang L, Papasian CJ, Deng HW. Genome-wide Association Studies for Osteoporosis: A 2013 Update. J Bone Metab 2014; 21:99-116. [PMID: 25006567 PMCID: PMC4075273 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the bone field has witnessed great advances in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of osteoporosis, with a number of promising genes identified. In particular, meta-analysis of GWASs, aimed at increasing the power of studies by combining the results from different study populations, have led to the identification of novel associations that would not otherwise have been identified in individual GWASs. Recently, the first whole genome sequencing study for osteoporosis and fractures was published, reporting a novel rare nonsense mutation. This review summarizes the important and representative findings published by December 2013. Comments are made on the notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of the genetics of osteoporosis. Potential limitations of GWASs and their meta-analyses are evaluated, with an emphasis on understanding the reasons for inconsistent results between different studies and clarification of misinterpretation of GWAS meta-analysis results. Implications and challenges of GWAS are also discussed, including the need for multi- and inter-disciplinary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. ; Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR, China
| | | | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. ; Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR, China
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Pei YF, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li J, Shen H, Liu YZ, Tian Q, He H, Wu S, Ran S, Han Y, Hai R, Lin Y, Zhu J, Zhu XZ, Papasian CJ, Deng HW. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies novel susceptibility loci for obesity. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:820-30. [PMID: 24064335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem with strong genetic determination. Multiple genetic variants have been implicated for obesity by conducting genome-wide association (GWA) studies, primarily focused on body mass index (BMI). Fat body mass (FBM) is phenotypically more homogeneous than BMI and is more appropriate for obesity research; however, relatively few studies have been conducted on FBM. Aiming to identify variants associated with obesity, we carried out meta-analyses of seven GWA studies for BMI-related traits including FBM, and followed these analyses by de novo replication. The discovery cohorts consisted of 21 969 individuals from diverse ethnic populations and a total of over 4 million genotyped or imputed SNPs. The de novo replication cohorts consisted of 6663 subjects from two independent samples. To complement individual SNP-based association analyses, we also carried out gene-based GWA analyses in which all variations within a gene were considered jointly. Individual SNP-based association analyses identified a novel locus 1q21 [rs2230061, CTSS (Cathepsin S)] that was associated with FBM after the adjustment of lean body mass (LBM) (P = 3.57 × 10(-8)) at the genome-wide significance level. Gene-based association analyses identified a novel gene NLK (nemo-like kinase) in 17q11 that was significantly associated with FBM adjusted by LBM. In addition, we confirmed three previously reported obesity susceptibility loci: 16q12 [rs62033400, P = 1.97 × 10(-14), FTO (fat mass and obesity associated)], 18q22 [rs6567160, P = 8.09 × 10(-19), MC4R (melanocortin 4 receptor)] and 2p25 [rs939583, P = 1.07 × 10(-7), TMEM18 (transmembrane protein 18)]. We also found that rs6567160 may exert pleiotropic effects to both FBM and LBM. Our results provide additional insights into the molecular genetic basis of obesity and may provide future targets for effective prevention and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P R China
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Wu S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Han Y, Lin Y, Deng HW. Genome-wide approaches for identifying genetic risk factors for osteoporosis. Genome Med 2013; 5:44. [PMID: 23731620 PMCID: PMC3706967 DOI: 10.1186/gm448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common type of bone disease worldwide, is clinically characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased susceptibility to fracture. Multiple genetic and environmental factors and gene-environment interactions have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Osteoporosis has strong genetic determination, with the heritability of BMD estimated to be as high as 60%. More than 80 genes or genetic variants have been implicated in risk of osteoporosis by hypothesis-free genome-wide studies. However, these genes or genetic variants can only explain a small portion of BMD variation, suggesting that many other genes or genetic variants underlying osteoporosis risk await discovery. Here, we review recent progress in genome-wide studies of osteoporosis and discuss their implications for medicine and the major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wu
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China ; Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yingying Han
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yong Lin
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China ; Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Boudin E, Steenackers E, de Freitas F, Nielsen TL, Andersen M, Brixen K, Van Hul W, Piters E. A common LRP4 haplotype is associated with bone mineral density and hip geometry in men-data from the Odense Androgen Study (OAS). Bone 2013; 53:414-20. [PMID: 23321396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease characterized by an increased susceptibility to fracture. It is a complex disorder resulting from the interaction of several polymorphisms in different genes and environmental factors. Since we recently reported a role for low density lipoprotein-related protein (LRP)-4 in monogenic disorders with bone overgrowth, we now wanted to evaluate whether genetic variation in the LRP4 gene has an effect on the susceptibility to osteoporosis in a population based cohort from the Odense Androgen Study. We chose to genotype four common (minor allele frequency (MAF)≥0.05) and non-synonymous coding polymorphisms located in the extracellular region of the LRP4 protein: rs3816614 (A/g), rs2306029 (G/a), rs2306033 (C/t) and rs6485702 (G/a) (large and small characters indicate major and minor alleles, respectively). Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the hip, the spine and whole body as well as different hip geometry parameters were available for a total of 1404 Danish men from two age groups ([20-29 years]: n=804; [60-74 years]: n=600). Using linear regression analysis adjusted for age, height and weight, we found significant associations between both rs2306029 and rs6485702 and BMD at all sites except the lumbar spine. The most significant association was found with whole body BMD (p=4.7×10(-5)). In addition, we found these two polymorphisms to be associated with different geometry parameters especially of the femoral shaft. Analysis of the two associated SNPs in the separate age groups demonstrated that most associations are only present in the youngest group of Danish men. In the group of elderly men, one Bonferroni corrected association between whole body BMD and rs6485702 was found to be significant. Subsequently, all polymorphisms were included in haplotype analyses using the PLINK software (v1.07). After adjusting for age, height and weight, two out of five common haplotypes (MAF≥0.01) were found to be of particular interest in the regulation of hip and whole body BMD (AGCG, AACA). Additional analysis suggested that these latter associations are driven by the association of rs6485702. We suggest, based on these results and the localisation of the variant in the third β-propeller domain of LRP4, that the variant has possibly a functional effect. Hereby, we conclude that common variation in the LRP4 gene determines hip and whole body BMD and thus confirm previous results from different GWAs. In addition, our data proves an additional role for LRP4 in regulating hip structure. Finally, interaction analysis for LRP4 with SOST and LRP5 showed interaction with LRP5 for femoral shaft geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Boudin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Koller DL, Zheng HF, Karasik D, Yerges-Armstrong L, Liu CT, McGuigan F, Kemp JP, Giroux S, Lai D, Edenberg HJ, Peacock M, Czerwinski SA, Choh AC, McMahon G, St Pourcain B, Timpson NJ, Lawlor DA, Evans DM, Towne B, Blangero J, Carless MA, Kammerer C, Goltzman D, Kovacs CS, Prior JC, Spector TD, Rousseau F, Tobias JH, Akesson K, Econs MJ, Mitchell BD, Richards JB, Kiel DP, Foroud T. Meta-analysis of genome-wide studies identifies WNT16 and ESR1 SNPs associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:547-58. [PMID: 23074152 PMCID: PMC3691010 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common variants in genes associated with variation in bone mineral density (BMD), although most have been carried out in combined samples of older women and men. Meta-analyses of these results have identified numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of modest effect at genome-wide significance levels in genes involved in both bone formation and resorption, as well as other pathways. We performed a meta-analysis restricted to premenopausal white women from four cohorts (n = 4061 women, aged 20 to 45 years) to identify genes influencing peak bone mass at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. After imputation, age- and weight-adjusted bone-mineral density (BMD) values were tested for association with each SNP. Association of an SNP in the WNT16 gene (rs3801387; p = 1.7 × 10(-9) ) and multiple SNPs in the ESR1/C6orf97 region (rs4870044; p = 1.3 × 10(-8) ) achieved genome-wide significance levels for lumbar spine BMD. These SNPs, along with others demonstrating suggestive evidence of association, were then tested for association in seven replication cohorts that included premenopausal women of European, Hispanic-American, and African-American descent (combined n = 5597 for femoral neck; n = 4744 for lumbar spine). When the data from the discovery and replication cohorts were analyzed jointly, the evidence was more significant (WNT16 joint p = 1.3 × 10(-11) ; ESR1/C6orf97 joint p = 1.4 × 10(-10) ). Multiple independent association signals were observed with spine BMD at the ESR1 region after conditioning on the primary signal. Analyses of femoral neck BMD also supported association with SNPs in WNT16 and ESR1/C6orf97 (p < 1 × 10(-5) ). Our results confirm that several of the genes contributing to BMD variation across a broad age range in both sexes have effects of similar magnitude on BMD of the spine in premenopausal women. These data support the hypothesis that variants in these genes of known skeletal function also affect BMD during the premenopausal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Koller
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Deng YH, Zhao L, Zhang MJ, Pan CM, Zhao SX, Zhao HY, Sun LH, Tao B, Song HD, Wang WQ, Ning G, Liu JM. The influence of the genetic and non-genetic factors on bone mineral density and osteoporotic fractures in Chinese women. Endocrine 2013; 43:127-35. [PMID: 22798246 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors on bone mineral densities (BMDs) and osteoporotic fractures. This was a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationships between 18 SNPs and non-genetic factors with BMDs and osteoporotic fractures in 1012 Chinese Han women. Five SNPs in genes GPR177, CTNNB1, MEF2C, SOX6, and TNFRSF11B were associated with L1-4 or total hip BMDs. rs11898505 in SPTBN1 gene was associated with osteoporotic fractures. Subjects carrying the largest number of risk alleles (highest 10 %) not only had lower BMD values as compared to those carrying the least number of risk alleles (lowest 10 %), they also had a higher risk of fracture [P = 0.002, OR = 2.252, 95 %CI (1.136, 4.463)]. Results from multivariate stepwise regression analysis revealed that age [P < 0.001, OR = 1.038, 95 % CI (1.018, 1.058)], number of falls in a year [P < 0.001, OR = 2.347, 95 % CI (1.459, 3.774)], the G risk allele in rs11898505 [P = 0.023, OR = 1.559, 95 % CI (1.062, 2.290)], and the L1-4 BMD [P = 0.017, OR = 0.286, 95 % CI (0.102, 0.798)] were associated with the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. Genetic (rs11898505) and non-genetic factors (age, number of falls in a year and L1-4 BMD) could work in concert to contribute to the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Deng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Riancho JA, Hernández JL. Pharmacogenomics of osteoporosis: a pathway approach. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:815-29. [PMID: 22594513 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is frequent in postmenopausal women and old men. As with other prevalent disorders, it is the consequence of complex interactions between genetic and acquired factors. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have pointed to several genes as determinants of the risk of osteoporosis. Some of them were previously unsuspected and may help to find new therapeutic targets. Several drugs already available are very effective in increasing bone mass and decreasing fracture risk. However, not all patients respond properly and some of them suffer fragility fractures despite therapy. Investigators have tried to identify the genetic features influencing the response to antiosteoporotic therapy. In this article we will review recent data providing insight into new genes involved in osteoporosis and the pharmacogenetic data currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital UM Valdecilla-IFIMAV, University of Cantabria, Av Valdecilla s/n, Santander 39008, Spain.
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, He JW, Gu JM, Hu WW, Hu YQ, Li M, Liu YJ, Fu WZ, Yue H, Ke YH, Zhang ZL. Susceptibility genes for osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2582-91. [PMID: 22807154 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To identify the susceptibility genes for osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women, a two-stage case-control association study using joint analysis was conducted in 1046 patients with nontraumatic vertebra, hip, or distal radius fractures and 2303 healthy controls. First, 113 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 16 potential osteoporosis candidate genes reported in recent genomewide association studies, meta-analyses studies, large-scale association studies, and functional studies were genotyped in a small-sample-size subgroup consisting of 541 patients with osteoporotic fractures and 554 healthy controls. Variants and haplotypes in SPTBN1, TNFRSF11B, CNR2, LRP4, and ESR1 that have been identified as being associated with osteoporotic fractures were further reanalyzed in the entire case-control group. We identified one SNP in TNFRSF11B (rs3102734), three SNPs in ESR1 (rs9397448, rs2234693, and rs1643821), two SNPs in LRP4 (rs17790156 and rs898604), and four SNPs in SPTBN1 (rs2971886, rs2941583, rs2941584, and rs12475342) were associated with all of the broadly defined osteoporotic fractures. The most significant polymorphism was rs3102734, with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.55, Bonferroni p = 2.6 × 10(-4) ). Furthermore, rs3102734, rs2941584, rs12475342, rs9397448, rs2234693, and rs898604 exhibited significant allelic, genotypic, and/or haplotypic associations with vertebral fractures. SNPs rs12475342, rs9397448, and rs2234693 showed significant genotypic associations with hip fractures, whereas rs3102734, rs2073617, rs1643821, rs12475342, and rs2971886 exhibited significant genotypic and/or haplotypic associations with distal radius fractures. Accordingly, we suggest that in addition to the clinical risk factors, the variants in TNFRSF11B, SPTBN1, ESR1, and LRP4 are susceptibility genetic loci for osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetics Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Polymorphisms in the inflammatory genes CIITA, CLEC16A and IFNG influence BMD, bone loss and fracture in elderly women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47964. [PMID: 23133532 PMCID: PMC3485004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclast activity and the fine balance between bone formation and resorption is affected by inflammatory factors such as cytokines and T lymphocyte activity, mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, in turn regulated by the MHC class II transactivator (MHC2TA). We investigated the effect of functional polymorphisms in the MHC2TA gene (CIITA), and two additional genes; C-type lectin domain 16A (CLEC16A), in linkage disequilibrium with CIITA and Interferon-γ (IFNG), an inducer of CIITA; on bone density, bone resorption markers, bone loss and fracture risk in 75 year-old women followed for up to 10 years (OPRA n = 1003) and in young adult women (PEAK-25 n = 999). CIITA was associated with BMD at age 75 (lumbar spine p = 0.011; femoral neck (FN) p = 0.049) and age 80 (total body p = 0.015; total hip p = 0.042; FN p = 0.028). Carriers of the CIITA rs3087456(G) allele had 1.8–3.4% higher BMD and displayed increased rate of bone loss between age 75 and 80 (FN p = 0.013; total hip p = 0.030; total body p = 3.8E−5). Despite increasing bone loss, the rs3087456(G) allele was protective against incident fracture overall (p = 0.002), osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture. Carriers of CLEC16A and IFNG variant alleles had lower BMD (p<0.05) and ultrasound parameters and a lower risk of incident fracture (CLEC16A, p = 0.011). In 25-year old women, none of the genes were associated with BMD. In conclusion, variation in inflammatory genes CIITA, CLEC-16A and INFG appear to contribute to bone phenotypes in elderly women and suggest a role for low-grade inflammation and MHC class II expression for osteoporosis pathogenesis.
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Hsu YH, Kiel DP. Clinical review: Genome-wide association studies of skeletal phenotypes: what we have learned and where we are headed. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1958-77. [PMID: 22965941 PMCID: PMC3674343 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The primary goals of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are to discover new molecular and biological pathways involved in the regulation of bone metabolism that can be leveraged for drug development. In addition, the identified genetic determinants may be used to enhance current risk factor profiles. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION There have been more than 40 published GWAS on skeletal phenotypes, predominantly focused on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and spine. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Sixty-six BMD loci have been replicated across all the published GWAS, confirming the highly polygenic nature of BMD variation. Only seven of the 66 previously reported genes (LRP5, SOST, ESR1, TNFRSF11B, TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11, PTH) from candidate gene association studies have been confirmed by GWAS. Among 59 novel BMD GWAS loci that have not been reported by previous candidate gene association studies, some have been shown to be involved in key biological pathways involving the skeleton, particularly Wnt signaling (AXIN1, LRP5, CTNNB1, DKK1, FOXC2, HOXC6, LRP4, MEF2C, PTHLH, RSPO3, SFRP4, TGFBR3, WLS, WNT3, WNT4, WNT5B, WNT16), bone development: ossification (CLCN7, CSF1, MEF2C, MEPE, PKDCC, PTHLH, RUNX2, SOX6, SOX9, SPP1, SP7), mesenchymal-stem-cell differentiation (FAM3C, MEF2C, RUNX2, SOX4, SOX9, SP7), osteoclast differentiation (JAG1, RUNX2), and TGF-signaling (FOXL1, SPTBN1, TGFBR3). There are still 30 BMD GWAS loci without prior molecular or biological evidence of their involvement in skeletal phenotypes. Other skeletal phenotypes that either have been or are being studied include hip geometry, bone ultrasound, quantitative computed tomography, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, biochemical markers, and fractures such as vertebral, nonvertebral, hip, and forearm. CONCLUSIONS Although several challenges lie ahead as GWAS moves into the next generation, there are prospects of new discoveries in skeletal biology. This review integrates findings from previous GWAS and provides a roadmap for future directions building on current GWAS successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
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Benisch P, Schilling T, Klein-Hitpass L, Frey SP, Seefried L, Raaijmakers N, Krug M, Regensburger M, Zeck S, Schinke T, Amling M, Ebert R, Jakob F. The transcriptional profile of mesenchymal stem cell populations in primary osteoporosis is distinct and shows overexpression of osteogenic inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45142. [PMID: 23028809 PMCID: PMC3454401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis. While the resorptive aspect of the disease has been studied intensely, less is known about the anabolic part of the syndrome or presumptive deficiencies in bone regeneration. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are the primary source of osteogenic regeneration. In the present study we aimed to unravel whether MSC biology is directly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and therefore performed microarray analyses of hMSC of elderly patients (79–94 years old) suffering from osteoporosis (hMSC-OP). In comparison to age-matched controls we detected profound changes in the transcriptome in hMSC-OP, e.g. enhanced mRNA expression of known osteoporosis-associated genes (LRP5, RUNX2, COL1A1) and of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis (CSF1, PTH1R), but most notably of genes coding for inhibitors of WNT and BMP signaling, such as Sclerostin and MAB21L2. These candidate genes indicate intrinsic deficiencies in self-renewal and differentiation potential in osteoporotic stem cells. We also compared both hMSC-OP and non-osteoporotic hMSC-old of elderly donors to hMSC of ∼30 years younger donors and found that the transcriptional changes acquired between the sixth and the ninth decade of life differed widely between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic stem cells. In addition, we compared the osteoporotic transcriptome to long term-cultivated, senescent hMSC and detected some signs for pre-senescence in hMSC-OP. Our results suggest that in primary osteoporosis the transcriptomes of hMSC populations show distinct signatures and little overlap with non-osteoporotic aging, although we detected some hints for senescence-associated changes. While there are remarkable inter-individual variations as expected for polygenetic diseases, we could identify many susceptibility genes for osteoporosis known from genetic studies. We also found new candidates, e.g. MAB21L2, a novel repressor of BMP-induced transcription. Such transcriptional changes may reflect epigenetic changes, which are part of a specific osteoporosis-associated aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Benisch
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sönke P. Frey
- Department of Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Seefried
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Raaijmakers
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Zeck
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Genetics of osteoporosis from genome-wide association studies: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13:576-88. [PMID: 22805710 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is among the most common and costly diseases and is increasing in prevalence owing to the ageing of our global population. Clinically defined largely through bone mineral density, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures have reasonably high heritabilities, prompting much effort to identify the genetic determinants of this disease. Genome-wide association studies have recently provided rapid insights into the allelic architecture of this condition, identifying 62 genome-wide-significant loci. Here, we review how these new loci provide an opportunity to explore how the genetics of osteoporosis can elucidate its pathophysiology, provide drug targets and allow for prediction of future fracture risk.
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