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Liang M, Lyu ZS, Zhang YY, Tang SQ, Xing T, Chen YH, Wang Y, Jiang Q, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ, Kong Y. Activation of PPARδ in bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells improves their hematopoiesis-supporting ability after myelosuppressive injury. Cancer Lett 2024; 592:216937. [PMID: 38704134 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunctional bone marrow (BM) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for defective hematopoiesis in poor graft function (PGF) patients with acute leukemia or myelodysplastic neoplasms post-allotransplant. However, the underlying mechanism by which BM EPCs regulate their intracellular ROS levels and the capacity to support hematopoiesis have not been well clarified. Herein, we demonstrated decreased levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), a lipid-activated nuclear receptor, in BM EPCs of PGF patients compared with those with good graft function (GGF). In vitro assays further identified that PPARδ knockdown contributed to reduced and dysfunctional BM EPCs, characterized by the impaired ability to support hematopoiesis, which were restored by PPARδ overexpression. Moreover, GW501516, an agonist of PPARδ, repaired the damaged BM EPCs triggered by 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, activation of PPARδ by GW501516 benefited the damaged BM EPCs from PGF patients or acute leukemia patients in complete remission (CR) post-chemotherapy. Mechanistically, we found that increased expression of NADPH oxidases (NOXs), the main ROS-generating enzymes, may lead to elevated ROS level in BM EPCs, and insufficient PPARδ may trigger BM EPC damage via ROS/p53 pathway. Collectively, we found that defective PPARδ contributes to BM EPC dysfunction, whereas activation of PPARδ in BM EPCs improves their hematopoiesis-supporting ability after myelosuppressive therapy, which may provide a potential therapeutic target not only for patients with leukemia but also for those with other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Shi Lyu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shu-Qian Tang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Xing
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, China.
| | - Yuan Kong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Giannì M, Antinucci M, Bertoncini S, Taglioli L, Giuliani C, Luiselli D, Risso D, Marini E, Morini G, Tofanelli S. Association between Variants of the TRPV1 Gene and Body Composition in Sub-Saharan Africans. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:752. [PMID: 38927688 PMCID: PMC11202968 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) gene is activated by exogenous (e.g., high temperatures, irritating compounds such as capsaicin) and endogenous (e.g., endocannabinoids, inflammatory factors, fatty acid metabolites, low pH) stimuli. It has been shown to be involved in several processes including nociception, thermosensation, and energy homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the association between TRPV1 gene variants, sensory perception (to capsaicin and PROP), and body composition (BMI and bioimpedance variables) in human populations. By comparing sequences deposited in worldwide databases, we identified two haplotype blocks (herein referred to as H1 and H2) that show strong stabilizing selection signals (MAF approaching 0.50, Tajima's D > +4.5) only in individuals with sub-Saharan African ancestry. We therefore studied the genetic variants of these two regions in 46 volunteers of sub-Saharan descent and 45 Italian volunteers (both sexes). Linear regression analyses showed significant associations between TRPV1 diplotypes and body composition, but not with capsaicin perception. Specifically, in African women carrying the H1-b and H2-b haplotypes, a higher percentage of fat mass and lower extracellular fluid retention was observed, whereas no significant association was found in men. Our results suggest the possible action of sex-driven balancing selection at the non-coding sequences of the TRPV1 gene, with adaptive effects on water balance and lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Giannì
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Bertoncini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Luca Taglioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali (DBC), Università di Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Davide Risso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | | | - Sergio Tofanelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Abdalla SS, Harb AA, Almasri IM, Bustanji YK. The interaction of TRPV1 and lipids: Insights into lipid metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1066023. [PMID: 36589466 PMCID: PMC9797668 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1066023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective ligand-gated cation channel with high permeability for Ca2+, has received considerable attention as potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several disorders including pain, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia. In particular, TRPV1 regulates lipid metabolism by mechanisms that are not completely understood. Interestingly, TRPV1 and lipids regulate each other in a reciprocal and complex manner. This review surveyed the recent literature dealing with the role of TRPV1 in the hyperlipidemia-associated metabolic syndrome. Besides TRPV1 structure, molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of TRPV1 on lipid metabolism such as the involvement of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors (PPAR), sterol responsive element binding protein (SREBP), and hypoxia have been discussed. Additionally, this review extends our understanding of the lipid-dependent modulation of TRPV1 activity through affecting both the gating and the expression of TRPV1. The regulatory role of different classes of lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI), cholesterol, estrogen, and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), on TRPV1 has also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shtaywy S. Abdalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,*Correspondence: Shtaywy S. Abdalla,
| | - Amani A. Harb
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ihab M. Almasri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Yasser K. Bustanji
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Zhou Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Xu X, Li F, Zhou J, Shan T, Huang R, Cai T, Liu X, Su X, Li H, Ma J. Comparative Evaluation of Chiglitazar and Sitagliptin on the Levels of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Its Correlation With Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:801271. [PMID: 35547000 PMCID: PMC9081976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.801271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the efficacy and significant changes in the levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP-4) and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with chiglitazar versus sitagliptin. METHODS Eighty-one T2DM patients with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 7.5%-10.0% were selected. Based on the study criteria, patients were randomly assigned to receive chiglitazar (32 mg), chiglitazar (48 mg), or sitagliptin (100 mg) orally for 24 weeks. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, lipid profiles, glucose profiles, and serum RBP-4 levels were determined at baseline and at the end of the therapy. RESULTS After treatment for 24 weeks, significant changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (Fins), 2 h-blood glucose (2h-BG), the score values of insulin resistance/insulin secretion/β cell function (HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, and HOMA-β), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and RBP-4 levels were detected in patients with chiglitazar administration and sitagliptin administration. Changes in RBP-4 levels were positively correlated with changes in HOMA-IR and 2 h-BG in linear regression. CONCLUSIONS Chiglitazar showed a greater improvement in parameters of diabetes than sitagliptin, and changes in serum RBP-4 levels were associated with changes in insulin-sensitizing parameters. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, CT.gov identifier: NCT02173457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengfei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Department of Cadre Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqin Li, ; Jianhua Ma,
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqin Li, ; Jianhua Ma,
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Thorne JL, Cioccoloni G. Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:83-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wu X, Cheng B, Guo X, Wu Q, Sun S, He P. PPARα/γ signaling pathways are involved in Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced foam cell formation via upregulation of SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulation of ABCA1/G1. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105284. [PMID: 34767930 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis by inducing macrophage-derived foam cell formation in the presence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying Cpn-induced foam cell formation are still not fully elucidated. The present study showed that in LDL-treated THP-1-derived macrophages, Cpn not only upregulated the expression of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1) and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), but it also downregulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. These processes facilitated cholesterol accumulation and promoted macrophage-derived foam cell formation. Treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the PPARα agonist fenofibrate decreased the number of foam cells induced by Cpn, while the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, the PPARα antagonist MK886, or PPARα/γ siRNAs enhanced the effect of Cpn on foam cell formation and gene expression of SR-A1, ACAT1, and ABCA1/G1. Moreover, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone reversed the downregulation of CD36 by Cpn, while PPARγ siRNA and the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 further suppressed CD36 expression. However, the PPARα agonist, inhibitor, and siRNA all showed no effect on CD36 expression. In conclusion, the PPARα and PPARγ pathways are both involved in Cpn-induced macrophage-derived foam cell formation by upregulating SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulating ABCA1/G1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qinqin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6889533. [PMID: 34745420 PMCID: PMC8566046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6889533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as a redox-centered disease due to the role of ROS in hepatic metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms accounting for these alternations are not completely understood. Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are dysregulated in NAFLD, and have a direct influence on the expression of a set of genes relating to the progress of hepatic lipid homeostasis and ROS generation. Meanwhile, the NRs act as redox sensors in response to metabolic stress. Therefore, targeting NRs may represent a promising strategy for improving oxidation damage and treating NAFLD. This review summarizes the link between impaired lipid metabolism and oxidative stress and highlights some NRs involved in regulating oxidant/antioxidant turnover in the context of NAFLD, shedding light on potential therapies based on NR-mediated modulation of ROS generation and lipid accumulation.
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Ying Q, Chan DC, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Unravelling lipoprotein metabolism with stable isotopes: tracing the flow. Metabolism 2021; 124:154887. [PMID: 34508741 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Use of stable isotope tracers and compartmental modelling have provided deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying lipid disorders in patients at high risk of ASCVD, including familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In patients with FH, deficiency in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity not only impairs the catabolism of LDL, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in MetS patients relates to a combination of overproduction of very-low density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein (apo) B-100, decreased catabolism of apoB-100-containing particles, and increased catabolism of high-density lipoprotein-apoA-I particles, as well as to impaired clearance of TRLs in the postprandial state. Kinetic studies show that weight loss, fish oils, statins and fibrates have complementary modes of action that correct atherogenic dyslipidemia. Defining the kinetic mechanisms of action of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and angiopoietin-like 3 inhibitors on lipid and lipoprotein mechanism in dyslipidemic subjects will further our understanding of these therapies in decreasing the development of ASCVD. "Everything changes but change itself. Everything flows and nothing remains the same... You cannot step twice into the same river, for other waters and yet others go flowing ever on." Heraclitus (c.535- c. 475 BCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Ying
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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Perez Diaz N, Lione LA, Hutter V, Mackenzie LS. Co-Incubation with PPARβ/δ Agonists and Antagonists Modeled Using Computational Chemistry: Effect on LPS Induced Inflammatory Markers in Pulmonary Artery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063158. [PMID: 33808880 PMCID: PMC8003823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) is a nuclear receptor ubiquitously expressed in cells, whose signaling controls inflammation. There are large discrepancies in understanding the complex role of PPARβ/δ in disease, having both anti- and pro-effects on inflammation. After ligand activation, PPARβ/δ regulates genes by two different mechanisms; induction and transrepression, the effects of which are difficult to differentiate directly. We studied the PPARβ/δ-regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation (indicated by release of nitrite and IL-6) of rat pulmonary artery, using different combinations of agonists (GW0742 or L-165402) and antagonists (GSK3787 or GSK0660). LPS induced release of NO and IL-6 is not significantly reduced by incubation with PPARβ/δ ligands (either agonist or antagonist), however, co-incubation with an agonist and antagonist significantly reduces LPS-induced nitrite production and Nos2 mRNA expression. In contrast, incubation with LPS and PPARβ/δ agonists leads to a significant increase in Pdk-4 and Angptl-4 mRNA expression, which is significantly decreased in the presence of PPARβ/δ antagonists. Docking using computational chemistry methods indicates that PPARβ/δ agonists form polar bonds with His287, His413 and Tyr437, while antagonists are more promiscuous about which amino acids they bind to, although they are very prone to bind Thr252 and Asn307. Dual binding in the PPARβ/δ binding pocket indicates the ligands retain similar binding energies, which suggests that co-incubation with both agonist and antagonist does not prevent the specific binding of each other to the large PPARβ/δ binding pocket. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the possibility of binding two ligands simultaneously into the PPARβ/δ binding pocket has been explored. Agonist binding followed by antagonist simultaneously switches the PPARβ/δ mode of action from induction to transrepression, which is linked with an increase in Nos2 mRNA expression and nitrite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Perez Diaz
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (N.P.D.); (L.A.L.); (V.H.)
| | - Lisa A. Lione
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (N.P.D.); (L.A.L.); (V.H.)
| | - Victoria Hutter
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (N.P.D.); (L.A.L.); (V.H.)
| | - Louise S. Mackenzie
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (N.P.D.); (L.A.L.); (V.H.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Natarajan V, Chawla R, Mah T, Vivekanandan R, Tan SY, Sato PY, Mallilankaraman K. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age-Related Metabolic Disorders. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1800404. [PMID: 32131138 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological process in living organisms characterized by receding bioenergetics. Mitochondria are crucial for cellular bioenergetics and thus an important contributor to age-related energetics deterioration. In addition, mitochondria play a major role in calcium signaling, redox homeostasis, and thermogenesis making this organelle a major cellular component that dictates the fate of a cell. To maintain its quantity and quality, mitochondria undergo multiple processes such as fission, fusion, and mitophagy to eliminate or replace damaged mitochondria. While this bioenergetics machinery is properly protected, the functional decline associated with age and age-related metabolic diseases is mostly a result of failure in such protective mechanisms. In addition, metabolic by-products like reactive oxygen species also aid in this destructive pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction has always been thought to be associated with diseases. Moreover, studies in recent years have pointed out that aging contributes to the decay of mitochondrial health by promoting imbalances in key mitochondrial-regulated pathways. Hence, it is crucial to understand the nexus of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. This review focuses on various aspects of basic mitochondrial biology and its status in aging and age-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran Natarajan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Ritu Chawla
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Tania Mah
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Vivekanandan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Shu Yi Tan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Priscila Y Sato
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19102-1902, USA
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.,Center for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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12
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Boeckmans J, Natale A, Rombaut M, Buyl K, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rodrigues RM. Anti-NASH Drug Development Hitches a Lift on PPAR Agonism. Cells 2019; 9:E37. [PMID: 31877771 PMCID: PMC7016963 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects one-third of the population worldwide, of which a substantial number of patients suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a severe condition characterized by steatosis and concomitant liver inflammation and fibrosis, for which no drug is yet available. NAFLD is also generally conceived as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Consequently, well-established drugs that are indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia are thought to exert effects that alleviate the pathological features of NASH. One class of these drugs targets peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are nuclear receptors that play a regulatory role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Therefore, PPARs are now also being investigated as potential anti-NASH druggable targets. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of action and physiological functions of PPARs and discuss the position of the different PPAR agonists in the therapeutic landscape of NASH. We particularly focus on the PPAR agonists currently under evaluation in clinical phase II and III trials. Preclinical strategies and how refinement and optimization may improve PPAR-targeted anti-NASH drug testing are also discussed. Finally, potential caveats related to PPAR agonism in anti-NASH therapy are stipulated.
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13
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Cheng HS, Tan WR, Low ZS, Marvalim C, Lee JYH, Tan NS. Exploration and Development of PPAR Modulators in Health and Disease: An Update of Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5055. [PMID: 31614690 PMCID: PMC6834327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that govern the expression of genes responsible for energy metabolism, cellular development, and differentiation. Their crucial biological roles dictate the significance of PPAR-targeting synthetic ligands in medical research and drug discovery. Clinical implications of PPAR agonists span across a wide range of health conditions, including metabolic diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and malignancies. In this review we aim to consolidate existing clinical evidence of PPAR modulators, highlighting their clinical prospects and challenges. Findings from clinical trials revealed that different agonists of the same PPAR subtype could present different safety profiles and clinical outcomes in a disease-dependent manner. Pemafibrate, due to its high selectivity, is likely to replace other PPARα agonists for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone showed tremendous promises in many non-metabolic disorders like chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. The clinical niche of PPARβ/δ agonists is less well-explored. Interestingly, dual- or pan-PPAR agonists, namely chiglitazar, saroglitazar, elafibranor, and lanifibranor, are gaining momentum with their optimistic outcomes in many diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and primary biliary cholangitis. Notably, the preclinical and clinical development for PPAR antagonists remains unacceptably deficient. We anticipate the future design of better PPAR modulators with minimal off-target effects, high selectivity, superior bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics. This will open new possibilities for PPAR ligands in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ren Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Charlie Marvalim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Justin Yin Hao Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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14
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Matsushita M, Futawaka K, Hayashi M, Murakami K, Mitsutani M, Hatai M, Watamoto Y, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Tagami T, Moriyama K. Cigarette Smoke Extract Modulates Functions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1628-1636. [PMID: 31582651 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) contains many toxicants and may derange the physiological processes, such as cholesterol metabolism. We examined the impact of CSE on transcriptional regulation mediated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and its interaction with cofactors to elucidate differences in the molecular mechanism between CSE and other agonists of PPARs. We constructed several mutant PPARs (mPPARs) with amino acid substitution in the ligand-binding domain, which according to the molecular modeling, may affect the binding of agonists. In transient expression assays, each wild-type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) mediated transcription stimulated by CSE was faintly yet significantly elevated compared to the control. The CSE-induced transcriptional activation was abolished in the H323A, H323Y, S342A, and H449A mPPARγs, although the activation elevated by pioglitazone was reserved. In the mPPARγ with Y473A and mPPARβ/δs with H286Y and Y436A, the pioglitazone-induced or L165041-activated transcriptional elevations were decreased and were lower than that of CSE-induced stimulation. These results suggested that CSE activated both mutant PPARs to be selectively different from those ligands. Mammalian two-hybrid assay illustrated that CSE could mildly recruit SRC1 or GRIP1 to the wild-type PPARγ. Representative ingredients, such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde present in CSE, could stimulate PPAR isoforms even at the toxicological concentrations and might possibly contribute to stimulatory effects. CSE mildly regulates the cholesterol metabolism-related genes, such as low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and Liver X receptor (LXR)β. In conclusion, these CSE effects the nuclear hormone receptors and their cofactors thereby disturbing metabolic phenomena. Therefore, CSE might be involved in cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Matsushita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Kumi Futawaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Misa Hayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Kana Murakami
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Mana Mitsutani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Mayuko Hatai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Yukiko Watamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Noriko Yoshikawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Kenji Moriyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
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15
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Mitchell JA, Bishop-Bailey D. PPARβ/δ a potential target in pulmonary hypertension blighted by cancer risk. Pulm Circ 2018; 9:2045894018812053. [PMID: 30351241 PMCID: PMC6475847 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018812053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mitchell
- 1 Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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16
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Garlid KD, Jabůrek M. Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins: Subtle Regulators of Cellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:667-714. [PMID: 29351723 PMCID: PMC6071544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are the energetic, metabolic, redox, and information signaling centers of the cell. Substrate pressure, mitochondrial network dynamics, and cristae morphology state are integrated by the protonmotive force Δp or its potential component, ΔΨ, which are attenuated by proton backflux into the matrix, termed uncoupling. The mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP1-5) play an eminent role in the regulation of each of the mentioned aspects, being involved in numerous physiological events including redox signaling. Recent Advances: UCP2 structure, including purine nucleotide and fatty acid (FA) binding sites, strongly support the FA cycling mechanism: UCP2 expels FA anions, whereas uncoupling is achieved by the membrane backflux of protonated FA. Nascent FAs, cleaved by phospholipases, are preferential. The resulting Δp dissipation decreases superoxide formation dependent on Δp. UCP-mediated antioxidant protection and its impairment are expected to play a major role in cell physiology and pathology. Moreover, UCP2-mediated aspartate, oxaloacetate, and malate antiport with phosphate is expected to alter metabolism of cancer cells. CRITICAL ISSUES A wide range of UCP antioxidant effects and participations in redox signaling have been reported; however, mechanisms of UCP activation are still debated. Switching off/on the UCP2 protonophoretic function might serve as redox signaling either by employing/releasing the extra capacity of cell antioxidant systems or by directly increasing/decreasing mitochondrial superoxide sources. Rapid UCP2 degradation, FA levels, elevation of purine nucleotides, decreased Mg2+, or increased pyruvate accumulation may initiate UCP-mediated redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Issues such as UCP2 participation in glucose sensing, neuronal (synaptic) function, and immune cell activation should be elucidated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 667-714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Keith D Garlid
- 2 UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Bo L, Fu H, Yang J. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles provides insight into the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2643-2650. [PMID: 30015893 PMCID: PMC6102736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that cannot be fully cured by medication or surgery. In the present study, the aim was to understand the underlying mechanisms of CD. Two CD microarray datasets were downloaded from The Gene Expression Omnibus database: GSE36807 (13 CD and 7 normal samples) and GSE59071 (8 CD and 11 normal samples). A series of bioinformatics analyses were conducted, including weighted gene co‑expression network analysis to identify stable modules, and analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CD and normal samples. The common DEGs in the GSE36807 and GSE59071 datasets were screened. Subsequently, overlapping genes in the stable modules and the DEGs were selected to construct a protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network using Cytoscape software. Enrichment analysis of genes in the network was performed to explore their biological functions. A total of 10 stable modules and 927 DEGs were identified, of which 234 genes were shared in the stable modules and the DEGs. After removal of 32 uncharacterized genes, 202 genes were selected to build the PPI network. Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), toll‑like receptor 2 (TLR2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were revealed as key nodes with high degree. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that LPL was enriched in the peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. In conclusion, LDLR, TLR2, FOXM1 and NPY, as well as LPL in the PPAR signaling pathway may serve critical roles in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Bo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Junchi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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18
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Mackenzie LS. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Antagonists: From Environmental Pollution to Novel Small Molecules. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:147-162. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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19
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Haczeyni F, Wang H, Barn V, Mridha AR, Yeh MM, Haigh WG, Ioannou GN, Choi YJ, McWherter CA, Teoh NCH, Farrell GC. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:663-674. [PMID: 29404484 PMCID: PMC5721439 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity associated with insulin resistance is central to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. To date, only weight loss fully reverses NASH pathology, but mixed peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor‐alpha/delta (PPAR‐α/δ) agonists show some efficacy. Seladelpar (MBX‐8025), a selective PPAR‐δ agonist, improves atherogenic dyslipidemia. We therefore used this agent to test whether selective PPAR‐δ activation can reverse hepatic lipotoxicity and NASH in an obese, dyslipidemic, and diabetic mouse model. From weaning, female Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice and wild‐type littermates were fed an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks; groups (n = 8‐12) were then randomized to receive MBX‐8025 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1% methylcellulose) by gavage for 8 weeks. Despite minimally altering body weight, MBX‐8025 normalized hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose disposal in foz/foz mice. Serum alanine aminotransferase ranged 300‐600 U/L in vehicle‐treated foz/foz mice; MBX‐8025 reduced alanine aminotransferase by 50%. In addition, MBX‐8025 normalized serum lipids and hepatic levels of free cholesterol and other lipotoxic lipids that were increased in vehicle‐treated foz/foz versus wild‐type mice. This abolished hepatocyte ballooning and apoptosis, substantially reduced steatosis and liver inflammation, and improved liver fibrosis. In vehicle‐treated foz/foz mice, the mean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score was 6.9, indicating NASH; MBX‐8025 reversed NASH in all foz/foz mice (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score 3.13). Conclusion: Seladelpar improves insulin sensitivity and reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic storage of lipotoxic lipids to improve NASH pathology in atherogenic diet–fed obese diabetic mice. Selective PPAR‐δ agonists act independently of weight reduction, but counter lipotoxicity related to insulin resistance, thereby providing a novel therapy for NASH. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:663–674)
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Hans Wang
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Vanessa Barn
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Auvro R Mridha
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - W Geoffrey Haigh
- VA Medical Center Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - George N Ioannou
- VA Medical Center Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle WA
| | | | | | - Narcissus C-H Teoh
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital Canberra ACT Australia
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20
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The Role of Nuclear Hormone Receptors in Cannabinoid Function. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:291-328. [PMID: 28826538 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, evidence has been accumulating that most cannabinoid compounds interact with the nuclear hormone family peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). This can be through direct binding of these compounds to PPARs, metabolism of cannabinoid to other PPAR-activating chemicals, or indirect activation of PPAR through cell signaling pathways. Delivery of cannabinoids to the nucleus may be facilitated by fatty acid-binding proteins and carrier proteins. All PPAR isoforms appear to be activated by cannabinoids, but the majority of evidence is for PPARα and γ. To date, little is known about the potential interaction of cannabinoids with other nuclear hormones. At least some (but not all) of the well-known biological actions of cannabinoids including neuroprotection, antiinflammatory action, and analgesic effects are partly mediated by PPAR-activation, often in combination with activation of the more traditional target sites of action. This has been best investigated for the endocannabinoid-like compounds palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamine acting at PPARα, and for phytocannabinoids or their derivatives activation acting at PPARγ. However, there are still many aspects of cannabinoid activation of PPAR and the role it plays in the biological and therapeutic effects of cannabinoids that remain to be investigated.
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21
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Bugge A, Holst D. PPAR agonists, - Could tissue targeting pave the way? Biochimie 2016; 136:100-104. [PMID: 27916640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, the PPAR family of transcription factors has received much attention from the pharmaceutical industry due to their profound ability to improve glucose and lipid metabolism upon agonist activation. However, more recently the interest in these nuclear receptors has faded because several clinical trials have shown that it is difficult to develop a ligand that significantly ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders without concomitantly inducing unacceptable side-effects. Nevertheless, the data also suggests that tissue specific targeting could pave the way to renewed interest and clinical use of PPAR ligands. In this review we summarize the results and learnings from the clinical trials on PPAR agonism and discuss the possibilities for tissue targeting of PPAR ligands by using state of the art technology to fuse them to peptides homing selectively to tissues expressing the cognate surface receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bugge
- Department of Obesity Biology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Dorte Holst
- Department of Obesity Biology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark.
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22
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Toral M, Romero M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J, Jiménez R. Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H189-H200. [PMID: 27881385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, which is composed of three members encoded by distinct genes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. The biological actions of PPARα and PPARγ and their potential as a cardiovascular therapeutic target have been extensively reviewed, whereas the biological actions of PPARβ/δ and its effectiveness as a therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension remain less investigated. Preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces antihypertensive effects in direct [spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ANG II, and DOCA-salt] and indirect (dyslipemic and gestational) models of hypertension, associated with end-organ damage protection. This review summarizes mechanistic insights into the antihypertensive effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including molecular and functional mechanisms. Pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces genomic actions including the increase of regulators of G protein-coupled signaling (RGS), acute nongenomic vasodilator effects, as well as the ability to improve the endothelial dysfunction, reduce vascular inflammation, vasoconstrictor responses, and sympathetic outflow from central nervous system. Evidence from clinical trials is also examined. These preclinical and clinical outcomes of PPARβ/δ ligands may provide a basis for the development of therapies in combating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid. Spain; and.,Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes). Madrid. Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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23
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Beyaz S, Yilmaz ÖH. Molecular Pathways: Dietary Regulation of Stemness and Tumor Initiation by the PPAR-δ Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5636-5641. [PMID: 27702819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression during development and disease states, such as cancer. However, the precise role of PPAR-δ during tumorigenesis is not well understood. Recent data suggest that PPAR-δ may have context-specific oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles depending on the tissue, cell-type, or diet-induced physiology in question. For example, in the intestine, pro-obesity diets, such as a high-fat diet (HFD), are associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence. Interestingly, many of the effects of an HFD in the stem and progenitor cell compartment are driven by a robust PPAR-δ program and contribute to the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Importantly, the PPAR-δ pathway or its downstream mediators may serve as therapeutic intervention points or biomarkers in colon cancer that arise in patients who are obese. Although potent PPAR-δ agonists and antagonists exist, their clinical utility may be enhanced by uncovering how PPAR-δ mediates tumorigenesis in diverse tissues and cell types as well as in response to diet. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5636-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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A role for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta in T cell development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34317. [PMID: 27680392 PMCID: PMC5041207 DOI: 10.1038/srep34317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays an important role in T cell biology and changes in metabolism drive T cell differentiation and fate. Most research on the role of metabolism in T lymphocytes focuses on mature T cells while only few studies have investigated the role of metabolism in T cell development. In this study, we report that activation or overexpression of the transcription factor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β (PPARβ) increases fatty acid oxidation in T cells. Furthermore, using both in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that PPARβ activation/overexpression inhibits thymic T cell development by decreasing proliferation of CD4−CD8− double-negative stage 4 (DN4) thymocytes. These results support a model where PPARβ activation/overexpression favours fatty acid- instead of glucose-oxidation in developing T cells, thereby hampering the proliferative burst normally occurring at the DN4 stage of T cell development. As a consequence, the αβ T cells that are derived from DN4 thymocytes are dramatically decreased in peripheral lymphoid tissues, while the γδ T cell population remains untouched. This is the first report of a direct role for a member of the PPAR family of nuclear receptors in the development of T cells.
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Tan NS, Vázquez-Carrera M, Montagner A, Sng MK, Guillou H, Wahli W. Transcriptional control of physiological and pathological processes by the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:98-122. [PMID: 27665713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 138673, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Apoptotic effect of the selective PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 in invasive bladder cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14789-14802. [PMID: 27638828 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
GW501516 is a selective and high-affinity synthetic agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). This molecule promoted the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in few cancer cell lines, but its anticancer action has never been investigated in bladder tumor cells. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine whether GW501516 had antiproliferative and/or apoptotic effects on RT4 and T24 urothelial cancer cells and to explore the molecular mechanisms involved. Our results indicated that, in RT4 cells (derived from a low-grade papillary tumor), GW501516 did not induce cell death. On the other hand, in T24 cells (derived from an undifferentiated high-grade carcinoma), this PPARβ/δ agonist induced cytotoxic effects including cell morphological changes, a decrease of cell viability, a G2/M cell cycle arrest, and the cell death as evidenced by the increase of the sub-G1 cell population. Furthermore, GW501516 triggered T24 cell apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner including both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways through Bid cleavage. In addition, the drug led to an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a mitochondrial dysfunction associated with the dissipation of ΔΨm, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. GW501516 induced also ROS generation which was not responsible for T24 cell death since NAC did not rescue cells upon PPARβ/δ agonist exposure. For the first time, our data highlight the capacity of GW501516 to induce apoptosis in invasive bladder cancer cells. This molecule could be relevant as a therapeutic drug for high-grade urothelial cancers.
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Ke T, Dorajoo R, Han Y, Khor CC, van Dam RM, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Liu J, Teo YY, Goh DYT, Tai ES, Wong TY, Cheng CY, Friedlander Y, Heng CK. Interaction Between Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ and Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Polymorphisms Influences HDL-C Levels in the Chinese Population. Ann Hum Genet 2016; 80:282-93. [PMID: 27530449 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of key metabolic pathways. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have established their important roles in lipid metabolism. A few SNPs in PPAR genes have been reported to be associated with lipid levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactive effects between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three PPAR isoforms α/δ/γ and other genetic variants across the genome on plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Study subjects (N = 2003) were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmniZhongHua-8 Beadchip. Fifty-three tag SNPs ± 100 kb of PPAR α, δ, and γ (r(2) < 0.2) were selected. The effect of interactions between PPAR SNPs and those across the genome on HDL-C was tested using linear regression models. One statistically significant interaction influencing HDL-C was detected between PPARδ SNP rs2267668 and epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) downstream SNP rs7191411 (N = 1993, β = 0.74, adjusted P = 0.022). This interaction was successfully replicated in the meta-analysis of two additional Chinese cohorts (N = 3948, P = 0.01). The present study showed a novel SNP × SNP interaction between rs2267668 in PPARδ and rs7191411 in EMP2 that has significant impact on circulating HDL-C levels in the Singaporean Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjing Ke
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Y T Goh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
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Wall CE, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Nuclear receptors and AMPK: can exercise mimetics cure diabetes? J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R49-58. [PMID: 27106806 PMCID: PMC4929025 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise can lead to systemic improvements in insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis, and is an effective approach to combat metabolic diseases. Pharmacological compounds that recapitulate the beneficial effects of exercise, also known as 'exercise mimetics', have the potential to improve disease symptoms of metabolic syndrome. These drugs, which can increase energy expenditure, suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, and induce insulin sensitization, have accordingly been highly scrutinized for their utility in treating metabolic diseases including diabetes. Nevertheless, the identity of an efficacious exercise mimetic still remains elusive. In this review, we highlight several nuclear receptors and cofactors that are putative molecular targets for exercise mimetics, and review recent studies that provide advancements in our mechanistic understanding of how exercise mimetics exert their beneficial effects. We also discuss evidence from clinical trials using these compounds in human subjects to evaluate their efficacy in treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Wall
- Gene Expression LaboratorySalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression LaboratorySalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne R Atkins
- Gene Expression LaboratorySalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression LaboratorySalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression LaboratorySalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA Howard Hughes Medical InstituteSalk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Vázquez-Carrera M. Unraveling the Effects of PPARβ/δ on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:319-334. [PMID: 27005447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance precedes dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. Preclinical evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activators may prevent and treat obesity-induced insulin resistance and T2DM, while clinical trials highlight their potential utility in dyslipidemia. This review summarizes recent mechanistic insights into the antidiabetic effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including their anti-inflammatory actions, their ability to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and hepatic lipogenesis, and to improve atherogenesis and insulin sensitivity, as well as their capacity to activate pathways that are also stimulated by exercise. Findings from clinical trials are also examined. Dissecting the effects of PPARβ/δ ligands on insulin sensitivity and atherogenesis may provide a basis for the development of therapies for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Perez Diaz N, Zloh M, Patel P, Mackenzie LS. In silico modelling of prostacyclin and other lipid mediators to nuclear receptors reveal novel thyroid hormone receptor antagonist properties. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:18-27. [PMID: 26686607 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a key mediator involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, acting predominantly on two receptor types; cell surface IP receptor and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ. Having a very short half-life, direct methods to determine its long term effects on cells is difficult, and little is known of its interactions with nuclear receptors. Here we used computational chemistry methods to investigate the potential for PGI2, beraprost (IP receptor agonist), and GW0742 (PPARβ/δ agonist), to bind to nuclear receptors, confirmed with pharmacological methods. In silico screening predicted that PGI2, beraprost, and GW0742 have the potential to bind to different nuclear receptors, in particular thyroid hormone β receptor (TRβ) and thyroid hormone α receptor (TRα). Docking analysis predicts a binding profile to residues thought to have allosteric control on the TR ligand binding site. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that beraprost and GW0742 display TRβ and TRα antagonistic properties; beraprost IC50 6.3 × 10(-5)mol/L and GW0742 IC50 4.9 × 10(-6) mol/L. Changes to triiodothyronine (T3) induced vasodilation of rat mesenteric arteries measured on the wire myograph were measured in the presence of the TR antagonist MLS000389544 (10(-5) mol/L), beraprost (10(-5) mol/L) and GW0742 (10(-5) mol/L); all significantly inhibited T3 induced vasodilation compared to controls. We have shown that both beraprost and GW0742 exhibit TRβ and TRα antagonist behaviour, and suggests that PGI2 has the ability to affect the long term function of cells through binding to and inactivating thyroid hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Perez Diaz
- Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Mire Zloh
- Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Pryank Patel
- Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Louise S Mackenzie
- Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
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Bell DA, Watts GF. Contemporary and Novel Therapeutic Options for Hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Ther 2015; 37:2732-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hooper AJ, Heeks L, Robertson K, Champain D, Hua J, Song S, Parhofer KG, Barrett PHR, van Bockxmeer FM, Burnett JR. Lipoprotein Metabolism in APOB L343V Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1484-90. [PMID: 26323024 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is a codominant disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by decreased plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effect of heterozygous APOB L343V FHBL on postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and fasting lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Plasma incremental area under the curve apoB-48 and apoB-48 kinetics were determined after ingestion of a standardized oral fat load using compartmental modeling. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-, and LDL-apoB kinetics were determined in the fasting state using stable isotope methods and compartmental modeling. RESULTS The postprandial incremental area under the curve (0-10 h) in FHBL subjects (n = 3) was lower for large TRL-triglyceride (-77%; P < .0001), small TRL-cholesterol (-83%; P < .001), small TRL-triglyceride (-88%; P < .001), and for plasma triglyceride (-70%; P < .01) and apoB (-63%; P < .0001) compared with controls. Compartmental analysis showed that apoB-48 production was lower (-91%; P < .05) compared with controls. VLDL-apoB concentrations in FHBL subjects (n = 2) were lower by more than 75% compared with healthy, normolipidemic control subjects (P < .01). The VLDL-apoB fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was more than 5-fold higher in the FHBL subjects (P = .07). ApoB production rates and IDL- and LDL-apoB FCRs were not different between FHBL subjects and controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that when compared to controls, APOB L343V FHBL heterozygotes show lower TRL production with normal postprandial TRL particle clearance. In contrast, VLDL-apoB production was normal, whereas the FCR was higher in heterozygotes compared with lean control subjects. These mechanisms account for the marked hypolipidemic state observed in these FHBL subjects.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Apolipoprotein B-48/blood
- Apolipoprotein B-48/metabolism
- Apolipoproteins B/blood
- Apolipoproteins B/genetics
- Apolipoproteins B/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Hypobetalipoproteinemia, Familial, Apolipoprotein B/blood
- Hypobetalipoproteinemia, Familial, Apolipoprotein B/genetics
- Hypobetalipoproteinemia, Familial, Apolipoprotein B/metabolism
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, IDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, IDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, VLDL/metabolism
- Male
- Meals
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Postprandial Period
- Triglycerides/blood
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hooper
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Liesl Heeks
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ken Robertson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Danie Champain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jianmin Hua
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Swithin Song
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Frank M van Bockxmeer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (A.J.H., L.H., K.R., F.M.v.B., J.R.B.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., D.C., P.H.R.B., J.R.B.), and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H., K.R.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Radiology (J.H., S.S.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA 6000, Australia; Medical Department II (K.G.P.), Grosshadern, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; and School of Surgery (F.M.v.B.), University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Phillips CM, Perry IJ. Lipoprotein particle subclass profiles among metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese and non-obese adults: Does size matter? Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zamora M, Pardo R, Villena JA. Pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative function have been associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes. Although the causal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetes has not been fully established, numerous studies indicate that improved glucose homeostasis achieved via lifestyle interventions, such as exercise or calorie restriction, is tightly associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative function. Therefore, it is conceivable that potentiating mitochondrial biogenesis by pharmacological means could constitute an efficacious therapeutic strategy that would particularly benefit those diabetic patients who cannot adhere to comprehensive programs based on changes in lifestyle or that require a relatively rapid improvement in their diabetic status. In this review, we discuss several pharmacological targets and drugs that modulate mitochondrial biogenesis as well as their potential use as treatments for insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Zamora
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Pardo
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Villena
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Gao D, Zhang YL, Xu P, Lin YX, Yang FQ, Liu JH, Zhu HW, Xia ZN. In vitro evaluation of dual agonists for PPARγ/β from the flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (wall.) Meisn. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:14-19. [PMID: 25557029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Tibet, the flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn., locally named "Lvluohua, [symbols: see text]", has been traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus for many years. AIM OF THIS STUDY To evaluate the activity of dual agonists for PPARγ/β from the flower of E.gardneri in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected with the re-constructed plasmids of pBIND-PPARγ-LBD or pBIND-PPARβ-LBD and rL4.35. The activities of crude extracts, secondary fractions and compounds from the flower of E.gardneri were evaluated with the transfected cells. Rosiglitazone (at 0.5 μg/mL) and L-165041 (at 0.5 μg/mL) were used as the positive controls for PPARγ and PPARβ respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts from the flower of E.gardneri were able to significantly activate PPARγ and PPARβ respectively, and the activity of ethyl acetate extract was much better. We further observed that, among the 11 secondary fractions of ethyl acetate extract, the fr. 9 could activate PPARγ and PPARβ significantly. Moreover, umbelliferone (from fr.9) and pentadecanoic acid could activate PPARγ and PPARβ at the same time. CONCLUSIONS The extracts from the flower of E.gardneri could significantly activate PPARγ and PPARβ. Besides, umbelliferone and pentadecanoic acid isolated from the flower of E.gardneri were the new agonists for PPARγ and PPARβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yong-lan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Pan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ye-xin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Feng-qing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jian-hui Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Hai-wen Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhi-ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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36
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PPAR-β/δ activation promotes phospholipid transfer protein expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Assessment of the features of serum apolipoprotein profiles in chronic HCV infection: difference between HCV genotypes 1b and 2. Hepatol Int 2014. [PMID: 26202760 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly associated with host lipoprotein metabolic pathways. Apolipoprotein is present on the outer surface of lipoprotein particles and plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. We aimed to elucidate the influence of chronic HCV infection on serum apolipoprotein profiles. METHODS Fasting serum apolipoprotein profiles of 310 subjects with active or cleared HCV infection were examined. Subsequently, the association between chronic HCV infection and serum apolipoprotein levels was determined using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Active HCV infection was associated with high serum levels of apo A-II and low serum levels of apo C-II and C-III. HCV infection with both genotype 1b (G1b) and genotype 2 (G2) was associated with low serum levels of either apo C-II and C-III, whereas only HCV G1b infections caused elevated levels of apo A II and E. Among active HCV infections, HCV G1b was associated with an elevation in the serum apo E levels. Furthermore, IL28B non-major genotype (rs8099917 TG/GG) was associated with low levels of serum apo B and high levels of apoA-II, and advanced fibrosis was associated with low levels of apo B and C-II in G1b infection. CONCLUSIONS Active HCV infection is distinctively associated with characteristic serum apolipoprotein profiles. The influence on apolipoprotein profiles varies with different HCV genotypes. Moreover, the genotype of IL28B and hepatic fibrosis affected serum apolipoproteins in G1b infection. Abnormalities in serum apolipoproteins may provide a clue to the elucidation of complex interactions between active HCV infection and lipid metabolism.
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38
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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39
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Montagner A, Delgado MB, Tallichet-Blanc C, Chan JSK, Sng MK, Mottaz H, Degueurce G, Lippi Y, Moret C, Baruchet M, Antsiferova M, Werner S, Hohl D, Al Saati T, Farmer PJ, Tan NS, Michalik L, Wahli W. Src is activated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:80-98. [PMID: 24203162 PMCID: PMC3936491 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common human cancer and its incidence continues to rise worldwide, the mechanisms underlying its development remain incompletely understood. Here, we unveil a cascade of events involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and the oncogene Src, which promotes the development of ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin cancer in mice. UV-induced PPARβ/δ activity, which directly stimulated Src expression, increased Src kinase activity and enhanced the EGFR/Erk1/2 signalling pathway, resulting in increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Consistent with these observations, PPARβ/δ-null mice developed fewer and smaller skin tumours, and a PPARβ/δ antagonist prevented UV-dependent Src stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of PPARβ/δ positively correlated with the expression of SRC and EMT markers in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and critically, linear models applied to several human epithelial cancers revealed an interaction between PPARβ/δ and SRC and TGFβ1 transcriptional levels. Taken together, these observations motivate the future evaluation of PPARβ/δ modulators to attenuate the development of several epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Montagner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria B Delgado
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Tallichet-Blanc
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S K Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming K Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hélène Mottaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Degueurce
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Lippi
- GeT-TRiX Facility, INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Moret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Baruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Antsiferova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS, US006/CREFRE, Histopathology Facility, Place du Docteur BaylacCHU Purpan, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre J Farmer
- Exploratory Biomarker Analysis, Biomarker Technologies, Bioinformatics, Non Clinical Development, Merck Serono International S.A. SwitzerlandChemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nguan S Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis DriveProteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
- **Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological change characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes and has frequently been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. It is an increasingly recognized condition that has become the most common liver disorder in developed countries, affecting over one-third of the population and is associated with increased cardiovascular- and liver-related mortality. NAFLD is a spectrum of disorders, beginning as simple steatosis. In about 15% of all NAFLD cases, simple steatosis can evolve into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a medley of inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis, often resulting in cirrhosis and even hepatocellular cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying NAFLD progression is not completely understood. Its pathogenesis has often been interpreted by the “double-hit” hypothesis. The primary insult or the “first hit” includes lipid accumulation in the liver, followed by a “second hit” in which proinflammatory mediators induce inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis. Nowadays, a more complex model suggests that fatty acids (FAs) and their metabolites may be the true lipotoxic agents that contribute to NAFLD progression; a multiple parallel hits hypothesis has also been suggested. In NAFLD patients, insulin resistance leads to hepatic steatosis via multiple mechanisms. Despite the excess hepatic accumulation of FAs in NAFLD, it has been described that not only de novo FA synthesis is increased, but FAs are also taken up from the serum. Furthermore, a decrease in mitochondrial FA oxidation and secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins has been reported. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiological changes of hepatic lipid metabolism that contribute to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Berlanga
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain
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Hajhosseiny R, Sabir I, Khavandi K, Wierzbicki AS. The ebbs and flows in the development of cholesterol-lowering drugs: prospects for the future. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:64-73. [PMID: 24699033 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Statins are the mainstay of treatment but do not address all aspects of CVD risk. Other lipid-lowering therapies are available but are less effective than statins. New therapies to lower low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by as much as statins, to reduce triglycerides (TGs), and to modify the metabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hajhosseiny
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - I Sabir
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - K Khavandi
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - A S Wierzbicki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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Sahebkar A, Watts GF. Role of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators in managing cardiometabolic disease: tale of a roller-coaster. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/dom.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic Research Centre and Lipid Disorders Clinic; Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - G. F. Watts
- Metabolic Research Centre and Lipid Disorders Clinic; Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
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Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF. New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:493-503. [PMID: 24428677 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.876992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulators (selective PPAR modulators [SPPARMs]) and dual PPAR agonists may have an important role in the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders owing to lipid-modifying, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the efficacy of new PPAR agonists and SPPARMs that are under development for the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). EXPERT OPINION ABT-335 is a new formulation of fenofibrate that has been approved for concomitant use with statins. K-877, a SPPARM-α with encouraging preliminary results in modulating atherogenic dyslipidemia, and INT131, a SPPARM-γ with predominantly insulin-sensitizing actions, may also have favorable lipid-modifying effects. Although the development of dual PPAR-α/γ agonists (glitazars) and the SPPARM-δ GW501516 has been abandoned because of safety issues, another SPPARM-δ (MBX-8025) and a dual PPAR-α/δ agonist (GFT-505) have shown promising efficacy in decreasing plasma triglyceride and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, as well as improving insulin sensitivity and liver function. The beneficial effects of GFT-505 are complemented by preclinical findings that indicate reduction of hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Long-term trials are required to test the efficacy and safety of these new PPAR agonists in reducing cardiovascular outcomes and treating NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Rajagopal R, Semenkovich CF. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-δ. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:5-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rithwick Rajagopal
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.R.) and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research (C.F.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (R.R.) and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research (C.F.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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46
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Bojic LA, Burke AC, Chhoker SS, Telford DE, Sutherland BG, Edwards JY, Sawyez CG, Tirona RG, Yin H, Pickering JG, Huff MW. Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor δ Agonist GW1516 Attenuates Diet-Induced Aortic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:52-60. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) δ regulates systemic lipid homeostasis and inflammation. However, the ability of PPARδ agonists to improve the pathology of pre-established lesions and whether PPARδ activation is atheroprotective in the setting of insulin resistance have not been reported. Here, we examine whether intervention with a selective PPARδ agonist corrects metabolic dysregulation and attenuates aortic inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Approach and Results—
Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a chow or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet (42% fat, 0.2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks. For a further 8 weeks, the HFHC group was fed either HFHC or HFHC plus GW1516 (3 mg/kg per day). GW1516 significantly attenuated pre-established fasting hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia, as well as glucose and insulin intolerance. GW1516 intervention markedly reduced aortic sinus lesions and lesion macrophages, whereas smooth muscle α-actin was unchanged and collagen deposition enhanced. In aortae, GW1516 increased the expression of the PPARδ-specific gene
Adfp
but not PPARα- or γ-specific genes. GW1516 intervention decreased the expression of aortic proinflammatory M1 cytokines, increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 cytokine
Arg1
, and attenuated the
iNos
/
Arg1
ratio. Enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, known to induce inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro, was enhanced in aortae of HFHC-fed mice. Furthermore, the HFHC diet impaired aortic insulin signaling through Akt and forkhead box O1, which was associated with elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress markers CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein and 78kDa glucose regulated protein. GW1516 intervention normalized mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, insulin signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Conclusions—
Intervention with a PPARδ agonist inhibits aortic inflammation and attenuates the progression of pre-established atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar A. Bojic
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy C. Burke
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjiv S. Chhoker
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn E. Telford
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian G. Sutherland
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Y. Edwards
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia G. Sawyez
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G. Tirona
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray W. Huff
- From the Department of Vascular Biology, Robarts Research Institute (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., H.Y., J.G.P., M.W.H.), London, Ontario, Canada; and Departments of Biochemistry (L.A.B., A.C.B., S.S.C., J.G.P., M.W.H.), Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., R.G.T., J.G.P., M.W.H.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G.T.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mackenzie LS, Lione L. Harnessing the benefits of PPARβ/δ agonists. Life Sci 2013; 93:963-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cheang WS, Fang X, Tian XY. Pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and δ in vascular diseases. Circ J 2013; 77:2664-71. [PMID: 24107399 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and delta (PPARδ) are nuclear receptors that have significant physiological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Experimental studies in animal models of metabolic disease have demonstrated their effects on improving lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and reducing inflammatory responses. PPARγ and -δ are also expressed in the vasculature and their beneficial effects have been examined in various cardiovascular disease models such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic vascular complications, etc. using pharmacological ligands or genetic tools including viral vectors and transgenic mice. These studies suggest that PPARγ and δ are antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and antifibrotic against vascular diseases. Several signaling pathways, effector molecules, as well as coactivators/repressors have been identified as responsible for the protective effects of PPARγ and -δ in the vasculature. We discuss the pleiotropic effect of PPARγ and δ in vascular dysfunction, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular remodeling, vascular injury, and diabetic vasculopathy, in various animal models, and the major underlying mechanisms. We also compare the phenotypes of several endothelial cell/vascular smooth muscle-specific PPARγ and -δ knockout and overexpressing transgenic mice in various disease models, and the implications underlying the functional importance of vascular PPARγ and δ in regulating whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Cariou B, Hanf R, Lambert-Porcheron S, Zaïr Y, Sauvinet V, Noël B, Flet L, Vidal H, Staels B, Laville M. Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ agonist GFT505 improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in abdominally obese subjects. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2923-30. [PMID: 23715754 PMCID: PMC3781493 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of new insulin sensitizers is an unmet need for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of GFT505, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α/δ agonist, on peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-two abdominally obese insulin-resistant males (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance>3) were randomly assigned in a randomized crossover study to subsequent 8-week treatment periods with GFT505 (80 mg/day) or placebo, followed by a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic insulin clamp with a glucose tracer to calculate endogenous glucose production (EGP). The primary end point was the improvement in glucose infusion rate (GIR). Gene expression analysis was performed on skeletal muscle biopsy specimens. RESULTS GFT505 improved peripheral insulin sensitivity, with a 21% (P=0.048) increase of the GIR at the second insulin infusion period. GFT505 also enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity, with a 44% (P=0.006) increase of insulin suppression of EGP at the first insulin infusion period. Insulin-suppressed plasma free fatty acid concentrations were significantly reduced on GFT505 treatment (0.21±0.07 vs. 0.27±0.11 mmol/L; P=0.006). Neither PPARα nor PPARδ target genes were induced in skeletal muscle, suggesting a liver-targeted action of GFT505. GFT505 significantly reduced fasting plasma triglycerides (-21%; P=0.003) and LDL cholesterol (-13%; P=0.0006), as well as liver enzyme concentrations (γ-glutamyltranspeptidase: -30.4%, P=0.003; alanine aminotransferase: -20.5%, P=0.004). There was no safety concern or any indication of PPARγ activation with GFT505. CONCLUSIONS The dual PPARα/δ agonist GFT505 is a liver-targeted insulin-sensitizer that is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Ehrenborg E, Skogsberg J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:95-106. [PMID: 24125418 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) plays an important role in different vascular processes suggesting that PPARD is a significant modulator of cardiovascular disease. This review will focus on PPARD in relation to cardiovascular risk factors based on cell, animal and human data. Mouse studies suggest that Ppard is an important metabolic modulator that may have implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Specific human PPARD gene variants show no clear association with CVD but interactions between variants and lifestyle factors might influence disease risk. During recent years, development of specific and potent PPARD agonists has also made it possible to study the effects of PPARD activation in humans. PPARD agonists seem to exert beneficial effects on dyslipidemia and insulin-resistant syndromes but safety issues have been raised due to the role that PPARD plays in cell proliferation. Thus, large long term outcome as well as detailed safety and tolerability studies are needed to evaluate whether PPARD agonists could be used to treat CVD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ehrenborg
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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