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Lawton R, Frankenberg E, Seeman T, Karlamangla A, Sumantri C, Thomas D. Explaining adverse cholesterol levels and distinct gender patterns in an Indonesian population compared with the U.S. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 54:101403. [PMID: 38861883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is among the most common causes of death around the world. As rising incomes in low and middle-income countries are accompanied by increased obesity, the burden of disease shifts towards non-communicable diseases, and lower-income settings make up a growing share of cardiovascular disease deaths. Comparative investigation of the roles of body composition, behavioral and socioeconomic factors across countries can shed light on both the biological and social drivers of cardiovascular disease more broadly. Comparing rigorously-validated measures of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol among adults in the United States and in Aceh, Indonesia, we show that Indonesians present with adverse cholesterol biomarkers relative to Americans, despite being younger and having lower body mass index. Adjusting for age, the gaps increase. Body composition, behaviors, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that affect cholesterol do not explain between-country HDL differences, but do explain non-HDL differences, after accounting for medication use. On average, gender differences are inconsistent across the two countries and persist after controlling observed characteristics. Leveraging the richness of the Indonesian data to draw comparisons of males and females within the same household, the gender gaps among Indonesians are not explained for HDL cholesterol but attenuated substantially for non-HDL cholesterol. This finding suggests that unmeasured household resources play an important role in determining non-HDL cholesterol. More generally, they appear to be affected by social and biological forces in complex ways that differ across countries and potentially operate differently for HDL and non-HDL biomarkers. These results point to the value of rigorous comparative studies to advance understanding of cardiovascular risks across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Lawton
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Teresa Seeman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arun Karlamangla
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Mourino N, Pérez-Ríos M, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A, Buckley JP, Kalkwarf HJ, Cecil KM, Braun JM. Pre- and postnatal exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and cardiometabolic risk at 12 years: Periods of susceptibility. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115572. [PMID: 36841524 PMCID: PMC10726317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify periods of heightened susceptibility to the association of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure with cardiometabolic (CM) risk at age 12 years. METHODS We used data from 212 adolescents from the HOME Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH. Using multiple informant models, we estimated associations of maternal serum cotinine (mean of concentrations at 16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy) and children's serum cotinine concentrations (mean of concentrations at ages 1, 2, 3, and 4 years) with a CM risk summary score constructed of five risk components measured at age 12 years. We determined if these associations differed for pre- and postnatal exposure periods, and adolescent's sex. RESULTS We found some evidence that the cotinine-outcome associations differed by exposure period and sex. Postnatal, but not prenatal, cotinine was associated with higher CM risk scores and individual CM risk component values (interaction p-values = 0.04 to 0.35). Each 10-fold increase in postnatal cotinine was associated with 0.57 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.45), 0.09 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.31), 0.14 (-0.08, 0.35), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.48), and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.27) higher CM risk, HOMA-IR, TG to HDL-C ratio, leptin to adiponectin ratio, and visceral fat area. Postnatal cotinine was associated with higher visceral fat area among females but not males (sex × period × cotinine interaction p-value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Serum cotinine concentrations during the postnatal period had greater influence on adolescent's CM risk compared to the prenatal period, and these associations may be sex-specific. This study reinforces the need for ongoing public health interventions to minimize children's exposure to SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Mourino
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heidi J Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Park H, Kim UJ, Choi EJ, Jun S, Park B, Lee HA, Kim HS, Park H. The association between urinary cotinine level and metabolic syndrome profiles among adolescents: findings from the Ewha Birth and growth study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:732. [PMID: 37085791 PMCID: PMC10120168 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among adolescents who are still developing can negatively affect their physical and psychological health, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between exposure to SHS and MetS in adolescence has not been evaluated. METHODS A total of 240 subjects aged 13-15 years who were followed up in the Ewha Birth and Growth Study were included in this study. Using the urinary cotinine level, the participants' exposure to SHS was divided into tertiles, and the continuous MetS score (cMetS) and its components were compared among the three groups using a generalized linear model and trend analysis. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. We adjusted for several confounding variables including sex, father's education level, father's current alcohol consumption status, moderate physical activity, and overweight status. RESULTS The association between cMetS and the urinary cotinine level was not significant. However, the higher the urinary cotinine level, the lower the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. In particular, the significance of the HDL-C level was maintained after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS This study supports an association between SHS exposure and the components of MetS in adolescents aged 13-15 years, and it suggests the need to address SHS exposure in adolescents to reduce the cardiovascular risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Jeong Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Jun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Clinical Trial Center, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dietrich E, Jomard A, Osto E. Crosstalk between high-density lipoproteins and endothelial cells in health and disease: Insights into sex-dependent modulation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:989428. [PMID: 36304545 PMCID: PMC9594152 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.989428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Intense research in vascular biology has advanced our knowledge of molecular mechanisms of its onset and progression until complications; however, several aspects of the patho-physiology of atherosclerosis remain to be further elucidated. Endothelial cell homeostasis is fundamental to prevent atherosclerosis as the appearance of endothelial cell dysfunction is considered the first pro-atherosclerotic vascular modification. Physiologically, high density lipoproteins (HDLs) exert protective actions for vessels and in particular for ECs. Indeed, HDLs promote endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation, contribute to the regulation of vascular lipid metabolism, and have immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Sex- and gender-dependent differences are increasingly recognized as important, although not fully elucidated, factors in cardiovascular health and disease patho-physiology. In this review, we highlight the importance of sex hormones and sex-specific gene expression in the regulation of HDL and EC cross-talk and their contribution to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dietrich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Jomard
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Osto
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Miyamura K, Nawa N, Isumi A, Doi S, Ochi M, Fujiwara T. The Association of Passive Smoking and Dyslipidemia Among Adolescence in Japan: Results From A-CHILD Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2738-e2748. [PMID: 33595668 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Passive smoking in childhood has been reported to be associated with dyslipidemia in Western countries. However, this association in Asian countries remains unclear. Further, no study has investigated the sex difference of the association. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia in adolescent boys and girls in Japan. METHODS We used a cross-sectional data of junior high school students in the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan in 2016 and 2018. Of the 1431 available students, 1166 students and their parents responded to the survey, including frequency of passive smoking (response rate 81.5%). We assessed dyslipidemia using total cholesterol (TC) levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia was evaluated by using multivariate regression analyses adjusted for socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors stratified by boys (N = 564) and girls (N = 602). RESULTS Among boys, HDL-C levels were significantly lower if exposed to passive smoking frequently, compared with those not exposed (β = -3.19; 95% CI, -5.84 to -0.55). However, this trend does not hold true among girls. Passive smoking was not associated with TC levels and LDL-C levels in either boys or girls. CONCLUSION We found that exposure to passive smoking was associated with HDL-C level among boys in Japan, but not in girls. Further longitudinal study is needed to confirm the association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia among boys in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Miyamura
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Isumi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Doi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Ochi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of Health and Welfare Services, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Perrino C, Ferdinandy P, Bøtker HE, Brundel BJJM, Collins P, Davidson SM, den Ruijter HM, Engel FB, Gerdts E, Girao H, Gyöngyösi M, Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, Madonna R, Marber M, Murphy E, Pesce M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Sluijter JPG, Steffens S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Van Laake LW, Van Linthout S, Schulz R, Ytrehus K. Improving translational research in sex-specific effects of comorbidities and risk factors in ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotection: position paper and recommendations of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:367-385. [PMID: 32484892 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a complex disorder and a leading cause of death and morbidity in both men and women. Sex, however, affects several aspects of IHD, including pathophysiology, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis as well as treatment and outcome. Several diseases or risk factors frequently associated with IHD can modify cellular signalling cascades, thus affecting ischaemia/reperfusion injury as well as responses to cardioprotective interventions. Importantly, the prevalence and impact of risk factors and several comorbidities differ between males and females, and their effects on IHD development and prognosis might differ according to sex. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are still poorly understood, and their identification might have important translational implications in the prediction or prevention of risk of IHD in men and women. Despite this, most experimental studies on IHD are still undertaken in animal models in the absence of risk factors and comorbidities, and assessment of potential sex-specific differences are largely missing. This ESC WG Position Paper will discuss: (i) the importance of sex as a biological variable in cardiovascular research, (ii) major biological mechanisms underlying sex-related differences relevant to IHD risk factors and comorbidities, (iii) prospects and pitfalls of preclinical models to investigate these associations, and finally (iv) will provide recommendations to guide future research. Although gender differences also affect IHD risk in the clinical setting, they will not be discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy str. 6., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hans E Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 161, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1108 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Collins
- Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, Chelsea, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Gerdts
- Department for Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrique Girao
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, and Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, 6410 Fannin St #1014, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Marber
- King's College London BHF Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS Via Parea, 4, I-20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Berlin Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, partner site Berlin, Geschäftsstelle Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zürich, Germany
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Circulatory Health Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A - 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Braun M, Klingelhöfer D, Oremek GM, Quarcoo D, Groneberg DA. Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children-An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3212. [PMID: 32380770 PMCID: PMC7246681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the domestic environment or inside vehicles of smokers. Unfortunately, prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) exposure is still common, too. SHS is hazardous to the health of smokers and non-smokers, but especially to that of children. SHS and PTS increase the risk for children to develop cancers and can trigger or worsen asthma and allergies, modulate the immune status, and is harmful to lung, heart and blood vessels. Smoking during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes as well as changes in the development of the foetus. Lately, some of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause adverse health effects in children have been identified. In this review, some of the current insights are discussed. In this regard, it has been found in children that SHS and PTS exposure is associated with changes in levels of enzymes, hormones, and expression of genes, micro RNAs, and proteins. PTS and SHS exposure are major elicitors of mechanisms of oxidative stress. Genetic predisposition can compound the health effects of PTS and SHS exposure. Epigenetic effects might influence in utero gene expression and disease susceptibility. Hence, the limitation of domestic and public exposure to SHS as well as PTS exposure has to be in the focus of policymakers and the public in order to save the health of children at an early age. Global substantial smoke-free policies, health communication campaigns, and behavioural interventions are useful and should be mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (D.K.); (G.M.O.); (D.Q.); (D.A.G.)
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8
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Rauschert S, Melton PE, Burdge G, Craig JM, Godfrey KM, Holbrook JD, Lillycrop K, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Oddy WH, Pennell C, Huang RC. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Induces Persistent Epigenetic Changes Into Adolescence, Independent of Postnatal Smoke Exposure and Is Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk. Front Genet 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31616461 PMCID: PMC6764289 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have shown effects of current and maternal smoking during pregnancy on DNA methylation of CpG sites in newborns and later in life. Here, we hypothesized that there are long-term and persistent epigenetic effects following maternal smoking during pregnancy on adolescent offspring DNA methylation, independent of paternal and postnatal smoke exposure. Furthermore, we explored the association between DNA methylation and cardiometabolic risk factors at 17 years of age. Materials and Methods: DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip in whole blood from 995 participants attending the 17-year follow-up of the Raine Study. Linear mixed effects models were used to identify differential methylated CpGs, adjusting for parental smoking during pregnancy, and paternal, passive, and adolescent smoke exposure. Additional models examined the association between DNA methylation and paternal, adolescent, and passive smoking over the life course. Offspring CpGs identified were analyzed against cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, triacylglycerols (TG), high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), and body mass index). Results: We identified 23 CpGs (genome-wide p level: 1.06 × 10-7) that were associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, including associated genes AHRR (cancer development), FTO (obesity), CNTNAP2 (developmental processes), CYP1A1 (detoxification), MYO1G (cell signalling), and FRMD4A (nicotine dependence). A sensitivity analysis showed a dose-dependent relationship between maternal smoking and offspring methylation. These results changed little following adjustment for paternal, passive, or offspring smoking, and there were no CpGs identified that associated with these variables. Two of the 23 identified CpGs [cg00253568 (FTO) and cg00213123 (CYP1A1)] were associated with either TG (male and female), diastolic blood pressure (female only), or HDL-C (male only), after Bonferroni correction. Discussion: This study demonstrates a critical timing of cigarette smoke exposure over the life course for establishing persistent changes in DNA methylation into adolescence in a dose-dependent manner. There were significant associations between offspring CpG methylation and adolescent cardiovascular risk factors, namely, TG, HDL-C, and diastolic blood pressure. Future studies on current smoking habits and DNA methylation should consider the importance of maternal smoking during pregnancy and explore how the persistent DNA methylation effects of in utero smoke exposure increase cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rauschert
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Phillip E. Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Graham Burdge
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Craig
- Early Life Epigenetics Group, MCRI, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna D. Holbrook
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor A. Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lawrence J. Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy H. Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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9
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Age Differences in the Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081409. [PMID: 31010129 PMCID: PMC6518058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS), a common environmental exposure factor, has become a serious public health problem. Metabolic syndrome is another worldwide clinical challenge. Our study tried to determine the age differences in the relationship between SHS and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Studies were searched in PubMed and Web of Science from 11 November to 30 November 2018. Eighteen studies were finally included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The relationship between SHS and the risk indicators of metabolic syndrome was analyzed. The weighted mean difference (WMD) of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), and the standard mean difference (SMD) of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C) were calculated in a meta-analysis. SHS was positively associated with the level of insulin and WC. According to the subgroup analysis based on age difference, SHS was positively associated with FPG in the upper age group, and positively associated with LDL-C and negatively associated with HDL-C in the lower age group. BMI showed a more obvious positive correlation in the adults group than in the children and the teenagers group. In conclusion, the association of metabolic syndrome with SHS varies with age. When exposed to SHS, older people may be more susceptible to glucose metabolic disorder, but younger people may be more susceptible to lipid metabolic disorder.
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Straker L, Mountain J, Jacques A, White S, Smith A, Landau L, Stanley F, Newnham J, Pennell C, Eastwood P. Cohort Profile: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study-Generation 2. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 46:1384-1385j. [PMID: 28064197 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jenny Mountain
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Scott White
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Service, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anne Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louis Landau
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Peter Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Merianos AL, Jandarov RA, Khoury JC, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Tobacco Smoke Exposure Association With Lipid Profiles and Adiposity Among U.S. Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:463-470. [PMID: 29224987 PMCID: PMC5866739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the association between tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) as measured by serum cotinine and lipoprotein cholesterols and adiposity in adolescents. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of 1999-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data including participants 12-19 years old. We examined TSE: unexposed (<.05 ng/mL), passively exposed (.05-2.99 ng/mL), and actively exposed (≥3 ng/mL); lipid profiles: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides; and adiposity: body mass index z-score (BMIZ), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Covariates were age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, diet, and physical activity. Multiple regression models were used to assess the association between TSE and lipid profile variables separately, and then TSE and adiposity measures separately, adjusting for covariates. We performed logistic regression to examine the association of TSE with body mass index and WHtR classifications. RESULTS Of the 11,550 participants, 41.7% were unexposed to tobacco smoke, 40.5% were passively exposed, and 17.8% were actively exposed. Compared with unexposed, participants with active TSE had lower total cholesterol, lower HDL-C, and higher triglycerides; higher BMIZ, higher WC, and higher WHtR; participants with passive TSE had lower HDL-C, higher total cholesterol, and higher LDL-C; higher BMIZ, higher WC, and higher WHtR. Participants actively exposed were at increased odds of being obese or WHtR ≥.65, and those passively exposed were at increased odds of being overweight, obese, or WHtR ≥.65. CONCLUSIONS Active TSE and passive TSE are differentially associated with factors within the lipid profile and adiposity, independent of covariates. TSE prevention efforts should start as early as childhood and continue throughout adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Roman A Jandarov
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jane C Khoury
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Reynolds AC, Bucks RS, Paterson JL, Ferguson SA, Mori TA, McArdle N, Straker L, Beilin LJ, Eastwood PR. Working (longer than) 9 to 5: are there cardiometabolic health risks for young Australian workers who report longer than 38-h working weeks? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:403-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ueyama C, Horibe H, Yamase Y, Fujimaki T, Oguri M, Kato K, Yamada Y. Association of smoking with prevalence of common diseases and metabolic abnormalities in community-dwelling Japanese individuals. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:429-438. [PMID: 29109861 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that certain common pathologies, including hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus, are major risk factors for CVDs, the association of smoking with CVDs may be attributable, at least in part, to its effects on common diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of smoking with the prevalence of common diseases and metabolic abnormalities in community-dwelling Japanese individuals. The study included 5,959 subjects (1,302 current smokers, 1,418 past smokers and 3,239 nonsmokers) recruited to the Inabe Health and Longevity Study, a longitudinal genetic epidemiological study of atherosclerotic, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Various metabolic parameters and prevalence of common diseases were compared between smokers and nonsmokers using multivariable regression or logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age. Analysis indicated significantly higher serum concentrations of triglycerides and lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in current smokers compared with nonsmokers in men and women. Serum concentrations of creatinine and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower and estimated glomerular filtration rate was higher in male current smokers. In addition, body weight was higher in female current smokers. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, smoking was significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia [P=6.3×10-10; odds ratio (OR), 1.81], hypertriglyceridemia (P=2.3×10-20; OR, 2.39), hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia (P=2.0×10-9; OR, 2.14), metabolic syndrome (P=0.0003; OR, 1.61) and chronic kidney disease (P=4.4×10-15; OR, 0.54) in men, but not in women. The results indicated that smoking is significantly associated with various metabolic abnormalities and prevalence of common diseases in Japanese individuals, with certain sex differences, which may lead to accelerated development of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ueyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi 507-8522, Japan
| | - Hideki Horibe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi 507-8522, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamase
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi 507-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Fujimaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Inabe General Hospital, Inabe 511-0428, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Oguri
- Department of Cardiology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai 486-8510, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meitoh Hospital, Nagoya 465-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Reed RM, Dransfield MT, Eberlein M, Miller M, Netzer G, Pavlovich M, Pollin TI, Scharf SM, Shuldiner AR, Sin D, Mitchell BD. Gender differences in first and secondhand smoke exposure, spirometric lung function and cardiometabolic health in the old order Amish: A novel population without female smoking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174354. [PMID: 28362870 PMCID: PMC5375129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their relatively homogeneous lifestyle and living environment, the Amish offer a novel opportunity to study the health associations of tobacco smoke exposure, particularly secondhand smoke. We hypothesized that secondhand smoke exposure is associated with worse pulmonary and cardiometabolic health. We examined cross-sectional data on 3568 Amish study participants, including tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure from family members included in the study. Thirty-four percent of Amish men reported ever smoking. Of this proportion, 64% used cigars, 46% cigarettes, and 21% pipes. Less than 1% of women reported ever smoking. Smoking was associated with lower spirometric lung function, higher body mass index, lower HDL cholesterol, higher heart rate, lower ankle-brachial index, and larger aortic diameter in men. A greater number of sources of secondhand smoke exposure (defined from the total of spouses, parents, and siblings who smoke) was associated with higher body mass index (p = 0.03) and with higher fasting glucose in men (p = 0.01), but not in women (p = 0.007 for sex*secondhand smoke interaction). Secondhand smoke exposure was also associated with reduced HDL cholesterol only in women (p = 0.002) and a lower heart rate only in men (p = 0.006). Smoking habits among the Old Order Amish are notable for the absence of female participation and a high proportion of cigar and pipe use. Smoking is associated with decreased spirometric indices of lung function and increased cardiovascular risk in this population and secondhand smoke exposure is associated with a greater burden of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Sex differences in correlations could reflect differences in exposure patterns, mechanisms, or susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Reed
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Dransfield
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael Eberlein
- University of Iowa School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael Miller
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giora Netzer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Pavlovich
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Scharf
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Don Sin
- University of British Columbia Respiratory Medicine; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Le-Ha C, Herbison CE, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Henley DE, Lye SJ, Matthews SG, Pennell CE, Mori TA. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity under resting conditions and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:118-24. [PMID: 26802599 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with higher levels of cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors in adults. This study aimed to assess the relation between measures of HPA axis activity under resting conditions and CVD risk factors in a general population of adolescents at 17 years. METHODS A total of 1134 adolescents from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had phenotypic and socio-demographic data. The associations between HPA axis measures (plasma ACTH, total cortisol, calculated free cortisol, corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), and salivary cortisol) and a range of cardiovascular risk factors were examined using multivariable linear regression models, with adjustment for gender, adiposity, birth weight, gestational age, and socio-behavioural factors. RESULTS Plasma total cortisol was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p=0.011), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides (all p<0.001), and hs-CRP (p=0.047). Salivary cortisol was associated positively with HDL-C (p=0.033) and negatively with LDL-cholesterol (p=0.016); plasma calculated free cortisol was positively associated with triglycerides (p=0.006); plasma CBG was positively associated with total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (both p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.022), and hs-CRP (p=0.001). After correction for multiple comparisons, significant associations remained for total cortisol with total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides; for calculated free cortisol with triglycerides; and for CBG with HDL-C, total cholesterol, and hs-CRP. Plasma ACTH was not associated with any cardiovascular risk factor. There was no association between BMI and any measure of HPA axis activity. CONCLUSION In an adolescent population, HPA axis measures under resting conditions are associated with a range of CVD risk factors. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying these associations in adolescence would be an important step in understanding the evolution of adult CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Carly E Herbison
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Burrows
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - David E Henley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
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Hwang JH, Park SW. Sex and Age Differences in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home among Korean Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:241. [PMID: 26907314 PMCID: PMC4772261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors assessed sex and age differences in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among vulnerable adolescent populations. Data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 64,499 non-smokers aged 13-18 years were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Girls were exposed 1.26 times (95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.32) more to home SHS than boys, and the younger adolescents were more likely to be exposed to home SHS than were the older, regardless of sex (p < 0.001). Younger girls living with or without current smokers and the younger boys living with current smokers were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home, when the data were stratified according to current household member smoking, which was one of the main risk factors for SHS exposure at home. Girls living with current smokers were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home than boys regardless age. Girls and younger adolescents, populations vulnerable to smoke exposure, were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home, even though they should be more protected. It is necessary to improve home SHS awareness, especially among these vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyun Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Soon-Woo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
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17
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Appannah G, Pot GK, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Jebb SA, Ambrosini GL. Identification of a dietary pattern associated with greater cardiometabolic risk in adolescence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:643-650. [PMID: 26026208 PMCID: PMC4510146 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Energy dense, high fat, low fibre diets may contribute to obesity in young people, however their relationships with other cardiometabolic risk factors are unclear. We examined associations between an 'energy-dense, high-fat and low-fibre' dietary pattern (DP) and cardiometabolic risk factors, and the tracking of this DP in adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS Data was sourced from participants in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort Study. At 14 and 17 y, dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical data were measured and z-scores for an 'energy dense, high fat and low fibre' DP were estimated using reduced rank regression (RRR). Associations between DP z-scores and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined using regression models. Tracking of DP z-scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A 1 SD unit increase in DP z-score between 14 and 17 y was associated with a 20% greater odds of high metabolic risk (95% CI: 1.01, 1.41) and a 0.04 mmol/L higher fasting glucose in boys (95% CI: 0.01, 0.08); a 28% greater odds of a high-waist circumference (95% CI: 1.00, 1.63) in girls. An increase of 3% and 4% was observed for insulin and HOMA (95% CI: 1%, 7%), respectively, in boys and girls, for every 1 SD increase in DP z-score and independently of BMI. The DP showed moderate tracking between 14 and 17 y of age (r = 0.51 for boys, r = 0.45 for girls). CONCLUSION An 'energy dense, high fat, low fibre' DP is positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and tends to persist throughout adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Appannah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - G K Pot
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R C Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - W H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S A Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G L Ambrosini
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
The long-term adherence to the dietary guidelines has not been evaluated against emergence of cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with increasing rates of obesity. The present study aimed to (1) determine the level of adherence to the guidelines using the Australian Dietary Guideline Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA) in adolescents of age 14 and 17 years and to (2) examine the relationship between their assessed diet quality and concurrently measured cardiometabolic risk factors over time. Data were analysed from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The DGI-CA was determined from a FFQ. Anthropometry and fasting biochemical measures were taken using standard procedures. Hierarchical linear mixed models examined associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and DGI-CA, adjusting for socio-economic status, physical activity, BMI, and sex, and examining for interactions. The mean DGI-CA scores were 47·1 (sd 10·2) at 14 years (n 1419) and 47·7 (sd 11·0) at 17 years (n 843), and were not different between sex. There was a significant inverse association between DGI-CA and insulin, homeostasis model assessment score and heart rate. The DGI-CA was positively associated with BMI (P= 0·029) but negatively with waist:hip ratio (P= 0·026). It was not associated with lipids or blood pressure, with the exception of a negative association with TAG (P= 0·011). The degree of adherence in the Raine Study adolescents was suboptimal but similar to the Australian Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The present study shows that, at any particular time, better diet quality was associated with better insulin sensitivity and TAG levels and decreased abdominal fatness.
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Omoloja A, Tyc VL. Tobacco and the pediatric chronic kidney disease population. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:235-43. [PMID: 24890336 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use and exposure are preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. Whereas the impact of this public health issue is well described in adults with kidney disease, its role in the pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) population is largely unknown. This review discusses the prevalence of tobacco use and exposure in children with CKD, updates the reader on how tobacco affects the kidney, and presents intervention strategies relevant to this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Omoloja
- Department of Pediatrics, One Children's Plaza, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45404, USA,
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Oddy WH, Hands B, Mori TA. Gender and the active smoking and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein relation in late adolescence. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:758-64. [PMID: 24577623 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p045369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), smoking, and oral contraceptive (OC) use are associated with CVD risk in adults. This study examines the effect of smoking on high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels, and the interactive effects of sex and OC use on this relationship in an adolescent cohort. A total of 1,050 adolescents (mean age 17 ± 0.25 years) from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic measures recorded. The association between smoking status and log-transformed hs-CRP was analyzed using multivariable Tobit linear regression models, with adjustment for adiposity, lifestyle, and early-life confounders. A three-level variable (girls not using OCs, girls using OCs, and boys) was employed to assess the interactive effects of sex, OC use, and smoking. Smoking associated with higher hs-CRP levels in girls not using OCs (b = 0.571; P = 0.001), but not in girls using OCs (b = -0.117; P = 0.598) or in boys (b = 0.183; P = 0.2). OC use in nonsmoking girls was the strongest factor associated with higher hs-CRP levels (b = 1.189; P < 0.001). This study has demonstrated a more robust effect of smoking on hs-CRP levels in girls not using OCs compared with boys. The findings may explain why CVD risk conferred by smoking is higher in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abstract
Tobacco exposure increases mortality and morbidity of the fetus, the child, the adolescent, and their children in turn. Nearly half the children in the world are exposed. Smoking is not merely personal choice or personal responsibility; those subtle phrases undermine those who have no choice in the matter. Tobacco control must take a multi-pronged attack. Smoking cessation by adults in childbearing years must take center stage of these efforts, because it is the only way to ensure a smoke-free environment for children. Smoke-free parents provide a role model for smoke-free young people, and erode the image of smoking as a desirable adult behavior to emulate. Pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists have a key role to play here. This goal will reduce morbidity and mortality among adults and children. Legislation regarding taxation, environments, tobacco constituents, product placement and display, packaging, and media education are all key to this core goal. Smoke-free policy must be protected from attack based on trade agreements. Research is needed into more effective ways to attract and help people give up smoking, and into educating and re-deploying tobacco industry workers in emerging and developed countries.
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