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Pegoraro A, Grignolo M, Ruo L, Ricci L, Adinolfi E. P2X7 Variants in Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6673. [PMID: 38928378 PMCID: PMC11204217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptor activation by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) modulates different intracellular pathways, including pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting cascades. ATP is released by cells and necrotic tissues during stressful conditions and accumulates mainly in the inflammatory and tumoral microenvironments. As a consequence, both the P2X7 blockade and agonism have been proposed as therapeutic strategies in phlogosis and cancer. Nevertheless, most studies have been carried out on the WT fully functional receptor variant. In recent years, the discovery of P2X7 variants derived by alternative splicing mechanisms or single-nucleotide substitutions gave rise to the investigation of these new P2X7 variants' roles in different processes and diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the literature covering the function of human P2X7 splice variants and polymorphisms in diverse pathophysiological contexts, paying particular attention to their role in oncological and neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (L.R.); (L.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (L.R.); (L.R.)
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2
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Magni L, Yu H, Christensen NM, Poulsen MH, Frueh A, Deshar G, Johansen AZ, Johansen JS, Pless SA, Jørgensen NR, Novak I. Human P2X7 receptor variants Gly150Arg and Arg276His polymorphisms have differential effects on risk association and cellular functions in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:148. [PMID: 38664691 PMCID: PMC11044319 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in the crosstalk between pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and cancer cells, thus promoting progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2X7R have been reported for several cancers, but have not been explored in PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from PDAC patients and controls were genotyped for 11 non-synonymous SNPs in P2X7R and a risk analysis was performed. Relevant P2X7R-SNP GFP variants were expressed in PSCs and cancer cells and their function was assayed in the following tests. Responses in Ca2+ were studied with Fura-2 and dye uptake with YO-PRO-1. Cell migration was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Released cytokines were measured with MSD assay. RESULTS Risk analysis showed that two SNPs 474G>A and 853G>A (rs28360447, rs7958316), that lead to the Gly150Arg and Arg276His variants, had a significant but opposite risk association with PDAC development, protecting against and predisposing to the disease, respectively. In vitro experiments performed on cancer cells and PSCs expressing the Gly150Arg variant showed reduced intracellular Ca2+ response, fluorescent dye uptake, and cell migration, while the Arg276His variant reduced dye uptake but displayed WT-like Ca2+ responses. As predicted, P2X7R was involved in cytokine release (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), but the P2X7R inhibitors displayed varied effects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we provide evidence for the P2X7R SNPs association with PDAC and propose that they could be considered as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Magni
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Haoran Yu
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nynne M Christensen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mette H Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Frueh
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ganga Deshar
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Astrid Z Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stephan A Pless
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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3
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Cho SB. Comorbidity Genes of Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Associated with Memory and Cognitive Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2211. [PMID: 38396891 PMCID: PMC10889845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are comorbidities that result from the sharing of common genes. The molecular background of comorbidities can provide clues for the development of treatment and management strategies. Here, the common genes involved in the development of the two diseases and in memory and cognitive function are reviewed. Network clustering based on protein-protein interaction network identified tightly connected gene clusters that have an impact on memory and cognition among the comorbidity genes of AD and T2DM. Genes with functional implications were intensively reviewed and relevant evidence summarized. Gene information will be useful in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of tentative therapeutic targets for AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 38-13, Dokgeom-ro 3 Street, Namdon-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Dance A, Fernandes J, Toussaint B, Vaillant E, Boutry R, Baron M, Loiselle H, Balkau B, Charpentier G, Franc S, Ibberson M, Marre M, Gernay M, Fadeur M, Paquot N, Vaxillaire M, Boissel M, Amanzougarene S, Derhourhi M, Khamis A, Froguel P, Bonnefond A. Exploring the role of purinergic receptor P2RY1 in type 2 diabetes risk and pathophysiology: Insights from human functional genomics. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101867. [PMID: 38159881 PMCID: PMC10792753 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human functional genomics has proven powerful in discovering drug targets for common metabolic disorders. Through this approach, we investigated the involvement of the purinergic receptor P2RY1 in type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS P2RY1 was sequenced in 9,266 participants including 4,177 patients with T2D. In vitro analyses were then performed to assess the functional effect of each variant. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed in pancreatic islets from 103 pancreatectomized individuals. The effect of P2RY1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was finally assessed in human pancreatic beta cells (EndoCβH5), and RNA sequencing was performed on these cells. RESULTS Sequencing P2YR1 in 9,266 participants revealed 22 rare variants, seven of which were loss-of-function according to our in vitro analyses. Carriers, except one, exhibited impaired glucose control. Our eQTL analysis of human islets identified P2RY1 variants, in a beta-cell enhancer, linked to increased P2RY1 expression and reduced T2D risk, contrasting with variants located in a silent region associated with decreased P2RY1 expression and increased T2D risk. Additionally, a P2RY1-specific agonist increased insulin secretion upon glucose stimulation, while the antagonist led to decreased insulin secretion. RNA-seq highlighted TXNIP as one of the main transcriptomic markers of insulin secretion triggered by P2RY1 agonist. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that P2RY1 inherited or acquired dysfunction increases T2D risk and that P2RY1 activation stimulates insulin secretion. Selective P2RY1 agonists, impermeable to the blood-brain barrier, could serve as potential insulin secretagogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Dance
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Justine Fernandes
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Toussaint
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Vaillant
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Raphaël Boutry
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Morgane Baron
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Loiselle
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm U1018 Clinical Epidemiology, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillaume Charpentier
- CERITD (Centre d'Étude et de Recherche pour l'Intensification du Traitement du Diabète), Evry, France
| | - Sylvia Franc
- CERITD (Centre d'Étude et de Recherche pour l'Intensification du Traitement du Diabète), Evry, France; Department of Diabetes, Sud-Francilien Hospital, Paris-Sud University, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Marre
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Clinique Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Marie Gernay
- Department of Diabetology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Sart Tilman University Hospital Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Fadeur
- Department of Diabetology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Sart Tilman University Hospital Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Paquot
- Department of Diabetology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Sart Tilman University Hospital Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martine Vaxillaire
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Boissel
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Souhila Amanzougarene
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mehdi Derhourhi
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amna Khamis
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Sluyter R, Adriouch S, Fuller SJ, Nicke A, Sophocleous RA, Watson D. Animal Models for the Investigation of P2X7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098225. [PMID: 37175933 PMCID: PMC10179175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The study of animals has greatly advanced the investigation of P2X7 and helped to establish the numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles of this receptor in human health and disease. Following a short overview of the P2X7 distribution, roles and functional properties, this article discusses how animal models have contributed to the generation of P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies (including biologics), recombinant receptors and radioligands to study P2X7 as well as to the pharmacokinetic testing of P2X7 antagonists. This article then outlines how mouse and rat models have been used to study P2X7. These sections include discussions on preclinical disease models, polymorphic P2X7 variants, P2X7 knockout mice (including bone marrow chimeras and conditional knockouts), P2X7 reporter mice, humanized P2X7 mice and P2X7 knockout rats. Finally, this article reviews the limited number of studies involving guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys (rhesus macaques), dogs, cats, zebrafish, and other fish species (seabream, ayu sweetfish, rainbow trout and Japanese flounder) to study P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UniRouen, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy, (PANTHER), Univ Rouen Normandie, University of Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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von Mücke-Heim IA, Deussing JM. The P2X7 receptor in mood disorders: Emerging target in immunopsychiatry, from bench to bedside. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109366. [PMID: 36470368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are among the most burdensome disorders worldwide. Though therapies have evolved over the last decades, treatment resistance still affects many patients. Recently, neuroimmune systems have been identified as important factors of mood disorder biology. The underlying dysregulation in neuroimmune cross-talk is driven by genetic risk factors and accumulating adverse environmental influences like chronic psychosocial stress. These result in a cluster of proinflammatory cytokines and quantitative and functional changes of immune cell populations (e.g., microglia, monocytes, T cells), varying by disease entity and state. Among the emerging immune targets, purinergic signalling revolving around the membranous and ATP specific P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has gained wider attention and clinical studies making use of antagonistic drugs are on-going. Still, no clinically meaningful applications have been identified so far. A major problem is the often overly simplified approach taken to translate findings from bench to bedside. Therefore, the present review focuses on purinergic signalling via P2X7R in the context of recent advances in immunopsychiatric mood disorder research. Our aim is to provide an overview of the current P2X7R-related findings, from bench to bedside. First, we summarize the characteristics of purinergic signalling and P2X7R, followed by a depiction of genetic and clinical data connecting P2X7R to mood disorders. We close with our perspective on current developments and discuss changes necessary to translate the evident potential of P2X7R signalling modulation into meaningful clinical application. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Purinergic Signaling: 50 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Molecular Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany.
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The Purinergic Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061838. [PMID: 35335211 PMCID: PMC8951306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the key energy intermediate of cellular metabolic processes and a ubiquitous extracellular messenger. As an extracellular messenger, ATP acts at plasma membrane P2 receptors (P2Rs). The levels of extracellular ATP (eATP) are set by both passive and active release mechanisms and degradation processes. Under physiological conditions, eATP concentration is in the low nanomolar range but can rise to tens or even hundreds of micromoles/L at inflammatory sites. A dysregulated eATP homeostasis is a pathogenic factor in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and impairment of insulin production from pancreatic β-cells in a landscape of systemic inflammation. Although various hypoglycemic drugs are currently available, an effective treatment for T2DM and its complications is not available. However, counteracting systemic inflammation is anticipated to be beneficial. The postulated eATP increase in T2DM is understood to be a driver of inflammation via P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, P2X7R stimulation is thought to trigger apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells, thus further aggravating hyperglycemia. Targeting eATP and the P2X7R might be an appealing novel approach to T2DM therapy.
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Cai X, Yao Y, Teng F, Li Y, Wu L, Yan W, Lin N. The role of P2X7 receptor in infection and metabolism: Based on inflammation and immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108297. [PMID: 34717202 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated receptor belonging to the P2 receptor family. It is distributed in various tissues of the human body and is involved in regulating the physiological functions of tissues and cells to affect the occurrence and development of diseases. Unlike all other P2 receptors, the P2X7 receptor is mainly expressed in immune cells and can be activated not only by extracellular nucleotides but also by non-nucleotide substances which act as positive allosteric modulators. In this review, we comprehensively describe the role of the P2X7 receptor in infection and metabolism based on its role as an important regulator of inflammation and immunity, and briefly introduce the structure and general function of the P2X7 receptor. These provide a clear knowledge framework for the study of the P2X7 receptor in human health. Targeting the P2X7 receptor may be an effective method for the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. And its role in microbial infection and metabolism may be the main direction for in-depth research on the P2X7 receptor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fei Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yangling Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Linwen Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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To inhibit or to boost the ATP/P2RX7 pathway to fight cancer-that is the question. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:619-631. [PMID: 34347213 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new biological insights and recent therapeutic advances, many tumors remain at baseline during treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic strategies to improve the care of patients with solid tumors. P2RX7 receptor (P2XR7), an ATP-gated ion channel characterized by its ability to form large pore within the cell membrane, is described by most of the investigators as a "chef d'orchestre" of the antitumor immune response. The purpose of this review is to detail the recent information concerning different cellular mechanisms linking P2RX7 to hallmarks of cancer and to discuss different progresses in elucidating how activation of the ATP/P2RX7/NLRP3/IL-18 pathway is a very promising approach to fight cancer progression by increasing antitumor immune responses.
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Nia MH, Shahroudi MJ, Saravani R, Sargazi S, Moudi M, Mojahed A. Relationship between P2XR4 Gene Variants and the Risk of Schizophrenia in South-East of Iran: A Preliminary Case-Control Study and in Silico Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:978-989. [PMID: 34183956 PMCID: PMC8223582 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i5.6115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia (SZN) is a heterogeneous disorder. Recently, the role of purinergic receptor’s signaling in mental disorders has implicated. There is no evidence regarding the association of P2XR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of behavioral disorders. Therefore, this preliminary study, we determined the association of rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G variants located in P2XR4 gene with the risk of SZN. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 150 SZN patient referring to Baharan Hospital, Zahedan (Eastern of Iran) in 2018. Genotyping was done by tetra-amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (Tetra ARMS-PCR). Different databases were used to determine the effects of the SNPs on the secondary structure of P2XR4 pre-mRNA and protein as well as binding of transcriptional regulators. Results: The G allele of rs1169727 significantly increased the risk of SZN (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.02–1.93, P=0.039), but there was no significant association was found between the other SNP and SZN. Moreover, GG model of rs1169727 (OR=2.46, 95%CI= 1.32–4.62, P=0.004) and rs25644 (OR=3.45, 95%CI= 1.12–5.10, P=0.013) increased the risk of SZN. The substitution of A and G alleles of rs1169727 significantly altered the secondary structure of pre-mRNA (P=0.1). In silico analysis revealed that rs25644A/G could act as an intronic cryptic donor site. Screening for flanking sequence of rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G predicted a novel enhancer and silencer for both SNPs. Conclusion: rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G are linked to SZN susceptibility in a sample of the Iranian population. In-silico analysis indicated that rs25644 have substantial roles in determining the pre-mRNA and protein structure of P2XR4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Moudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azizollah Mojahed
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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de Oliveira M, Mathias LS, de Sibio MT, Noronha-Matos JB, Costa MA, Nogueira CR, Correia-de-Sá P. Pitfalls and challenges of the purinergic signaling cascade in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114214. [PMID: 32905795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem which have reached pandemic proportions, now also including low and middle-income countries. Excessive or abnormal fat deposition in the abdomen especially in the visceral compartment is tightly associated with a high metabolic risk for arterial hypertension, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders (especially articular degeneration) and some cancers. Contrariwise, accumulation of fat in the subcutaneous compartment has been associated with a neutral metabolic impact, favoring a lower risk of insulin resistance. Obesity results more often from an avoidable imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure. There are several recommended strategies for dealing with obesity, including pharmacological therapies, but their success remains incomplete and may not compensate the associated adverse effects. Purinergic signaling operated by ATP and its metabolite, adenosine, has attracted increasing attention in obesity. The extracellular levels of purines often reflect the energy status of a given cell population. Adenine nucleotides and nucleosides fine tuning control adipogenesis and mature adipocytes function via the activation of P2 and P1 purinoceptors, respectively. These features make the purinergic signaling cascade a putative target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and related metabolic syndromes. There are, however, gaps in our knowledge regarding the role of purines in adipocyte precursors differentiation and mature adipocytes functions, as well as their impact among distinct adipose tissue deposits (e.g. white vs. brown, visceral vs. subcutaneous), which warrants further investigations before translation to clinical trials can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Solla Mathias
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa de Sibio
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, District of Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP); Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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12
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Romagnani A, Rottoli E, Mazza EMC, Rezzonico-Jost T, De Ponte Conti B, Proietti M, Perotti M, Civanelli E, Perruzza L, Catapano AL, Baragetti A, Tenedini E, Tagliafico E, Falzoni S, Di Virgilio F, Norata GD, Bicciato S, Grassi F. P2X7 Receptor Activity Limits Accumulation of T Cells within Tumors. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3906-3919. [PMID: 32699136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a signaling molecule that variably affects all cells of the immune system either directly or after hydrolysis to adenosine. Although eATP is virtually absent in the interstitium of normal tissues, it can be present in the hundreds of micromolar range in tumors, a concentration compatible with activation of the ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor. Here, we show that P2X7 activity in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) induces cellular senescence and limits tumor suppression. P2X7 stimulation affected cell cycling of effector T cells and resulted in generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and p38 MAPK-dependent upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a, encoding for p21Waf1/Cip1). Lack of P2X7 promoted a transcriptional signature that correlated with enhanced cytotoxic T-cell response in human solid tumors. In mice, transfer of tumor-specific T cells with deletion of P2rx7 significantly reduced tumor growth and extended survival. Collectively, these findings uncover a purinergic checkpoint that can be targeted to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that the purinergic checkpoint P2X7 may be targeted to enhance T-cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy and improve T effector cell accumulation in the tumor microenvironment. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/18/3906/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romagnani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Rottoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta De Ponte Conti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michela Perotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Civanelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
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13
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Coccurello R, Volonté C. P2X7 Receptor in the Management of Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Insulin Resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32528404 PMCID: PMC7247848 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body energy metabolism entails the highly regulated balance between food intake, nutrient breakdown, energy generation (ATP), and energy storage for the preservation of vital functions and body mass. Purinergic signaling has attracted increasing attention in the regulatory mechanisms not only for the reverse processes of white adipose tissue lipogenesis and lipolysis, but also for brown adipocyte-dependent thermogenesis and leptin production. This regulatory role has remarkable implications in the handling of body's energy expenditure and energy reservoir. Hence, selected purinergic receptors can play a relevant function in lipid metabolism, endocrine activity, glucose uptake, ATP-dependent increased expression of uncoupling protein 1, and browning of adipose tissue. Indeed, purinergic P2 receptors regulate adipogenesis and lipid metabolism and are involved in adipogenic differentiation. In particular, the ionotropic ATP-activated P2X7 subtype is involved in fat distribution, as well as in the modulation of inflammatory pathways in white adipose tissue. Within this context, very recent evidence has established a direct function of P2X7 in energy metabolism. Specifically, either genetic deletion (P2X7 knockout mice) or subchronic pharmacological inhibition of the receptor produces a decrease of whole-body energy expenditure and, concurrently, an increase of carbohydrate oxidation. As further evidence, lipid accumulation, increased fat mass distribution, and weight gain are reported in P2X7-depleted mice. Conversely, the stimulation of P2X7 enhances energy expenditure. Altogether, this knowledge supports the role of P2X7 signaling in the fight against obesity and insulin resistance, as well as in the promotion of adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute for Complex System (ISC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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14
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Jacobson KA, Delicado EG, Gachet C, Kennedy C, von Kügelgen I, Li B, Miras-Portugal MT, Novak I, Schöneberg T, Perez-Sen R, Thor D, Wu B, Yang Z, Müller CE. Update of P2Y receptor pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 27. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2413-2433. [PMID: 32037507 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes respond to extracellular adenine and uracil mononucleotides and dinucleotides. P2Y receptors belong to the δ group of rhodopsin-like GPCRs and contain two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , and P2Y11 (principally Gq protein-coupled P2Y1 -like) and P2Y12-14 (principally Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 -like) receptors. Brain P2Y receptors occur in neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Endothelial P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptors induce vasodilation, while smooth muscle P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptor activation leads to vasoconstriction. Pancreatic P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors stimulate while P2Y13 receptors inhibits insulin secretion. Antagonists of P2Y12 receptors, and potentially P2Y1 receptors, are anti-thrombotic agents, and a P2Y2 /P2Y4 receptor agonist treats dry eye syndrome in Asia. P2Y receptor agonists are generally pro-inflammatory, and antagonists may eventually treat inflammatory conditions. This article reviews recent developments in P2Y receptor pharmacology (using synthetic agonists and antagonists), structure and biophysical properties (using X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and modelling), physiological and pathophysiological roles, and present and potentially future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beibei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Jacobson DA, Shyng SL. Ion Channels of the Islets in Type 2 Diabetes. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1326-1346. [PMID: 31473158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an essential signal for pancreatic β-cell function. Ca2+ plays critical roles in numerous β-cell pathways such as insulin secretion, transcription, metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum function, and the stress response. Therefore, β-cell Ca2+ handling is tightly controlled. At the plasma membrane, Ca2+ entry primarily occurs through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activity is dependent on orchestrated fluctuations in the plasma membrane potential or voltage, which are mediated via the activity of many ion channels. During the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes the β-cell is exposed to stressful conditions, which result in alterations of Ca2+ handling. Some of the changes in β-cell Ca2+ handling that occur under stress result from perturbations in ion channel activity, expression or localization. Defective Ca2+ signaling in the diabetic β-cell alters function, limits insulin secretion and exacerbates hyperglycemia. In this review, we focus on the β-cell ion channels that control Ca2+ handling and how they impact β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 7415 MRB4 (Langford), 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L224, MRB 624, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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16
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Enrichment of intestinal Lactobacillus by enhanced secretory IgA coating alters glucose homeostasis in P2rx7 -/- mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9315. [PMID: 31249344 PMCID: PMC6597561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in mammalian gut protects the organism from infections and contributes to host physiology by shaping microbiota composition. The mechanisms regulating the adaptive SIgA response towards gut microbes are poorly defined. Deletion of P2rx7, encoding for the ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor, leads to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expansion in the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine, enhanced germinal centre (GC) reaction and IgA secretion; the resulting alterations of the gut microbiota in turn affects host metabolism. Here, we define gut microbiota modifications that correlate with deregulated SIgA secretion and metabolic alterations in P2rx7-/- mice. In particular, Lactobacillus shows enhanced SIgA coating in P2rx7-/- with respect to wild-type (WT) mice. The abundance of SIgA-coated lactobacilli positively correlates with Tfh cells number and body weight, suggesting Lactobacillus-specific SIgA response conditions host metabolism. Accordingly, oral administration of intestinal Lactobacillus isolates from P2rx7-/- mice to WT animals results in altered glucose homeostasis and fat deposition. Thus, enhanced SIgA production by P2X7 insufficiency promotes Lactobacillus colonization that interferes with systemic metabolic homeostasis. These data indicate that P2X7 receptor-mediated regulation of commensals coating by SIgA is important in tuning the selection of bacterial taxa, which condition host metabolism.
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17
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Role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its microvascular complications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:75-81. [PMID: 30954933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors can be found in many tissues and organs, where they mediate several biological functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in which the key clinical features are impaired insulin secretion and sensitivity, hyperglycemia, coexistence of other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, and subclinical inflammation. The receptor modulates crucial pathways in the pancreatic islets (where it can either exert a trophic or detrimental action on β cells), and in the liver, in the adipose tissue and in the skeletal muscle, which are main sites of insulin resistance. P2X7 receptors also modulate a series of inflammatory responses that participate in the development of the microvascular complications of the disease. Potent and selective P2X7R blockers are available to be tested in Phase I/II clinical studies for the treatment of several chronic diseases, and it might be worthwhile to consider inclusion of patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications.
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18
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Tezza S, Ben Nasr M, D'Addio F, Vergani A, Usuelli V, Falzoni S, Bassi R, Dellepiane S, Fotino C, Rossi C, Maestroni A, Solini A, Corradi D, Giani E, Mameli C, Bertuzzi F, Pezzolesi MG, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Füchtbauer EM, Ricordi C, Folli F, Di Virgilio F, Pileggi A, Dhe-Paganon S, Zuccotti GV, Fiorina P. Islet-Derived eATP Fuels Autoreactive CD8 + T Cells and Facilitates the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2038-2053. [PMID: 30065030 PMCID: PMC6905486 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) activates T cells by engaging the P2X7R receptor. We identified two loss-of-function P2X7R mutations that are protective against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and thus hypothesized that eATP/P2X7R signaling may represent an early step in T1D onset. Specifically, we observed that in patients with newly diagnosed T1D, P2X7R is upregulated on CD8+ effector T cells in comparison with healthy control subjects. eATP is released at high levels by human/murine islets in vitro in high-glucose/inflammatory conditions, thus upregulating P2X7R on CD8+ T cells in vitro. P2X7R blockade with oxidized ATP reduces the CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune response in vitro and delays diabetes onset in NOD mice. Autoreactive CD8+ T-cell activation is highly dependent upon eATP/P2X7R-mediated priming, while a novel sP2X7R recombinant protein abrogates changes in metabolism and the autoimmune response associated with CD8+ T cells. eATP/P2X7R signaling facilitates the onset of autoimmune T1D by fueling autoreactive CD8+ cells and therefore represents a novel targeted therapeutic for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tezza
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vera Usuelli
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carmen Fotino
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, FL
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maestroni
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Corradi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Giani
- Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Diabetology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension and Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | | | - Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Ospedali San Paolo e San Carlo Borromeo, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center, and L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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19
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Tozzi M, Larsen AT, Lange SC, Giannuzzo A, Andersen MN, Novak I. The P2X7 receptor and pannexin-1 are involved in glucose-induced autocrine regulation in β-cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8926. [PMID: 29895988 PMCID: PMC5997690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is an important short-range signaling molecule that promotes various physiological responses virtually in all cell types, including pancreatic β-cells. It is well documented that pancreatic β-cells release ATP through exocytosis of insulin granules upon glucose stimulation. We hypothesized that glucose might stimulate ATP release through other non-vesicular mechanisms. Several purinergic receptors are found in β-cells and there is increasing evidence that purinergic signaling regulates β-cell functions and survival. One of the receptors that may be relevant is the P2X7 receptor, but its detailed role in β-cell physiology is unclear. In this study we investigated roles of the P2X7 receptor and pannexin-1 in ATP release, intracellular ATP, Ca2+ signals, insulin release and cell proliferation/survival in β-cells. Results show that glucose induces rapid release of ATP and significant fraction of release involves the P2X7 receptor and pannexin-1, both expressed in INS-1E cells, rat and mouse β-cells. Furthermore, we provide pharmacological evidence that extracellular ATP, via P2X7 receptor, stimulates Ca2+ transients and cell proliferation in INS-1E cells and insulin secretion in INS-1E cells and rat islets. These data indicate that the P2X7 receptor and pannexin-1 have important functions in β-cell physiology, and should be considered in understanding and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tozzi
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna T Larsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie C Lange
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Giannuzzo
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin N Andersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Novak I, Solini A. P2X receptor-ion channels in the inflammatory response in adipose tissue and pancreas — potential triggers in onset of type 2 diabetes? Curr Opin Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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The presence of the 1068 G>A variant of P2X7 receptors is associated to an increase in IL-1Ra levels, insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell function but not with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Gene 2018; 652:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Savio LEB, de Andrade Mello P, da Silva CG, Coutinho-Silva R. The P2X7 Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: Angel or Demon? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29467654 PMCID: PMC5808178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the cells, ATP and related nucleotides/nucleoside generated by ectonucleotidases mediate a high evolutionary conserved signaling system: the purinergic signaling, which is involved in a variety of pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases. Extracellular ATP has been considered an endogenous adjuvant that can initiate inflammation by acting as a danger signal through the activation of purinergic type 2 receptors-P2 receptors (P2Y G-protein coupled receptors and P2X ligand-gated ion channels). Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 receptor is the most extensively studied from an immunological perspective, being involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. P2X7 receptor activation induces large-scale ATP release via its intrinsic ability to form a membrane pore or in association with pannexin hemichannels, boosting purinergic signaling. ATP acting via P2X7 receptor is the second signal to the inflammasome activation, inducing both maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, and the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Furthermore, the P2X7 receptor is involved in caspases activation, as well as in apoptosis induction. During adaptive immune response, P2X7 receptor modulates the balance between the generation of T helper type 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Therefore, this receptor is involved in several inflammatory pathological conditions. In infectious diseases and cancer, P2X7 receptor can have different and contrasting effects, being an angel or a demon depending on its level of activation, cell studied, type of pathogen, and severity of infection. In neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, P2X7 upregulation and function appears to contribute to disease progression. In this review, we deeply discuss P2X7 receptor dual function and its pharmacological modulation in the context of different pathologies, and we also highlight the P2X7 receptor as a potential target to treat inflammatory related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E B Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cleide Gonçalves da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Di Virgilio F, Giuliani AL, Vultaggio-Poma V, Falzoni S, Sarti AC. Non-nucleotide Agonists Triggering P2X7 Receptor Activation and Pore Formation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29449813 PMCID: PMC5799242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated plasma membrane ion channel belonging to the P2X receptor subfamily activated by extracellular nucleotides. General consensus holds that the physiological (and maybe the only) agonist is ATP. However, scattered evidence generated over the last several years suggests that ATP might not be the only agonist, especially at inflammatory sites. Solid data show that NAD+ covalently modifies the P2X7R of mouse T lymphocytes, thus lowering the ATP threshold for activation. Other structurally unrelated agents have been reported to activate the P2X7R via a poorly understood mechanism of action: (a) the antibiotic polymyxin B, possibly a positive allosteric P2X7R modulator, (b) the bactericidal peptide LL-37, (c) the amyloidogenic β peptide, and (d) serum amyloid A. Some agents, such as Alu-RNA, have been suggested to activate the P2X7R acting on the intracellular N- or C-terminal domains. Mode of P2X7R activation by these non-nucleotide ligands is as yet unknown; however, these observations raise the intriguing question of how these different non-nucleotide ligands may co-operate with ATP at inflammatory or tumor sites. New information obtained from the cloning and characterization of the P2X7R from exotic mammalian species (e.g., giant panda) and data from recent patch-clamp studies are strongly accelerating our understanding of P2X7R mode of operation, and may provide hints to the mechanism of activation of P2X7R by non-nucleotide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna L Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Vultaggio-Poma
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alba C Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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24
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Re-analysis of public genetic data reveals a rare X-chromosomal variant associated with type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 29358691 PMCID: PMC5778074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reanalysis of existing GWAS data represents a powerful and cost-effective opportunity to gain insights into the genetics of complex diseases. By reanalyzing publicly available type 2 diabetes (T2D) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data for 70,127 subjects, we identify seven novel associated regions, five driven by common variants (LYPLAL1, NEUROG3, CAMKK2, ABO, and GIP genes), one by a low-frequency (EHMT2), and one driven by a rare variant in chromosome Xq23, rs146662075, associated with a twofold increased risk for T2D in males. rs146662075 is located within an active enhancer associated with the expression of Angiotensin II Receptor type 2 gene (AGTR2), a modulator of insulin sensitivity, and exhibits allelic specific activity in muscle cells. Beyond providing insights into the genetics and pathophysiology of T2D, these results also underscore the value of reanalyzing publicly available data using novel genetic resources and analytical approaches. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered several loci associated with diabetes risk. Here, the authors reanalyse public type 2 diabetes GWAS data to fine map 50 known loci and identify seven new ones, including one near ATGR2 on the X-chromosome that doubles the risk of diabetes in men.
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Perruzza L, Gargari G, Proietti M, Fosso B, D'Erchia AM, Faliti CE, Rezzonico-Jost T, Scribano D, Mauri L, Colombo D, Pellegrini G, Moregola A, Mooser C, Pesole G, Nicoletti M, Norata GD, Geuking MB, McCoy KD, Guglielmetti S, Grassi F. T Follicular Helper Cells Promote a Beneficial Gut Ecosystem for Host Metabolic Homeostasis by Sensing Microbiota-Derived Extracellular ATP. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2566-2575. [PMID: 28297661 PMCID: PMC5368345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor regulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cell abundance in the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine; deletion of P2rx7, encoding for P2X7, in Tfh cells results in enhanced IgA secretion and binding to commensal bacteria. Here, we show that Tfh cell activity is important for generating a diverse bacterial community in the gut and that sensing of microbiota-derived extracellular ATP via P2X7 promotes the generation of a proficient gut ecosystem for metabolic homeostasis. The results of this study indicate that Tfh cells play a role in host-microbiota mutualism beyond protecting the intestinal mucosa by induction of affinity-matured IgA and suggest that extracellular ATP constitutes an inter-kingdom signaling molecule important for selecting a beneficial microbial community for the host via P2X7-mediated regulation of B cell help. P2X7 receptor activity in Tfh cells is important for shaping the gut microbiota Control of secretory IgA by Tfh cells promotes a healthy gut ecosystem Lack of P2X7 in Tfh cells results in selection of an obesogenic microbiota Sensing of extracellular ATP by P2X7 in Tfh cells promotes host metabolic balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy; Departement of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine Mooser
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types including stem, blood, glial, neural, ocular, bone, dental, exocrine, endothelial, muscle, renal and skin cells. The P2X7 receptor induces various downstream events in a cell-specific manner, including inflammatory molecule release, cell proliferation and death, metabolic events, and phagocytosis. As such this receptor plays important roles in heath and disease. Increasing knowledge about the P2X7 receptor has been gained from studies of, but not limited to, protein chemistry including cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, crystal structures and atomic modeling, as well as from studies of primary tissues and transgenic mice. This chapter focuses on the P2X7 receptor itself. This includes the P2RX7 gene and its products including splice and polymorphic variants. This chapter also reviews modulators of P2X7 receptor activation and inhibition, as well as the transcriptional regulation of the P2RX7 gene via its promoter and enhancer regions, and by microRNA and long-coding RNA. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the post-translational modification of the P2X7 receptor by N-linked glycosylation, adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, this chapter reviews interaction partners of the P2X7 receptor, and its cellular localisation and trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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27
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De Marchi E, Orioli E, Dal Ben D, Adinolfi E. P2X7 Receptor as a Therapeutic Target. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:39-79. [PMID: 27038372 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that upon agonist interaction leads to cellular influx of Na(+) and Ca(2+) and efflux of K(+). P2X7 is expressed by a wide variety of cells and its activation mediates a large number of biological processes like inflammation, neuromodulation, cell death or cell proliferation and it has been associated to related pathological conditions including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, neurological, and musculoskeletal disorders and, in the last years, to cancer. This chapter describes structural features of P2X7, chemical properties of its agonist, antagonist, and allosteric modulators and summarizes recent advances on P2X7 receptor as therapeutic target in the aforementioned diseases. We also give an overview on recent literature suggesting that P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms could be exploited as diagnostic biomarkers for the development of tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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