1
|
Yu L, Pan G, Li Z, Li L, Gao S, Liu F, He Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Yang R, Yu C. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with different grades of hypertension: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1581-1589. [PMID: 38744581 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between thyroid function with hypertension. However, the research results are limited, and there is no research to explore the relationship between central and peripheral thyroid hormones (THs) sensitivity and different grades of hypertension in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aims to prove the complex interaction between thyroid system and blood pressure, and provides new ideas for the assessment of hypertension in patients with CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS Calculate parameters representing central and peripheral sensitivity to THs. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between central and peripheral THs sensitivity of CHD patients and different grades of hypertension, especially in different ages, sexes, blood glucose levels, smoking, and drinking statuses. Among the 34,310 participants, 19,610 (57.16 %) were diagnosed with hypertension. The risk of hypertension and TSHI (OR: 0.88; 95 % CI: 0.87-0.90; P < 0.001), TT4RI (OR: 0.998; 95 % CI: 0.998-0.999; P < 0.001), TFQI (OR: 0.63; 95 % CI: 0.60-0.67; P < 0.001), PTFQI (OR: 0.63; 95 % CI: 0.59-0.67; P < 0.001) was negatively associated. The risk of hypertension was positively associated with FT3/FT4 (OR: 1.20; 95 % CI: 1.17-1.22; P < 0.001). After stratified analysis, these associations remained significant at different ages, sexes, blood glucose levels, grades of hypertension, smoking, and drinking statuses (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the decrease in central THs sensitivity index and the increase in peripheral THs sensitivity index are associated with a higher risk of hypertension in CHD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Guangwei Pan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zhu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Fanfan Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China.
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Chunquan Yu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ko H, Pasternak JA, Mulligan MK, Hamonic G, Ramesh N, MacPhee DJ, Plastow GS, Harding JCS. A DIO2 missense mutation and its impact on fetal response to PRRSV infection. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:255. [PMID: 38867209 PMCID: PMC11167750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) infection during late gestation substantially lowers fetal viability and survival. In a previous genome-wide association study, a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 7 was significantly associated with probability of fetuses being viable in response to maternal PRRSV-2 infection at 21 days post maternal inoculation. The iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) gene, located ~ 14 Kilobase downstream of this SNP, was selected as a priority candidate related to fetal susceptibility following maternal PRRSV-2 infection. Our objectives were to identify mutation(s) within the porcine DIO2 gene and to determine if they were associated with fetal outcomes after PRRSV-2 challenge. Sequencing of the DIO2, genotyping identified variants, and association of DIO2 genotypes with fetal phenotypes including DIO2 mRNA levels, viability, survival, viral loads, cortisol and thyroid hormone levels, and growth measurements were conducted. RESULTS A missense variant (p.Asn91Ser) was identified in the parental populations from two independent PRRSV-2 challenge trials. This variant was further genotyped to determine association with fetal PRRS outcomes. DIO2 mRNA levels in fetal heart and kidney differed by the genotypes of Asn91Ser substitution with significantly greater DIO2 mRNA expression in heterozygotes compared with wild-type homozygotes (P < 0.001 for heart, P = 0.002 for kidney). While Asn91Ser did not significantly alter fetal viability and growth measurements, interaction effects of the variant with fetal sex or trial were identified for fetal viability or crown rump length, respectively. However, this mutation was not related to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and thyroid axis, indicated by no differences in circulating cortisol, T4, and T3 levels in fetuses of the opposing genotypes following PRRSV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a complex relationship among DIO2 genotype, DIO2 expression, fetal sex, and fetal viability may exist during the course of fetal PRRSV infection. Our study also proposes the increase in cortisol levels, indicative of fetal stress response, may lead to fetal complications, such as fetal compromise, fetal death, or premature farrowing, during PRRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haesu Ko
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2H1, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margaret K Mulligan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Glenn Hamonic
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Naresh Ramesh
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University Institute of Technology, Beckley, WV, 25801, USA
| | - Daniel J MacPhee
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2H1, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riis KR, Larsen CB, Bonnema SJ. Potential Risks and Benefits of Desiccated Thyroid Extract for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review. Thyroid 2024; 34:687-701. [PMID: 38526391 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) is no longer recommended for the treatment of hypothyroidism but is still in use. This review aimed to summarize the available literature on treatment with DTE in adult patients with hypothyroidism. Methods: The search was conducted up until January 6, 2024, in six electronic databases. Two reviewers independently screened all the search results. The retrieved studies compared DTE treatment with levothyroxine or combination therapy with liothyronine and levothyroxine. The primary outcome was quality of life (QoL), and the secondary outcomes included symptoms, treatment preference, adverse effects, thyroid hormone levels, thyroid autoantibodies, cardiovascular measures, and gene polymorphisms in deiodinase enzymes. Results: In the qualitative synthesis, we included nine nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs), two randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and three case reports. The overall quality of evidence was moderate to very low for the various outcomes. The RCTs found no difference between treatments regarding QoL and symptom score assessments. In the NRSIs, symptom and QoL assessments were in favor of DTE. The included studies indicated that DTE may cause an increase in heart rate, lower body weight, and lower high-density lipoprotein compared with other treatment regimens, but results were conflicting. Conclusions: Most studies of DTE treatment are hampered by an inferior design, and data on long-term effects and side effects are lacking. Two RCTs could not demonstrate any difference in QoL or symptom scores when comparing DTE with other thyroid hormone substitutions. Future trials of DTE in patients with hypothyroidism should be based on adequate study designs, validated measures of QoL, patients with reduced QoL, and the assessment of biomarkers reflecting long-term adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Ryom Riis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bøgelund Larsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Joop Bonnema
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zadeh-Vakili A, Najd-Hassan-Bonab L, Akbarzadeh M, Abdi H, Zahedi AS, Azizi F, Daneshpour MS. Three candidate SNPs show associations with thyroid-stimulating hormone in euthyroid subjects: Tehran thyroid study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:1047-1055. [PMID: 38932823 PMCID: PMC11196493 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have shown interindividual variation in free thyroxine (FT4) serum levels and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in healthy persons. Genetic factors mainly determine this variation, and genome-wide association studies have increased the number of thyroid function-associated variants. The present study investigates the association of candidate variants with FT4 and TSH in a euthyroid Iranian population. Method A total of 2931 unrelated euthyroid subjects (FT4 10.29-21.88 pmol/L; TSH 0.32-10 mIU/L, thyroid peroxidase antibody TPOAb < 33 IU/mL in men and < 35 IU/mL in women), with available genotypes were chosen from the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS), to examine the impact of selected SNPs on thyroid hormone under the additive genetic model. In order to evaluate regional associations with FT4 and TSH levels, a haplotype analysis was done. Results We identified a strong association between the rs4338740-C allele and TSH in the adjusted model (β = -0.095, P-value = 0.0004). Also, findings indicated that rs4954192 ACMSD and rs4445669 CADM1 correlated with normal TSH levels (P-value = 0.011, P-value = 0.014, respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed that two haplotypes were significantly associated with TSH levels in euthyroid individuals. The ACGA and AC haplotypes on chromosomes 8 and 14 were significantly correlated with normal TSH levels, respectively (P-value = 0.014, P-value = 0.016). Conclusions This is the first genetic association study with TSH and FT4 reference values in an Iranian population. Our findings indicate that a few gene variants associated with the reference values of TSH in other populations are also associated with the reference values of TSH in Iranians. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01383-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Najd-Hassan-Bonab
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 24, Parvaneh St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, PO Box 1985717413, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Akbarzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 24, Parvaneh St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, PO Box 1985717413, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hengameh Abdi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Sadat Zahedi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 24, Parvaneh St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, PO Box 1985717413, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam S. Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 24, Parvaneh St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, PO Box 1985717413, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gabriel de Almeida G, Bolin AP, Batistuzzo A, Fonseca TL, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Genetic Background Strongly Influences the Impact of Carrying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 Polymorphism in the Male Mouse. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae064. [PMID: 38836615 PMCID: PMC11181002 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
About half of the world population carries at least one allele of the Ala92-DIO2, which slows down the activity of the type 2 deiodinase (D2), the enzyme that activates T4 to T3. Carrying the Ala92-DIO2 allele has been associated with increased body mass index and insulin resistance, but this has not been reproduced in all populations. To test if the genetic background affects the impact of this polymorphism, here we studied the genetically distant C57Bl/6J (B6) and FVB/N (FVB) mice carrying the Ala92-Dio2 allele as compared to control mice carrying the Thr92-Dio2 allele. Whereas B6-Ala92-Dio2 and B6-Thr92-Dio2 mice-fed chow or high-fat diet-behaved metabolically similar in studies using indirect calorimetry, glucose- and insulin tolerance tests, and measuring white adipose tissue (WAT) weight and liver steatosis, major differences were observed between FVB-Ala92-Dio2 and FVB-Thr92-Dio2 mice: carrying the Ala92-Dio2 allele (on a chow diet) resulted in hypercholesterolemia, smaller WAT pads, hepatomegaly, steatosis, and transcriptome changes in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) typical of ER stress and apoptosis. Acclimatization at thermoneutrality (30 °C) eliminated most of the metabolic phenotype, indicating that impaired adaptive (BAT) thermogenesis can be involved. In conclusion, the metabolic impact of carrying the Ala92-Dio2 allele depends greatly on the genetic background of the mouse, varying from no phenotype in B6 mice to a major phenotype in FVB mice. These results will help the planning of future clinical trials studying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism and may explain why some clinical studies performed in different populations across the globe have obtained inconsistent results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gabriel de Almeida
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anaysa P Bolin
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Alice Batistuzzo
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Human Developmental Sciences Graduate Program, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Presbyterian Mackenzie University, São Paulo, SP 01302, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Penna GC, Salas-Lucia F, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Gene polymorphisms and thyroid hormone signaling: implication for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Endocrine 2024; 84:309-319. [PMID: 37740833 PMCID: PMC10959761 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the network of proteins involved in thyroid hormone signaling (TH) may have implications for the effectiveness of the treatment of hypothyroidism with LT4. It is conceivable that loss-of-function mutations or SNPs impair the ability of LT4 to be activated to T3, reach its targets, and ultimately resolve symptoms of hypothyroidism. Some of these patients do benefit from therapy containing LT4 and LT3. METHODS Here, we reviewed the PubMed and examined gene mutations and SNPs in the TH cellular transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors, along with their impact on TH signaling, and potential clinical implications. RESULTS In some mechanisms, such as the Thr92Ala-DIO2 SNP, there is a compelling rationale for reduced T4 to T3 activation that limits the effectiveness of LT4 to restore euthyroidism. In other mechanisms, a potential case can be made but more studies with a larger number of individuals are needed. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Understanding the clinical impact of the genetic makeup of LT4-treated patients may help in the preemptive identification of those individuals that would benefit from therapy containing LT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Penna
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is effective for most patients with hypothyroidism. However, a minority of the patients remain symptomatic despite the normalization of serum thyrotropin levels. Randomized clinical trials including all types of patients with hypothyroidism revealed that combination levothyroxine and liothyronine (LT4+LT3) therapy is safe and is the preferred choice of patients versus LT4 alone. Many patients who do not fully benefit from LT4 experience improved quality of life and cognition after switching to LT4+LT3. For these patients, new slow-release LT3 formulations that provide stable serum T3 levels are being tested. In addition, progress in regenerative technology has led to the development of human thyroid organoids that restore euthyroidism after being transplanted into hypothyroid mice. Finally, there is a new understanding that, under certain conditions, T3 signaling may be compromised in a tissue-specific fashion while systemic thyroid function is preserved. This is seen, for example, in patients with metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease, for whom liver-selective T3-like molecules have been utilized successfully in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jensen CZ, Isaksen JL, Ahlberg G, Olesen MS, Nygaard B, Ellervik C, Kanters JK. Association of DIO2 and MCT10 Polymorphisms With Persistent Symptoms in LT4-Treated Patients in the UK Biobank. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e613-e622. [PMID: 37740545 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some evidence suggests gene-treatment interactions might cause persistent symptoms in individuals receiving levothyroxine (LT4) treatment. OBJECTIVE We investigated, as previously hypothesized, if single-nucleotide variations (SNVs; formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in rs225014 (Thr92Ala), rs225015, or rs12885300 (ORFa-Gly3Asp) in the deiodinase 2 gene (DIO2), or rs17606253 in the monocarboxylate transporter 10 gene (MCT10) were associated with outcomes indicative of local tissue hypothyroidism in LT4-treated patients and controls. METHODS We included 18 761 LT4-treated patients and 360 534 controls in a population-based cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank. LT4 treatment was defined as a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and self-reported use of LT4 without use of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Outcomes were psychological well-being, cognitive function, and cardiovascular risk factors. Associations were evaluated by linear, logistic, or ordinal logistic multiple regression. Adjustments included sex, age, sex-age interaction, and genetic principal components 1 to 10. RESULTS Compared to controls, LT4 treatment was adversely associated with almost all outcomes, most noteworthy: Increased frequency of tiredness (P < .001), decreased well-being factor score (P < .001), increased reaction-time (P < .001), and increased body mass index (P < .001). Except for a significant association between the minor rs225015 A allele and financial dissatisfaction, there was no association of rs225014, rs225015, rs12885300, or rs17606253 with any outcomes in LT4-treated patients. For all outcomes, carrying the risk allele at these 4 SNVs did not amplify symptoms associated with LT4 treatment compared to controls. CONCLUSION rs225014, rs225015, rs12885300, and rs17606253 could not explain changed psychological well-being, cognitive function, or cardiovascular risk factors in LT4-treated patients. Our findings do not support a gene-treatment interaction between these SNVs and LT4 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zinck Jensen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Jonas Lynggaard Isaksen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Gustav Ahlberg
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Morten Salling Olesen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jørgen Kim Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heald AH, Taylor P, Premawardhana L, Stedman M, Dayan C. Natural desiccated thyroid for the treatment of hypothyroidism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1309159. [PMID: 38260143 PMCID: PMC10801060 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1309159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary hypothyroidism affects about 3% of the general population in Europe. Early treatments in the late 19th Century involved subcutaneous as well as oral administration of thyroid extract. Until the early 1970s, the majority of people across the world with hypothyroidism were treated with natural desiccated thyroid (NDT) (derived from pig thyroid glands) in various formulations, with the majority of people since then being treated with levothyroxine (L-thyroxine). There is emerging evidence that may account for the efficacy of liothyronine (NDT contains a mixture of levothyroxine and liothyronine) in people who are symptomatically unresponsive to levothyroxine. While this is a highly selected group of people, the severity and chronicity of their symptoms and the fact that many patients have found their symptoms to be alleviated, can be viewed as valid evidence for the potential benefit of NDT when given after careful consideration of other differential diagnoses and other treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H. Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lakdasa Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brigante G, Santi D, Boselli G, Margiotta G, Corleto R, Monzani ML, Craparo A, Locaso M, Sperduti S, Roy N, Casarini L, Trenti T, Tagliavini S, De Santis MC, Roli L, Rochira V, Simoni M. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on levothyroxine and liothyronine combination therapy in totally thyroidectomized subjects: the LEVOLIO study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:12-22. [PMID: 38124252 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite having normal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, many hypothyroid patients are dissatisfied with the treatment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of twice-daily, combination therapy with levothyroxine (LT4) and liothyronine (LT3), at doses adapted according to TSH-level, on peripheral tissues as reflected by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels in totally thyroidectomized patients. Changes in other tissue markers and quality of life considering DIO2-rs225014 and MCT10-rs17606253 genetic variants were also assessed. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled. METHODS One hundred and forty-one subjects were randomized to LT4 + LT3 group (LT4 + LT3 in the morning and LT3 in the evening; n = 70) or placebo group (LT4 in the morning and placebo in the evening; n = 71). Pituitary-thyroid axis compensation was assessed after 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Clinical parameters, quality of life, and tissue markers (sex hormone binding globulin, serum lipids, bone markers) were evaluated at 12 and 24 weeks. DIO2 and MCT10 single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS The LT4 + LT3 group was treated with mean daily LT3 doses of 5.00 µg, with a mean daily LT4 reduction of 15 µg. After 6 months of treatment, neither SHBG and other tissue markers nor quality of life differed significantly between groups. Combination treatment required greater dose adjustments than placebo (25% vs 54%, P < .001), due to thyroid-stimulating hormone reduction, without hyperthyroidism signs or symptoms. At the end of treatment, the LT4 + placebo group had significantly lower fT3/fT4 compared to the LT4 + LT3 group (0.26 ± 0.05 vs 0.32 ± 0.08, P < .001). No preference for combination therapy was found. Genetic variants did not influence any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Six months of combination therapy with twice-daily LT3 dose adapted according to TSH-level do not significantly change peripheral tissue response or quality of life, despite an increase in the fT3/fT4 ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Gisella Boselli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Margiotta
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Corleto
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Monzani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Craparo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Michela Locaso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Samantha Sperduti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Neena Roy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gawandi S, Jothivel K, Kulkarni S. Determination of Frequency of Type 2 Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism (rs225014) in 131I-treated Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients Undertaking L-thyroxine (L-T4) Suppression Therapy. Indian J Nucl Med 2024; 39:24-28. [PMID: 38817730 PMCID: PMC11135370 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_120_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) enzyme plays a vital role in peripheral T4 to T3 conversion and in the negative feedback regulation of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Thr92Ala polymorphism (rs225014) is a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that lowers DIO2 activity and is associated with diverse physiological disorders. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients are given L-T4 therapy after total thyroidectomy and 131I treatment to suppress TSH levels. Aim The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of rs225014 in DTC patients and to investigate its effect on the thyroid function tests (TFTs) and L-T4 dose required to suppress TSH levels. Materials and Methods The study included a DTC patient group and a control group. TFTs were estimated by RIA/IRMA kits. Genomic DNA of all the subjects was screened for rs225014 SNP by polymerase chain reaction. Results The frequency of Thr/Thr (wild type), Thr/Ala (heterozygous mutant), and Ala/Ala (homozygous mutant) genotypes in the DTC patients' group was 0.21, 0.52, and 0.27, respectively. T3 levels and T3/T4 ratio were significantly low in the Ala/Ala genotype in the DTC group indicating impaired DIO2 activity. L-T4 dose requirement to suppress TSH levels in the DTC patients harboring rs225014 SNP was not statistically different from the wild-type genotype. Conclusion The SNP rs225014 was observed to be associated with T3 and T3/T4 ratio but not with the L-T4 dose in DTC harboring SNP suggesting the presence of a compensatory pathway to overcome DIO2 impairment. However, it is essential to study the genetic makeup of DTC patients showing reduced response to TSH suppression to enable quicker decision-making in the implementation of personalized L-T4 dose to prevent any adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Gawandi
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kumarasamy Jothivel
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bapputty R, Sapa H, Masaru M, Gubitosi-Klug RA. Diabetes Modulates Iodothyronine Deiodinase 2 Expression in the Mouse Retina: A Role for Thyroid Hormone in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 38038617 PMCID: PMC10697172 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical investigations associate hypothyroidism with an increased risk for microvascular complications, yet the mechanism by which thyroid hormone regulates the development of diabetic retinopathy is not clearly understood. We investigated the role of iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Methods Retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic and nondiabetic mice were evaluated by RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, and immunostaining. Media and cell lysates from mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells and retinal astrocytes exposed to physiologic (5 mM) and high glucose (25 mM) containing media were assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure tetraiodothyronine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations and by Western blot analysis to determine the relationship of T4/T3 to oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Cell death was determined by Trypan Blue exclusion assay. Results At 12 weeks of diabetes duration, retinas from diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice demonstrated a significant decrease in Dio2 transcripts and Dio2 gene and protein (P < 0.05) expression. When cultured in the presence of high glucose, both mouse retinal astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated a significant reduction of DIO2 protein compared with cells cultured in physiologic glucose. High glucose inhibited generation of T3, leading to a significantly increased T4/T3 (P < 0.0079). Supplementation of cells with T3, but not T4, prevented the high glucose-induced rise in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial cell death (P < 0.0079). Conclusions Decreased intraretinal T3 owing to diabetes-induced loss of DIO2 may lead to dysfunction and death of cells in the retina, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hima Sapa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Miyagi Masaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Rose A. Gubitosi-Klug
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biondi B, Pucci M, Pontieri G, Formisano P, Esposito R. Preliminary Results of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Cardiometabolic Effects of Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Compared to Levothyroxine with Placebo in Athyreotic Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer Patients. Thyroid 2023; 33:1402-1413. [PMID: 37725587 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Evidence is needed on the risks and benefits of combination therapy with levothyroxine (LT4)+liothyronine (LT3) for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Objective and Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study to assess the effects of LT4+LT3 therapy versus LT4+placebo in a homogeneous group of athyreotic patients, without cardiovascular risk factors during long-term replacement monotherapy with LT4. The primary objective of the study was to assess the effects of combination LT4+LT3 therapy on heart rate, cardiac rhythm, and sensitive cardiovascular parameters of cardiac morphology and function by means of electrocardiography and Doppler echocardiography. The secondary objective of the study was to evaluate patient compliance, tolerability, and potential adverse events. Results: Thirty-eight patients with postsurgical hypothyroidism satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected from a group of 300 patients with low-risk thyroid cancer followed for a routine follow-up; they were randomized to receive LT4+LT3 or LT4+placebo. Twenty-four patients were evaluated after 1 year of treatment. All clinical and laboratory parameters were compared with the results obtained from 50 healthy euthyroid volunteers without comorbidities, matched for gender, age, physical activity, and lifestyle. Participants and clinicians remained blinded to the treatment allocation. After 1 year of combination therapy, a significant improvement in the diastolic function, evidenced by a significant reduction in the E/e' ratio (p = 0.046) and its positive trend over time, was observed in the LT4+LT3 group versus the LT4+placebo group. In addition, the univariate analyses showed a significant relationship between free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels (in pg/mL) with Δ of variation of the E/e' ratio in the LT4+LT3 group (standardized β coefficient = 0.603 [confidence interval: 0.001-1.248], p = 0.050) after combination therapy. No adverse events including tachycardia, arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, or other important events occurred between the first administration and the end of the study. Conclusions: In this preliminary report, combination treatment with LT4+LT3 induced favorable changes in cardiovascular parameters of diastolic function without any adverse cardiovascular events. Trial Registration: EUDRACT number: 2017-001261-25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Pucci
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Pontieri
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caron P. Key data from the 2022 European Thyroid Association congress: Treatment of primary hypothyroidism: Levothyroxine alone or a combination of levothyroxine and liothyronine? ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2023; 84:751-753. [PMID: 37285954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Caron
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Unit, CHU Larrey, 24, chemin de Pouvourville, TSA 30030, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Premawardhana LD, Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Adlan MA, Obuobie EK, Dayan CM. Designing a combined liothyronine (LT3), L- thyroxine (LT4) trial in symptomatic hypothyroid subjects on LT4 - the importance of patient selection, choice of LT3 and trial design. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1282608. [PMID: 38034018 PMCID: PMC10687631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1282608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10%-15% of subjects with hypothyroidism on L-thyroxine (LT4) alone have persistent symptoms affecting their quality of life (QoL). Although the cause is unclear, there is evidence that "tissue T3 lack" may be responsible. If so, combining liothyronine (LT3) with LT4 would be helpful. However, randomized controlled trials (RCT), have not established greater efficacy for the LT3 + LT4 combination in these subjects than for LT4 alone. While the trial design may have been responsible, the use of unphysiological, short-acting LT3 preparations and non-thyroid-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) may have contributed. We recommend attention to the following aspects of trial design for future RCTs of LT3 + LT4 compared to LT4 alone: (a) Subject selection-(i) measurable symptoms (disadvantages should be recognized); (ii) using a validated thyroid specific PROM such as ThyPRO39 or the Composite scale derived from it; (iii) those taking over 1.2 μg/day or 100 μg/day (for pragmatic reasons) of LT4 defining a population likely without intrinsic thyroid activity who depend on exogenous LT4; (iv) recruiting a preponderance of subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis increasing generalisability; and (v) those with a high symptom load with a greater response to combination therapy e.g. those with the deiodinase 2 polymorphism. (b) The use of physiological LT3 preparations producing pharmacokinetic similarities to T3 profiles in unaffected subjects: two long-acting LT3 preparations are currently available and must be tested in phase 2b/3 RCTs. (c) The superiority of a crossover design in limiting numbers and costs while maintaining statistical power and ensuring that all subjects experienced the investigative medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakdasa D. Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nicholas Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Onyebuchi E. Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed A. Adlan
- Section of Endocrinology, Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr and Royal Gwent Hospitals, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel K. Obuobie
- Section of Endocrinology, Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr and Royal Gwent Hospitals, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Mark Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abbotto E, Miro C, Piacente F, Salis A, Murolo M, Nappi A, Millo E, Russo E, Cichero E, Sturla L, Del Rio A, De Flora A, Nencioni A, Dentice M, Bruzzone S. SIRT6 pharmacological inhibition delays skin cancer progression in the squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115326. [PMID: 37611438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has a critical role in cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC): SIRT6 silencing in skin SCC cells has pro-differentiating effects and SIRT6 deletion abrogated DMBA-TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. On the other hand, SIRT6 acts as tumor suppressor in SCC by enhancing glycolysis in tumor propagating cells. Herein, pharmacological modulation of SIRT6 deacetylase activity was investigated in cSCC, with S6 (inhibitor) or MDL-800 (activator). In cSCC cells, S6 recreated the pro-differentiating effects of SIRT6 silencing, as the levels of Keratin 1, Keratin 10 and Loricrin were upregulated compared to controls. Next, the effects of SIRT6 pharmacological modulation were evaluated in a DMBA-TPA-induced skin cancer mouse model. Mice treated with the inhibitor S6 in a preventive approach, i.e. at the beginning of the promotion stage, presented reduced number and size of papillomas, compared to the controls. The epidermal hyperproliferation marker Keratin 6 and the cSCC marker Keratin 8 were less abundant when SIRT6 was inhibited. In S6-treated lesions, the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers Zeb1 and Vimentin were less expressed compared to untreated lesions. In a therapeutic approach, i.e. treatment starting after papilloma appearance, the S6 group presented reduced papillomas (number and size), whereas MDL-800-treated mice displayed an opposite trend. In S6-treated lesions, Keratin 6 and Keratin 8 were less expressed, EMT was less advanced, with a higher E-cadherin/Vimentin ratio, indicating a delayed carcinogenesis when SIRT6 was inhibited. Our results confirm that SIRT6 plays a role in skin carcinogenesis and suggest SIRT6 pharmacological inhibition as a promising strategy in cSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abbotto
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Melania Murolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Enrico Millo
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Innovamol Consulting Srl, Strada San Faustino 167, 41126 Modena, Italy; Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- DIMES, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biondi B, Celi FS, McAninch EA. Critical Approach to Hypothyroid Patients With Persistent Symptoms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2708-2716. [PMID: 37071856 PMCID: PMC10686697 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a common condition, and numerous studies have been published over the last decade to assess the potential risks associated with this disorder when inappropriately treated. The standard of care for treatment of hypothyroidism remains levothyroxine (LT4) at doses to achieve biochemical and clinical euthyroidism. However, about 15% of hypothyroid patients experience residual hypothyroid symptoms. Some population-based studies and international population-based surveys have confirmed dissatisfaction with LT4 treatment in some hypothyroid patients. It is well established that hypothyroid patients treated with LT4 exhibit higher serum thyroxine:triiodothyronine ratios and can have a persistent increase in cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, variants in deiodinases and thyroid hormone transporter genes have been associated with subnormal T3 concentrations, persistent symptoms in LT4-treated patients, and improvement in response to the addition of liothyronine to LT4 therapy. The American (ATA) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines have recently evolved in their recognition of the potential limitations of LT4. This shift is reflected in prescribing patterns: Physicians' use of combination therapy is prevalent and possibly increasing. Randomized clinical trials have recently been published and, while they have found no improvement in treating hypothyroid patients, a number of important limitations did not allow generalizability. Meta-analyses have reported a preference rate for combination therapy in 46.2% hypothyroid patients treated with LT4. To promote discussions about an optimal study design, the ATA, ETA, and British Thyroid Association have recently published a consensus document. Our study provides a useful counterpoint on the controversial benefits of treating hypothyroid patients with combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-8075, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu ZW, Pu SD, Sun XT, Wang XC, Gao XY, Shan ZY. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1263-1274. [PMID: 37554512 PMCID: PMC10406107 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s413584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing. Thyroid hormones are key regulators of cognitive function in adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone sensitivity and MCI in euthyroid T2D patients. Patients and Methods A total of 400 euthyroid T2D patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, including 218 patients with normal cognition and 182 MCI patients. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate cognitive function. The free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio was calculated as a measure of peripheral sensitivity to thyroid hormones; the thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), thyrotrophic thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were calculated as measures of central sensitivity to thyroid hormones. Linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to explore the relationships between these indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity and the MoCA score and MCI, respectively. Results Compared with the normal cognitive function group, patients in the MCI group had higher TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI but a lower FT3/FT4 ratio (P<0.05). The MoCA score was positively correlated with the FT3/FT4 ratio but negatively correlated with TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI (P< 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a low FT3/FT4 ratio and high TSHI, TT4RI and TFQI were independently associated with MCI (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) for the association between MCI and the highest tertile of the FT3/FT4 was 0.455 (95% CI: 0.264-0.785), for the highest tertile of TSHI, the OR was 2.380 (95% CI: 1.376-4.119), for the highest tertile of TT4RI, the OR was 2.342 (95% CI:1.353-4.054), and for the highest tertile of TFQI, the OR was 2.536 (95% CI: 1.466-4.387) (P< 0.05). Conclusion Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with MCI in euthyroid T2D patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Dan Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Chang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Casula S, Ettleson MD, Bianco AC. Are We Restoring Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Levothyroxine-Treated Patients With Residual Symptoms of Hypothyroidism? Endocr Pract 2023; 29:581-588. [PMID: 37419565 PMCID: PMC11221272 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Levothyroxine (LT4) at doses that maintain the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels within the normal range constitutes the standard of care for the treatment of hypothyroidism. After a few months, this eliminates the signs and symptoms of overt hypothyroidism in the majority of patients, owing to the endogenous activation of thyroxine to triiodothyronine, the biologically active thyroid hormone. Still, a small percentage of the patients (10%-20%) exhibit residual symptoms, despite having normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. These symptoms include cognitive, mood, and metabolic deficits, with a significant impairment in psychological well-being and quality of life. OBJECTIVE To provide a summary of progress in the approach of patients with hypothyroidism that exhibit residual symptoms despite treatment. METHODS We reviewed the current literature and here we focused on the mechanisms leading to a deficiency of T3 in some LT4-treated patients, the role of residual thyroid tissue and the rationale for combination therapy with LT4 + liothyronine (LT3). RESULTS A score of clinical trials comparing therapy with LT4 versus LT4 + LT3 concluded that both are safe and equally effective (neither is superior); however, these trials failed to recruit a sufficiently large number of patients with residual symptoms. New clinical trials that considered LT4-treated symptomatic patients revealed that such patients benefit from and prefer therapy containing LT4 + LT3; desiccated thyroid extract has also been used with similar results. A practical approach to patients with residual symptoms and on initiation of combination therapy with LT4 + LT3 is provided. CONCLUSION A recent joint statement of the American, British, and European Thyroid Associations recommends that a trial with combination therapy be offered to patients with hypothyroidism that do not fully benefit from therapy with LT4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Casula
- Department of Endocrinology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Matthew D Ettleson
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deng Y, Han Y, Gao S, Dong W, Yu Y. The Physiological Functions and Polymorphisms of Type II Deiodinase. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:190-202. [PMID: 37150515 PMCID: PMC10164501 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (DIO2) is thought to provide triiodothyronine (T3) to the nucleus to meet intracellular needs by deiodinating the prohormone thyroxine. DIO2 is expressed widely in many tissues and plays an important role in a variety of physiological processes, such as controlling T3 content in developing tissues (e.g., bone, muscles, and skin) and the adult brain, and regulating adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the identification and cloning of DIO2 have been challenging. In recent years, several clinical investigations have focused on the Thr92Ala polymorphism, which is closely correlated with clinical syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. Thr92Ala-DIO2 was also found to be related to bone and neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. However, relatively few reviews have synthesized research on individual deiodinases, especially DIO2, in the past 5 years. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the physiological functions of DIO2 in thyroid hormone signaling and adaptive thermogenesis in BAT and the brain, as well as the associations between Thr92Ala-DIO2 and bone and neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. This discussion is expected to provide insights into the physiological functions of DIO2 and the clinical syndromes associated with Thr92Ala-DIO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kang YM, Koo BS, Yi HS, Kim JT, Park B, Lee JH, Shong M, Kang YE. Association between DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism and hypertension in patients with hypothyroidism: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:226-237. [PMID: 36646987 PMCID: PMC9993109 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2022.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent evidence has identified the significance of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) in various diseases. However, the role of DIO2 polymorphism in metabolic parameters in patients with hypothyroidism is not fully understood. METHODS We assessed the polymorphism of the DIO2 gene and various clinical parameters in 118 patients who were diagnosed with hypothyroidism from the Ansan-Anseong cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data. RESULTS A total of 118 participants with hypothyroidism were recruited; 32 (27.1%) were homozygous for the Thr allele, 86 (73.9%) were homozygous for the Ala allele or heterozygous. Patients with hypothyroidism with DIO2 polymorphism without hypertension at baseline had higher incidence of hypertension compared to patients without DIO2 polymorphism. Analysis of the GTEx database revealed that elevation of DIO2 expression is associated with enhancement of genes involved in blood vessel regulation and angiogenesis. CONCLUSION Commonly inherited variation in the DIO2 gene is associated with high blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in patients with hypothyroidism. Our results suggest that genetic variation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid pathway in influencing susceptibility to hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon,
Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon,
Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Luongo C, De Stefano MA, Ambrosio R, Volpe F, Porcelli T, Golia V, Bellevicine C, Troncone G, Masone S, Damiano V, Matano E, Klain M, Schlumberger M, Salvatore D. Type 2 Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism and Aging Are Associated with a Decreased Pituitary Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone. Thyroid 2023; 33:294-300. [PMID: 36680751 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: The DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism (rs225014), which occurs in about 15-30% of Caucasian people, determines a less efficient type 2 deiodinase (D2) enzyme. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism on the serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels in thyroidectomized patients with hypothyroidism and to evaluate whether TSH levels and aging could be related, at pituitary level, to D2 activity. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 145 thyroid cancer patients, treated with total thyroidectomy, and undergoing radioiodine treatment after 3 weeks of levothyroxine (LT4) withdrawal. A mouse model has been used to determine D2 protein and mRNA levels in pituitary during aging. Results: Genetic analysis identified DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism in 56% of participants: 64/145 (44%) patients were homozygous wild type (WT) (Thr/Thr), 64 (44%) heterozygous (Thr/Ala), and 17 (12%) homozygous mutant (Ala/Ala). A significant negative relationship was observed between aging and the rise in serum TSH levels during LT4 withdrawal. However, this negative correlation found in WT was reduced in heterozygous and lost in mutant homozygous patients (Thr/Thr r = -0.45, p = 0.0002, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.63 to -0.23; Ala/Thr r = -0.39, p = 0.0012, CI -0.60 to -0.67; and Ala/Ala r = -0.30, p = 0.2347; CI -0.70 to 0.20). Accordingly, when we compared the TSH measured in each patient to its theoretical value predicted from age, the TSH did not reach its putative target in 47% of WT patients, in 70% of Ala/Thr, and 76% of Ala/Ala carrying patients (p = 0.0036). This difference was lost in individuals older than 60 years, suggesting a decline of D2 associated with aging. The hypothesis that the pituitary D2 decreases with age was confirmed by the evidence that D2 mRNA and protein levels were lower in pituitary from old versus young mice. Conclusion: An age-related decline in TSH production in response to hypothyroidism was correlated with decreased D2 levels in pituitary. The presence of DIO2 homozygous Ala/Ala polymorphism was associated with a reduced level of TSH secretion in response to hypothyroidism, indicating a decreased pituitary sensitivity to serum thyroxine variation (Institutional Research Ethics board approval number no. 433/21).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Ambrosio
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Synlab, SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Volpe
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Golia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Elide Matano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Klain
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jensen CZ, la Cour JL, Watt T, Kanters JK, Poulsen HE, Faber J, Ellervik C, Nygaard B. Association of Levothyroxine Treatment and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies with Antidepressant Use: A Danish Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Thyroid 2022; 32:1477-1487. [PMID: 36222609 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Subjects receiving levothyroxine (LT4) treatment have increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and antidepressant use, but whether the underlying mechanism relates to thyroid autoimmunity is still unclarified. Methods: This is a population-based longitudinal study. Baseline biochemical and questionnaire data from the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) in 2010-2013 were linked with individual-level longitudinal data in national health registries. The aim was to investigate the associations between thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and LT4 treatment, separately and through interaction, and at least one redeemed prescription for antidepressants. Logistic and Cox regression were used to evaluate initiation of antidepressant use before and after the baseline examination in GESUS, respectively. All exposures and covariates were fixed at the date of baseline examination. Thyroid autoimmunity was defined as serum TPOAbs >60 U/mL. Adjustments included sex, age, education, income, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking, and alcohol. Sensitivity analyses were performed for missing variables, exclusion of lithium use, exclusion of thyroid surgery, and conservative definitions for LT4 treatment and antidepressant use requiring at least two prescriptions. Results: We included 12,894 individuals, of whom 2353 (18%) had "past or current" antidepressant use at baseline, leaving 10,541 individuals at risk for incident antidepressant use after baseline. The median follow-up was 7.8 years during which 783 individuals (7.4% of 10,541 individuals) had incident antidepressant use. TPOAb positivity was not associated with "past or current" (odds ratio [OR] 0.90 [confidence interval, CI 0.78-1.03], p = 0.13) nor incident antidepressant use (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02 [CI 0.83-1.25], p = 0.88). LT4 treatment was associated with increased "past or current" antidepressant use (OR 1.33 [CI 1.10-1.62], p = 0.004) and increased incident antidepressant use (HR 1.38 [CI 1.03-1.85], p = 0.03). There were no interactions between the effects of TPOAb positivity and LT4 treatment on the use of antidepressants in logistic (p = 0.87) or Cox regression models (p = 0.82). Sensitivity analyses were robust, except that incident use of at least two redeemed antidepressant prescriptions was not statistically significant. Conclusions: LT4 treatment, but not TPOAb positivity, was associated with increased prevalent or incident antidepressant use with at least one prescription. Our findings do not support that thyroid autoimmunity is an important factor for antidepressant use in patients receiving LT4 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zinck Jensen
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lerche la Cour
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Torquil Watt
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kim Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Derpartment of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-North Zealand, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Data Support, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Köhrle J, Frädrich C. Deiodinases control local cellular and systemic thyroid hormone availability. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:59-79. [PMID: 36206932 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) are a family of selenoproteins controlling systemic and local availability of the major thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4), a prohormone secreted by the thyroid gland. T4 is activated to the active 3,3'-5-triiodothyronine (T3) by two 5'-deiodinases, DIO1 and DIO2. DIO3, a 5-deiodinase selenoenzyme inactivates both the prohormone T4 and its active form T3. DIOs show species-specific different patterns of temporo-spatial expression, regulation and function and exhibit different mechanisms of reaction and inhibitor sensitivities. The main regulators of DIO expression and function are the thyroid hormone status, several growth factors, cytokines and altered pathophysiological conditions. Selenium (Se) status has a modest impact on DIO expression and translation. DIOs rank high in the priority of selenium supply to various selenoproteins; thus, their function is impaired only during severe selenium deficiency. DIO variants, polymorphisms, SNPs and rare mutations have been identified. Development of DIO isozyme selective drugs is ongoing. A first X-ray structure has been reported for DIO3. This review focusses on the biochemical characteristics and reaction mechanisms, the relationships between DIO selenoproteins and their importance for local and systemic provision of the active hormone T3. Nutritional, pharmacological, and environmental factors and inhibitors, such as endocrine disruptors, impact DIO functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Max Rubner Center (MRC) für Kardiovaskuläre-metabolische-renale Forschung in Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Max Rubner Center (MRC) für Kardiovaskuläre-metabolische-renale Forschung in Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Association of Type 2 Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism with Pediatric Obesity in Japanese Children: A Case-Control Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9101421. [PMID: 36291357 PMCID: PMC9600981 DOI: 10.3390/children9101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play critical roles in the onset and progression of obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is also critical for adiposity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and effects of BAT gene polymorphisms in pediatric obesity. This case-control study included 270 non-obese and 86 obese children. All participants underwent genotyping for type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) Thr92Ala (rs225014). The prevalence of the homozygous Ala/Ala allele of the DIO2 gene in the obese group was 15.1% versus 6.3% in the non-obese group, resulting in an odds ratio (OR) of 3.393 (p = 0.003). The results of this study indicate that the homozygous Ala/Ala allele of the DIO2 gene is associated with an increased risk of pediatric obesity and suggest that pediatric obesity might be suitable for assessing the association with gene polymorphisms related to BAT, especially DIO2 Thr92Ala.
Collapse
|
26
|
Scerrino G, Salamone G, Corigliano A, Richiusa P, Proclamà MP, Radellini S, Cocorullo G, Orlando G, Melfa G, Paladino NC. Weight Gain and Asthenia Following Thyroidectomy: Current Knowledge from Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185486. [PMID: 36143133 PMCID: PMC9500853 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroidectomy is a common procedure all over the world. Its complication rate is low, but some patients complain of weight gain and/or asthenia. The aim of this review is to investigate the correlation between thyroidectomy and weight change and asthenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven papers concerning weight gain and four concerning asthenia were found. RESULTS Weight gain would seem to be more related to the change in habits after surgery. Asthenia seems to be more linked to endocrine mechanisms not yet clarified although a deficiency of triiodothyronine and its metabolites could explain some of its aspects. CONCLUSION Patients who are candidates for thyroidectomy should be adequately informed of the onset of both possible implications of the surgical act in terms of weight gain and chronic asthenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Scerrino
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salamone
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corigliano
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierina Richiusa
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), Section of Endocrinology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Proclamà
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Radellini
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), Section of Endocrinology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Cocorullo
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Orlando
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Melfa
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nunzia Cinzia Paladino
- Department of General Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Conception University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-9143-5511
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The impact of deiodinase type II gene on the therapeutic response to levothyroxine in a sample of Iraqi hypothyroidism patients. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Welborn TA. More trials for the unhappy hypothyroid patient on thyroxine: a clinician's perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:536-538. [PMID: 35618561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Further clinical trials are proposed for the 5-15% of hypothyroid patients who are dissatisfied with thyroxine (T4) monotherapy. Those responding to combination therapy [T4 plus triiodothyronine (T3)] will show suggestive biochemistry and abnormal reflexes. Those with Hashimoto's disease and very high anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) thyroid antibody levels may benefit from total thyroidectomy. The remainder have negative clinical and laboratory findings and require supportive management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Welborn
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamauchi I, Sakane Y, Okuno Y, Sugawa T, Hakata T, Fujita H, Okamoto K, Taura D, Yamashita T, Hirota K, Ueda Y, Fujii T, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. High-throughput Screening in Combination With a Cohort Study for Iodothyronine Deiodinases. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6607576. [PMID: 35695766 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory mechanisms of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) require further elucidation, and conventional methods for evaluating DIOs are unsuitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). Here we explored factors of transcriptional regulation of 3 types of DIOs (DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3) from a chemical library using our designed HTS. We constructed HTS based on a promoter assay and performed a screen of 2480 bioactive compounds. For compounds that were clinically approved, we validated hit compounds through a retrospective cohort study in our department that evaluated changes in thyroid function in patients using the compounds as drug therapy. Furthermore, we verified the involvement of DIOs using mice treated with the compounds. Of the hit compounds, 6 and 7 compounds transcriptionally up- and downregulated DIO1, respectively; 34 transcriptionally upregulated DIO2; and 5 and 2 compounds transcriptionally up- and downregulated DIO3, respectively. The cohort study clarified the clinical effects of some hit compounds: ritodrine increased free triiodothyronine (fT3)/free thyroxine (fT4) ratio and decreased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, tadalafil increased serum fT3 levels, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) decreased serum fT3 and fT4 levels and increased serum TSH levels. Following in vivo experiments using treated mice, consistent results were observed in ritodrine, which upregulated DIO2 in the thyroid gland. In conclusion, we completed HTS for DIOs and obtained attractive hit compounds. Our cohort study revealed the clinical significance of ritodrine, sildenafil, and TKIs. We hope our unique method will contribute to analyzing various targets and lists of hit compounds will promote understanding of DIOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sakane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Sugawa Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Medical Research Support Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Sugawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Hakata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Metabolism and Endocrinology Division of Internal Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lorena FB, Sato JM, Coviello BM, Arnold AJT, Batistuzzo A, Yamanouchi LM, Dias Junior E, do Nascimento BPP, Fonseca TDL, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Age Worsens the Cognitive Phenotype in Mice Carrying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 Polymorphism. Metabolites 2022; 12:629. [PMID: 35888752 PMCID: PMC9319877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism has been associated with reduced cognition in 2-month-old male mice and increased risk for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. This has been attributed to reduced thyroid hormone (TH) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the brain. Here we studied the Thr92Ala-Dio2 mouse model and saw that older male mice (7-8-month-old) exhibited a more severe cognition impairment, which extended to different aspects of declarative and working memories. A similar phenotype was observed in 4-5-month-old female mice. There were no structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of the Thr92Ala-Dio2 mouse. Nonetheless, in both male and female PFC, there was an enrichment in genes associated with TH-dependent processes, ER stress, and Golgi apparatus, while in the hippocampus there was additional enrichment in genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Reduced TH signaling remains a key mechanism of disease given that short-term treatment with L-T3 rescued the cognitive phenotype observed in males and females. We conclude that in mice, age is an additional risk factor for cognitive impairment associated with the Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism. In addition to reduced TH signaling, ER-stress, and involvement of the Golgi apparatus, hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis were identified as potentially important mechanisms of a disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B. Lorena
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Sato
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Martin Coviello
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
| | - Alexandre J. T. Arnold
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
| | - Alice Batistuzzo
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.d.L.F.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Laís M. Yamanouchi
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
| | - Eduardo Dias Junior
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
| | - Bruna P. P. do Nascimento
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana de L. Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.d.L.F.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.d.L.F.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Miriam O. Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (J.M.S.); (B.M.C.); (A.J.T.A.); (A.B.); (L.M.Y.); (E.D.J.); (B.P.P.d.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Benenati N, Bufano A, Cantara S, Ricci C, Marzocchi C, Ciuoli C, Sannino I, Tirone A, Voglino C, Vuolo G, Castagna MG. Type 2 deiodinase p.Thr92Ala polymorphism does not affect the severity of obesity and weight loss after bariatric surgery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10643. [PMID: 35739305 PMCID: PMC9226046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) gene (p.Thr92Ala) was found to be associated with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, and body mass index (BMI). We retrospectively evaluated 182 patients to assess whether the DIO2 p.Thr92Ala was associated with severe obesity and response to bariatric surgery. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes before surgery. Glycemic control parameters, cardiometabolic risk biomarkers (waist circumference, lipid assessment and blood pressure) and hormonal parameters were assessed at baseline and after surgery. Based on genotype evaluation, 78/182 (42.9%) patients were homozygous wild-type (Thr/Thr), 83/182 (45.6%) heterozygous (Thr/Ala), and 21/182 (11.5%) rare homozygous (Ala/Ala). Age at the time of the first evaluation in our Unit was significantly lower in patients with DIO2 p.Thr92Ala. No significant association was observed between DIO2 p.Thr92Ala and BMI, excess weight, waist circumference, Homa Index. The prevalence of comorbidities was not associated with allele distribution except for hypertension that was more frequent in wild-type patients (p = 0.03). After bariatric surgery, excess weight loss (EWL) % and remission from comorbidities occurred without differences according to genotypes. DIO2 p.Thr92Ala does not affect the severity of obesity and its complications, but it seems to determine an earlier onset of morbid obesity. The presence of polymorphism seems not to impact on the response to bariatric surgery, both in terms of weight loss and remission of comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Benenati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bufano
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Marzocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Ciuoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ida Sannino
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Tirone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Bariatric Surgery Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Costantino Voglino
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Bariatric Surgery Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vuolo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Bariatric Surgery Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Persani L, Campi I. Variation in Thyroid Hormone Metabolism May Affect COVID-19 Outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3078-e3079. [PMID: 35325144 PMCID: PMC8992329 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persani
- Correspondence: Luca Persani, MD, PhD, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.
| | - Irene Campi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Caron P, Grunenwald S, Persani L, Borson-Chazot F, Leroy R, Duntas L. Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:463-483. [PMID: 34671932 PMCID: PMC8528480 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is a safe, effective means of hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Here, we review the pharmaceutical, pathophysiological and behavioural factors influencing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of LT4. Any factor that alters the state of the epithelium in the stomach or small intestine will reduce and/or slow absorption of LT4; these include ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, bariatric surgery, Helicobacter pylori infection, food intolerance, gastritis, mineral supplements, dietary fibre, resins, and various drugs. Once in the circulation, LT4 is almost fully bound to plasma proteins. Although free T4 (FT4) and liothyronine concentrations are extensively buffered, it is possible that drug- or disorder-induced changes in plasma proteins levels can modify free hormone levels. The data on the clinical significance of genetic variants in deiodinase genes are contradictory, and wide-scale genotyping of hypothyroid patients is not currently justified. We developed a decision tree for the physician faced with an abnormally high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in a patient reporting adequate compliance with the recommended LT4 dose. The physician should review medications, the medical history and the serum FT4 level and check for acute adrenal insufficiency, heterophilic anti-TSH antibodies, antibodies against gastric and intestinal components (gastric parietal cells, endomysium, and tissue transglutaminase 2), and Helicobacter pylori infection. The next step is an LT4 pharmacodynamic absorption test; poor LT4 absorption should prompt a consultation with a gastroenterologist and (depending on the findings) an increase in the LT4 dose level. An in-depth etiological investigation can reveal visceral disorders and, especially, digestive tract disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Caron
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Maladies métaboliques et Nutrition, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - Solange Grunenwald
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Maladies métaboliques et Nutrition, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Leonidas Duntas
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Evgenideion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jonklaas J. Role of Levothyroxine/Liothyronine Combinations in Treating Hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:243-263. [PMID: 35662440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diverse causes potentially underlie decreased quality of life in biochemically euthyroid patients treated for hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. Once these contributing factors are addressed, if symptoms persist, there may be benefit to personalized use of combination therapy adding liothyronine. This approach should be carefully monitored: avoiding overtreatment and ensuring that therapy is only continued if it improves patient-reported quality of life. Most randomized clinical trials have not shown benefits, perhaps because of not targeting the most symptomatic patients. Sustained-release liothyronine preparations may soon be available for optimally designed studies assessing whether combination therapy provides superior therapy for hypothyroidism in select patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Lima Beltrão FE, de Almeida Beltrão DC, Carvalhal G, de Lima Beltrão FE, de Souza Braga Filho J, de Brito Oliveira J, de Jesus JDS, Machado GJR, dos Santos Silva H, Teixeira HMP, Rodrigues JL, de Figueiredo CAV, dos Santos Costa R, Hecht F, Bianco AC, da Conceição Rodrigues Gonçalves M, Ramos HE. Heterozygote Advantage of the Type II Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism on Intrahospital Mortality of COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2488-e2501. [PMID: 35137147 PMCID: PMC8903419 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The type 2 deiodinase and its Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism have been linked to clinical outcomes in acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to evaluate were cumulative mortality during admission according to Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism. METHODS Here we conducted an observational, longitudinal, and prospective cohort study to investigate a possible association between the Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism and intrahospital mortality from COVID-19 in adult patients admitted between June and August 2020. Blood biochemistry, thyroid function tests, length of stay, comorbidities, complications, and severity scores were also studied according to Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism. RESULTS In total, 220 consecutive patients (median age 62; 48-74 years) were stratified into 3 subgroups: Thr/Thr (n = 79), Thr/Ala (n = 119), and Ala/Ala (n = 23). While the overall mortality was 17.3%, the lethality was lower in Ala/Thr patients (12.6%) than in Thr/Thr patients (21.7%) or Ala/Ala patients (23%). The heterozygous genotype (Thr/Ala) was associated with a 47% reduced risk of intrahospital mortality whereas univariate and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for multiple covariates revealed a reduction that ranged from 51% to 66%. The association of the Thr/Ala genotype with better clinical outcomes was confirmed in a metanalysis of 5 studies, including the present one. CONCLUSION Here we provide evidence for a protective role played by Thr92Ala-DIO2 heterozygosity in patients with COVID-19. This protective effect follows an inheritance model known as overdominance, in which the phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of both homozygous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrão
- Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- University Center of João Pessoa – UNIPE, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Carvalhal
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Jair de Souza Braga Filho
- Bioregulation Department, Health and Science Institut, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jocyel de Brito Oliveira
- Bioregulation Department, Health and Science Institut, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joice dos Santos de Jesus
- Bioregulation Department, Health and Science Institut, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Hatilla dos Santos Silva
- Bioregulation Department, Health and Science Institut, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Lopes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ryan dos Santos Costa
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hecht
- The Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria da Conceição Rodrigues Gonçalves
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Helton Estrela Ramos
- Bioregulation Department, Health and Science Institut, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health, Medical School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chan N, Pak K, Guo A, Singla P, Sayegh M. New-Onset Heart Failure in the Setting of T4-Conversion Disorder. Cureus 2022; 14:e25024. [PMID: 35712337 PMCID: PMC9197626 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential in accomplishing the appropriate metabolism of the body. Achieving euthyroidism is of importance due to the deadly ramifications of being hypothyroid, such as multiple organ failure, profound decrease in mentation and even death. We present a case of an 80-year-old female with a history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism due to total thyroidectomy, and a cerebral vascular accident who presented with slurred speech, decreased appetite, dizziness and lethargy with new-onset weakness. She was adherent to all her medications. Her labs were significant for elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone, elevated free thyroxine, and low total triiodothyronine. Brain MRI revealed no acute pathology. She was given her home dose of Levothyroxine and was admitted to the telemetry unit for evaluation of her symptoms and abnormal thyroid panel. During her hospital course, she was found to have an abnormal rhythm and worsening lethargy. Subsequent electrocardiogram and laboratory values revealed new T-wave inversions and elevated troponin. An echocardiogram revealed a new severely reduced left ventricular function with severe global hypokinesis of the left ventricle and an ejection fraction of 30%. It was only after initiating combination therapy of levothyroxine and liothyronine that her symptoms and abnormal cardiac rhythm resolved. With this careful titration of the patient’s medication, we concluded that combination therapy was essential to the patient being euthyroid. This phenomenon was also cited in multiple literature, which warrants an investigation of a certain population’s inability to convert T4 to T3. By sharing this case, we aim to aid providers with their differential diagnoses and bring to light a potential area of further investigation. Ultimately, by optimizing and tailoring these medications, we hope to improve their quality of life.
Collapse
|
37
|
Salvatore D, Porcelli T, Ettleson MD, Bianco AC. The relevance of T 3 in the management of hypothyroidism. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:366-372. [PMID: 35240052 PMCID: PMC9987447 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Levothyroxine monotherapy has been the standard of care for treatment of hypothyroidism for more than 40 years. However, patients treated with levothyroxine have relatively lower serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations than the general population, and symptoms of hypothyroidism persist for some patients despite normalisation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. The understanding that maintenance of normal T3 concentrations is the priority for the thyroid axis has redirected the clinical focus to serum T3 concentrations in patients with hypothyroidism. This Personal View explores whether it is currently feasible to identify patients who could be considered for liothyronine supplementation in combination with levothyroxine. Genetic profiling stands out as a potential future tool to identify patients who do not respond well to levothyroxine due to suboptimal peripheral thyroxine (T4) activation. Moreover, new slow-release liothyronine preparations are being developed to be trialled in these symptomatic patients, in an attempt to restore T3 concentrations and provide conclusive results for the use of T4 plus T3 combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matthew D Ettleson
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alteration of Serum Proteome in Levo-Thyroxine-Euthyroid Thyroidectomized Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061676. [PMID: 35330001 PMCID: PMC8951767 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monotherapy with levo-thyroxine (LT4) is the treatment of choice for patients with hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy. However, many athyreotic LT4-treated patients with thyroid hormones in the physiological range experience hypothyroid-like symptoms, showing post-operative, statistically significant lower FT3 levels with respect to that before total thyroidectomy. Since we hypothesized that the lower plasmatic FT3 levels observed in this subgroup could be associated with tissue hypothyroidism, here we compared, by a preliminary proteomic analysis, eight sera of patients with reduced post-surgical FT3 to eight sera from patients with FT3 levels similar to pre-surgery levels, and six healthy controls. Proteomic analysis highlights a different serum protein profile among the considered conditions. By enrichment analysis, differential proteins are involved in coagulation processes (PLMN-1.61, -1.98 in reduced vs. stable FT3, p < 0.02; A1AT fragmentation), complement system activation (CFAH + 1.83, CFAB + 1.5, C1Qb + 1.6, C1S + 7.79 in reduced vs. stable FT3, p < 0.01) and in lipoprotein particles remodeling (APOAI fragmentation; APOAIV + 2.13, p < 0.003), potentially leading to a pro-inflammatory response. This study suggests that LT4 replacement therapy might restore biochemical euthyroid conditions in thyroidectomized patients, but in some cases without re-establishing body tissue euthyroidism. Since our results, this condition is reflected by the serum protein profile.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy, and levothyroxine is frequently prescribed. Despite the basic tenets of initiating and adjusting levothyroxine being agreed on, there are many nuances and complexities to consistently maintaining euthyroidism. Understanding the impact of patient weight and residual thyroid function on initial levothyroxine dosage and consideration of age, comorbidities, thyrotropin goal, life stage, and quality of life as levothyroxine is adjusted can be challenging and continually evolving. Because levothyroxine is a lifelong medication, it is important to avoid risks from periods of overtreatment or undertreatment. For the subset of patients not restored to baseline health with levothyroxine, causes arising from all aspects of the patient's life (coexistent medical conditions, stressors, lifestyle, psychosocial factors) should be broadly considered. If such factors do not appear to be contributing, and biochemical euthyroidism has been successfully maintained, there may be benefit to a trial of combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. This is not supported by the majority of randomized clinical trials, but may be supported by other studies providing lower-quality evidence and by animal studies. Given this discrepancy, it is important that any trial of combination therapy be continued only as long as a patient benefit is being enjoyed. Monitoring for adverse effects, particularly in older or frail individuals, is necessary and combination therapy should not be used during pregnancy. A sustained-release liothyronine preparation has completed phase 1 testing and may soon be available for better designed and powered studies assessing whether combination therapy provides superior therapy for hypothyroidism.
Collapse
|
40
|
Radetti G, Rigon F, Salvatoni A, Campi I, De Filippis T, Cirello V, Longhi S, Guizzardi F, Bonomi M, Persani L. Tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormones may change over time. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e210054. [PMID: 35060923 PMCID: PMC9142803 DOI: 10.1530/etj-21-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may transiently show a certain degree of pituitary resistance to levothyroxine (LT4) which, however, normalizes subsequently. However, in some individuals, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) fails to normalize despite adequate LT4 treatment. METHODS Nine patients with CH followed in three Academic Centre who developed over time resistance to thyroid hormones underwent extensive biochemical and genetic analyses. These latter were performed by Sanger sequence or targeted next-generation sequencing technique including a panel of candidate genes involved in thyroid hormone actions and congenital hypothyroidism (CH): THRA, THRB, DIO1, DIO2, SLC16A2, SECISBP2, DUOX2, DUOXA2, FOXE1, GLIS3, IYD, JAG1, NKX2-1, NKX2- 5, PAX8, SLC26A4, SLC5A5, TG, TPO, TSHR. RESULTS All patients displayed a normal sensitivity to thyroid hormone (TH) in the first years of life but developed variable degrees of resistance to LT4 treatment at later stages. In all cases, TSH normalized only in the presence of high free thyroxine levels. Tri-iodothyronine suppression test followed by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation was performed in two cases and was compatible with central resistance to THs. This biochemical feature was present independently on the cause of CH, being observed either in patients with an ectopic (n = 2) or eutopic gland (n = 3) or in case of athyreosis (n = 1). None of the patients had genetic variants in genes involved in the regulation of TH actions, while in two cases, we found two double heterozygous missense variants in TSHR and GLIS3 or in DUOX2 and SLC26A4 genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We report CH patients who showed an acquired and unexplainable pituitary refractoriness to TH action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Radetti
- Marienklinik, Bolzano, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Radetti:
| | - Franco Rigon
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Irene Campi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana De Filippis
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cirello
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Longhi
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Fabiana Guizzardi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ross DS. Treating hypothyroidism is not always easy: When to treat subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH goals in the elderly, and alternatives to levothyroxine monotherapy. J Intern Med 2022; 291:128-140. [PMID: 34766382 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with hypothyroidism feel better when levothyroxine treatment restores thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations to normal. Increasingly, a significant minority of patients remain symptomatic and are dissatisfied with their treatment. Overzealous treatment of symptomatic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism may contribute to dissatisfaction among hypothyroidism patients, as potential hypothyroid symptoms in patients with minimal hypothyroidism rarely respond to treatment. Thyroid hormone prescriptions have increased by 30% in the United States in the last decade. The diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism should be confirmed by repeat thyroid function tests ideally obtained at least 2 months later, as 62% of elevated TSH levels may revert to normal spontaneously. Generally, treatment is not necessary unless the TSH exceeds 7.0-10 mIU/L. In double-blinded randomized controlled trials, treatment does not improve symptoms or cognitive function if the TSH is less than 10 mIU/L. While cardiovascular events may be reduced in patients under age 65 with subclinical hypothyroidism who are treated with levothyroxine, treatment may be harmful in elderly patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH goals are age dependent, with a 97.5 percentile (upper limit of normal) of 3.6 mIU/L for patients under age 40, and 7.5 mIU/L for patients over age 80. In some hypothyroid patients who are dissatisfied with treatment, especially those with a polymorphism in type 2 deiodinase, combined treatment with levothyroxine and liothyronine may be preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Ross
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yamauchi I, Sakane Y, Yamashita T, Hakata T, Sugawa T, Fujita H, Okamoto K, Taura D, Hirota K, Ueda Y, Fujii T, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Thyroid hormone economy in mice overexpressing iodothyronine deiodinases. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22141. [PMID: 34981562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101288rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral tissues, triiodothyronine (T3) production and consequent thyroid hormone actions are mainly regulated by iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) classified into 3 types: D1, D2, and D3. We aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral DIOs on thyroid hormone economy independent of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. We cloned coding sequences of human DIOs with FLAG-tag and HiBiT-tag sequences into a pcDNA3.1 vector. To obtain full-length proteins, we modified these vectors by cloning the selenocysteine insertion sequence of each DIO (SECIS vectors). Western blot analyses and HiBiT lytic assay using HEK293T cells revealed that SECIS vectors expressed full-length proteins with substantial activity. Subsequently, in vivo transfections of pLIVE-based SECIS vectors into male C57BL/6J mice were performed by hydrodynamic gene delivery to generate mice overexpressing DIOs predominantly in the liver (D1, D2, and D3 mice). After 7 days from transfections, mice were analyzed to clarify phenotypes. To summarize, serum thyroid hormone levels did not change in D1 mice but D2 mice had higher serum free T3 levels. D3 mice developed hypothyroidism with higher serum reverse T3 (rT3) levels. Transfections with levothyroxine administration suggested that thyroid hormone action was upregulated in D2 mice. Our DIO-overexpressing mice provided insights on the physiological properties of upregulated DIOs: D2 augments local thyroid hormone action and recruits T3 into the circulation: D3 decreases circulating T3 and T4 levels with elevated rT3, leading to consumptive hypothyroidism. As D3 mice are expected to be a novel hypothyroidism model, they can contribute to progress in the field of thyroid hormone economy and action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sakane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Sugawa Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Metabolism and Endocrinology Division of Internal Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuro Hakata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Sugawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Scerrino G, Melfa G, Lo Brutto D, Mazzola S, Corigliano A, Vitale I, Tutino R, Rotolo G, Orlando G, Cocorullo G. Chronic asthenia in patients who have undergone endocrine neck surgery. Endocrine 2022; 75:159-168. [PMID: 34365588 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of chronic asthenia after thyroidectomy has been evaluated in two previous studies comparing total thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy. We compared its impact on patients undergoing thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism, and cholecystectomy. METHODS Patients recruited for surgery (233 consecutive total thyroidectomies for non-toxic multinodular goiter, Group I, 43 consecutive parathyroidectomies for primary hyperparathyroidism, group II and a sample of 43 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, group III) were compared at three times: pre-operative, 6 months after surgery, 1 year after surgery. A brief fatigue inventory (BFI) was administered to assess asthenia. We excluded intermediate or high-risk thyroid carcinomas, Grave's disease, obese patients, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and acute cholecystitis. In the postoperative period, patients who had undergone complications of each surgical procedure were also excluded. Demographics, smoking, alcohol abuse, chronic diseases (renal, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and diabetes mellitus), anxiety and depression were noted. RESULTS In Group I the significant increase of asthenia during the three periods of detection (p < 0.001) was confirmed. Renal failure further increased the risk of asthenia. In Group II, asthenia after 6 months and 1 year after surgery decreased significantly (p < 0.001). In Group III, the variations in BFI during the three periods were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Asthenia is a frequent sequela of total thyroidectomy, also in comparison with other types of surgery. Patients undergoing thyroidectomy must be informed of the possible implications of surgery, which should be calibrated on the strict application of guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Scerrino
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Melfa
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lo Brutto
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzola
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Tumor Registry, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corigliano
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene Vitale
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Tutino
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Rotolo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Orlando
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Cocorullo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, University of Palermo, Via L. Giuffré, 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gottwald-Hostalek U, Kahaly GJ. Triiodothyronine alongside levothyroxine in the management of hypothyroidism? Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:2099-2106. [PMID: 34553643 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1984219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current guideline-based management of hypothyroidism recommends monotherapy with levothyroxine (LT4), titrated to maintain the level of thyrotropin within a euthyroid reference range. This has been successful for most people with hypothyroidism, but a substantial minority still report symptoms of hypothyroidism unexplained by a comorbid medical condition. LT4 is essentially a prodrug for triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormone that acts on target tissues in the brain and the periphery. Thyroid hormone replacement with LT4 alone does not restore physiological tissue levels of thyroid hormones, particularly T3. During the last two decades, much interest has focussed on the potential of combinations of LT4 and T3 to provide a superior outcome to LT4 monotherapy for people with hypothyroidism, especially those with residual symptoms despite thyrotropin-optimized LT4. This review seeks to provide an overview of currently available evidence on combination (LT4 + T3) therapy to be used for personalized medicine in patients with hypothyroidism. A number of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have failed to demonstrate superiority for the combination therapy approach, largely due to non-physiological T3 doses. However, patients with hypothyroidism are highly heterogeneous in terms of their residual thyroid function, individual set points for optimal thyroid homeostasis and for the presence or absence of polymorphisms in deiodinase enzymes in tissues that activate and deactivate circulating thyroid hormones. Accordingly, these RCTs may have failed to demonstrate benefits of combination therapy in individual hypothyroid phenotypes. The pharmacokinetics of LT4 and T3 also differ, which is a barrier to their co-administration. Future clinical trials using LT4 + T3 tablets better suited for combination therapy will resolve the outstanding research questions relating to the place of LT4 + T3 combination therapy in the management of hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Heald AH, Premawardhana L, Taylor P, Okosieme O, Bangi T, Devine H, Livingston M, Javed A, Moreno GYC, Watt T, Stedman M, Dayan C, Hughes DA. Is there a role for natural desiccated thyroid in the treatment of levothyroxine unresponsive hypothyroidism? Results from a consecutive case series. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14967. [PMID: 34626513 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some levothyroxine unresponsive individuals with hypothyroidism are prescribed a natural desiccated thyroid (NDT) preparation such as Armour Thyroid® or ERFA Thyroid® . These contain a mixture of levothyroxine and liothyronine in a fixed ratio. We evaluated the response to NDT in individuals at a single endocrine centre in terms of how the change from levothyroxine to NDT impacted on their lives in relation to quality of life (QOL) and thyroid symptoms. METHODS The ThyPRO39 (thyroid symptomatology) and EQ-5D-5L-related QoL/EQ5D5L (generic QOL) questionnaires were administered to 31 consecutive patients who had been initiated on NDT, before initiating treatment/6 months later. RESULTS There were 28 women and 3 men. The dose range of NDT was 60-180 mg daily. Age range was 26-77 years with length of time since diagnosis with hypothyroidism ranging from 2 to 40 years. One person discontinued the NDT because of lack of response; two because of cardiac symptoms. EQ-5D-5L utility increased from a mean (SD) of 0.214 (0.338) at baseline, to 0.606 (0.248) after 6 months; corresponding to a difference of 0.392 (95% CI 0.241-0.542), t = 6.82, P < .001. EQ-VAS scores increased from 33.4 (17.2) to 71.1 (17.5), a difference of 37.7 (95% CI 25.2-50.2), t = -4.9, P < .001. ThyPRO scores showed consistent fall across all domains with the composite QoL-impact Score improving from 68.3 (95% CI 60.9-75.7) to 25.2 (95% CI 18.7-31.7), a difference of 43.1 (95% CI 33-53.2) (t = 5.6, P < .001). CONCLUSION Significant symptomatic benefit and improvement in QOL was experienced by people with a history of levothyroxine unresponsive hypothyroidism treated with NDT, suggesting the need for further evaluation of NDT in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Lakdasa Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Onyebuchi Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tasneem Bangi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Holly Devine
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Mark Livingston
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK
| | - Ahmed Javed
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Gabriela Y C Moreno
- Coordinación Nacional de Investigación, Subdirección de Servicios de Salud, Petróleos Mexicanos, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Torquil Watt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Colin Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dyfrig A Hughes
- Centre for Health Economics & Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Comarella AP, Vilagellin D, Bufalo NE, Euflauzino JF, de Souza Teixeira E, Miklos ABPP, Dos Santos RB, Romaldini JH, Ward LS. The polymorphic inheritance of DIO2 rs225014 may predict body weight variation after Graves' disease treatment. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 64:787-795. [PMID: 33049131 PMCID: PMC10528618 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of DIO2 polymorphisms rs225014 and rs12885300 in Graves' disease patients, mainly for controlling body weight following treatment. METHODS We genotyped 280 GD patients by the time of diagnosis and 297 healthy control individuals using a TaqMan SNP Genotyping technique. We followed up 141 patients for 18.94 ± 6.59 months after treatment. RESULTS There was no relationship between the investigated polymorphisms with susceptibility to GD and gain or loss of weight after GD treatment. However, the polymorphic inheritance (CC+CT genotype) of DIO2 rs225014 was associated with a lower body weight variation after GD treatment (4.26 ± 6.25 kg) when compared to wild type TT genotype (6.34 ± 7.26 kg; p = 0.0456 adjusted for the follow-up time). This data was confirmed by a multivariate analysis (p = 0.0138) along with a longer follow-up period (p = 0.0228), older age (p = 0.0306), treatment with radioiodine (p-value = 0.0080) and polymorphic inheritance of DIO2 rs12885300 (p = 0.0306). CONCLUSION We suggest that DIO2 rs225014 genotyping may have an auxiliary role in predicting the post-treatment weight behavior of GD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Comarella
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil,
| | - Danilo Vilagellin
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Natassia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jessica Ferreira Euflauzino
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisangela de Souza Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Roberto Bernardo Dos Santos
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - João H Romaldini
- Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Laura S Ward
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Santesmasses D, Gladyshev VN. Pathogenic Variants in Selenoproteins and Selenocysteine Biosynthesis Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11593. [PMID: 34769022 PMCID: PMC8584023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins as the 21st amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). There are 25 selenoproteins encoded in the human genome, and their synthesis requires a dedicated machinery. Most selenoproteins are oxidoreductases with important functions in human health. A number of disorders have been associated with deficiency of selenoproteins, caused by mutations in selenoprotein genes or Sec machinery genes. We discuss mutations that are known to cause disease in humans and report their allele frequencies in the general population. The occurrence of protein-truncating variants in the same genes is also presented. We provide an overview of pathogenic variants in selenoproteins genes from a population genomics perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Type 2 Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism Is Associated with Higher Body Mass Index and Fasting Glucose Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9914009. [PMID: 34660805 PMCID: PMC8516525 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) is a selenoenzyme that is mainly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the central nervous system, brown adipose tissue, and placenta and is responsible for outer ring deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to form biologically active triiodothyronine (T3). The Thr92Ala polymorphism of Dio2 has been found to be a potential risk factor for various diseases beyond the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Methods We searched the relevant studies in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases and Google Scholar. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the Thr92Ala polymorphism and metabolic parameters beyond the HPT axis (e.g., BMI, fasting glycemic traits, plasma lipid levels, and hypertension risk) were performed. Results Six eligible studies that analyzed the relationship between the Thr92Ala polymorphism and metabolic parameters beyond the thyroid were identified. All selected studies excluded patients with thyroid dysfunction, and diabetic patients were also excluded when fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels were meta-analyzed. The Thr92Ala polymorphism was found to be a significant risk factor for higher BMI (Std. mean difference 0.31 (0.01, 0.60), p = 0.04) and higher fasting glucose levels (Std. mean difference 1.18 (0.05, 2.31), p = 0.04). However, fasting insulin levels, plasma lipid levels, and hypertension risk showed a nonsignificant association with the Thr92Ala polymorphism. Conclusion Compared with euthyroid noncarriers (Thr/Thr), euthyroid Ala92-Dio2 carriers showed increased BMI levels, and Ala92-Dio2 carriers also had higher fasting plasma glucose levels than matched euthyroid nondiabetic noncarriers.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) or T4 to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Although evidence of deiodination of T4 to T3 has been available since the 1950s, objective evidence of TH metabolism was not established until the 1970s. The modern paradigm considers that the deiodinases not only play a role in the homeostasis of circulating T3, but they also provide dynamic control of TH signaling: cells that express the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) have enhanced TH signaling due to intracellular build-up of T3; the opposite is seen in cells that express type 3 deiodinase (D3), the inactivating deiodinase. D2 and D3 are expressed in metabolically relevant tissues such as brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver, and their roles have been investigated using cell, animal, and human models. During development, D2 and D3 expression customize for each tissue/organ the timing and intensity of TH signaling. In adult cells, D2 is induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and its expression is invariably associated with enhanced T3 signaling, expression of PGC1 and accelerated energy expenditure. In contrast, D3 expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), dampening T3 signaling and the metabolic rate. The coordinated expression of these enzymes adjusts TH signaling in a time- and tissue-specific fashion, affecting metabolic pathways in health and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Russo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deng Y, Hu S, Luo C, Ouyang Q, Li L, Ma J, Lin Z, Chen J, Liu H, Hu J, Chen G, Shu D, Pan Y, Hu B, He H, Qu H, Wang J. Integrative analysis of histomorphology, transcriptome and whole genome resequencing identified DIO2 gene as a crucial gene for the protuberant knob located on forehead in geese. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:487. [PMID: 34193033 PMCID: PMC8244220 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During domestication, remarkable changes in behavior, morphology, physiology and production performance have taken place in farm animals. As one of the most economically important poultry, goose owns a unique appearance characteristic called knob, which is located at the base of the upper bill. However, neither the histomorphology nor the genetic mechanism of the knob phenotype has been revealed in geese. Results In the present study, integrated radiographic, histological, transcriptomic and genomic analyses revealed the histomorphological characteristics and genetic mechanism of goose knob. The knob skin was developed, and radiographic results demonstrated that the knob bone was obviously protuberant and pneumatized. Histologically, there were major differences in structures in both the knob skin and bone between geese owing knob (namely knob-geese) and those devoid of knob (namely non-knob geese). Through transcriptome analysis, 592 and 952 genes differentially expressed in knob skin and bone, and significantly enriched in PPAR and Calcium pathways in knob skin and bone, respectively, which revealed the molecular mechanisms of histomorphological differences of the knob between knob- and non-knob geese. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomic and genomic analysis contributed to the identification of 17 and 21 candidate genes associated with the knob formation in the skin and bone, respectively. Of them, DIO2 gene could play a pivotal role in determining the knob phenotype in geese. Because a non-synonymous mutation (c.642,923 G > A, P265L) changed DIO2 protein secondary structure in knob geese, and Sanger sequencing further showed that the AA genotype was identified in the population of knob geese, and was prevalent in a crossing population which was artificially selected for 10 generations. Conclusions This study was the first to uncover the knob histomorphological characteristics and genetic mechanism in geese, and DIO2 was identified as the crucial gene associated with the knob phenotype. These data not only expand and enrich our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of head appendages in both mammalian and avian species, but also have important theoretical and practical significance for goose breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07822-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglong Luo
- The Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Ouyang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaming Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenping Lin
- The Baisha Livestock and Poultry Original Species Research Institute, Guangdong, 515000, Shantou, China
| | - Junpeng Chen
- The Baisha Livestock and Poultry Original Species Research Institute, Guangdong, 515000, Shantou, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- The Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Pan
- The Baisha Livestock and Poultry Original Species Research Institute, Guangdong, 515000, Shantou, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Qu
- The Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|