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Lian K, Hammarström D, Hamarsland H, Mølmen KS, Moen SC, Ellefsen S. Glucose ingestion before and after resistance training sessions does not augment ribosome biogenesis in healthy moderately trained young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05446-x. [PMID: 38459192 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy seems to depend on ribosome biogenesis and content. High glucose treatment may augment ribosome biogenesis through potentiating resistance training-induced adaptations. This was investigated with total RNA and ribosomal RNA abundances as main outcomes, with relevant transcriptional/translational regulators (c-Myc/UBF/rpS6) as a secondary outcome. METHODS Sixteen healthy, moderately trained individuals [male/female, n = 9/7; age, 24.1 (3.3)] participated in a within-participant crossover trial with unilateral resistance training (leg press and knee extension, 3 sets of 10 repetitions maximum) and pre- and post-exercise ingestion of either glucose (3 × 30 g, 90 g total) or placebo supplements (Stevia rebaudiana, 3 × 0.3 g, 0.9 g total), together with protein (2 × 25 g, 50 g total), on alternating days for 12 days. Six morning resistance exercise sessions were conducted per condition, and the sessions were performed in an otherwise fasted state. Micro-biopsies were sampled from m. vastus lateralis before and after the intervention. RESULTS Glucose ingestion did not have beneficial effects on resistance training-induced increases of ribosomal content (mean difference 7.6% [- 7.2, 24.9], p = 0.34; ribosomal RNA, 47S/18S/28S/5.8S/5S, range 7.6-37.9%, p = 0.40-0.98) or levels of relevant transcriptional or translational regulators (c-MYK/UBF/rpS6, p = 0.094-0.292). Of note, both baseline and trained state data of total RNA showed a linear relationship with UBF; a ∼14% increase in total RNA corresponded to 1 SD unit increase in UBF (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Glucose ingestion before and after resistance training sessions did not augment ribosomal RNA accumulation during twelve days of heavy-load resistance training in moderately trained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Lian
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.
| | - Daniel Hammarström
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Sara Christine Moen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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Abdulla H, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb M, Jandova T, Bass JJ, Rankin D, Cegielski J, Sayda M, Crossland H, Williams JP, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 infusions overcome anabolic resistance to feeding in older human muscle. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13202. [PMID: 32744385 PMCID: PMC7511886 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its known insulin‐independent effects, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) role in muscle protein turnover has not been explored under fed‐state conditions or in the context of older age, when declines in insulin sensitivity and protein anabolism, as well as losses of muscle mass and function, occur. Methods Eight older‐aged men (71 ± 1 year, mean ± SEM) were studied in a crossover trial. Baseline measures were taken over 3 hr, prior to a 3 hr postprandial insulin (~30 mIU ml−1) and glucose (7–7.5 mM) clamp, alongside I.V. infusions of octreotide and Vamin 14 (±infusions of GLP‐1). Four muscle biopsies were taken, and muscle protein turnover was quantified via incorporation of 13C6 phenylalanine and arteriovenous balance kinetics, using mass spectrometry. Leg macro‐ and microvascular flow was assessed via ultrasound and anabolic signalling by immunoblotting. GLP‐1 and insulin were measured by ELISA. Results GLP‐1 augmented muscle protein synthesis (MPS; fasted: 0.058 ± 0.004% hr−1 vs. postprandial: 0.102 ± 0.005% hr−1, p < 0.01), in comparison with non‐GLP‐1 trials. Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) was reduced throughout clamp period, while net protein balance across the leg became positive in both groups. Total femoral leg blood flow was unchanged by the clamp; however, muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) was significantly elevated in both groups, and to a significantly greater extent in the GLP‐1 group (MBF: 5 ± 2 vs. 1.9 ± 1 fold change +GLP‐1 and −GLP‐1, respectively, p < 0.01). Activation of the Akt‐mTOR signalling was similar across both trials. Conclusion GLP‐1 infusion markedly enhanced postprandial microvascular perfusion and further stimulated muscle protein metabolism, primarily through increased MPS, during a postprandial insulin hyperaminoacidaemic clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Heartlands Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Marie Limb
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Tereza Jandova
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Debbie Rankin
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Mariwan Sayda
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - John P. Williams
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Department of Anaesthesia University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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Rundqvist HC, Lilja MR, Rooyackers O, Odrzywol K, Murray JT, Esbjörnsson M, Jansson E. Nutrient ingestion increased mTOR signaling, but not hVps34 activity in human skeletal muscle after sprint exercise. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00076. [PMID: 24303161 PMCID: PMC3841023 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient provision after sprint exercise enhances mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. One suggested that nutrient sensor is the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34), not previously studied in human skeletal muscle. It is hypothesized that oral ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA) and carbohydrates (Carb) increases Vps34 activity and mTOR signaling in human skeletal (hVps34) muscle after sprint exercise. Nine subjects were performed 3 × 30-sec all-out sprints with or without ingestion of EAA + Carb or placebo drinks in a randomized order with a month interval. Muscle biopsies were performed at rest and 140 min after last sprint and analyzed for p-mTOR, p-p70S6k, p-eEF2 and for hVps34 activity and hVps34 protein content. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for amino acids, glucose, lactate, and insulin. During the sprint exercise session, EAA, glucose, and insulin in blood increased significantly more in EAA + Carb than in placebo. P-mTOR and p-p70S6k were significantly increased above rest in EAA + Carb (P = 0.03, P = 0.007) 140 min after last sprint, but not in placebo. Activity and protein expression of hVps34 were not significantly changed from rest in EAA + Carb 140 min after the last sprint. However, hVps34 activity and protein expression tended to increase in placebo (both P = 0.08). In conclusion, on the contrary to the hypothesis, no increase in activation of hVps34 was found following sprint exercise in EAA + Carb condition. In spite of this, the results support an activation of mTOR during this condition. However, this does not exclude the permissive role of hVps34 in mediating the amino acid-induced activation of mTOR and muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan C Rundqvist
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden
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Gran P, Cameron-Smith D. The actions of exogenous leucine on mTOR signalling and amino acid transporters in human myotubes. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21702994 PMCID: PMC3141572 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) leucine has been identified to be a key regulator of skeletal muscle anabolism. Activation of anabolic signalling occurs via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) through an undefined mechanism. System A and L solute carriers transport essential amino acids across plasma membranes; however it remains unknown whether an exogenous supply of leucine regulates their gene expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and chronic leucine stimulation of anabolic signalling and specific amino acid transporters, using cultured primary human skeletal muscle cells. Results Human myotubes were treated with leucine, insulin or co-treated with leucine and insulin for 30 min, 3 h or 24 h. Activation of mTOR signalling kinases were examined, together with putative nutrient sensor human vacuolar protein sorting 34 (hVps34) and gene expression of selected amino acid transporters. Phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K was transiently increased following leucine exposure, independently to insulin. hVps34 protein expression was also significantly increased. However, genes encoding amino acid transporters were differentially regulated by insulin and not leucine. Conclusions mTOR signalling is transiently activated by leucine within human myotubes independently of insulin stimulation. While this occurred in the absence of changes in gene expression of amino acid transporters, protein expression of hVps34 increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gran
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Timmerman KL, Lee JL, Fujita S, Dhanani S, Dreyer HC, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Pharmacological vasodilation improves insulin-stimulated muscle protein anabolism but not glucose utilization in older adults. Diabetes 2010; 59:2764-71. [PMID: 20724580 PMCID: PMC2963534 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle protein metabolism is resistant to the anabolic action of insulin in healthy, nondiabetic older adults. This defect is associated with impaired insulin-induced vasodilation and mTORC1 signaling. We hypothesized that, in older subjects, pharmacological restoration of insulin-induced capillary recruitment would improve the response of muscle protein synthesis and anabolism to insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twelve healthy, nondiabetic older subjects (71 ± 2 years) were randomized to two groups. Subjects were studied at baseline and during local infusion in one leg of insulin alone (Control) or insulin plus sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at variable rate to double leg blood flow. We measured leg blood flow by dye dilution; muscle microvascular perfusion with contrast enhanced ultrasound; Akt/mTORC1 signaling by Western blotting; and muscle protein synthesis, amino acid, and glucose kinetics using stable isotope methodologies. RESULTS There were no baseline differences between groups. Blood flow, muscle perfusion, phenylalanine delivery to the leg, and intracellular availability of phenylalanine increased significantly (P < 0.05) in SNP only. Akt phosphorylation increased in both groups but increased more in SNP (P < 0.05). Muscle protein synthesis and net balance (nmol · min(-1) · 100 ml · leg(-1)) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in SNP (synthesis, 43 ± 6 to 129 ± 25; net balance, -16 ± 3 to 26 ± 12) but not in Control (synthesis, 41 ± 10 to 53 ± 8; net balance, -17 ± 3 to -2 ± 3). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological enhancement of muscle perfusion and amino acid availability during hyperinsulinemia improves the muscle protein anabolic effect of insulin in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Timmerman
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jessica L. Lee
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Shaheen Dhanani
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Hans C. Dreyer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Corresponding author: Elena Volpi,
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Greenhaff PL, Karagounis LG, Peirce N, Simpson EJ, Hazell M, Layfield R, Wackerhage H, Smith K, Atherton P, Selby A, Rennie MJ. Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E595-604. [PMID: 18577697 PMCID: PMC2536736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90411.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined the effects of intravenous infusion of amino acids (AA) at serum insulin of 5, 30, 72, and 167 mU/l on anabolic signaling, expression of ubiquitin-proteasome components, and protein turnover in muscles of healthy young men. Tripling AA availability at 5 mU/l insulin doubled incorporation of [1-(13)C]leucine [i.e., muscle protein synthesis (MPS), P < 0.01] without affecting the rate of leg protein breakdown (LPB; appearance of d(5)-phenylalanine). While keeping AA availability constant, increasing insulin to 30 mU/l halved LPB (P < 0.05) without further inhibition at higher doses, whereas rates of MPS were identical to that at 5 mU/l insulin. The phosphorylation of PKB Ser(473) and p70(S6k) Thr(389) increased concomitantly with insulin, but whereas raising insulin to 30 mU/l increased the phosphorylation of mTOR Ser(2448), 4E-BP1 Thr(37/46), or GSK3beta Ser(9) and decreased that of eEF2 Thr(56), higher insulin doses to 72 and 167 mU/l did not augment these latter responses. MAFbx and proteasome C2 subunit proteins declined as insulin increased, with MuRF-1 expression largely unchanged. Thus increasing AA and insulin availability causes changes in anabolic signaling and amounts of enzymes of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which cannot be easily reconciled with observed effects on MPS or LPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Greenhaff
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Univ. of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Fujita S, Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Cadenas JG, Yoshizawa F, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol 2007; 582:813-23. [PMID: 17478528 PMCID: PMC2075348 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are important nutrient- and energy-sensing and signalling proteins in skeletal muscle. AMPK activation decreases muscle protein synthesis by inhibiting mTOR signalling to regulatory proteins associated with translation initiation and elongation. On the other hand, essential amino acids (leucine in particular) and insulin stimulate mTOR signalling and protein synthesis. We hypothesized that anabolic nutrients would be sensed by both AMPK and mTOR, resulting in an acute and potent stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis via enhanced translation initiation and elongation. We measured muscle protein synthesis and mTOR-associated upstream and downstream signalling proteins in young male subjects (n=14) using stable isotopic and immunoblotting techniques. Following a first muscle biopsy, subjects in the 'Nutrition' group ingested a leucine-enriched essential amino acid-carbohydrate mixture (EAC). Subjects in the Control group did not consume nutrients. A second biopsy was obtained 1 h later. Ingestion of EAC significantly increased muscle protein synthesis, modestly reduced AMPK phosphorylation, and increased Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) and mTOR phosphorylation (P<0.05). mTOR signalling to its downstream effectors (S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation status) was also increased (P<0.05). In addition, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) phosphorylation was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Protein synthesis and cell signalling (phosphorylation status) was unchanged in the control group (P>0.05). We conclude that anabolic nutrients alter the phosphorylation status of both AMPK- and mTOR-associated signalling proteins in human muscle, in association with an increase in protein synthesis not only via enhanced translation initiation but also through signalling promoting translation elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujita
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555-1144, USA
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