1
|
Rosen MJ. New Role for Fatty Acid Receptor Regulation of Immune Cells to Control Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:40-42. [PMID: 34672998 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rosen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liszt KI, Wang Q, Farhadipour M, Segers A, Thijs T, Nys L, Deleus E, Van der Schueren B, Gerner C, Neuditschko B, Ceulemans LJ, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Human intestinal bitter taste receptors regulate innate immune responses and metabolic regulators in obesity. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:144828. [PMID: 34784295 PMCID: PMC8803326 DOI: 10.1172/jci144828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (taste 2 receptors, TAS2Rs) serve as warning sensors in the lingual system against the ingestion of potentially poisonous food. Here, we investigated the functional role of TAS2Rs in the human gut and focused on their potential to trigger an additional host defense pathway in the intestine. Human jejunal crypts, especially those from individuals with obesity, responded to bitter agonists by inducing the release of antimicrobial peptides (α-defensin 5 and regenerating islet–derived protein 3 α [REG3A]) but also regulated the expression of other innate immune factors (mucins, chemokines) that affected E. coli growth. We found that the effect of aloin on E. coli growth and on the release of the mucus glycoprotein CLCA1, identified via proteomics, was affected by TAS2R43 deletion polymorphisms and thus confirmed a role for TAS2R43. RNA-Seq revealed that denatonium benzoate induced an NRF2-mediated nutrient stress response and an unfolded protein response that increased the expression of the mitokine GDF15 but also ADM2 and LDLR, genes that are involved in anorectic signaling and lipid homeostasis. In conclusion, TAS2Rs in the intestine constitute a promising target for treating diseases that involve disturbances in the innate immune system and body weight control. TAS2R polymorphisms may be valuable genetic markers to predict therapeutic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Farhadipour
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Nys
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deleus
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bland JS. Application of Phytochemicals in Immune Disorders: Their Roles Beyond Antioxidants. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:16-21. [PMID: 34803535 PMCID: PMC8594972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing increased global pressure on immune system function as a result of climate change, exposure to xenobiotics, poor quality diets, increased psycho-social stress, and exposure to new infectious agents. Understanding how various phytochemicals and their metabolic byproducts produced by the microbiome modulate immune-related signal transduction pathways has opened a new chapter in medical nutrition that moves far beyond that of generalized antioxidant effects. Not only is precision nutrition now possible, there is an urgent need for it.
Collapse
|
4
|
Therapeutic potential of targeting intestinal bitter taste receptors in diabetes associated with dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105693. [PMID: 34048925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal release of incretin hormones after food intake promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion and regulates glucose homeostasis. The impaired incretin effects observed in the pathophysiologic abnormality of type 2 diabetes have triggered the pharmacological development of incretin-based therapy through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. In the light of the mechanisms involved in the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, it is a fundamental question to explore whether glucose and lipid homeostasis can be manipulated by the digestive system in response to nutrient ingestion and taste perception along the gastrointestinal tract. While glucose is a potent stimulant of GLP-1 secretion, emerging evidence highlights the importance of bitter tastants in the enteroendocrine secretion of gut hormones through activation of bitter taste receptors. This review summarizes bitter chemosensation in the intestines for GLP-1 secretion and metabolic regulation based on recent advances in biological research of bitter taste receptors and preclinical and clinical investigation of bitter medicinal plants, including bitter melon, hops strobile, and berberine-containing herbs (e.g. coptis rhizome and barberry root). Multiple mechanisms of action of relevant bitter phytochemicals are discussed with the consideration of pharmacokinetic studies. Current evidence suggests that specific agonists targeting bitter taste receptors, such as human TAS2R1 and TAS2R38, may provide both metabolic benefits and anti-inflammatory effects with the modulation of the enteroendocrine hormone secretion and bile acid turnover in metabolic syndrome individuals or diabetic patients with dyslipidemia-related comorbidities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mishra S, Rajput MS, Rathore D, Dahima R. Ligand and structure-based computational designing of multi-target molecules directing FFAR-1, FFAR-4 and PPAR-G as modulators of insulin receptor activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6974-6988. [PMID: 33648410 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1892528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multi-agent therapies are an important treatment modality in many diseases based on the assumption that combining agents may result in increased therapeutic benefit by overcoming the mechanism of resistance and providing superior efficiency. Extensively validated 3D pharmacophore models for free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR-1), free fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR-4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-G (PPAR-G) was developed. The pharmacophore model for FFAR-1 (r2 = 0.98, q2 = 0.90) and PPAR-G (r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.88) suggested that one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor, three aromatic rings, and two hydrophobic groups arranged in 3D space are essential for the binding affinity of FFAR-1 and PPAR-G inhibitors. Similarly, the pharmacophore model for FFAR-4 (r2 = 0.92, q2 = 0.87) suggested that the presence of a hydrogen bond acceptor, one negative atom, two aromatic rings, and three hydrophobic groups plays a vital role in the binding of an inhibitor of FFAR-4. These pharmacophore models allowed searches for novel FFAR-1, PPAR-G, and FFAR-4 triple inhibitors from multi-conformer 3D databases (Asinex). Finally, the twenty-five best hits were selected for molecular docking, to study the interaction of their complexes with all the proteins and final binding orientations of these molecules. After molecular docking, ten hits have been predicted to possess good binding affinity as per the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) calculation for FFAR-1, FFAR-4, and PPAR-G which can be further investigated for its experimental in-vitro/in-vivo anti-diabetic activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mithun Singh Rajput
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devashish Rathore
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Dahima
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ponticelli M, Russo D, Faraone I, Sinisgalli C, Labanca F, Lela L, Milella L. The Promising Ability of Humulus lupulus L. Iso-α-acids vs. Diabetes, Inflammation, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:954. [PMID: 33670177 PMCID: PMC7916982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, natural medicines have represented the only option for treating human diseases and, nowadays, plant phytochemicals are considered as promising compounds to treat or prevent chronic conditions. Among them, hop flowers (Humulus lupulus L.), typically used in brewing industries to give the typical aroma and flavor to beer, have attracted particular attention for their health promoting properties. Several in vivo/vitro studies and human interventional trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of these molecules on weight gain, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivities, and inflammation by acting on different targets. All these activities suggest a possible role of bitter hop acid in preventing metabolic syndrome and its related diseases. A systematic quest on PubMed and Scopus databases was performed to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies focusing on this topic. This systematic review summarizes the results obtained by different cell lines, animal models, and human interventional trials to propose iso-α-acids as medical nutrition therapy to treat or prevent metabolic syndrome and its related disorders as diabetes, dislipidemia inflammation, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
- Spinoff BioActiPlant s.r.l., Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Immacolata Faraone
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
- Spinoff BioActiPlant s.r.l., Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinisgalli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
- Spinoff BioActiPlant s.r.l., Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Labanca
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Ludovica Lela
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (D.R.); (I.F.); (C.S.); (F.L.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Son SE, Kim NJ, Im DS. Development of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) Agonists in Health Science. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:22-30. [PMID: 33372166 PMCID: PMC7771848 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Till the 21st century, fatty acids were considered as merely building blocks for triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesteryl esters. However, the discovery of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for free fatty acids at the beginning of the 21st century challenged that idea and paved way for a new field of research, merged into the field of receptor pharmacology for intercellular lipid mediators. Among the GPCRs for free fatty acids, free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) recognizes long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA. It is significant in drug discovery because it regulates obesity-induced metaflammation and GLP-1 secretion. Our study reviews information on newly developed FFA4 agonists and their application in pathophysiologic studies and drug discovery. It also offers a potency comparison of the FFA4 agonists in an AP-TGF-α shedding assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Eun Son
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Numerous studies have pointed to profound nongustatory roles of tastants and the corresponding taste receptors expressed in the alimentary canal in the modulation of digestive and metabolic functions. Already in early reports, the intriguing possibility to use tastants as drug-like effectors for the treatment of metabolic diseases was raised. With this review, focusing on the most recent literature, we intend to question how close we meanwhile came to the initial promise - the use of tastants as medicines. RECENT FINDINGS Although the enormous complexity and experimental variability of studies investigating the effects of tastants on physiological functions still has not revealed a common fundament from which subsequent therapeutic measures could be designed, more and more evidence is mounting on an involvement of taste receptors and taste signaling molecules in the maintenance and fine regulation of gastrointestinal functions and immunity. SUMMARY Although the initial goal - using tastants to treat metabolic disorders - has, by far, not been reached, numerous promising findings suggest that dietary interventions could be devised to support conventional therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food System Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Leibniz-Institute for Food System Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising
- Research Department Nutrition and Food Sciences of the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Q, Liszt KI, Depoortere I. Extra-oral bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity? Peptides 2020; 127:170284. [PMID: 32092303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taste perception on the tongue is essential to help us to identify nutritious or potential toxic food substances. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the expression and function of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in a wide range of extra-oral tissues. In particular, TAS2Rs in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells control the secretion of appetite regulating gut hormones and influence hunger and food intake. Furthermore, these effects may be reinforced by the presence of TAS2Rs on intestinal smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and the brain. This review summarises how activation of extra-oral TAS2Rs can influence appetite and body weight control and how obesity impacts the expression and function of TAS2Rs. Region-selective targeting of bitter taste receptors may be promising targets for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walker E, Lo K, Tham S, Pahl M, Lomiwes D, Cooney J, Wohlers M, Gopal P. New Zealand Bitter Hops Extract Reduces Hunger During a 24 h Water Only Fast. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112754. [PMID: 31766216 PMCID: PMC6893682 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting improves metabolic and cardiac health. However, increased hunger towards the end of the fasting period may affect compliance and limit its application. Our aim was to determine the effect of anorexigenic agent co-therapy on subjective ratings of appetite during the 16–24 h period of a day-long water-only intermittent fast. Thirty adult men were recruited and required to fast for 24 h from 18:00 h to 18:00 h on the same day of the week for three subsequent weeks. Treatments of either a placebo or one of two doses (high dose; HD: 250 mg or low dose; LD: 100 mg) of a bitter hops-based appetite suppressant (Amarasate®) were given twice per day at 16 and 20 h into the fast. From 18–24 h of the 24 h fast, both the HD and LD treatment groups exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) > 10% reduction in hunger. Additionally, the expected lunchtime increase in hunger that was present in the placebo group (12:00 h) was absent in both the HD and LD groups. These data suggest that appetite suppressant co-therapy may be useful in reducing hunger during intermittent fasting, and show that bitter compounds may regulate appetite independently of meal timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Walker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9925-7050
| | - Kim Lo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Sze Tham
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Malcolm Pahl
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Dominic Lomiwes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Olfactory and taste receptors are expressed primarily in the nasal olfactory epithelium and gustatory taste bud cells, where they transmit real-time sensory signals to the brain. However, they are also expressed in multiple extra-nasal and extra-oral tissues, being implicated in diverse biological processes including sperm chemotaxis, muscle regeneration, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation, inflammation, appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Elucidation of the physiological roles of these ectopic receptors is revealing potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in conditions including wounds, hair loss, asthma, obesity and cancers. This Review outlines current understanding of the diverse functions of ectopic olfactory and taste receptors and assesses their potential to be therapeutically exploited.
Collapse
|
12
|
Finlin BS, Zhu B, Boyechko T, Westgate PM, Chia CW, Egan JM, Kern PA. Effect of Rifaximin Treatment on Endotoxemia and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1641-1651. [PMID: 31428718 PMCID: PMC6691337 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The gut microbiome is a source of inflammatory factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) that influence metabolic homeostasis. Rifaximin is a well-tolerated antibiotic that may reduce LPS. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a method to accurately assess postprandial endotoxemia and to determine whether rifaximin treatment improves metabolic homeostasis in obese humans with metabolic syndrome. DESIGN AND SETTING Plasma LPS, adipose inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated in a clinical research setting. PARTICIPANTS Twelve obese human research participants with prediabetes or three features of metabolic syndrome participated. INTERVENTION The research participants were randomized to placebo control or rifaximin soluble solid dispersion (80 mg/d) treatment groups and treated for 12 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated changes in insulin sensitivity with a euglycemic clamp; changes in lipid and glucose metabolism with oral lipid and glucose tolerance tests; changes in plasma LPS during the lipid tolerance test; and changes in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation by measuring inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Rifaximin treatment slightly worsened insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03), did not improve glucose or lipid homeostasis, and did not significantly improve adipose tissue inflammation. Our efforts to accurately assess plasma LPS using limulus amebocyte lysate assays revealed that the majority of LPS is masked from detection by limulus amebocyte lysate assays, but can be unmasked using a pretreatment step with protease. Unmasked LPS increases during the lipid tolerance test, but rifaximin treatment did not reduce this. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin treatment did not lower plasma LPS or improve metabolic homeostasis in obese humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Finlin
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Beibei Zhu
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Tania Boyechko
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Philip M Westgate
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip A Kern
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Targeting GPCRs Activated by Fatty Acid-Derived Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:915-929. [PMID: 31377146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied drug targets, because of their diversity, cell-specific expression, and druggable sites accessible at the cell surface. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that targeting GPCRs activated by fatty acid-derived lipids may have potential to improve glucose homeostasis and reduce complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite the discontinued development of fasiglifam (TAK-875), the first FFA1 agonist to reach late-stage clinical trials, lipid-sensing receptors remain a viable target, albeit with a need for further characterization of their binding mode, intracellular signaling, and toxicity. Herein, we analyze general discovery trends, various signaling pathways, as well as possible challenges following activation of GPCRs that have been validated clinically to control blood glucose levels.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu S, Xue P, Grayson N, Bland JS, Wolfe A. Bitter Taste Receptor Ligand Improves Metabolic and Reproductive Functions in a Murine Model of PCOS. Endocrinology 2019; 160:143-155. [PMID: 30418546 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) results from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion. Cultured theca cells from polycystic ovaries of women with the most common form of PCOS overexpress most androgen producing enzymes, particularly CYP450c17. In this study, a murine model was used of PCOS induced by chronic feeding with a high-fat diet that exhibits the reproductive, hyperandrogenic, and metabolic constellation of PCOS symptoms seen in women. Oral administration of KDT501, a hops-derived bitter taste receptor (Tas2R 108) isohumulone ligand resulted in resolution of PCOS-associated endocrine and metabolic disturbances and restored reproductive function. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, also improved metabolic and reproductive function, though not to the same degree as KDT501. Specifically, treatment of the murine PCOS model with KDT501 resulted in reduced testosterone and androstenedione levels in the absence of significant changes in LH or FSH, improved glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism, and reduced hepatic lipid infiltration and adiposity. There was significant improvement in estrous cyclicity and an increase in the number of ovarian corpora lutea, indicative of improved reproductive function after exposure to KDT501. Finally, ex vivo exposure of murine ovaries to KDT501 attenuated androgen production and ovarian expression of CYP450c17. Interestingly, the ovaries expressed Tas2R 108, suggesting a potential regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis through this chemosensory receptor family. In summary, a therapeutic strategy for PCOS possibly could include direct influences on ovarian steroidogenesis that are independent of gonadotrophic hormone regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ping Xue
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neile Grayson
- Kindex Pharmaceutical, Bainbridge Island, Washington
| | | | - Andrew Wolfe
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kok BP, Galmozzi A, Littlejohn NK, Albert V, Godio C, Kim W, Kim SM, Bland JS, Grayson N, Fang M, Meyerhof W, Siuzdak G, Srinivasan S, Behrens M, Saez E. Intestinal bitter taste receptor activation alters hormone secretion and imparts metabolic benefits. Mol Metab 2018; 16:76-87. [PMID: 30120064 PMCID: PMC6158035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracts of the hops plant have been shown to reduce weight and insulin resistance in rodents and humans, but elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for these benefits has been hindered by the use of heterogeneous hops-derived mixtures. Because hop extracts are used as flavoring agents for their bitter properties, we hypothesized that bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs) could be mediating their beneficial effects in metabolic disease. Studies have shown that exposure of cultured enteroendocrine cells to bitter tastants can stimulate release of hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). These findings have led to the suggestion that activation of Tas2rs may be of benefit in diabetes, but this tenet has not been tested. Here, we have assessed the ability of a pure derivative of a hops isohumulone with anti-diabetic properties, KDT501, to signal through Tas2rs. We have further used this compound as a tool to systematically assess the impact of bitter taste receptor activation in obesity-diabetes. METHODS KDT501 was tested in a panel of bitter taste receptor signaling assays. Diet-induced obese mice (DIO) were dosed orally with KDT501 and acute effects on glucose homeostasis determined. A wide range of metabolic parameters were evaluated in DIO mice chronically treated with KDT501 to establish the full impact of activating gut bitter taste signaling. RESULTS We show that KDT501 signals through Tas2r108, one of 35 mouse Tas2rs. In DIO mice, acute treatment stimulated GLP-1 secretion and enhanced glucose tolerance. Chronic treatment caused weight and fat mass loss, increased energy expenditure, enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, normalized plasma lipids, and induced broad suppression of inflammatory markers. Chronic KDT501 treatment altered enteroendocrine hormone levels and bile acid homeostasis and stimulated sustained GLP-1 release. Combined treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor amplified the incretin-based benefits of this pure isohumulone. CONCLUSIONS Activation of Tas2r108 in the gut results in a remodeling of enteroendocrine hormone release and bile acid metabolism that ameliorates multiple features of metabolic syndrome. Targeting extraoral bitter taste receptors may be useful in metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Bland
- Kindex Pharmaceuticals, 800 Fifth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Neile Grayson
- Kindex Pharmaceuticals, 800 Fifth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Maik Behrens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Finlin BS, Memetimin H, Confides AL, Kasza I, Zhu B, Vekaria HJ, Harfmann B, Jones KA, Johnson ZR, Westgate PM, Alexander CM, Sullivan PG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Kern PA. Human adipose beiging in response to cold and mirabegron. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121510. [PMID: 30089732 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of beige adipocytes in s.c. white adipose tissue (WAT) depots of humans is postulated to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity. The ability of obese, insulin-resistant humans to induce beige adipose tissue is unknown. METHODS We exposed lean and obese research participants to cold (30-minute ice pack application each day for 10 days of the upper thigh) or treated them with the β3 agonist mirabegron. We determined beige adipose marker expression by IHC and quantitative PCR, and we analyzed mitochondrial bioenergetics and UCP activity with an Oxytherm system. RESULTS Cold significantly induced UCP1 and TMEM26 protein in both lean and obese subjects, and this response was not associated with age. Interestingly, these proteins increased to the same extent in s.c. WAT of the noniced contralateral leg, indicating a crossover effect. We further analyzed the bioenergetics of purified mitochondria from the abdominal s.c. WAT of cold-treated subjects and determined that repeat ice application significantly increased uncoupled respiration, consistent with the UCP1 protein induction and subsequent activation. Cold also increased State 3 and maximal respiration, and this effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics was stronger in summer than winter. Chronic treatment (10 weeks; 50 mg/day) with the β3 receptor agonist mirabegron induces UCP1, TMEM26, CIDEA, and phosphorylation of HSL on serine660 in obese subjects. CONCLUSION Cold or β3 agonists cause the induction of beige adipose tissue in human s.c. WAT; this phenomenon may be exploited to increase beige adipose in older, insulin-resistant, obese individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02596776, NCT02919176. FUNDING NIH (DK107646, DK112282, P20GM103527, and by CTSA grant UL1TR001998).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Finlin
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Hasiyet Memetimin
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Beibei Zhu
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Department of Neuroscience.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and
| | - Brianna Harfmann
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Kelly A Jones
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Zachary R Johnson
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| | - Philip M Westgate
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Shridas P, McNamara PJ, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Webb NR, Tannock LR. Serum Amyloid A Is an Exchangeable Apolipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1890-1900. [PMID: 29976766 PMCID: PMC6202200 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective- SAA (serum amyloid A) is a family of acute-phase reactants that have proinflammatory and proatherogenic activities. SAA is more lipophilic than apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), and during an acute-phase response, <10% of plasma SAA is found lipid-free. In most reports, SAA is found exclusively associated with high-density lipoprotein; however, we and others have reported SAA on apoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins in both mice and humans. The goal of this study was to determine whether SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein. Approach and Results- Delipidated human SAA was incubated with SAA-free human lipoproteins; then, samples were reisolated by fast protein liquid chromatography, and SAA analyzed by ELISA and immunoblot. Both in vitro and in vivo, we show that SAA associates with any lipoprotein and does not remain in a lipid-free form. Although SAA is preferentially found on high-density lipoprotein, it can exchange between lipoproteins. In the presence of CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein), there is greater exchange of SAA between lipoproteins. Subjects with diabetes mellitus, but not those with metabolic syndrome, showed altered SAA lipoprotein distribution postprandially. Proteoglycan-mediated lipoprotein retention is thought to be an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis development. SAA has a proteoglycan-binding domain. Lipoproteins containing SAA had increased proteoglycan binding compared with SAA-free lipoproteins. Conclusions- Thus, SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein and increases apoB-containing lipoproteins' proteoglycan binding. We and others have previously reported the presence of SAA on low-density lipoprotein in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We propose that the presence of SAA on apoB-containing lipoproteins may contribute to cardiovascular disease development in these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lum KM, Sato Y, Beyer BA, Plaisted WC, Anglin JL, Lairson LL, Cravatt BF. Mapping Protein Targets of Bioactive Small Molecules Using Lipid-Based Chemical Proteomics. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2671-2681. [PMID: 28930429 PMCID: PMC5650530 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play critical roles in cell biology, often through direct interactions with proteins. We recently described the use of photoreactive lipid probes combined with quantitative mass spectrometry to globally map lipid-protein interactions, and the effects of drugs on these interactions, in cells. Here, we investigate the broader potential of lipid-based chemical proteomic probes for determining the cellular targets of biologically active small molecules, including natural product derivatives and repurposed drugs of ill-defined mechanisms. We identify the prostaglandin-regulatory enzyme PTGR2 as a target of the antidiabetic hops derivative KDT501 and show that miconazole-an antifungal drug that attenuates disease severity in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis-inhibits SGPL1, an enzyme that degrades the signaling lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, drug analogues of which are used to treat multiple sclerosis in humans. Our findings highlight the versatility of lipid-based chemical proteomics probes for mapping small molecule-protein interactions in human cells to gain mechanistic understanding of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Lum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brittney A. Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Justin L. Anglin
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dostálek P, Karabín M, Jelínek L. Hop Phytochemicals and Their Potential Role in Metabolic Syndrome Prevention and Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:E1761. [PMID: 29048380 PMCID: PMC6151408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, hop cones (Humulus lupulus) have been used since ancient times as a remedy for many ailments and, as a source of polyphenols and bitter acids, is very effective in the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MS). Hop flavonoids, particularly xanthohumol (XN), are substances with hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antiobesity activities. Iso-α-acids (IAA) and matured hop bitter acids (MHBA) improve health by influencing lipid metabolism, glucose tolerance, and body weight. The modulatory effect of IAA and MHBA on lipid metabolism may also be responsible for a loss in body weight. These results suggest promising applications for IAA, MHBA, and XN in humans, particularly in the prevention of diet-induced obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dostálek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcel Karabín
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Jelínek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Finlin BS, Zhu B, Kok BP, Godio C, Westgate PM, Grayson N, Sims R, Bland JS, Saez E, Kern PA. The Influence of a KDT501, a Novel Isohumulone, on Adipocyte Function in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:255. [PMID: 29033896 PMCID: PMC5626816 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a phase II clinical trial in nine obese, insulin-resistant humans, we observed that treatment with KDT501, a novel isohumulone drug, increased total and high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in plasma. The objective was to determine whether KDT501 increased adiponectin secretion from subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SC WAT) and the underlying mechanism(s). METHODS Nine obese participants with either prediabetes or with normal glucose tolerance plus three features of metabolic syndrome were part of the study. SC WAT biopsies were performed before and after 28 days of KDT501 treatment in a clinical research setting. In addition, a cold stimulus was used to induce thermogenic gene expression. Adiponectin secretion was measured, and gene expression of 130 genes involved in adipose tissue function was determined. The effect of KDT501 on adipocyte mitochondrial function was analyzed in vitro. RESULTS SC WAT explants secreted more total and HMW adiponectin after KDT501 treatment (P < 0.05). After KDT501 treatment, a number of genes involved in thermogenesis and lipolysis were induced by cold (P < 0.05). KDT501 also potentiated β-adrenergic signaling (P < 0.001) and enhanced mitochondrial function in adipocytes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION KDT501 induced adiponectin secretion posttranscriptionally and increased gene expression of thermogenic and lipolytic genes in response to cold stimulation. These beneficial effects on SC WAT may be explained by the ability of KDT501 to potentiate β-adrenergic signaling and enhance mitochondrial function in adipocytes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, ID number: NCT02444910.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Finlin
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Beibei Zhu
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bernard P. Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Godio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip M. Westgate
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Robert Sims
- Kindex Pharmaceuticals, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip A. Kern
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Philip A. Kern,
| |
Collapse
|