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Ma X, Han X, Zhang Q, Wang W, Tang H. Synergistic cooperation between the β-catenin and SF1 regulates progesterone synthesis in laying hen ovarian granulosa cells. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2351975. [PMID: 38742598 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2351975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of ovarian follicles in poultry is a key factor affecting the performance of egg production. Ovarian follicle development is regulated via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and β-catenin, encoded by CTNNB1, is a core component of this pathway. In this study, using ovary GCs from laying hens, we investigated the regulatory role of CTNNB1 in steroid synthesis. We found that CTNNB1 significantly regulates the expression of StAR and CYP11A1 (key genes related to progesterone synthesis) and the secretion of progesterone (P4). Furthermore, simultaneous overexpression of CTNNB1 and SF1 resulted in significantly higher levels of CYP11A1 and secretion of P4 than in cells overexpressing CTNNB1 or SF1 alone. We also found that in GCs overexpressing SF1, levels of CYP11A1 and secreted P4 were significantly greater than in controls. Silencing of CYP11A1 resulted in the inhibition of P4 secretion while overexpression of SF1 in CYP11A1-silenced cells restored P4 secretion to normal levels. Together, these results indicate that synergistic cooperation between the β-catenin and SF1 regulates progesterone synthesis in laying hen ovarian hierarchical granulosa cells to promote CYP11A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ma
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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2
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Wang M, Schedel M, Gelfand EW. Gene editing in allergic diseases: Identification of novel pathways and impact of deleting allergen genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:51-58. [PMID: 38555980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Gene editing technology has emerged as a powerful tool in all aspects of health research and continues to advance our understanding of critical and essential elements in disease pathophysiology. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene editing technology has been used with precision to generate gene knockouts, alter genes, and identify genes that cause disease. The full spectrum of allergic/atopic diseases, in part because of shared pathophysiology, is ripe for studies with this technology. In this way, novel culprit genes are being identified and allow for manipulation of triggering allergens to reduce allergenicity and disease. Notwithstanding current limitations on precision and potential off-target effects, newer approaches are rapidly being introduced to more fully understand specific gene functions as well as the consequences of genetic manipulation. In this review, we examine the impact of editing technologies of novel genes relevant to peanut allergy and asthma as well as how gene modification of common allergens may lead to the deletion of allergenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Michaela Schedel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
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3
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Jia L, Wang W, Liang J, Niu S, Wang Y, Yang J, Li L, Wang G, Xu X, Mu L, Cheng K, Yang X, Wang Y, Luo H, Xia G, Ke Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Analyzing the cellular and molecular atlas of ovarian mesenchymal cells provides a strategy against female reproductive aging. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2818-2836. [PMID: 37460714 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian mesenchymal cells (oMCs) constitute a distinct microenvironment that supports folliculogenesis under physiological conditions. Supplementation of exogenous non-ovarian mesenchymal-related cells has been reported to be an efficient approach to improve ovarian functions. However, the development and cellular and molecular characteristics of endogenous oMCs remain largely unexplored. In this study, we surveyed the single-cell transcriptomic landscape to dissect the cellular and molecular changes associated with the aging of oMCs in mice. Our results showed that the oMCs were composed of five ovarian differentiated MC (odMC) populations and one ovarian mesenchymal progenitor (oMP) cell population. These cells could differentiate into various odMCs via an oMP-derived route to construct the ovarian stroma structures. Comparative analysis revealed that ovarian aging was associated with decreased quantity of oMP cells and reduced quality of odMCs. Based on the findings of bioinformatics analysis, we designed different strategies involving supplementation with young oMCs to examine their effects on female fertility and health. Our functional investigations revealed that oMCs supplementation prior to ovarian senescence was the optimal method to improve female fertility and extend the reproductive lifespan of aged females in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shudong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kaixin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuebing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haoshu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yuwen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Karimaa M, Riikonen R, Kettunen H, Taavitsainen P, Ramela M, Chrusciel M, Karlsson S, Rummakko P, Simola O, Wohlfahrt G, Hakulinen P, Vuorela A, Joensuu H, Utriainen T, Fizazi K, Oksala R. First-in-Class Small Molecule to Inhibit CYP11A1 and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1765-1776. [PMID: 36129801 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Binding of steroid hormones to their cognate receptors regulates the growth of most prostate and breast cancers. We hypothesized that CYP11A inhibition might halt the synthesis of all steroid hormones, because CYP11A is the only enzyme that catalyses the first step of steroid hormone biosynthesis. We speculated that a CYP11A inhibitor could be administered safely provided that the steroids essential for life are replaced. Virtual screening and systematic structure-activity relationship optimization were used to develop ODM-208, the first-in-class, selective, nonsteroidal, oral CYP11A1 inhibitor. Safety of ODM-208 was assessed in rats and Beagle dogs, and efficacy in a VCaP castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft mouse model, in mice and dogs, and in six patients with metastatic CRPC. Blood steroid hormone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ODM-208 binds to CYP11A1 and inhibited its enzymatic activity. ODM-208 administration led to rapid, complete, durable, and reversible inhibition of the steroid hormone biosynthesis in an adrenocortical carcinoma cell model in vitro, in adult noncastrated male mice and dogs, and in patients with CRPC. All measured serum steroid hormone concentrations reached undetectable levels within a few weeks from the start of ODM-208 administration. ODM-208 was well tolerated with steroid hormone replacement. The toxicity findings were considered related to CYP11A1 inhibition and were reversed after stopping of the compound administration. Steroid hormone biosynthesis can be effectively inhibited with a small-molecule inhibitor of CYP11A1. The findings suggest that administration of ODM-208 is feasible with concomitant corticosteroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Meri Ramela
- Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Outi Simola
- Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Utriainen
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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5
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Guo YX, Wang BY, Gao H, Hua RX, Gao L, He CW, Wang Y, Xu JD. Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α: A Pivotal Regulator of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864039. [PMID: 35558563 PMCID: PMC9086433 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-α is a ligand-activated transcription factor distributed in various tissues and cells. It regulates lipid metabolism and plays vital roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular system. However, its roles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are relatively less known. In this review, after summarizing the expression profile of PPAR-α in the GIT, we analyzed its functions in the GIT, including physiological control of the lipid metabolism and pathologic mediation in the progress of inflammation. The mechanism of this regulation could be achieved via interactions with gut microbes and further impact the maintenance of body circadian rhythms and the secretion of nitric oxide. These are also targets of PPAR-α and are well-described in this review. In addition, we also highlighted the potential use of PPAR-α in treating GIT diseases and the inadequacy of clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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6
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Tsai SF, Hung HC, Shih MMC, Chang FC, Chung BC, Wang CY, Lin YL, Kuo YM. High-fat diet-induced increases in glucocorticoids contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22130. [PMID: 34959259 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101570r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have produced a strain of transgenic mice (termed L/L mice) that have normal levels of circulating corticosterone (CORT), the major type of GCs in rodents, but unlike wild-type (WT) mice, their circulating CORT was not affected by HFD. Compared to WT mice, 12-week HFD-induced fatty liver was less pronounced with higher plasma levels of triglycerides in L/L mice. These changes were reversed by CORT supplement to L/L mice. By analyzing a sort of lipid metabolism-related proteins, we found that expressions of the hepatic cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) were upregulated by HFD-induced CORT and involved in CORT-mediated fatty liver. Dexamethasone, an agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), upregulated expressions of CD36 in HepG2 hepatocytes and facilitated lipid accumulation in the cells. In conclusion, the fat ingestion-induced release of CORT contributes to NAFLD. This study highlights the pathogenic role of CORT-mediated upregulation of hepatic CD 36 in diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chang Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Fu-Chuan Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bon-Chu Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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7
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Tzu-Feng Wang TF, Tsai SF, Zhao ZW, Shih MMC, Wang CY, Yang TT, Kuo YM. Exercise-induced increases of corticosterone contribute to exercise-enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:186-193. [PMID: 34472449 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_39_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is suppressed by chronic stress. The negative effect of stress is mainly attributed to increased levels of stress hormones (e.g. glucocorticoids, GCs). Exercise enhances AHN, yet it also stimulates GC secretion. To delineate the paradoxical role of GCs, we took the advantage of a unique mouse strain (L/L) which exhibits an inert response to stress-induced secretion of GCs to study the role of GCs in exercise-induced AHN. Our results showed that basal corticosterone (CORT), the main GCs in rodents, levels were similar between the L/L mice and wild-type (WT) mice. However, levels of CORT in the L/L mice were barely altered and significantly lower than those of the WT mice during treadmill running (TR). AHN was enhanced by 4 weeks of TR in the WT mice, but not L/L mice. WT mice that received daily injection of CORT to evoke serum CORT levels similar to those during exercise for 4 weeks did not affect AHN, whereas injection with large amount of CORT inhibited AHN. Taken together, our results indicated that exercise-related elevation of CORT participates in exercise-enhanced AHN. CORT alone is not sufficient to elicit AHN and may inhibit AHN if the levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Feng Tzu-Feng Wang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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8
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Morohashi KI, Inoue M, Baba T. Coordination of Multiple Cellular Processes by NR5A1/Nr5a1. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:756-764. [PMID: 33397036 PMCID: PMC7803590 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The agenesis of the gonads and adrenal gland in revealed by knockout mouse studies strongly suggested a crucial role for Nr5a1 (SF-1 or Ad4BP) in organ development. In relation to these striking phenotypes, NR5A1/Nr5a1 has the potential to reprogram cells to steroidogenic cells, endow pluripotency, and regulate cell proliferation. However, due to limited knowledge regarding NR5A1 target genes, the mechanism by which NR5A1/Nr5a1 regulates these fundamental processes has remained unknown. Recently, newlyestablished technologies have enabled the identification of NR5A1 target genes related to multiple metabolic processes, as well as the aforementioned biological processes. Considering that active cellular processes are expected to be accompanied by active metabolism, NR5A1 may act as a key factor for processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival by coordinating these processes with cellular metabolism. A complete and definite picture of the cellular processes coordinated by NR5A1/Nr5a1 could be depicted by accumulating evidence of the potential target genes through whole genome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Division of Biology of Sex Differences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Inoue
- Division of Biology of Sex Differences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Baba
- Division of Biology of Sex Differences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Expression and activation of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11A1 is associated with IL-13 production in T cells from peanut allergic children. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233563. [PMID: 32497050 PMCID: PMC7272076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11A1 was shown to be necessary for the development of peanut-induced intestinal anaphylaxis and IL-13 production in allergic mice. We determined if levels of CYP11A1 in peripheral blood T cells from peanut-allergic (PA) children compared to non-allergic controls were increased and if levels correlated to IL-13 production and oral challenge outcomes to peanut. CYP11A1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in activated CD4+ T cells from PA patients. In parallel, IL-13 production was significantly increased; IFNγ levels were not different between groups. There were significant correlations between expression levels of CYP11A1 mRNA and levels of IL13 mRNA and protein, levels of serum IgE anti-Ara h 2 and to outcomes of peanut challenge. The importance of CYP11A1 on cytokine production was tested using a CYP11A1 CRISPR/Cas9 KO plasmid or an inhibitor of enzymatic CYP11A1 activity. Inhibition of CYP11A1 activation in patient cells treated with the inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, or CD4+ T cell line transfected with the CYP11A1 KO plasmid resulted in reduced IL-13 production. These data suggest that the CYP11A1-CD4+Tcell-IL-13 axis in activated CD4+ T cells from PA children is associated with development of PA reactions. CYP11A1 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in PA children.
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10
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Meinsohn MC, Smith OE, Bertolin K, Murphy BD. The Orphan Nuclear Receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1: Structure, Regulation, and Essential Roles in Mammalian Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1249-1279. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are intracellular proteins that act as transcription factors. Proteins with classic nuclear receptor domain structure lacking identified signaling ligands are designated orphan nuclear receptors. Two of these, steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1, also known as SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2, also known as LRH-1), bind to the same DNA sequences, with different and nonoverlapping effects on targets. Endogenous regulation of both is achieved predominantly by cofactor interactions. SF-1 is expressed primarily in steroidogenic tissues, LRH-1 in tissues of endodermal origin and the gonads. Both receptors modulate cholesterol homeostasis, steroidogenesis, tissue-specific cell proliferation, and stem cell pluripotency. LRH-1 is essential for development beyond gastrulation and SF-1 for genesis of the adrenal, sexual differentiation, and Leydig cell function. Ovary-specific depletion of SF-1 disrupts follicle development, while LRH-1 depletion prevents ovulation, cumulus expansion, and luteinization. Uterine depletion of LRH-1 compromises decidualization and pregnancy. In humans, SF-1 is present in endometriotic tissue, where it regulates estrogen synthesis. SF-1 is underexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and overexpressed in Leydig cell tumors. In breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemotherapy resistance are regulated by LRH-1. In conclusion, the NR5A orphan nuclear receptors are nonredundant factors that are crucial regulators of a panoply of biological processes, across multiple reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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11
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Mutsuga M, Asaoka Y, Imura N, Miyoshi T, Togashi Y. Aminoglutethimide-induced lysosomal changes in adrenal gland in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:424-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Wang DC, Chen TJ, Lin ML, Jhong YC, Chen SC. Exercise prevents the increased anxiety-like behavior in lactational di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-exposed female rats in late adolescence by improving the regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav 2014; 66:674-84. [PMID: 25251977 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Both the detrimental effects of early life adversity and the beneficial effects of exercise on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been reported. Early life exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) may impair the development of endocrine system. In this study, we investigated the effects of lactational DEHP exposure on stress responses in late adolescent female rats and examined the protective role of treadmill running. Sprague-Dawley dams were fed with DEHP (10mg/kg per day) or vehicle during lactation. After weaning, the female offspring rats were trained to exercise on a treadmill for 5 weeks and then stressed by exploring on an elevated plus maze. The activities of HPA axis were evaluated by measuring the plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone, the expressions of adrenal enzymes cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) and cytochrome P-450 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), and the expression of hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors (GR). The results demonstrate that DEHP-exposed rats exhibited enhanced anxiety-like behaviors. Increased hypothalamic GR and plasma ACTH levels, but decreased adrenal CYP11A1 and corticosterone levels, were observed in DEHP-exposed animals under stressed condition. Importantly, in DEHP-exposed animals, exercise during childhood-adolescence reduced anxiety-like behaviors by normalizing stress-induced alterations in ACTH level and adrenal CYP11A1 expression. The findings of this study suggest that treadmill running may provide beneficial effects on ameliorating the dysregulation of HPA axis in lactational DEHP-exposed adolescent female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean-Chuan Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsan-Ju Chen
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lu Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cih Jhong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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13
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Steroidogenic enzyme Cyp11a1 regulates Type 2 CD8+ T cell skewing in allergic lung disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8152-7. [PMID: 23630275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216671110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Numbers of CD8(+)IL-13(+) T cells are increased in asthmatics and during the development of experimental asthma in mice. In an atopic environment rich in IL-4, these CD8(+) T cells mediate asthmatic responses, but the mechanisms regulating the conversion of CD8(+) effector T cells from IFN-γ- to pathogenic IL-13-producing effector cells that contribute to an asthma phenotype have not been defined. Here, we show that cholesterol side-chain cleavage P450 enzyme, Cyp11a1, is a key regulator of CD8(+) T-cell conversion. Expression of the gene, protein, and enzymatic activity of Cyp11a1 were markedly increased in CD8(+) T cells differentiated in the presence of IL-2 plus IL-4 compared with cells differentiated in IL-2 alone. Inhibition of Cyp11a1 enzymatic activity with aminoglutethimide or reduction in the expression of Cyp11a1 using short hairpin RNA prevented the IL-4-induced conversion of IFN-γ- to IL-13-producing cells without affecting expression of the lineage-specific transcription factors T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) or GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). Adoptive transfer of aminoglutethimide-treated CD8(+) T cells into sensitized and challenged CD8-deficient recipients failed to restore airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. We demonstrate that Cyp11a1 controls the phenotypic conversion of CD8(+) T cells from IFN-γ to IL-13 production, linking steroidogenesis in CD8(+) T cells, a nonclassical steroidogenic tissue, to a proallergic differentiation pathway.
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14
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Buaas FW, Gardiner JR, Clayton S, Val P, Swain A. In vivo evidence for the crucial role of SF1 in steroid-producing cells of the testis, ovary and adrenal gland. Development 2012; 139:4561-70. [PMID: 23136395 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal and gonadal steroids are essential for life and reproduction. The orphan nuclear receptor SF1 (NR5A1) has been shown to regulate the expression of enzymes involved in steroid production in vitro. However, the in vivo role of this transcription factor in steroidogenesis has not been elucidated. In this study, we have generated steroidogenic-specific Cre-expressing mice to lineage mark and delete Sf1 in differentiated steroid-producing cells of the testis, the ovary and the adrenal gland. Our data show that SF1 is a regulator of the expression of steroidogenic genes in all three organs. In addition, Sf1 deletion leads to a radical change in cell morphology and loss of identity. Surprisingly, sexual development and reproduction in mutant animals were not compromised owing, in part, to the presence of a small proportion of SF1-positive cells. In contrast to the testis and ovary, the mutant adult adrenal gland showed a lack of Sf1-deleted cells and our studies suggest that steroidogenic adrenal cells during foetal stages require Sf1 to give rise to the adult adrenal population. This study is the first to show the in vivo requirements of SF1 in steroidogenesis and provides novel data on the cellular consequences of the loss of this protein specifically within steroid-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F William Buaas
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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15
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Huang CCJ, Shih MCM, Hsu NC, Chien Y, Chung BC. Fetal glucocorticoid synthesis is required for development of fetal adrenal medulla and hypothalamus feedback suppression. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4749-56. [PMID: 22962254 PMCID: PMC3512012 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, fetal glucocorticoid is derived from both maternal supply and fetal secretion. We have created mice with a disruption of the Cyp11a1 gene resulting in loss of fetal steroid secretion but preserving the maternal supply. Cyp11a1null embryos have appreciable although lower amounts of circulating corticosterone, the major mouse glucocorticoid, suggesting that transplacental corticosterone is a major source of corticosterone in fetal circulation. These embryos thus provide a means to examine the effect of fetal glucocorticoids. The adrenal in Cyp11a1 null embryos was disorganized with abnormal mitochondria and oil accumulation. The adrenal medullary cells did not express phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and synthesized no epinephrine. Cyp11a1 null embryos had decreased diencephalon Hsd11b1, increased diencephalon Crh, and increased pituitary Pomc expression, leading to higher adrenocorticotropin level in the plasma. These data indicate blunted feedback suppression despite reasonable amounts of circulating corticosterone. Thus, the corticosterone synthesized in situ by the fetus is required for negative feedback suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and for catecholamine synthesis in adrenal medulla.
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16
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Miyagawa S, Matsumaru D, Murashima A, Omori A, Satoh Y, Haraguchi R, Motoyama J, Iguchi T, Nakagata N, Hui CC, Yamada G. The role of sonic hedgehog-Gli2 pathway in the masculinization of external genitalia. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2894-903. [PMID: 21586556 PMCID: PMC3115609 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, sexually dimorphic organogenesis is achieved by hormones produced in the gonad. The external genitalia develop from a single primordium, the genital tubercle, and their masculinization processes depend on the androgen signaling. In addition to such hormonal signaling, the involvement of nongonadal and locally produced masculinization factors has been unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of the sexually dimorphic development of the external genitalia, series of conditional mutant mouse analyses were performed using several mutant alleles, particularly focusing on the role of hedgehog signaling pathway in this manuscript. We demonstrate that hedgehog pathway is indispensable for the establishment of male external genitalia characteristics. Sonic hedgehog is expressed in the urethral plate epithelium, and its signal is mediated through glioblastoma 2 (Gli2) in the mesenchyme. The expression level of the sexually dimorphic genes is decreased in the glioblastoma 2 mutant embryos, suggesting that hedgehog signal is likely to facilitate the masculinization processes by affecting the androgen responsiveness. In addition, a conditional mutation of Sonic hedgehog at the sexual differentiation stage leads to abnormal male external genitalia development. The current study identified hedgehog signaling pathway as a key factor not only for initial development but also for sexually dimorphic development of the external genitalia in coordination with androgen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Miyagawa
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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17
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Shih MCM, Chiu YN, Hu MC, Guo IC, Chung BC. Regulation of steroid production: analysis of Cyp11a1 promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:80-4. [PMID: 21195129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1 is a key enzyme in steroid synthesis abundantly expressed in the adrenal, testis, ovary, and placenta. This article reviews recent studies on cis-regulatory elements and trans-regulators of the CYP11A1 promoter, with special focus on their tissue-specific regulation. Trans-regulators include tissue-specific factors such as SF-1, DAX-1, TReP-132, LBP, and GATA that regulate tissue-specific expression of CYP11A1. These tissue-specific factors interact with factors commonly present in most cells like AP-1, Sp1, and AP-2 to bring CYP11A1 transcription to full potential. These transcription factors stimulate CYP11A1 transcriptional activity through interaction with their specific cis-elements or through protein-protein interaction. The cis-element on the Cyp11a1 promoter was further characterized in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of the proximal SF-1-binding site results in down regulation of CYP11A1 in the adrenal and testis but not in the ovary and placenta, leading to attenuated corticosterone circadian rhythms and blunted stress response.
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18
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Huang CCJ, Miyagawa S, Matsumaru D, Parker KL, Yao HHC. Progenitor cell expansion and organ size of mouse adrenal is regulated by sonic hedgehog. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1119-28. [PMID: 20118198 PMCID: PMC2840682 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal capsule is postulated to harbor stem/progenitor cells, the progenies of which contribute to the growth of adrenocortex. We discovered that cells in the adrenal capsule are positive for Ptch1 and Gli1, genes indicative of responsiveness to the stimulation of Hedgehog (Hh) ligands. On the other hand, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), one of the mammalian Hh ligands, is expressed in the adrenocortex underneath the adrenal capsule, possibly acting upon the Hh-Responsive capsule. To investigate the functional significance of Shh in adrenal growth, we ablated Shh in an adrenocortex-specific manner using the Steroidogenic factor 1-Cre mouse. Loss of Shh in the adrenocortex led to reduced proliferation of capsular cells and a 50-75% reduction in adrenocortex thickness and adrenal size. The remaining adrenocortex underwent proper zonation and was able to synthesize steroids, indicating that Shh is dispensable for differentiation of adrenocortex. When these animals reached adulthood, their adrenocortex did not undergo compensatory growth in response to a high level of plasma ACTH, and the size of the adrenal remained significantly smaller than the control adrenal. Using a genetic lineage-tracing model, we further demonstrated that the Hh-responding cells in the adrenal capsule migrated centripetally into the adrenocortex. Our results not only provide the genetic evidence to support that the adrenal capsule contributes to the growth of adrenocortex in both fetal and adult life but also identify a novel role of Shh in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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19
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Lavoie HA, King SR. Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:880-907. [PMID: 19491374 DOI: 10.3181/0903-mr-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the genes that mediate the first steps in steroidogenesis, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1), the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase (HSD3B), is tightly controlled by a battery of transcription factors in the adrenal cortex, the gonads and the placenta. These genes generally respond to the same hormones that stimulate steroid production through common pathways such as cAMP signaling and common actions on their promoters by proteins such as NR5A and GATA family members. However, there are distinct temporal, tissue and species-specific differences in expression between the genes that are defined by combinatorial regulation and unique promoter elements. This review will provide an overview of the hormonal and transcriptional regulation of the STARD1, CYP11A1 and specific steroidogenic HSD3B genes in the adrenal, testis, ovary and placenta and discuss the current knowledge regarding the key transcriptional factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Lavoie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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20
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Kanczkowski W, Zacharowski K, Wirth MP, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein SR. Differential expression and action of Toll-like receptors in human adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:57-65. [PMID: 19022344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During sepsis, an intact adrenal gland glucocorticoid stress response is critical for survival. Recently, we have shown that Toll-like receptors, particularly TLR2 and TLR4, are crucial in HPA axis regulation following inflammation, establishing a direct link between bacterial and viral ligands and the endocrine stress response. However, the exact role which TLRs play in adrenal homeostasis and malfunction is not yet sufficiently known. Using quantitative real-time PCR, confocal microscopy and the NF-kappaB reporter gene assay, we aimed to analyse both, expression and function of all relevant TLRs in the human adrenocortical cell line-NCI-H295R and adrenal cells in primary culture. Our results demonstrate a differential expression pattern of TLR1-9 in human adrenocortical cells as compared to immune cells and adrenocortical cancer cells. Consequently, activation of these cells by bacterial ligands leads to differential induction of cytokines including IL6, IL8 and TNF-alpha. Therefore, Toll-like receptors expression and function is a novel feature of the adrenal stress system contributing to adrenal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Galet C, Ascoli M. Arrestin-3 is essential for the activation of Fyn by the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in MA-10 cells. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1822-9. [PMID: 18647647 PMCID: PMC2610675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that Fyn is a mediator of the LHR-induced activation of the ERK1/2 cascade in MA-10 cells. Since the LHR is a G protein-coupled receptor and the Src family of kinases can be activated by some Galpha subunits and by the non-visual arrestins we investigated the role of these signaling molecules in the LHR-provoked activation of Fyn. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target two Galpha subunits that participate in LHR signaling (Galpha(s) and Galpha(11)) and one that targets arrestin-3 were co-transfected with the hLHR in MA-10 cells. We then determined the effects of these siRNAs on the LHR-provoked activation of Fyn, the phosphorylation of FAK (a prominent Fyn substrate) and the release of EGF-like growth factors (a Fyn-mediated process). Expression of the siRNA against Galpha(s) decreased the level of Galpha(s) and LHR-stimulated cAMP production by approximately 50% but did not affect LHR-stimulated Fyn activation or FAK phosphorylation. Likewise, expression of the siRNA against Galpha(11) decreased the level of Galpha(11) and LHR-stimulated inositol phosphate production by approximately 50% but did not affect LHR-stimulated Fyn activation or FAK phosphorylation. Expression of the siRNA against arrestin-3 decreased the level of arrestin-3 and the rate of internalization of hCG by approximately 50% and it also inhibited the LHR-provoked stimulation of Fyn, the phosphorylation of FAK and the release of EGF-like growth factors. These results show that, in MA-10 cells, the hLHR activates Fyn through an arrestin-3-dependent pathway and that this pathway is a mediator of the hLHR-provoked release of EGF-like growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Galet
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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