1
|
Ullrich S, Leidescher S, Feodorova Y, Thanisch K, Fini JB, Kaspers B, Weber F, Markova B, Führer D, Romitti M, Krebs S, Blum H, Leonhardt H, Costagliola S, Heuer H, Solovei I. The highly and perpetually upregulated thyroglobulin gene is a hallmark of functional thyrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1265407. [PMID: 37860816 PMCID: PMC10582334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1265407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities are indispensable for studying normal biological processes and mechanisms. In the present work, we draw attention to the remarkable phenomenon of a perpetually and robustly upregulated gene, the thyroglobulin gene (Tg). The gene is expressed in the thyroid gland and, as it has been recently demonstrated, forms so-called transcription loops, easily observable by light microscopy. Using this feature, we show that Tg is expressed at a high level from the moment a thyroid cell acquires its identity and both alleles remain highly active over the entire life of the cell, i.e., for months or years depending on the species. We demonstrate that this high upregulation is characteristic of thyroglobulin genes in all major vertebrate groups. We provide evidence that Tg is not influenced by the thyroid hormone status, does not oscillate round the clock and is expressed during both the exocrine and endocrine phases of thyrocyte activity. We conclude that the thyroglobulin gene represents a unique and valuable model to study the maintenance of a high transcriptional upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ullrich
- Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Yana Feodorova
- Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Département Adaptations du Vivant (AVIV), Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA UMR 7221 CNRS), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 32, Paris, France
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boyka Markova
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Irina Solovei
- Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weiner J, Roth L, Kranz M, Brust P, Boelen A, Klöting N, Heiker JT, Blüher M, Tönjes A, Pfluger PT, Stumvoll M, Mittag J, Krause K. Leptin counteracts hypothermia in hypothyroidism through its pyrexic effects and by stabilizing serum thyroid hormone levels. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101348. [PMID: 34610354 PMCID: PMC8556519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for the homeostatic control of energy metabolism and the regulation of body temperature. The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, ensuring that TH levels are maintained at a constant level. However, the feedback mechanisms underlying the resetting of the HPT axis regulation in the control of body temperature are still not fully understood. Here, we aimed to determine the thermoregulatory response in hypothyroid mice to different environmental temperatures and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Distinct thermogenic challenges were induced in hypothyroid female C57BL/6N and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice through housing at either room temperature or thermoneutrality. The thermogenic and metabolic effects were analyzed through metabolic chambers, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI, infrared thermography, metabolic profiling, histology, gene expression and Western blot analysis. Results In hypothyroid mice maintained at room temperature, high leptin serum levels induce a pyrexic effect leading to the stabilization of body temperature through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning. Housing at thermoneutrality leads to the normalization of leptin levels and a reduction of the central temperature set point, resulting in decreased thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and a significant decline in body temperature. Furthermore, anapyrexia in hypothyroid leptin-deficient ob/ob mice indicates that besides its pyrexic actions, leptin exerts a stimulatory effect on the HPT axis to stabilize the remaining TH serum levels in hypothyroid mice. Conclusion This study led to the identification of a previously unknown endocrine loop in which leptin acts in concert with the HPT axis to stabilize body temperature in hypothyroid mice. Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of body temperature. Thyroid hormone-deficient (hypothyroid) mice show distinct leptin serum concentrations in response to changes in ambient housing temperature. High leptin serum levels confer a stimulatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. High leptin serum level prevents fall in body temperature in hypothyroid mice at room temperature through its pyrexic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weiner
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Roth
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Klöting
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Medicine, NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes/CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anche P, Maiya GA, Kamath SU, Shastry BA. Influence of a 12-week physical activity program on leptin resistance in metabolic syndrome: a preliminary study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Metabolic syndrome is a condition with clustering of risk factors like insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Leptin is a protein of obese gene produced by white adipose tissue. Leptin resistance is the insensitivity of leptin in hypothalamus despite high amounts in blood causing obesity and metabolic syndrome. The study focused on the influence of a 12-week physical activity promotion program on leptin resistance in people with metabolic syndrome
Methods
After approval from institutional ethics committee (IEC 343-2018), 18 participants (males N= 4, females N=14) of age group 45.0±7.6 years with metabolic syndrome according to (NCEP ATP-III) criteria were included in the study. The participants underwent a 12-week physical activity program consisting of 150 min of moderate to vigorous activity per week as per GPAQ domains—work, transport, and recreation. The outcomes were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks.
Results
Out of 18 participants, 10 participants who completed the study were analysed. Twelve-week physical activity showed significant changes in waist circumference (p=0.047), post prandial blood glucose (p=0.0396), triglycerides (p=0.0323), body mass index (p=0.0056), subcutaneous fat (p=0.0354), and basal metabolic rate (p=0.0035). Fasting blood glucose (p=0.254), lipid profiles (total cholesterol (p=0.062)), high-density lipoprotein (p=0.367), low-density lipoprotein (p=0.641), and leptin showed insignificant change (p=0.328). Global physical activity questionnaire showed significant change (p=0.0254) suggesting changes in physical activity behaviors.
Conclusion
From present study, it is concluded that a 12-week physical activity promotion program brought marginal changes in leptin levels and has potential to modify metabolic syndrome parameters and improve physical activity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tapia-Martínez J, Cano-Europa E, Blas-Valdivia V, Franco-Colín M. Thyroxine Treatment During the Perinatal Stage Prevents the Alterations in the ObRb-STAT3 Leptin Signaling Pathway Caused by Congenital Hypothyroidism. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:815-821. [PMID: 32559769 DOI: 10.1055/a-1160-9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone deficiency during crucial stages of development causes congenital hypothyroidism. This syndrome alters hypothalamic pathways involved in long-term bodyweight regulation as ObRb-STAT3 leptin signaling pathway, which is associated with metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to determine if thyroxine treatment during pregnancy and lactation in hypothyroid mothers avoids, in the congenital hypothyroid offspring, the alterations in metabolic programming related to metabolic syndrome and the ObRb-STAT3 leptin signaling pathway in hypothalamus. Twenty-four virgin female Wistar rats were divided into euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hypothyroid with thyroxine treatment (20 μg/kg/day T4 since pregnancy until lactation). The bodyweight and energy intake, insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, metabolic and hormonal parameters were determined in offspring at 28 weeks after birth. Then, the rats were euthanized to obtain adipose tissue reserves and hypothalamus to measure the expression of ObRb, STAT3, pSTAT3, and SOCS3. Congenital hypothyroidism presented metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, dyslipidemias, an increase in cardiovascular risk (Castelli I males:166.67%, females: 173.56%; Castelli II males: 375.51%, females: 546.67%), and hypothalamic leptin resistance (SOCS3, Males: 10.96%, females: 25.85%). Meanwhile, the thyroxine treatment in the mothers during pregnancy and lactation prevents the metabolic disturbance. In conclusion, thyroxine treatment during the critical perinatal stage for metabolic programming prevents congenital hypothyroidism-caused metabolic syndrome and hypothalamic leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Tapia-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo 1, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo 1, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vanessa Blas-Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Engels K, Rakov H, Hönes GS, Brix K, Köhrle J, Zwanziger D, Moeller LC, Führer D. Aging Alters Phenotypic Traits of Thyroid Dysfunction in Male Mice With Divergent Effects on Complex Systems but Preserved Thyroid Hormone Action in Target Organs. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1162-1169. [PMID: 30770932 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism vary with age, with an attenuated, oligosymptomatic presentation of thyroid dysfunction (TD) in older patients. We asked, whether in rodents TD phenotypes are influenced by age and whether this involves changes in systemic and/or organ thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Chronic hyper- or hypothyroidism was induced in male mice at different life stages (5, 12, and 20 months). TH excess resulted in pronounced age-specific body weight changes (increase in youngest and decrease in old mice), neither explained by changes in food intake (similar increase at all ages), nor by thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) or TH serum concentrations. Relative increase in body temperature and activity were more pronounced in old compared to young hyperthyroid mice. An attenuated hypothyroid state was found in old mice for locomotor activity and in heart and BAT on functional (less bradycardia) and gene expression level (heart and BAT). In contrast, decrease in body weight was pronounced in old hypothyroid mice. Thus, age has divergent impact on features of TD in mice, whereby effects on highly complex systems, such as energy homeostasis are not proportional to serum TH state, in contrast to organ-specific responses in heart and BAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Engels
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Clinical Chemistry - Division of Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Clinical Chemistry - Division of Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmohl KA, Mueller AM, Dohmann M, Spellerberg R, Urnauer S, Schwenk N, Ziegler SI, Bartenstein P, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Integrin αvβ3-Mediated Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tumor Angiogenesis. Thyroid 2019; 29:1843-1857. [PMID: 31816265 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical and experimental studies have implicated thyroid hormones in cancer progression. Cancer-relevant effects, including stimulation of tumor growth and new blood vessel formation by angiogenesis, are thought to be mediated by a nonclassical signaling pathway initiated through integrin αvβ3 expressed on cancer cells and proliferating endothelium. In an earlier study, we established mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), important contributors to the fibrovascular network of tumors, as new thyroid hormone-dependent targets. Here, we evaluated the effects of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) versus Tetrac, an integrin-specific inhibitor of thyroid hormone action, on MSCs in tumor angiogenesis. Methods: Modulation of the expression and secretion of angiogenesis-relevant factors by thyroid hormones in primary human MSCs and their effect on endothelial cell tube formation were tested in vitro. We further engineered MSCs to express the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene under control of a hypoxia-responsive promoter and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter to test effects on these pathways in vitro and, for VEGF, in vivo in an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenograft mouse model by positron emission tomography imaging. Results: T3 and T4 increased the expression of pro-angiogenic genes in MSCs and NIS-mediated radioiodide uptake in both NIS reporter MSC lines in the presence of HCC cell-conditioned medium. Supernatant from thyroid hormone-treated MSCs significantly enhanced endothelial cell tube formation. Tetrac and/or inhibitors of signaling pathways downstream of the integrin reversed all these effects. Tumoral radioiodide uptake in vivo demonstrated successful recruitment of MSCs to tumors and VEGF promoter-driven NIS expression. Hyperthyroid mice showed an increased radioiodide uptake compared with euthyroid mice, while tracer uptake was markedly reduced in hypothyroid and Tetrac-treated mice. Conclusions: Our data suggest that thyroid hormones influence angiogenic signaling in MSCs via integrin αvβ3 and further substantiate the anti-angiogenic activity of Tetrac in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Schmohl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea M Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Dohmann
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebekka Spellerberg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Urnauer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Schwenk
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle I Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
López-Fontana CM, Pennacchio G, Zyla LE, Toneatto J, Bruna FA, Ortiz N, Sassi PL, Santiano FE, García S, Sasso CV, Pietrobon EO, Jahn GA, Pistone Creydt V, Soaje M, Carón RW. Effects of hypothyroidism on the mesenteric and omental adipose tissue in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 490:88-99. [PMID: 31004687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the influence of hypothyroidism on the endocrine activity of mesenteric and omental adipose tissue (MOAT) and the peripheral regulation of energy balance (EB) in rats, we analyzed food intake (FI); basal metabolic rate (BMR); locomotor activity; body weight (BW); serum hormone concentrations and the expression of their receptors in MOAT. We evaluated the morphology and differentiation of adipocytes. Hypothyroidism decreased FI, BMR and BW. The percentage of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and the morphology of adipocytes were similar to euthyroid rats. Serum leptin and adiponectin expression in MOAT were altered by hypothyroidism. The expression of Perilipin 1, HSL, UCP1 and PRDM16 was significantly lower in MOAT of hypothyroid animals. Hypothyroidism in rats leads to a compensated EB by inducing a white adipocyte dysfunction and a decrease in BW, BMR, FI and adipokine secretions without changing the percentage of WAT depots and the morphology of the MOAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M López-Fontana
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - G Pennacchio
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - L E Zyla
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - J Toneatto
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - F A Bruna
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - N Ortiz
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - P L Sassi
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - F E Santiano
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - S García
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - C V Sasso
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - E O Pietrobon
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - G A Jahn
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - V Pistone Creydt
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - M Soaje
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - R W Carón
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, Dyleva Y, Barbarash O. Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:191-198. [PMID: 30774404 PMCID: PMC6354688 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s182406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and its receptors have been identified as key regulators of body weight and energy homeostasis. A decrease in tissue sensitivity to leptin leads to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Mechanisms underlying the development of leptin resistance include mutations in the genes encoding leptin and its receptors, as well as proteins involved in self-regulation of leptin synthesis and blood-brain barrier permeability. Leptin resistance encompasses a complex pathophysiological phenomenon with a number of potential research lines. In this review, we analyze the existing data on the methods used to diagnose leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gruzdeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Kemerovo State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Borodkina
- Autonomous Public Healthcare Institution of the Kemrovo Region, Kemerovo Regional Clinical Hospital Named After S.V. Beliyaev, Regional Center for Diabetes, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenya Uchasova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
| | - Yulia Dyleva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
| | - Olga Barbarash
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation,
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Kemerovo State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Napso T, Yong HEJ, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 30174608 PMCID: PMC6108594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and metabolic systems of the mother. Failure to appropriately adjust maternal physiology to the pregnant state may result in pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes and abnormal birth weight, which can further lead to a range of medically significant complications for the mother and baby. The placenta, which forms the functional interface separating the maternal and fetal circulations, is important for mediating adaptations in maternal physiology. It secretes a plethora of hormones into the maternal circulation which modulate her physiology and transfers the oxygen and nutrients available to the fetus for growth. Among these placental hormones, the prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids and neuropeptides play critical roles in driving maternal physiological adaptations during pregnancy. This review examines the changes that occur in maternal physiology in response to pregnancy and the significance of placental hormone production in mediating such changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Napso
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Novel leptin OB3 peptide-induced signaling and progression in thyroid cancers: Comparison with leptin. Oncotarget 2018; 7:27641-54. [PMID: 27050378 PMCID: PMC5053677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity results in increased secretion of cytokines from adipose tissue and is a risk factor for various cancers. Leptin is largely produced by adipose tissue and cancer cells. It induces cell proliferation and may serve to induce various cancers. OB3-leptin peptide (OB3) is a new class of functional leptin peptide. However, its mitogenic effect has not been determined. In the present study, because of a close link between leptin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, OB3 was compared with leptin in different thyroid cancer cells for gene expression, proliferation and invasion. Neither agent stimulated cell proliferation. Leptin stimulated cell invasion, but reduced adhesion in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Activated ERK1/2 and STAT3 contributed to leptin-induced invasion. In contrast, OB3 did not affect expression of genes involved in proliferation and invasion. In vivo studies in the mouse showed that leptin, but not OB3, significantly increased circulating levels of thyrotropin (TSH), a growth factor for thyroid cancer. In summary, OB3 is a derivative of leptin that importantly lacks the mitogenic effects of leptin on thyroid cancer cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tanycytes control the hormonal output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28883467 PMCID: PMC5589884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis maintains circulating thyroid hormone levels in a narrow physiological range. As axons containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) terminate on hypothalamic tanycytes, these specialized glial cells have been suggested to influence the activity of the HPT axis, but their exact role remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of the TRH receptor 1 increases intracellular calcium in tanycytes of the median eminence via Gαq/11 proteins. Activation of Gαq/11 pathways increases the size of tanycyte endfeet that shield pituitary vessels and induces the activity of the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme. Both mechanisms may limit the TRH release to the pituitary. Indeed, blocking TRH signaling in tanycytes by deleting Gαq/11 proteins in vivo enhances the response of the HPT axis to the chemogenetic activation of TRH neurons. In conclusion, we identify new TRH- and Gαq/11-dependent mechanisms in the median eminence by which tanycytes control the activity of the HPT axis. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates a wide range of physiological processes. Here the authors show that hypothalamic tanycytes play a role in the homeostatic regulation of the HPT axis; activation of TRH signaling in tanycytes elevates their intracellular Ca2+ via Gαq/11 pathway, ultimately resulting in reduced TRH release into the pituitary vessels.
Collapse
|
12
|
Aiceles V, Gombar F, da Fonte Ramos C. Hormonal and testicular changes in rats submitted to congenital hypothyroidism in early life. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:65-73. [PMID: 27793676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of hypothyroidism induced by MMI, during gestation (G) or gestation plus lactation (GL) on testis and its relation with leptin in rats. Six to eight pups were killed at 90 days of age. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sìdak post hoc test was used. Hypothyroidism resulted in a significant reduction in LH, FSH and testosterone and an increase in leptin serum levels (p < 0.04). There was a significant decrease in StAR, AR, FSHR, LHR, pSTAT3 and SOCS3 (p < 0.04) protein expression and in the fertility parameters (p < 0.04). We can conclude that hypothyroidism is associated with reduction of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis leading to a low fertility potential in these animals. This outcome could be a consequence of low pituitary stimulus and testicular response and probably are not related with leptin hormone since its signaling pathway is down-regulated in the testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aiceles
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Gombar
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane da Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aiceles V, da Fonte Ramos C. A link between hypothyroidism, obesity and male reproduction. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 25:5-13. [PMID: 26953711 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the serum levels of thyroid hormones are below that necessary to carry out physiological functions in the body. Hypothyroidism is related to obesity as an increase in body weight gain is seen in hypothyroid patients. Moreover, an inverse correlation between free thyroxine values and body mass index has been reported. Leptin, a polypeptide hormone produced by adipocytes, was originally thought to be an antiobesity hormone due its anorexic effects on hypothalamic appetite regulation. However, nowadays it is known that leptin conveys information about the nutritional status to the brain being considered a crucial endocrine factor for regulating several physiological processes including reproduction. Since the identification of thyroid hormone and leptin receptors on the testes, these hormones are being recognized as having important roles in male reproductive functions. A clear link exists among thyroid hormones, leptin and reproduction. Both hormones can negatively affect spermatogenesis and consequently may cause male infertility. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the overall prevalence of primary infertility ranging from 8 to 15%. The fact that 30% of couples' inability to conceive is related to a male factor and that the longer hypothyroidism persisted, the greater the damage to the testes, strongly suggest that more studies attempting to clarify both hormones actions directly in the testes need to be conducted specially in cases of congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore, the goal of this review is to highlight the relationship of such hormones in the reproductive system.
Collapse
|
14
|
Calvino C, Império GE, Wilieman M, Costa-E-Sousa RH, Souza LL, Trevenzoli IH, Pazos-Moura CC. Hypothyroidism Induces Hypophagia Associated with Alterations in Protein Expression of Neuropeptide Y and Proopiomelanocortin in the Arcuate Nucleus, Independently of Hypothalamic Nuclei-Specific Changes in Leptin Signaling. Thyroid 2016; 26:134-43. [PMID: 26538454 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone and leptin are essential regulators of energy homeostasis. Both hormones stimulate energy expenditure but have opposite effects on appetite. The mechanisms behind food intake regulation in thyroid dysfunctions are poorly understood. It has been shown that hypothyroid rats exhibited impaired leptin anorexigenic effect and signaling in total hypothalamus, even though they were hypophagic. It was hypothesized that hypothyroidism modulates the expression of neuropeptides: orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC), independently of inducing nuclei-specific changes in hypothalamic leptin signaling. METHODS Adult male rats were rendered hypothyroid by administration of 0.03% methimazole in the drinking water for 21 days. Protein content of NPY, POMC, and leptin signaling (the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3] pathway) were evaluated by Western blot, and mRNA levels by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMN), and paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamic nuclei isolated from euthyroid (eu) and hypothyroid (hypo) rats. Leptin anorexigenic effect was tested by recording food intake for two hours after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of leptin. Statistical differences were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Hypothyroidism was confirmed by decreased serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and increased thyrotropin, in addition to increased levels of pro-TRH mRNA in PVN and Dio2 mRNA in the ARC of hypo rats. Hypothyroidism decreased body weight and food intake associated with decreased protein content of NPY and increased content of POMC in the ARC. Conversely, hypothyroidism induced central resistance to the acute anorexigenic effect of leptin, since while euthyroid rats displayed reduced food intake after leptin i.c.v. injection, hypothyroid rats showed no response. Hypothyroid rats exhibited decreased leptin receptor (ObRb) protein content in ARC and VMN but not in PVN nucleus. ObRb protein changes were concomitant with decreased phosphorylated STAT3 in the ARC, and decreased total STAT3 in VMN and PVN. However, hypothyroidism did not affect mRNA levels of Lepr or Stat3 in the hypothalamic nuclei. CONCLUSIONS Experimental hypothyroidism induced a negative energy balance accompanied by decreased NPY and increased POMC protein content in the ARC, resulting in predominance of anorexigenic pathways, despite central leptin resistance and impairment of the leptin signaling cascade in a nuclei-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Calvino
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Güínever Eustáquio Império
- 2 Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marianna Wilieman
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Lopes Souza
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmohl KA, Müller AM, Wechselberger A, Rühland S, Salb N, Schwenk N, Heuer H, Carlsen J, Göke B, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Thyroid hormones and tetrac: new regulators of tumour stroma formation via integrin αvβ3. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:941-52. [PMID: 26307023 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of non-genomic, integrin αvβ3-mediated thyroid hormone action in tumour stroma formation, we examined the effects of triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), l-thyroxine (T4) and integrin-specific inhibitor tetrac on differentiation, migration and invasion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are an integral part of the tumour's fibrovascular network. Primary human bone marrow-derived MSCs were treated with T3 or T4 in the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell-conditioned medium (CM), which resulted in stimulation of the expression of genes associated with cancer-associated fibroblast-like differentiation as determined by qPCR and ELISA. In addition, T3 and T4 increased migration of MSCs towards HCC cell-CM and invasion into the centre of three-dimensional HCC cell spheroids. All these effects were tetrac-dependent and therefore integrin αvβ3-mediated. In a subcutaneous HCC xenograft model, MSCs showed significantly increased recruitment and invasion into tumours of hyperthyroid mice compared to euthyroid and, in particular, hypothyroid mice, while treatment with tetrac almost completely eliminated MSC recruitment. These studies significantly improve our understanding of the anti-tumour activity of tetrac, as well as the mechanisms that regulate MSC differentiation and recruitment in the context of tumour stroma formation, as an important prerequisite for the utilisation of MSCs as gene delivery vehicles.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Movement
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Hyperthyroidism/chemically induced
- Hyperthyroidism/complications
- Hypothyroidism/chemically induced
- Hypothyroidism/complications
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/physiology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/complications
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Thyroxine/analogs & derivatives
- Thyroxine/pharmacology
- Thyroxine/therapeutic use
- Thyroxine/toxicity
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
- Triiodothyronine/therapeutic use
- Triiodothyronine/toxicity
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Schmohl
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea M Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wechselberger
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Rühland
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Salb
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Schwenk
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Janette Carlsen
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IIUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyDepartment of Biology IILudwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital of Munich, Munich, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bank JHH, Kemmling J, Rijntjes E, Wirth EK, Herwig A. Thyroid hormone status affects expression of daily torpor and gene transcription in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Horm Behav 2015; 75:120-9. [PMID: 26435475 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play a key role in regulation of seasonal as well as acute changes in metabolism. Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) adapt to winter by multiple changes in behaviour and physiology including spontaneous daily torpor, a state of hypometabolism and hypothermia. We investigated effects of systemic TH administration and ablation on the torpor behaviour in Djungarian hamsters adapted to short photoperiod. Hyperthyroidism was induced by giving T4 or T3 and hypothyroidism by giving methimazole (MMI) and sodium perchlorate via drinking water. T3 treatment increased water, food intake and body mass, whereas MMI had the opposite effect. Continuous recording of body temperature revealed that low T3 serum concentrations increased torpor incidence, lowered Tb and duration, whereas high T3 serum concentrations inhibited torpor expression. Gene expression of deiodinases (dio) and uncoupling proteins (ucp) were analysed by qPCR in hypothalamus, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle. Expression of dio2, the enzyme generating T3 by deiodination of T4, and ucps, involved in thermoregulation, indicated a tissue specific response to treatment. Torpor per se decreased dio2 expression irrespective of treatment or tissue, suggesting low intracellular T3 concentrations during torpor. Down regulation of ucp1 and ucp3 during torpor might be a factor for the inhibition of BAT thermogenesis. Hypothalamic gene expression of neuropeptide Y, propopiomelanocortin and somatostatin, involved in feeding behaviour and energy balance, were not affected by treatment. Taken together our data indicate a strong effect of thyroid hormones on torpor, suggesting that lowered intracellular T3 concentrations in peripheral tissues promote torpor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H H Bank
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kemmling
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Herwig
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mayerl S, Liebsch C, Visser TJ, Heuer H. Absence of TRH receptor 1 in male mice affects gastric ghrelin production. Endocrinology 2015; 156:755-67. [PMID: 25490146 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TRH not only functions as a thyrotropin releasing hormone but also acts as a neuropeptide in central circuits regulating food intake and energy expenditure. As one suggested mode of action, TRH expressed in the caudal brainstem influences vagal activity by activating TRH receptor 1 (TRH-R1). In order to evaluate the impact of a diminished medullary TRH signaling on ghrelin metabolism, we analyzed metabolic changes of TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko) mice in response to 24 hours of food deprivation. Because R1ko mice are hypothyroid, we also studied eu- and hypothyroid wild-type (wt) animals and R1ko mice rendered euthyroid by thyroid hormone treatment. Independent of their thyroidal state, R1ko mice displayed a higher body weight loss than wt animals and a delayed reduction in locomotor activity upon fasting. Ghrelin transcript levels in the stomach as well as total ghrelin levels in the circulation were equally high in fasted wt and R1ko mice. In contrast, only wt mice responded to fasting with a rise in ghrelin-O-acyltransferase mRNA expression and consequently an increase in serum levels of acylated ghrelin. Together, our data suggest that an up-regulation of medullary TRH expression and subsequently enhanced activation of TRH-R1 in the vagal system represents a critical step in the stimulation of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase expression upon starvation that in turn is important for adjusting the circulating levels of acylated ghrelin to the fasting condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute (S.M., C.L., H.H.), D-07745 Jena, Germany; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (C.L.), D-01968 Senftenberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (H.H.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Odle AK, Haney A, Allensworth-James M, Akhter N, Childs GV. Adipocyte versus pituitary leptin in the regulation of pituitary hormones: somatotropes develop normally in the absence of circulating leptin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4316-28. [PMID: 25116704 PMCID: PMC4197982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine produced by white fat cells, skeletal muscle, the placenta, and the pituitary gland among other tissues. Best known for its role in regulating appetite and energy expenditure, leptin is produced largely by and in proportion to white fat cells. Leptin is also important to the maintenance and function of the GH cells of the pituitary. This was shown when the deletion of leptin receptors on somatotropes caused decreased numbers of GH cells, decreased circulating GH, and adult-onset obesity. To determine the source of leptin most vital to GH cells and other pituitary cell types, we compared two different leptin knockout models with Cre-lox technology. The global Lep-null model is like the ob/ob mouse, whereby only the entire exon 3 is deleted. The selective adipocyte-Lep-null model lacks adipocyte leptin but retains pituitary leptin, allowing us to investigate the pituitary as a potential source of circulating leptin. Male and female mice lacking adipocyte leptin (Adipocyte-lep-null) did not produce any detectable circulating leptin and were infertile, suggesting that the pituitary does not contribute to serum levels. In the presence of only pituitary leptin, however, these same mutants were able to maintain somatotrope numbers and GH mRNA levels. Serum GH trended low, but values were not significant. However, hypothalamic GHRH mRNA was significantly reduced in these animals. Other serum hormone and pituitary mRNA differences were observed, some of which varied from previous results reported in ob/ob animals. Whereas pituitary leptin is capable of maintaining somatotrope numbers and GH mRNA production, the decreased hypothalamic GHRH mRNA and low (but not significant) serum GH levels indicate an important role for adipocyte leptin in the regulation of GH secretion in the mouse. Thus, normal GH secretion may require the coordinated actions of both adipocyte and pituitary leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Neurosciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Whittle AJ, Walsh J, de Lecea L. Light and chemical control of neuronal circuits: possible applications in neurotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1007-17. [PMID: 25115180 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.948850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases that result from a failure of central pathways to regulate behavioral and physiological processes. Advances in genetics and pharmacology have already allowed us to appreciate that rather than this dysregulation being systemic throughout the brain, it is usually rooted in specific subsets of dysfunctional cells within discrete neurological circuits. This article discusses the advent of opto- and chemogenetic tools and how they are providing the means to dissect these circuits with a degree of temporal and spatial sensitivity not previously possible. We also highlight the potential applications for treating disease and the key developments likely to have the greatest impact over the next 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Whittle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramos CF, Zamoner A. Thyroid hormone and leptin in the testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 25505448 PMCID: PMC4243692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue; however, it is expressed in the hypothalamus and reproductive tissues as well. Leptin acts by activating the leptin receptors (Ob-Rs). Additionally, the regulation of several neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, including the inhibition of glucocorticoids and enhancement of thyroxine and sex hormone concentrations in human beings and mice are leptin functions. It has been suggested that thyroid hormones (TH) could directly regulate leptin expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism compromises the intracellular integration of leptin signaling specifically in the arcuate nucleus. Two TH receptor isoforms are expressed in the testis, TRa and TRb, with TRa being the predominant one that is present in all stages of development. The effects of TH involve the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells during development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis. In this context, TH disorders are associated with sexual dysfunction. An endocrine and/or direct paracrine effect of leptin on the gonads inhibits testosterone production in Leydig cells. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of both hormones in the testis during hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding leptin and TH in the testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiane Fonte Ramos, Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomédico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|