1
|
Patel B, Koysombat K, Mills EG, Tsoutsouki J, Comninos AN, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:30-68. [PMID: 37467734 PMCID: PMC10765167 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and pulsatile GnRH secretion. Their critical role in reproductive health was first identified after inactivating variants in genes encoding for KP or NKB signaling were shown to result in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and a failure of pubertal development. Over the past 2 decades since their discovery, a wealth of evidence from both basic and translational research has laid the foundation for potential therapeutic applications. Beyond KP's function in the hypothalamus, it is also expressed in the placenta, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, bone, and limbic regions, giving rise to several avenues of research for use in the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy, metabolic, liver, bone, and behavioral disorders. The role played by NKB in stimulating the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to mediate menopausal hot flashes has led to the development of medications that antagonize its action as a novel nonsteroidal therapeutic agent for this indication. Furthermore, the ability of NKB antagonism to partially suppress (but not abolish) the reproductive endocrine axis has supported its potential use for the treatment of various reproductive disorders including polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis. This review will provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical data that have paved the way for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of KP and NKB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijal Patel
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kanyada Koysombat
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Edouard G Mills
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jovanna Tsoutsouki
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cassin J, Stamou MI, Keefe KW, Sung KE, Bojo CC, Tonsfeldt KJ, Rojas RA, Ferreira Lopes V, Plummer L, Salnikov KB, Keefe DL, Ozata M, Genel M, Georgopoulos NA, Hall JE, Crowley WF, Seminara SB, Mellon PL, Balasubramanian R. Heterozygous mutations in SOX2 may cause idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism via dominant-negative mechanisms. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164324. [PMID: 36602867 PMCID: PMC9977424 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) variants typically cause severe ocular defects within a SOX2 disorder spectrum that includes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We examined exome-sequencing data from a large, well-phenotyped cohort of patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) for pathogenic SOX2 variants to investigate the underlying pathogenic SOX2 spectrum and its associated phenotypes. We identified 8 IHH individuals harboring heterozygous pathogenic SOX2 variants with variable ocular phenotypes. These variant proteins were tested in vitro to determine whether a causal relationship between IHH and SOX2 exists. We found that Sox2 was highly expressed in the hypothalamus of adult mice and colocalized with kisspeptin 1 (KISS1) expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of adult female mice. In vitro, shRNA suppression of mouse SOX2 protein in Kiss-expressing cell lines increased the levels of human kisspeptin luciferase (hKiss-luc) transcription, while SOX2 overexpression repressed hKiss-luc transcription. Further, 4 of the identified SOX2 variants prevented this SOX2-mediated repression of hKiss-luc. Together, these data suggest that pathogenic SOX2 variants contribute to both anosmic and normosmic forms of IHH, attesting to hypothalamic defects in the SOX2 disorder spectrum. Our study describes potentially novel mechanisms contributing to SOX2-related disease and highlights the necessity of SOX2 screening in IHH genetic evaluation irrespective of associated ocular defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cassin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria I. Stamou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly W. Keefe
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Sung
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
| | - Celine C. Bojo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
| | - Karen J. Tonsfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Rojas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Lopes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Salnikov
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David L. Keefe
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Myron Genel
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neoklis A. Georgopoulos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Janet E. Hall
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William F. Crowley
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gui Z, Lv M, Han M, Li S, Mo Z. Effect of CPP-related genes on GnRH secretion and Notch signaling pathway during puberty. Biomed J 2022; 46:100575. [PMID: 36528337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological process of sexual development, influenced by genetic, metabolic-nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, maturation of the gonads, leading to the acquisition of reproductive capacity. The onset of central precocious puberty (CPP) is mainly associated with the early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to increased pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and activation of gonadal function. Due to the expense and invasiveness of current diagnostic testing and drug therapies for CPP, it would be helpful to find serum and genetic markers to facilitate diagnosis. In this paper, we summarized the related factors that may affect the expression of GnRH1 gene and the secretion and action pathway of GnRH and related sex hormones, and found several potential targets, such as MKRN3, DLK1 and KISS1. Although, the specific mechanism still needs to be further studied, we would be encouraged if the insights from this review could provide new insights for future research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of CPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Gui
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mei Lv
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Anshun City People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Han
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, de Oliveira V, Rao S, Bhatt V, Kalemba KM, Shah A, Rustgi VK, Wang H, Bech PR, Abbara A, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Manousou P, Guo JY, Guo GL, Radovick S, Dhillo WS, Wondisford FE, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:145889. [PMID: 35349482 PMCID: PMC9106350 DOI: 10.1172/jci145889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease, has become a silent worldwide pandemic. The incidence of NAFLD correlates with the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. A hallmark featureof NAFLD is excessive hepatic fat accumulation or steatosis, due to dysregulated hepatic fat metabolism, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Currently, there are no approved pharmacotherapies to treat this disease. Here, we have found that activation of the kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) signaling pathway has therapeutic effects in NAFLD. Using high-fat diet-fed mice, we demonstrated that a deletion of hepatic Kiss1r exacerbated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, enhanced stimulation of KISS1R protected against steatosis in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and decreased fibrosis using a diet-induced mouse model of NASH. Mechanistically, we found that hepatic KISS1R signaling activates the master energy regulator, AMPK, to thereby decrease lipogenesis and progression to NASH. In patients with NAFLD and in high-fat diet-fed mice, hepatic KISS1/KISS1R expression and plasma kisspeptin levels were elevated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to reduce triglyceride synthesis. These findings establish KISS1R as a therapeutic target to treat NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | | | - Shivani Rao
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vinod K. Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul R. Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | | | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Involvement of Kisspeptin in androgen-induced hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and its rescuing effect in PCOS rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166242. [PMID: 34389474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), is a key link between obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, all of which are often present in the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized with hyperandrogenism. However, the link between excess androgen and Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown. An unexpected role of kisspeptin was reported in the regulation of UPR pathways and its involvement in the androgen-induced ER stress in hypothalamic neuronal cells. To evaluate the relationship of kisspeptin and ER stress, we detected Kisspeptin and other factors in blood plasm of PCOS patients, rat models and hypothalamic neuronal cells. We detected higher testosterone and lower kisspeptin levels in the plasma of PCOS than that in non-PCOS women. We established a PCOS rat model by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) chronic exposure, and observed significantly downregulated kisspeptin expression and activated UPR pathways in PCOS rat hypothalamus compared to that in controls. Inhibition or knockdown of kisspeptin completely mimicked the enhancing effect of DHT on UPR pathways in a hypothalamic neuronal cell line, GT1-7. Kp10, the most potent peptide of kisspeptin, effectively reversed or suppressed the activated UPR pathways induced by DHT or thapsigargin, an ER stress activator, in GT1-7 cells, as well as in the hypothalamus in PCOS rats. Similarly, Kisspeptin attenuated thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ response and the DHT- induced insulin resistance in GT1-7 cells. Collectively, the present study has revealed an unexpected protective role of kisspeptin against ER stress and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus and provided a new treatment strategy targeting hypothalamic ER stress and insulin resistance with kisspeptin as a potential therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
6
|
Clinical Potential of Kisspeptin in Reproductive Health. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:807-823. [PMID: 34210598 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides that are essential for the regulation of reproductive physiology. Their importance in reproductive health became apparent in 2003, when loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding the kisspeptin receptor were reported to result in isolated congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). It has since been ascertained that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion to thus stimulate the remainder of the reproductive endocrine axis. In this review, we discuss genetic variants that affect kisspeptin receptor signaling, summarize data on KISS1R agonists, and posit possible clinical uses of native and synthetic kisspeptin receptor agonists for the investigation and treatment of reproductive disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nitric oxide resets kisspeptin-excited GnRH neurons via PIP2 replenishment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012339118. [PMID: 33443156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012339118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertility relies upon pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that drives pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion. Kisspeptin (KP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus are at the center of the GnRH pulse generation and the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. However, KP evokes a long-lasting response in GnRH neurons that is hard to reconcile with periodic GnRH activity required to drive GnRH pulses. Using calcium imaging, we show that 1) the tetrodotoxin-insensitive calcium response evoked by KP relies upon the ongoing activity of canonical transient receptor potential channels maintaining voltage-gated calcium channels in an activated state, 2) the duration of the calcium response is determined by the rate of resynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and 3) nitric oxide terminates the calcium response by facilitating the resynthesis of PIP2 via the canonical pathway guanylyl cyclase/3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G. In addition, our data indicate that exposure to nitric oxide after KP facilitates the calcium response to a subsequent KP application. This effect was replicated using electrophysiology on GnRH neurons in acute brain slices. The interplay between KP and nitric oxide signaling provides a mechanism for modulation of the refractory period of GnRH neurons after KP exposure and places nitric oxide as an important component for tonic GnRH neuronal pulses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abbara A, Eng PC, Phylactou M, Clarke SA, Richardson R, Sykes CM, Phumsatitpong C, Mills E, Modi M, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Papadopoulou D, Purugganan K, Jayasena CN, Webber L, Salim R, Owen B, Bech P, Comninos AN, McArdle CA, Voliotis M, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Moenter S, Hanyaloglu A, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin receptor agonist has therapeutic potential for female reproductive disorders. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6739-6753. [PMID: 33196464 DOI: 10.1172/jci139681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDKisspeptin is a key regulator of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and is essential for reproductive health. A specific kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) agonist could significantly expand the potential clinical utility of therapeutics targeting the kisspeptin pathway. Herein, we investigate the effects of a KISS1R agonist, MVT-602, in healthy women and in women with reproductive disorders.METHODSWe conducted in vivo and in vitro studies to characterize the action of MVT-602 in comparison with native kisspeptin-54 (KP54). We determined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of MVT-602 (doses 0.01 and 0.03 nmol/kg) versus KP54 (9.6 nmol/kg) in the follicular phase of healthy women (n = 9), and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; n = 6) or hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA; n = 6). Further, we investigated their effects on KISS1R-mediated inositol monophosphate (IP1) and Ca2+ signaling in cell lines and on action potential firing of GnRH neurons in brain slices.RESULTSIn healthy women, the amplitude of luteinizing hormone (LH) rise was similar to that after KP54, but peaked later (21.4 vs. 4.7 hours; P = 0.0002), with correspondingly increased AUC of LH exposure (169.0 vs. 38.5 IU∙h/L; P = 0.0058). LH increases following MVT-602 were similar in PCOS and healthy women, but advanced in HA (P = 0.004). In keeping with the clinical data, MVT-602 induced more potent signaling of KISS1R-mediated IP1 accumulation and a longer duration of GnRH neuron firing than KP54 (115 vs. 55 minutes; P = 0.0012).CONCLUSIONTaken together, these clinical and mechanistic data identify MVT-602 as having considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of female reproductive disorders.TRIAL REGISTRATIONInternational Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Registry, ISRCTN21681316.FUNDINGNational Institute for Health Research and NIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Chia Eng
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Phylactou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Clarke
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Richardson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene M Sykes
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Edouard Mills
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Modi
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Papadopoulou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Webber
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryn Owen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A McArdle
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, and.,EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Moenter
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aylin Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sposini S, De Pascali F, Richardson R, Sayers NS, Perrais D, Yu HN, Palmer S, Nataraja S, Reiter E, Hanyaloglu AC. Pharmacological Programming of Endosomal Signaling Activated by Small Molecule Ligands of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593492. [PMID: 33329002 PMCID: PMC7734412 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with pivotal roles in reproduction. One key mechanism dictating the signal activity of GPCRs is membrane trafficking. After binding its hormone FSH, FSHR undergoes internalization to very early endosomes (VEEs) for its acute signaling and sorting to a rapid recycling pathway. The VEE is a heterogeneous compartment containing the Adaptor Protein Phosphotyrosine Interacting with Pleckstrin homology Domain and Leucine Zipper 1 (APPL1) with distinct functions in regulating endosomal Gαs/cAMP signaling and rapid recycling. Low molecular weight (LMW) allosteric FSHR ligands were developed for use in assisted reproductive technology yet could also provide novel pharmacological tools to study FSHR. Given the critical nature of receptor internalization and endosomal signaling for FSHR activity, we assessed whether these compounds exhibit differential abilities to alter receptor endosomal trafficking and signaling within the VEE. Two chemically distinct LMW agonists (benzamide, termed B3 and thiazolidinone, termed T1) were employed. T1 was able to induce a greater level of cAMP than FSH and B3. As cAMP signaling drives gonadotrophin hormone receptor recycling, rapid exocytic events were evaluated at single event resolution. Strikingly, T1 was able to induce a 3-fold increase in recycling events compared to FSH and two-fold more compared to B3. As T1-induced internalization was only marginally greater, the dramatic increase in recycling and cAMP signaling may be due to additional mechanisms. All compounds exhibited a similar requirement for receptor internalization to increase cAMP and proportion of FSHR endosomes with active Gαs, suggesting regulation of cAMP signaling induced by T1 may be altered. APPL1 plays a central role for GPCRs targeted to the VEE, and indeed, loss of APPL1 inhibited FSH-induced recycling and increased endosomal cAMP signaling. While T1-induced FSHR recycling was APPL1-dependent, its elevated cAMP signaling was only partially increased following APPL1 knockdown. Unexpectedly, B3 altered the dependence of FSHR to APPL1 in an opposing manner, whereby its endosomal signaling was negatively regulated by APPL1, while B3-induced FSHR recycling was APPL1-independent. Overall, FSHR allosteric compounds have the potential to re-program FSHR activity via altering engagement with VEE machinery and also suggests that these two distinct functions of APPL1 can potentially be selected pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sposini
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco De Pascali
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Rachel Richardson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh S. Sayers
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Perrais
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Henry N. Yu
- CanWell Pharma Inc., Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Stephen Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Aylin C. Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Babwah AV. The wonderful and masterful G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): A focus on signaling mechanisms and the neuroendocrine control of fertility. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110886. [PMID: 32574585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human GnRH deficiency, both clinically and genetically, is a heterogeneous disorder comprising of congenital GnRH deficiency with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome), or with normal olfaction [normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)], and adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying GnRH secretion and GnRH signaling continues to increase at a rapid rate and strikingly, the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to emerge as essential players in these processes. GPCRs were once viewed as binary on-off switches, where in the "on" state they are bound to their Gα protein, but now we understand that view is overly simplistic and does not adequately characterize GPCRs. Instead, GPCRs have emerged as masterful signaling molecules exploiting different physical conformational states of itself to elicit an array of downstream signaling events via their G proteins and the β-arrestins. The "one receptor-multiple signaling conformations" model is likely an evolved strategy that can be used to our advantage as researchers have shown that targeting specific receptor conformations via biased ligands is proving to be a powerful tool in the effective treatment of human diseases. Can biased ligands be used to selectively modulate signaling by GPCR regulators of the neuroendocrine axis in the treatment of IHH? As discussed in this review, the grand possibility exists. However, while we are still very far from developing these treatments, this exciting likelihood can happen through a much greater mechanistic understanding of how GPCRs signal within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy V Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mattam U, Talari NK, Paripati AK, Krishnamoorthy T, Sepuri NBV. Kisspeptin preserves mitochondrial function by inducing mitophagy and autophagy in aging rat brain hippocampus and human neuronal cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118852. [PMID: 32926943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has become amply clear that mitochondrial function defined by quality, quantity, dynamics, homeostasis, and regulated by mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis is a critical metric of human aging and disease. As a consequence, therapeutic interventions that can improve mitochondrial function can have a profound impact on human health and longevity. Kisspeptins are neuropeptides belonging to the family of metastasis suppressors that are known to regulate functions like fertility, reproduction, and metabolism. Using SKNSH cell line, hippocampus explant cultures and hippocampus of aging Wistar rat models, we show that Kisspeptin-10 (Kp) induces autophagy and mitophagy via calcium, Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) signaling pathway that is independent of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Intriguingly, Kp administration in vivo also results in the enhancement of mitochondrial number, complex I activity, and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) levels. This study uncovers potential effects of Kp in protecting mitochondrial health and as a possible therapeutic intervention to hippocampus associated impairments such as memory, cognitive aging, and other diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ushodaya Mattam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, T.S., India.
| | - Noble Kumar Talari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, T.S., India
| | - Arun Kumar Paripati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, T.S., India
| | - Thanuja Krishnamoorthy
- Vectrogen Biologicals Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, BioNEST, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, T.S., India
| | - Naresh Babu V Sepuri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, T.S., India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dragan M, Nguyen MU, Guzman S, Goertzen C, Brackstone M, Dhillo WS, Bech PR, Clarke S, Abbara A, Tuck AB, Hess DA, Pine SR, Zong WX, Wondisford FE, Su X, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. G protein-coupled kisspeptin receptor induces metabolic reprograming and tumorigenesis in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:106. [PMID: 32034133 PMCID: PMC7005685 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic and deadly disease. TNBC tumors lack estrogen receptor (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 (ErbB2) and exhibit increased glutamine metabolism, a requirement for tumor growth. The G protein-coupled kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) is highly expressed in patient TNBC tumors and promotes malignant transformation of breast epithelial cells. This study found that TNBC patients displayed elevated plasma kisspeptin levels compared with healthy subjects. It also provides the first evidence that in addition to promoting tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, KISS1R-induced glutamine dependence of tumors. In addition, tracer-based metabolomics analyses revealed that KISS1R promoted glutaminolysis and nucleotide biosynthesis by increasing c-Myc and glutaminase levels, key regulators of glutamine metabolism. Overall, this study establishes KISS1R as a novel regulator of TNBC metabolism and metastasis, suggesting that targeting KISS1R could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mai-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cameron Goertzen
- Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Bech
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Clarke
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan B Tuck
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Frederic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Noonan MM, Dragan M, Mehta MM, Hess DA, Brackstone M, Tuck AB, Viswakarma N, Rana A, Babwah AV, Wondisford FE, Bhattacharya M. The matrix protein Fibulin-3 promotes KISS1R induced triple negative breast cancer cell invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30034-30052. [PMID: 30046386 PMCID: PMC6059025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality. In particular, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprise a heterogeneous group of basal-like tumors lacking estrogen receptor (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 (ErbB2). TNBC represents 15-20% of all breast cancers and occurs frequently in women under 50 years of age. Unfortunately, these patients lack targeted therapy, are typically high grade and metastatic at time of diagnosis. The mechanisms regulating metastasis remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that the kisspeptin receptor, KISS1R stimulates invasiveness of TNBC cells. In this report, we demonstrate that KISS1R signals via the secreted extracellular matrix protein, fibulin-3, to regulate TNBC invasion. We found that the fibulin-3 gene is amplified in TNBC primary tumors and that plasma fibulin-3 levels are elevated in TNBC patients compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we show that KISS1R activation increases fibulin-3 expression and secretion. We show that fibulin-3 regulates TNBC metastasis in a mouse experimental metastasis xenograft model and signals downstream of KISS1R to stimulate TNBC invasion, by activating matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and the MAPK pathway. These results identify fibulin-3 as a new downstream mediator of KISS1R signaling and as a potential biomarker for TNBC progression and metastasis, thus revealing KISS1R and fibulin-3 as novel drug targets in TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Noonan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael M Mehta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan B Tuck
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Frederic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hanyaloglu AC. Advances in Membrane Trafficking and Endosomal Signaling of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:93-131. [PMID: 29776606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of GPCR signaling with membrane trafficking, as a single orchestrated system, is a theme increasingly evident with the growing reports of GPCR endosomal signaling. Once viewed as a mechanism to regulate cell surface heterotrimeric G protein signaling, the endocytic trafficking system is complex, highly compartmentalized, yet deeply interconnected with cell signaling. The organization of receptors into distinct plasma membrane signalosomes, biochemically distinct endosomal populations, endosomal microdomains, and its communication with distinct subcellular organelles such as the Golgi provides multiple unique signaling platforms that are critical for specifying receptor function physiologically and pathophysiologically. In this chapter I discuss our emerging understanding in the endocytic trafficking systems employed by GPCRs and their novel roles in spatial control of signaling. Given the extensive roles that GPCRs play in vivo, these evolving models are starting to provide mechanistic understanding of distinct diseases and provide novel therapeutic avenues that are proving to be viable targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of Kisspeptin on the Developmental Competence and Early Transcript Expression in Porcine Oocytes Parthenogenetically Activated with Different Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3693602. [PMID: 29682539 PMCID: PMC5841116 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3693602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed the modulatory effect of kisspeptin (KP) on calcium waves through the cell membrane and inside the cell. Spermatozoon can induce similar ooplasmic calcium oscillations at fertilization to trigger meiosis II. Here, we evaluated the effect of KP supplementation with 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) for 4 h on embryonic development after oocyte activation with single electric pulse, 5 µM ionomycin, or 8% ethanol. Compared to control nonsupplemented groups, KP significantly improved embryo developmental competence electric- and ethanol-activated oocytes in terms of cleavage (75.3% and 58.6% versus 64% and 48%, respectively, p < 0.05) and blastocyst development (31.3% and 10% versus 19.3% and 4%, respectively, p < 0.05). MOS expression was increased in electrically activated oocytes in presence of KP while it significantly reduced CCNB1 expression. In ionomycin treated group, both MOS and CCNB1 showed significant increase with no difference between KP and control groups. In ethanol-treated group, KP significantly reduced CCNB1 but no effect was observed on MOS expression. The early alterations in MOS and CCNB1 mRNA transcripts caused by KP may explain the significant differences in the developmental competence between the experimental groups. Kisspeptin supplementation may be adopted in protocols for porcine oocyte activation through electric current and ethanol to improve embryonic developmental competence.
Collapse
|
16
|
Miragem AA, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Nitric oxide-heat shock protein axis in menopausal hot flushes: neglected metabolic issues of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with deranged heat shock response. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 23:600-628. [PMID: 28903474 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some unequivocal underlying mechanisms of menopausal hot flushes have been demonstrated in animal models, the paucity of similar approaches in humans impedes further mechanistic outcomes. Human studies might show some as yet unexpected physiological mechanisms of metabolic adaptation that permeate the phase of decreased oestrogen levels in both symptomatic and asymptomatic women. This is particularly relevant because both the severity and time span of hot flushes are associated with increased risk of chronic inflammatory disease. On the other hand, oestrogen induces the expression of heat shock proteins of the 70 kDa family (HSP70), which are anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective protein chaperones, whose expression is modulated by different types of physiologically stressful situations, including heat stress and exercise. Therefore, lower HSP70 expression secondary to oestrogen deficiency increases cardiovascular risk and predisposes the patient to senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that culminates in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as obesities, type 2 diabetes, neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review focuses on HSP70 and its accompanying heat shock response (HSR), which is an anti-inflammatory and antisenescent pathway whose intracellular triggering is also oestrogen-dependent via nitric oxide (NO) production. The main goal of the manuscript was to show that the vasomotor symptoms that accompany hot flushes may be a disguised clue for important neuroendocrine alterations linking oestrogen deficiency to the anti-inflammatory HSR. SEARCH METHODS Results from our own group and recent evidence on hypothalamic control of central temperature guided a search on PubMed and Google Scholar websites. OUTCOMES Oestrogen elicits rapid production of the vasodilatory gas NO, a powerful activator of HSP70 expression. Whence, part of the protective effects of oestrogen over cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems is tied to its capacity of inducing the NO-elicited HSR. The hypothalamic areas involved in thermoregulation (infundibular nucleus in humans and arcuate nucleus in other mammals) and whose neurons are known to have their function altered after long-term oestrogen ablation, particularly kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin neurons, (KNDy) are the same that drive neuroprotective expression of HSP70 and, in many cases, this response is via NO even in the absence of oestrogen. From thence, it is not illogical that hot flushes might be related to an evolutionary adaptation to re-equip the NO-HSP70 axis during the downfall of circulating oestrogen. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Understanding of HSR could shed light on yet uncovered mechanisms of menopause-associated diseases as well as on possible manipulation of HSR in menopausal women through physiological, pharmacological, nutraceutical and prebiotic interventions. Moreover, decreased HSR indices (that can be clinically determined with ease) in perimenopause could be of prognostic value in predicting the moment and appropriateness of starting a HRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Azambuja Miragem
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, ICBS, 2nd Floor, Suite 350, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology 'Farroupilha', Rua Uruguai 1675, Santa Rosa, RS 98900-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, ICBS, 2nd Floor, Suite 350, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Evolving View of Membrane Trafficking and Signaling Systems for G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:273-299. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
18
|
Mezei Z, Váczi S, Török V, Stumpf C, Ónody R, Földesi I, Szabó G. Effects of kisspeptin on diabetic rat platelets. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1319-1326. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and free radicals result in platelet activation and atherogenesis. Kisspeptin (KP) is able to regulate metabolism, hemostasis, and the development of atherosclerosis. We examined whether platelet aggregation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats depends on the inducer type and if KP-13 and RF-9 (a kisspeptin receptor modifier) can influence platelet function. We measured the speed and the maximum of aggregation, along with the area under the curve. Serum glucose and calcium levels and urine formation of diabetic animals increased, while the body mass and platelet count decreased. Collagen was the most effective inducer of platelet aggregation. The aggregability of nondiabetic platelets was elevated in the presence of 5 × 10−8 mol/L KP-13. This effect was less expressed in diabetic animals. The effectivity of RF-9 was stronger than that of KP-13 in nondiabetic platelets, however it was ineffective in diabetic animals. RF-9 pre-treatment did not change the effects of 5 × 10−8 mol/L KP-13 in either animal group. The in vivo activation of diabetic platelets, which may be due to elevated serum calcium, induces thrombocytopenia and may lead to reduced in vitro aggregability. We could not demonstrate the antagonistic effect of RF-9 against KP-13 in isolated platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Mezei
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Váczi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Török
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Stumpf
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ónody
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Szabó
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spatial encryption of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in endosomes; Mechanisms and applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 143:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
20
|
Vannecke W, Ampe C, Van Troys M, Beltramo M, Madder A. Cross-Linking Furan-Modified Kisspeptin-10 to the KISS Receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2191-2200. [PMID: 28714670 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cross-linking is well-established for investigating protein-protein interactions. Traditionally, photo cross-linking is used but is associated with problems of selectivity and UV toxicity in a biological context. We here describe, with live cells and under normal growth conditions, selective cross-linking of a furan-modified peptide ligand to its membrane-presented receptor with zero toxicity, high efficiency, and spatio-specificity. Furan-modified kisspeptin-10 is covalently coupled to its glycosylated membrane receptor, GPR54(KISS1R). This newly expands the applicability of furan-mediated cross-linking not only to protein-protein cross-linking but also to cross-linking in situ. Moreover, in our earlier reports on nucleic acid interstrand cross-linking, furan activation required external triggers of oxidation (via addition of N-bromo succinimide or singlet oxygen). In contrast, we here show, for multiple cell lines, the spontaneous endogenous oxidation of the furan moiety with concurrent selective cross-link formation. We propose that reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes form the cellular source establishing furan oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Vannecke
- Organic
and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van Troys
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Beltramo
- Equipe
Neuroendocrinologie Moleculaire de la Reproduction, Physiologie de
la Reproduction et des Comportements, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic
and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kasum M, Franulić D, Čehić E, Orešković S, Lila A, Ejubović E. Kisspeptin as a promising oocyte maturation trigger for in vitro fertilisation in humans. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:583-587. [PMID: 28393578 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1309019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of exogenous kisspeptin administration as a novel alternative of triggering oocyte maturation, instead of currently used triggers such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. Kisspeptin has been considered a master regulator of two modes of GnRH and hence gonadotropin secretion, pulses and surges. Administration of kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 induces the luteinising hormone (LH) surge required for egg maturation and ovulation in animal investigations and LH release during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and hypothalamic amenorrhoea in humans. Exogenous kisspeptin-54 has been successfully administered as a promising method of triggering oocyte maturation, following ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and GnRH antagonists in women undergoing IVF, due to its efficacy considering achieved pregnancy rates compared to hCG and GnRH agonists. Also, its safety in patients at high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is noteworthy. Nevertheless, further studies would be desirable to establish the optimal trigger of egg maturation and to improve the reproductive outcome for women undergoing IVF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miro Kasum
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Daniela Franulić
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ermin Čehić
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Cantonal Hospital Zenica , Zenica , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and
| | - Slavko Orešković
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Albert Lila
- c Gynaecology Cabinet, Kosovo Occupational Health Institute , Giakove , Kosovo
| | - Emina Ejubović
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Cantonal Hospital Zenica , Zenica , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
G protein-coupled KISS1 receptor is overexpressed in triple negative breast cancer and promotes drug resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46525. [PMID: 28422142 PMCID: PMC5395950 DOI: 10.1038/srep46525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks the expression of estrogen receptor α, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC patients lack targeted therapies, as they fail to respond to endocrine and anti-HER2 therapy. Prognosis for this aggressive cancer subtype is poor and survival is limited due to the development of resistance to available chemotherapies and resultant metastases. The mechanisms regulating tumor resistance are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the G protein-coupled kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) promotes drug resistance in TNBC cells. KISS1R binds kisspeptins, peptide products of the KISS1 gene and in numerous cancers, this signaling pathway plays anti-metastatic roles. However, in TNBC, KISS1R promotes tumor invasion. We show that KISS1 and KISS1R mRNA and KISS1R protein are upregulated in TNBC tumors, compared to normal breast tissue. KISS1R signaling promotes drug resistance by increasing the expression of efflux drug transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and by inducing the activity and transcription of the receptor tyrosine kinase, AXL. BCRP and AXL transcripts are elevated in TNBC tumors, compared to normal breast, and TNBC tumors expressing KISS1R also express AXL and BCRP. Thus, KISS1R represents a potentially novel therapeutic target to restore drug sensitivity in TNBC patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Edwards BS, Dang AK, Murtazina DA, Dozier MG, Whitesell JD, Khan SA, Cherrington BD, Amberg GC, Clay CM, Navratil AM. Dynamin Is Required for GnRH Signaling to L-Type Calcium Channels and Activation of ERK. Endocrinology 2016; 157:831-43. [PMID: 26696122 PMCID: PMC4733113 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that GnRH-mediated engagement of the cytoskeleton induces cell movement and is necessary for ERK activation. It also has previously been established that a dominant negative form of the mechano-GTPase dynamin (K44A) attenuates GnRH activation of ERK. At present, it is not clear at what level these cellular events might be linked. To explore this, we used live cell imaging in the gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cell line to determine that dynamin-green fluorescent protein accumulated in GnRH-induced lamellipodia and plasma membrane protrusions. Coincident with translocation of dynamin-green fluorescent protein to the plasma membrane, we demonstrated that dynamin colocalizes with the actin cytoskeleton and the actin binding protein, cortactin at the leading edge of the plasma membrane. We next wanted to assess the physiological significance of these findings by inhibiting dynamin GTPase activity using dynasore. We find that dynasore suppresses activation of ERK, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase, after exposure to GnRH agonist. Furthermore, exposure of αT3-1 cells to dynasore inhibited GnRH-induced cyto-architectural rearrangements. Recently it has been discovered that GnRH induced Ca(2+) influx via the L-type Ca(2+) channels requires an intact cytoskeleton to mediate ERK phosphorylation. Interestingly, not only does dynasore attenuate GnRH-mediated actin reorganization, it also suppresses Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels visualized in living cells using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Collectively, our data suggest that GnRH-induced membrane remodeling events are mediated in part by the association of dynamin and cortactin engaging the actin cytoskeleton, which then regulates Ca(2+) influx via L-type channels to facilitate ERK phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Edwards
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - An K Dang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Dilyara A Murtazina
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Melissa G Dozier
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Jennifer D Whitesell
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Shaihla A Khan
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Gregory C Amberg
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Colin M Clay
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (B.S.E., M.G.D., S.A.K., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.K.D., D.A.M., G.C.A., C.M.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; and Department of Research and Development (J.D.W.), Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Min L, Nie M, Zhang A, Wen J, Noel SD, Lee V, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB. Computational Analysis of Missense Variants of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Involved in the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:230-9. [PMID: 26088945 PMCID: PMC4684493 DOI: 10.1159/000435884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many missense variants in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction have been identified by phenotype-driven or large-scale exome sequencing. Computational functional prediction analysis is commonly performed to evaluate their impact on receptor function. METHODS To assess the performance and outcome of functional prediction analyses for these GPCRs, we performed a statistical analysis of the prediction performance of SIFT and PolyPhen-2 for variants with documented biological function as well as variants retrieved from Ensembl. We obtained missense variants with documented biological function testing from patients with reproductive disorders from a comprehensive literature search. Missense variants from individuals with known reproductive disorders were retrieved from the Human Gene Mutation Database. Missense variants from the general population were retrieved from the Ensembl genome database. RESULTS The accuracies of SIFT and PolyPhen-2 were 83 and 85%, respectively. The performance of both prediction tools was greater in predicting loss-of-function variants (SIFT: 92%; PolyPhen-2: 95%) than in predicting variants that did not affect function (SIFT: 54%; PolyPhen-2: 57%). Concordance between SIFT and PolyPhen-2 did not improve accuracy. Surprisingly, approximately half of the variants retrieved from Ensembl were predicted as loss-of-function variants by SIFT (47%) and PolyPhen-2 (54%). CONCLUSION Our findings provide new guidance for interpreting the results and limitations of computational functional prediction analyses for GPCRs and will help to determine which variants require biological function testing. In addition, our findings raise important questions regarding the link between genotype and phenotype in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: Le Min, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Min Nie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Anna Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Junping Wen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Sekoni D. Noel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Min L, Leon S, Li H, Pinilla L, Carroll RS, Tena-Sempere M, Kaiser UB. RF9 Acts as a KISS1R Agonist In Vivo and In Vitro. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4639-48. [PMID: 26418326 PMCID: PMC4655216 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RF9, a reported antagonist of the mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone receptor, stimulates gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Recent studies have suggested that the stimulatory effect of RF9 on gonadotropin secretion relies on intact kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) signaling, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells stably transfected with KISS1R, we show that RF9 binds specifically to KISS1R, with a Kd of 1.6 × 10(-5)M, and stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium and inositol phosphate accumulation in a KISS1R-dependent manner, with EC50 values of 3.0 × 10(-6)M and 1.6 × 10(-7)M, respectively. RF9 also stimulated ERK phosphorylation, with a time course similar to that of kisspeptin-10. RFRP-3, the putative endogenous ligand for NPFFR1, did not stimulate inositol phosphate accumulation or pERK, nor did it alter responses to of kisspeptin-10 or RF9. In agreement with these in vitro data, we found that RF9 stimulated a robust LH increase in Npffr1(-/-) mice, similar to that in wild-type littermates, whereas the stimulatory effect of RF9 was markedly reduced in Kiss1r(-/-) and double Kiss1r(-/-)/Npfrr1(-/-) mice. The stimulatory effect of RF9 on LH secretion was restored by the selective rescue of Kiss1r expression in GnRH neurons, in Kiss1r(-/-T) mice. Taken together, our study demonstrates that RF9 acts primarily as a KISS1R agonist, but not as an allosteric modulator, to stimulate LH secretion. Our findings raise questions regarding the utility of RF9 for assessing NPFF1R function and de-emphasize a predominant role of this signaling system in central regulation of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Silvia Leon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Huan Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Leonor Pinilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (L.M., H.L., R.S.C., U.B.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (S.L., L.P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; and FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology (M.T.-S.), University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
West C, Hanyaloglu AC. Minireview: Spatial Programming of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activity: Decoding Signaling in Health and Disease. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1095-106. [PMID: 26121235 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the multiplicity of hormone signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has demonstrated the complex signal pathways that underlie the multiple functions these receptors play in vivo. This is highly pertinent for the GPCRs key in reproduction and pregnancy that are exposed to cyclical and dynamic changes in their extracellular milieu. How such functional pleiotropy in GPCR signaling is translated to specific downstream cellular responses, however, is largely unknown. Emerging data strongly support mechanisms for a central role of receptor location in signal regulation via membrane trafficking. In this review, we discuss current progress in our understanding of the role membrane trafficking plays in location control of GPCR signaling, from organized plasma membrane signaling microdomains, potentially provided by both distinct endocytic and exocytic pathways, to more recent evidence for spatial control within the endomembrane system. Application of these emerging mechanisms in their relevance to GPCR activity in physiological and pathophysiological conditions will also be discussed, and in improving therapeutic strategies that exploits these mechanisms in order to program highly regulated and distinct signaling profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla West
- Institute of Reproductive Biology and Development, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive Biology and Development, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Clarke H, Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN. Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:124-41. [PMID: 26194072 PMCID: PMC4508256 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has recently emerged as a key regulator of the mammalian reproductive axis. It is known that kisspeptin, acting centrally via the kisspeptin receptor, stimulates secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Loss of kisspeptin signaling causes hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in humans and other mammals. Kisspeptin interacts with other neuropeptides such as neurokinin B and dynorphin, to regulate GnRH pulse generation. In addition, a growing body of evidence suggests that kisspeptin signaling be regulated by nutritional status and stress. Kisspeptin may also represent a novel potential therapeutic target in the treatment of fertility disorders. Early human studies suggest that peripheral exogenous kisspeptin administration stimulates gonadotrophin release in healthy adults and in patients with certain forms of infertility. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about kisspeptin as a regulator of reproductive function, and provide an update on recent advances within this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Clarke
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Glanowska KM, Moenter SM. Differential regulation of GnRH secretion in the preoptic area (POA) and the median eminence (ME) in male mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:231-41. [PMID: 25314270 PMCID: PMC4272400 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
GnRH release in the median eminence (ME) is the central output for control of reproduction. GnRH processes in the preoptic area (POA) also release GnRH. We examined region-specific regulation of GnRH secretion using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to detect GnRH release in brain slices from adult male mice. Blocking endoplasmic reticulum calcium reuptake to elevate intracellular calcium evokes GnRH release in both the ME and POA. This release is action potential dependent in the ME but not the POA. Locally applied kisspeptin induced GnRH secretion in both the ME and POA. Local blockade of inositol triphospate-mediated calcium release inhibited kisspeptin-induced GnRH release in the ME, but broad blockade was required in the POA. In contrast, kisspeptin-evoked secretion in the POA was blocked by local gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, but broad gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone application was required in the ME. Although action potentials are required for GnRH release induced by pharmacologically-increased intracellular calcium in the ME and kisspeptin-evoked release requires inositol triphosphate-mediated calcium release, blocking action potentials did not inhibit kisspeptin-induced GnRH release in the ME. Kisspeptin-induced GnRH release was suppressed after blocking both action potentials and plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels. This suggests that kisspeptin action in the ME requires both increased intracellular calcium and influx from the outside of the cell but not action potentials. Local interactions among kisspeptin and GnRH processes in the ME could thus stimulate GnRH release without involving perisomatic regions of GnRH neurons. Coupling between action potential generation and hormone release in GnRH neurons is thus likely physiologically labile and may vary with region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Glanowska
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (K.M.G.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; and Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.M.M.), Internal Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Millar RP, Babwah AV. KISS1R: Hallmarks of an Effective Regulator of the Neuroendocrine Axis. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 101:193-210. [PMID: 25765628 DOI: 10.1159/000381457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP) is now well recognized as a potent stimulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and thereby a major regulator of the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis. KP signals via KISS1R, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that activates the G proteins Gαq/11. Modulation of the interaction of KP with KISS1R is therefore a potential new therapeutic target for stimulating (in infertility) or inhibiting (in hormone-dependent diseases) the reproductive hormone cascade. Major efforts are underway to target KISS1R in the treatment of sex steroid hormone-dependent disorders and to stimulate endogenous hormonal responses along the neuroendocrine axis as part of in vitro fertilization protocols. The development of analogs modulating KISS1R signaling will be aided by an understanding of the intracellular pathways and dynamics of KISS1R signaling under normal and pathological conditions. This review focuses on KISS1R recruitment of intracellular signaling (Gαq/11- and β-arrestin-dependent) pathways that mediate GnRH secretion and the respective roles of rapid desensitization, internalization, and recycling of resensitized receptors in maintaining an active population of KISS1R at the cell surface to facilitate prolonged KP signaling. Additionally, this review summarizes and discusses the major findings of an array of studies examining the desensitization of KP signaling in man, domestic and laboratory animals. This discussion highlights the major effects of ligand efficacy and concentration and the physiological, developmental, and metabolic status of the organism on KP signaling. Finally, the potential for the utilization of KP and analogs in stimulating and inhibiting the reproductive hormone cascade as an alternative to targeting the downstream GnRH receptor is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahow M, Min L, Pampillo M, Nash C, Wen J, Soltis K, Carroll RS, Glidewell-Kenney CA, Mellon PL, Bhattacharya M, Tobet SA, Kaiser UB, Babwah AV. KISS1R signals independently of Gαq/11 and triggers LH secretion via the β-arrestin pathway in the male mouse. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4433-46. [PMID: 25147978 PMCID: PMC4197989 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic GnRH is the master regulator of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, and its secretion is regulated by many factors. Among these is kisspeptin (Kp), a potent trigger of GnRH secretion. Kp signals via the Kp receptor (KISS1R), a Gαq/11-coupled 7-transmembrane-spanning receptor. Until this study, it was understood that KISS1R mediates GnRH secretion via the Gαq/11-coupled pathway in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. We recently demonstrated that KISS1R also signals independently of Gαq/11 via β-arrestin and that this pathway also mediates ERK1/2 activation. Because GnRH secretion is ERK1/2-dependent, we hypothesized that KISS1R regulates GnRH secretion via both the Gαq/11- and β-arrestin-coupled pathways. To test this hypothesis, we measured LH secretion, a surrogate marker of GnRH secretion, in mice lacking either β-arrestin-1 or β-arrestin-2. Results revealed that Kp-dependent LH secretion was significantly diminished relative to wild-type mice (P < .001), thus supporting that β-arrestin mediates Kp-induced GnRH secretion. Based on this, we hypothesized that Gαq/11-uncoupled KISS1R mutants, like L148S, will display Gαq/11-independent signaling. To test this hypothesis, L148S was expressed in HEK 293 cells. and results confirmed that, although strongly uncoupled from Gαq/11, L148S retained the ability to trigger significant Kp-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation (P < .05). Furthermore, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking β-arrestin-1 and -2, we demonstrated that L148S-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation is β-arrestin-dependent. Overall, we conclude that KISS1R signals via Gαq/11 and β-arrestin to regulate GnRH secretion. This novel and important finding could explain why patients bearing some types of Gαq/11-uncoupled KISS1R mutants display partial gonadotropic deficiency and even a reversal of the condition, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Collapse
|
31
|
Skorupskaite K, George JT, Anderson RA. The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:485-500. [PMID: 24615662 PMCID: PMC4063702 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of kisspeptin as key central regulator of GnRH secretion has led to a new level of understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation of human reproduction. The related discovery of the kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin (KNDy) pathway in the last decade has further strengthened our understanding of the modulation of GnRH secretion by endocrine, metabolic and environmental inputs. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the physiological roles of these novel neuropeptides, and discuss the clinical relevance of these discoveries and their potential translational applications. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PUBMED for all English language articles up to January 2014. In addition, the reference lists of all relevant original research articles and reviews were examined. This review focuses mainly on published human studies but also draws on relevant animal data. RESULTS Kisspeptin is a principal regulator of the secretion of gonadotrophins, and through this key role it is critical for the onset of puberty, the regulation of sex steroid-mediated feedback and the control of adult fertility. Although there is some sexual dimorphism, both neuroanatomically and functionally, these functions are apparent in both men and women. Kisspeptin acts upstream of GnRH and, following paracrine stimulatory and inhibitory inputs from neurokinin B and dynorphin (KNDy neuropeptides), signals directly to GnRH neurones to control pulsatile GnRH release. When administered to humans in different isoforms, routes and doses, kisspeptin robustly stimulates LH secretion and LH pulse frequency. Manipulation of the KNDy system is currently the focus of translational research with the possibility of future clinical application to regulate LH pulsatility, increasing gonadal sex steroid secretion in reproductive disorders characterized by decreased LH pulsatility, including hypothalamic amenorrhoea and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Conversely there may be scope to reduce the activity of the KNDy system to reduce LH secretion where hypersecretion of LH adds to the phenotype, such as in polycystic ovary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Kisspeptin is a recently discovered neuromodulator that controls GnRH secretion mediating endocrine and metabolic inputs to the regulation of human reproduction. Manipulation of kisspeptin signalling has the potential for novel therapies in patients with pathologically low or high LH pulsatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorupskaite
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jyothis T George
- Diabetes Trials Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|