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Biasiotto R, Kösters M, Tschigg K, Pramstaller PP, Brüggemann N, Borsche M, Klein C, Hicks AA, Mascalzoni D. Participant perspective on the recall-by-genotype research approach: a mixed-method embedded study with participants of the CHRIS study. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1218-1227. [PMID: 36599941 PMCID: PMC10620385 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recall-by-genotype (RbG) research recruits participants previously involved in genetic research based on their genotype. RbG enables the further study of a particular variant of interest, but in recalling participants, it risks disclosing potentially unwanted or distressing genetic information. Any RbG strategy must therefore be done in a manner that addresses the potential ethical and social issues. As part of an RbG pilot on the penetrance of Parkinson's disease variants, we conducted an empirical mixed-method study with 51 participants of the Cooperative Health Research in South Tyrol (CHRIS) study to understand participant views on RbG research approach. Participants were disclosed the disease under investigation but not the individual variant carrier status. Results showed that participants filtered the information received through personal experience and enacted mechanisms to address the concerns raised by invitation by resorting to personal resources and the support provided by experts. While the non-disclosure of the Parkin variant carrier status was deemed acceptable, disclosing the disease under study was important for participants. Participant preferences for disclosure of the disease under investigation and the carrier status varied according to how the knowledge of individual carrier status was perceived to impact the participant's life. This study provided insights into participant response to the RbG research approach, which are relevant for RbG policy development. A suitable communication strategy and granular options addressing preferences for invitation in the original informed consent are critical for an ethically informed RbG policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Biasiotto
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Maria Kösters
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Katharina Tschigg
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Deborah Mascalzoni
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Droby A, Thaler A, Mirelman A. Imaging Markers in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1212. [PMID: 37626568 PMCID: PMC10452191 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. While the majority of PD cases are sporadic, approximately 15-20% of cases have a genetic component. Advances in neuroimaging techniques have provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of PD, including the different genetic forms of the disease. This literature review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding neuroimaging findings in genetic PD, focusing on the most prevalent known genetic forms: mutations in the GBA1, LRRK2, and Parkin genes. In this review, we will highlight the contributions of various neuroimaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and potentially identifying candidate biomarkers for genetic forms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad Droby
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6801298, Israel; (A.T.); (A.M.)
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
| | - Avner Thaler
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6801298, Israel; (A.T.); (A.M.)
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6801298, Israel; (A.T.); (A.M.)
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
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Castelo Rueda MP, Zanon A, Gilmozzi V, Lavdas AA, Raftopoulou A, Delcambre S, Del Greco M F, Klein C, Grünewald A, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Pichler I. Molecular phenotypes of mitochondrial dysfunction in clinically non-manifesting heterozygous PRKN variant carriers. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:65. [PMID: 37072441 PMCID: PMC10113363 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous or compound heterozygous (biallelic) variants in PRKN are causal for PD with highly penetrant symptom expression, while the much more common heterozygous variants may predispose to PD with highly reduced penetrance, through altered mitochondrial function. In the presence of pathogenic heterozygous variants, it is therefore important to test for mitochondrial alteration in cells derived from variant carriers to establish potential presymptomatic molecular markers. We generated lymphoblasts (LCLs) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons from non-manifesting heterozygous PRKN variant carriers and tested them for mitochondrial functionality. In LCLs, we detected hyperactive mitochondrial respiration, and, although milder compared to a biallelic PRKN-PD patient, hiPSC-derived neurons of non-manifesting heterozygous variant carriers also displayed several phenotypes of altered mitochondrial function. Overall, we identified molecular phenotypes that might be used to monitor heterozygous PRKN variant carriers during the prodromal phase. Such markers might also be useful to identify individuals at greater risk of eventual disease development and for testing potential mitochondrial function-based neuroprotective therapies before neurodegeneration advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paulina Castelo Rueda
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zanon
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Valentina Gilmozzi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandros A Lavdas
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Athina Raftopoulou
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Economics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sylvie Delcambre
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esche-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esche-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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The effect of the PARK16 rs11240572 variant on brain structure in Parkinson's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2665-2673. [PMID: 34373950 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that genetic factors play a key role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The variant rs11240572 in the PARK16 gene locus is strongly associated with PD. However, its effect on the pathogenesis of PD is yet to be clarified. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the PARK16 rs11240572 variant on brain structure in PD patients. A total of 51 PD patients were enrolled in the study and genotyped for the rs11240572 variant. Clinical assessments and MRI scans were conducted across all participants. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) of the whole brain between these two groups. Correlation analysis was performed to identify the relationships between GMV and clinical features. There were 17 rs11240572-A variant carriers and 34 non-carriers, with no significant demographic differences between these two groups. Compared with non-carriers, rs11240572-A carriers showed increased GMV in the left caudate nucleus and putamen, but decreased GMV in the left superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. In non-carriers, left basal ganglia GMV was positively correlated with UPDRS III (r = 0.365, p = 0.034) and bradykinesia (r = 0.352, p = 0.042), but negatively correlated with MMSE (r = - 0.344, p = 0.047), while in carriers negative correlation between basal ganglia GMV and MMSE was also observed (r = - 0.666, p = 0.004). Moreover, the GMV of left temporoparietal cortex was positively associated with cognitive function in both groups (carriers, r = 0.692, p = 0.002; non-carriers, r = 0.879, p < 0.001). When reducing the sample size of non-carriers to the level of the carrier sample, similar correlations were observed in both groups. Our study showed that the PARK16 rs11240572 variant affects the brain structure of patients with PD, especially in the basal ganglia and temporoparietal cortex. This indicated that this variant might play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Milanowski ŁM, Lindemann JA, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Soto-Beasley AI, Barcikowska M, Boczarska-Jedynak M, Deutschlander A, Kłodowska G, Dulski J, Fedoryshyn L, Friedman A, Jamrozik Z, Janik P, Karpinsky K, Koziorowski D, Krygowska-Wajs A, Jasińska-Myga B, Opala G, Potulska-Chromik A, Pulyk A, Rektorova I, Sanotsky Y, Siuda J, Sławek J, Śmiłowska K, Szczechowski L, Rudzińska-Bar M, Walton RL, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK. Frequency of mutations in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 in Patients With Early-Onset Parkinson Disease from neighboring countries in Central Europe. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 86:48-51. [PMID: 33845304 PMCID: PMC8192481 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 10% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) present with early-onset disease (EOPD), defined as diagnosis before 50 years of age. Genetic factors are known to contribute to EOPD, with most commonly observed mutations in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 genes. The aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 mutations in an EOPD series from 4 neighboring European countries: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, and Ukraine. METHODS Diagnosis of PD was made based on UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria in departments experienced in movement disorders (1 from Czech Republic, 1 from Germany, 9 from Poland, and 3 from Ukraine). EOPD was defined as onset at or before 50 years of age. Of the 541 patients recruited to the study, 11 were Czech, 38 German, 476 Polish, and 16 Ukrainian. All cohorts were fully screened with Sanger sequencing for PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for exon dosage. RESULTS PRKN homozygous or double heterozygous mutations were identified in 17 patients: 1 Czech (9.1%), 1 German (2.6%), 14 Polish (2.9%), and 1 Ukrainian (6.3%). PINK1 homozygous mutations were only identified in 3 Polish patients (0.6%). There were no homozygous or compound heterozygous DJ1 mutations in analyzed subpopulations. One novel variant in PRKN was identified in the Ukrainian series. CONCLUSION In the analyzed cohorts, mutations in the genes PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 are not frequently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz M Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Maria Barcikowska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Dulski
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Jamrozik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Janik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katherine Karpinsky
- Uzhhorod Regional Clinical Centre of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Krygowska-Wajs
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Opala
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Rudzińska-Bar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Chen M, Li Y, Chen J, Gao L, Sun J, Gu Z, Wu T, Chan P. Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. J Neuroradiol 2020; 49:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Uslu A, Ergen M, Demirci H, Lohmann E, Hanagasi H, Demiralp T. Event-related potential changes due to early-onset Parkinson's disease in parkin (PARK2) gene mutation carriers and non-carriers. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1444-1452. [PMID: 32388155 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate cognitive functions in non-demented patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), and to compare PARK2 gene mutation carriers and non-carriers by means of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). METHODS The participants comprised patients with early-onset PD (EOPD) and healthy controls (HC). Patients with EOPD were divided into two groups as carriers of known pathogenic variants of PARK2 gene (EOPD-PC) and non-carriers of genes involved in familial PD (EOPD-NC). ERP data were collected during auditory oddball and visual continuous performance test (CPT). RESULTS Both EOPD groups (EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC) displayed reduced and delayed P3 in response to oddball target and CPT NoGo. CPT Go P3 was reduced in EOPD-NC but not in EOPD-PC. Oddball target N1 was reduced and P2 was enhanced in both EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC. In both cognitive tasks, RTs were prolonged and accuracy was lower in EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC. CONCLUSIONS We found several EOPD-related neurophysiologic changes, implying impairments in cognitive functions. Pairwise comparisons between EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC revealed no significant ERP marker. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the confounding effect of normative aging was somewhat excluded compared with many previous studies. In contrast with the many oddball studies in non-demented PD, we clearly observed reduced and prolonged P3 in early-onset PD. Our NoGo P3 findings also contribute to the limited ERP research concerning response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Uslu
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ergen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demirci
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Demiralp
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey; Hulusi Behcet Life Sciences Research Laboratory - Neuroimaging Unit, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa-Istanbul, Turkey
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Dusek P, Mekle R, Skowronska M, Acosta-Cabronero J, Huelnhagen T, Robinson SD, Schubert F, Deschauer M, Els A, Ittermann B, Schottmann G, Madai VI, Paul F, Klopstock T, Kmiec T, Niendorf T, Wuerfel J, Schneider SA. Brain iron and metabolic abnormalities in C19orf12 mutation carriers: A 7.0 tesla MRI study in mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2019; 35:142-150. [PMID: 31518459 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by C19orf12 mutations and characterized by iron deposits in the basal ganglia. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify iron concentrations in deep gray matter structures using quantitative susceptibility mapping MRI and to characterize metabolic abnormalities in the pyramidal pathway using 1 H MR spectroscopy in clinically manifesting membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients and asymptomatic C19orf12 gene mutation heterozygous carriers. METHODS We present data of 4 clinically affected membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients (mean age: 21.0 ± 2.9 years) and 9 heterozygous gene mutation carriers (mean age: 50.4 ± 9.8 years), compared to age-matched healthy controls. MRI assessments were performed on a 7.0 Tesla whole-body system, consisting of whole-brain gradient-echo scans and short echo time, single-volume MR spectroscopy in the white matter of the precentral/postcentral gyrus. Quantitative susceptibility mapping, a surrogate marker for iron concentration, was performed using a state-of-the-art multiscale dipole inversion approach with focus on the globus pallidus, thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, and SN. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients, magnetic susceptibilities were 2 to 3 times higher in the globus pallidus (P = 0.02) and SN (P = 0.02) compared to controls. In addition, significantly higher magnetic susceptibility was observed in the caudate nucleus (P = 0.02). Non-manifesting heterozygous mutation carriers exhibited significantly increased magnetic susceptibility (relative to controls) in the putamen (P = 0.003) and caudate nucleus (P = 0.001), which may be an endophenotypic marker of genetic heterozygosity. MR spectroscopy revealed significantly increased levels of glutamate, taurine, and the combined concentration of glutamate and glutamine in membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration, which may be a correlate of corticospinal pathway dysfunction frequently observed in membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Radiology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Skowronska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julio Acosta-Cabronero
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Till Huelnhagen
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Daniel Robinson
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schubert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Els
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schottmann
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vince I Madai
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology with Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Image Analysis Center and Department Biomedical Engineering, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Chalah MA, Kauv P, Créange A, Hodel J, Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS. Neurophysiological, radiological and neuropsychological evaluation of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 28:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Thaler A. Structural and Functional MRI in Familial Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 142:261-287. [PMID: 30409255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Between 10 and 15% of Parkinson disease (PD) cases can be traced to a genetically identified causative mutation which currently number over 40. This enables the study of both "at risk" populations for future development of PD and a unique sub-group of genetically determined patient population. Structural and functional magnetic imaging has the potential of assisting diagnosis, early detection and disease progression as it is relatively cheap and easy to implement. However, the large variety of imaging options and different analytical approaches hamper the pursuit of a unified imaging biomarker. This chapter details the current imaging options and summarizes the findings among both genetically determined patients with PD and their non-manifesting first degree relatives, speculating on possible compensational mechanisms while mapping future directions in order to better utilize MRI in the research of genetic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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11
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De Micco R, Russo A, Tessitore A. Structural MRI in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:405-438. [PMID: 30314605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Among modern neuroimaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely available, non-invasive, and cost-effective method to detect structural and functional abnormalities related to neurodegenerative disorders. In the last decades, MRI have been widely implemented to support PD diagnosis as well as to provide further insights into motor and non-motor symptoms pathophysiology, complications and treatment-related effects. Different aspects of the brain morphology and function may be derived from a single scan, by applying different analytic approaches. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration as well as tissue microstructural changes may be extracted from structural MRI techniques. In this chapter, we analyze the role of structural imaging to differentiate PD patients from controls and to define neural substrates of motor and non-motor PD symptoms. Evidence collected in the premotor PD phase will be also critically discussed. White matter as well as gray matter integrity imaging studies has been reviewed, aiming to highlight points of strength and limits to their potential application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa De Micco
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.
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Matarazzo M, Wile D, Mackenzie M, Stoessl AJ. PET Molecular Imaging in Familial Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 142:177-223. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Blood AJ, Waugh JL, Münte TF, Heldmann M, Domingo A, Klein C, Breiter HC, Lee LV, Rosales RL, Brüggemann N. Increased insula-putamen connectivity in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017. [PMID: 29527488 PMCID: PMC5842648 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence from postmortem studies of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) suggests tissue loss may occur first and/or most severely in the striatal striosome compartment, followed later by cell loss in the matrix compartment. However, little is known about how this relates to pathogenesis and pathophysiology. While MRI cannot visualize these striatal compartments directly in humans, differences in relative gradients of afferent cortical connectivity across compartments (weighted toward paralimbic versus sensorimotor cortex, respectively) can be used to infer potential selective loss in vivo. In the current study we evaluated relative connectivity of paralimbic versus sensorimotor cortex with the caudate and putamen in 17 individuals with XDP and 17 matched controls. Although caudate and putamen volumes were reduced in XDP, there were no significant reductions in either “matrix-weighted”, or “striosome-weighted” connectivity. In fact, paralimbic connectivity with the putamen was elevated, rather than reduced, in XDP. This was driven most strongly by elevated putamen connectivity with the anterior insula. There was no relationship of these findings to disease duration or striatal volume, suggesting insula and/or paralimbic connectivity in XDP may develop abnormally and/or increase in the years before symptom onset. Previous work suggested striosomes might degenerate preferentially in early XDP. We developed a DTI tractography method to assess striosome and matrix integrity. Striosomal afferents to putamen were elevated in XDP, despite reduced putamen volume. Connectivity was particularly elevated from the insula (two to three-fold). Striosome connectivity strength was not associated with disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Charlestown, MA, USA; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA; Depts. of Neurology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatry, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jeff L Waugh
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Charlestown, MA, USA; Depts. of Neurology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans C Breiter
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Charlestown, MA, USA; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA; Psychiatry, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lillian V Lee
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Raymond L Rosales
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, the study of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) has revealed a genetic component, often associated with a number of environmental risk factors. Animal models have improved our understanding of disease pathogenesis, providing significant insights into the understanding of novel molecular pathways. Each model has its own specific features and limitations, and the choice of the most appropriate one depends on the specific question that has to be answered. AIM To provide an overview of some of the models supporting the hypothesis that early synaptic dysfunction represents a central event in the course of the disease. DEVELOPMENT Along with "classical" models, based on the administration of neurotoxins and capable of replicating the neuropathological hallmarks of the disease, a number of genetic models, reproducing the disease-causing mutations of monogenic forms of familial PD, have been generated. More recently, novel models have been developed, based on the combination of a toxic insult together with PD mutations, allowing for the identification of dysfunction at a prodromal disease stage. CONCLUSIONS The development and characterization of new models is crucial for a better understanding of PD related-synaptopathy, and hold promise for the identification of novel therapeutics.
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Weissbach A, König IR, Hückelheim K, Pramstaller PP, Werner E, Brüggemann N, Tadic V, Lohmann K, Bäumer T, Münchau A, Kasten M, Klein C. Influence of L-dopa on subtle motor signs in heterozygous Parkin- and PINK1 mutation carriers. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 42:95-99. [PMID: 28716427 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A latent nigrostriatal deficit and its possible clinical consequences in asymptomatic heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 mutation carriers (AMC) have been a matter of investigation in recent years. Notably, mild Parkinsonian signs in heterozygous mutation carriers can be so subtle that they may be missed if not specifically investigated. METHODS We studied 15 heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 AMC and 18 age- and sex-matched mutation-negative controls using a standardized video, instructing the probands to perform relevant parts of the UPDRS III to investigate fine motor movements at baseline and after first-time L-Dopa administration. Additionally, available UPDRS III scores of mutation carriers from the past ten years were reviewed. RESULTS AMC showed a reduced number of fine motor movements per second compared to controls at baseline (p = 0.04). L-Dopa improved motor performance numerically but non-significantly in AMC (p = 0.2301), but significantly in healthy controls (p = 6.1·10-5). Although none of the AMC reported symptoms, nine showed rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, and postural instability when the UPDRS III was applied. Mean UPDRSIII scores significantly decreased after L-Dopa administration (p = 0.005), but did not increase over the past ten years. CONCLUSIONS (i) Heterozygous AMC show subtle motor abnormalities when a detailed, specialized motor examination is applied and compared to mutation-negative matched control subjects. (ii) The mild motor deficit present in a subgroup of heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 AMC appears to be non-progressive and responsive to L-dopa administration. (iii) Evaluating motor changes, their progression, and treatment response in AMC can provide valuable insights into possible early disease stages and compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Katja Hückelheim
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Werner
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Germany
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Borgonovo J, Allende-Castro C, Laliena A, Guerrero N, Silva H, Concha ML. Changes in neural circuitry associated with depression at pre-clinical, pre-motor and early motor phases of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 35:17-24. [PMID: 27889469 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Parkinson's Disease (PD) is mostly considered a motor disorder, it can present at early stages as a non-motor pathology. Among the non-motor clinical manifestations, depression shows a high prevalence and can be one of the first clinical signs to appear, even a decade before the onset of motor symptoms. Here, we review the evidence of early dysfunction in neural circuitry associated with depression in the context of PD, focusing on pre-clinical, pre-motor and early motor phases of the disease. In the pre-clinical phase, structural and functional changes in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia and limbic structures are already observed. Some of these changes are linked to motor compensation mechanisms while others correspond to pathological processes common to PD and depression and thus could underlie the appearance of depressive symptoms during the pre-motor phase. Studies of the early motor phase (less than five years post diagnosis) reveal an association between the extent of damage in different monoaminergic systems and the appearance of emotional disorders. We propose that the limbic loop of the basal ganglia and the lateral habenula play key roles in the early genesis of depression in PD. Alterations in the neural circuitry linked with emotional control might be sensitive markers of the ongoing neurodegenerative process and thus may serve to facilitate an early diagnosis of this disease. To take advantage of this, we need to improve the clinical criteria and develop biomarkers to identify depression, which could be used to determine individuals at risk to develop PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Borgonovo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Allende-Castro
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Almudena Laliena
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Néstor Guerrero
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Silva
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
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Weissbach A, Bäumer T, Pramstaller PP, Brüggemann N, Tadic V, Chen R, Klein C, Münchau A. Abnormal premotor-motor interaction in heterozygous Parkin- and Pink1 mutation carriers. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 128:275-280. [PMID: 27843055 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the Parkin and PINK1 gene account for the majority of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson cases. There is increasing evidence that clinically asymptomatic subjects with single heterozygous mutations have a latent nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficit and could be taken as in vivo model of pre-symptomatic phase of Parkinsonism. METHODS We charted premotor-motor excitability changes as compensatory mechanisms for subcortical dopamine depletions using transcranial magnetic stimulation by applying magnetic resonance-navigated premotor-motor cortex conditioning in 15 asymptomatic, heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 mutation carriers (2 female; mean age 53±8years) and 16 age- and sex-matched controls (5 female; mean age 57±9years). Participants were examined at baseline and after acute l-dopa challenge. RESULTS There were l-dopa and group specific effects during premotor-motor conditioning at an interstimulus interval of 6ms indicating a normalisation of premotor-motor interactions in heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 mutation carriers after l-dopa intake. Non-physiologically high conditioned MEP amplitudes at this interval in mutation carriers decreased after l-dopa intake but increased in controls. CONCLUSION Premotor-motor excitability changes are part of the cortical reorganization in asymptomatic heterozygous Parkin- and PINK1 mutation carriers. SIGNIFICANCE These subjects offer opportunities to delineate motor network adaptation in pre-symptomatic Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Germany
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Krembil Neuroscience Centre and Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Martella G, Madeo G, Maltese M, Vanni V, Puglisi F, Ferraro E, Schirinzi T, Valente E, Bonanni L, Shen J, Mandolesi G, Mercuri N, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Exposure to low-dose rotenone precipitates synaptic plasticity alterations in PINK1 heterozygous knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:21-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Jia X, Liang P, Li Y, Shi L, Wang D, Li K. Longitudinal Study of Gray Matter Changes in Parkinson Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:2219-26. [PMID: 26359153 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathology of Parkinson disease leads to morphological brain volume changes. So far, the progressive gray matter volume change across time specific to patients with Parkinson disease compared controls remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the pattern of gray matter changes in patients with Parkinson disease and to explore the progressive gray matter volume change specific to patients with Parkinson disease with disease progression by using voxel-based morphometry analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Longitudinal cognitive assessment and structural MR imaging of 89 patients with Parkinson disease (62 men) and 55 healthy controls (33 men) were from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative data base, including the initial baseline and 12-month follow-up data. Two-way analysis of covariance was performed with covariates of age, sex, years of education, imaging data from multiple centers, and total intracranial volume by using Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Through Exponentiated Lie Algebra tool from SPM8 software. RESULTS Gray matter volume changes for patients with Parkinson disease were detected with decreased gray matter volume in the frontotemporoparietal areas and the bilateral caudate, with increased gray matter volume in the bilateral limbic/paralimbic areas, medial globus pallidus/putamen, and the right occipital cortex compared with healthy controls. Progressive gray matter volume decrease in the bilateral caudate was found for both patients with Parkinson disease and healthy controls, and this caudate volume was positively associated with cognitive ability for both groups. The progressive gray matter volume increase specific to the patients with Parkinson disease was identified close to the left ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus, and a positive relationship was found between the thalamic volume and the tremor scores in a subgroup with tremor-dominant patients with Parkinson disease. CONCLUSIONS The observed progressive changes in gray matter volume in Parkinson disease may provide new insights into the neurodegenerative process. The current findings suggest that the caudate volume loss may contribute to cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson disease and the progressive thalamus enlargement may have relevance to tremor severity in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jia
- From the Department of Radiology (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Beijing, China
| | - P Liang
- From the Department of Radiology (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Beijing, China
| | - Y Li
- From the Department of Radiology (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Beijing, China
| | - L Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (L.S., D.W.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (L.S., D.W.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K Li
- From the Department of Radiology (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics (X.J., P.L., Y.L., K.L.), Beijing, China
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20
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Pyatigorskaya N, Sharman M, Corvol JC, Valabregue R, Yahia-Cherif L, Poupon F, Cormier-Dequaire F, Siebner H, Klebe S, Vidailhet M, Brice A, Lehéricy S. High nigral iron deposition in LRRK2 and Parkin mutation carriers using R2* relaxometry. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1077-84. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Pyatigorskaya
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de neuroradiologie; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Michael Sharman
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC9503), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux; Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Paris France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
| | - Lydia Yahia-Cherif
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de neuroradiologie; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
| | - Fabrice Poupon
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA); Gif-Sur-Yvette France
| | - Florence Cormier-Dequaire
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC9503), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux; Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Paris France
| | - Hartwig Siebner
- Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR)
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC9503), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux; Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinique des mouvements anormaux, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Stephane Lehéricy
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière-ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR; Paris France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de neuroradiologie; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 6), Inserm UMR-S1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Paris France
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ben-David
- From the Department of Radiology, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - R Tu
- From the Department of Radiology, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
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22
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Sharp ME, Caccappolo E, Mejia-Santana H, Tang MX, Rosado L, Orbe Reilly M, Ruiz D, Louis ED, Comella C, Nance M, Bressman S, Scott WK, Tanner C, Waters C, Fahn S, Cote L, Ford B, Rezak M, Novak K, Friedman JH, Pfeiffer R, Payami H, Molho E, Factor SA, Nutt J, Serrano C, Arroyo M, Pauciulo MW, Nichols WC, Clark LN, Alcalay RN, Marder KS. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and PARKIN genotype: The CORE-PD study. Mov Disord 2014; 30:278-83. [PMID: 25393808 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have systematically investigated the association between PARKIN genotype and psychiatric co-morbidities of Parkison's disease (PD). PARKIN-associated PD is characterized by severe nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss, a finding that may have implications for behaviors rooted in dopaminergic circuits such as obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). METHODS The Schedule of Compulsions and Obsessions Patient Inventory (SCOPI) was administered to 104 patients with early-onset PD and 257 asymptomatic first-degree relatives. Carriers of one and two PARKIN mutations were compared with noncarriers. RESULTS Among patients, carriers scored lower than noncarriers in adjusted models (one-mutation: 13.9 point difference, P = 0.03; two-mutation: 24.1, P = 0.001), where lower scores indicate less OCS. Among asymptomatic relatives, a trend toward the opposite was seen: mutation carriers scored higher than noncarriers (one mutation, P = 0.05; two mutations, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS First, a significant association was found between PARKIN mutation status and obsessive-compulsive symptom level in both PD and asymptomatic patients, suggesting that OCS might represent an early non-motor dopamine-dependent feature. Second, irrespective of disease status, heterozygotes were significantly different from noncarriers, suggesting that PARKIN heterozygosity may contribute to phenotype. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Sharp
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Dusek P, Tovar Martinez EM, Madai VI, Jech R, Sobesky J, Paul F, Niendorf T, Wuerfel J, Schneider SA. 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Brain Iron Quantification in Homozygous and Heterozygous PANK2 Mutation Carriers. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:329-335. [PMID: 30363918 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by iron deposits in basal ganglia. The aim of this study was to quantify iron concentrations of deep gray matter structures in heterozygous PANK2 mutation carriers and in PKAN patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping MRI. By determining iron concentration, we intended to find mutation-specific brain parenchymal stigmata in heterozygous PANK2 mutation carriers in comparison to age-matched healthy volunteers. We studied 11 heterozygous PANK2 gene mutation carriers (mean age: 43.4 years; standard deviation [SD]: 10.5), who were found to be clinically asymptomatic by neurological examination. These carriers were compared to 2 clinically affected PKAN patients 21 and 32 years of age and to 13 age-matched, healthy controls (mean age: 39.7; SD, 13.6). Scanning was performed on a 7.0-Tesla whole-body scanner applying three-dimensional susceptibility-weighted gradient echo acquisitions. Susceptibility maps were calculated by threshold-based k-space division with single-orientation acquisition. Magnetic susceptibility values, relative to the occipital white matter, were determined for the following regions of interest (ROI): globus pallidus (GP), thalamus, putamen, internal capsule (IC), caudate nucleus, substantia nigra (SN), and red nucleus. Heterozygous PANK2 mutation carriers did not show increased brain iron concentrations, compared to healthy controls (P > 0.05), in any of the examined ROIs. In PKAN patients, more than 3 times higher concentrations of iron were found in the GP, SN, and IC. Our results suggest that heterozygous mutations in PANK2 gene do not cause brain iron accumulation nor do they cause movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience Charles University in Prague First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic.,Institute of Neuroradiology University Medicine Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | | | - Vince Istvan Madai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience Charles University in Prague First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sobesky
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center Charité-Universitaetsmedizin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Charité University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center Charité-Universitaetsmedizin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Institute of Neuroradiology University Medicine Goettingen Goettingen Germany.,Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center Charité-Universitaetsmedizin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Charité University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
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Ricciardi L, Petrucci S, Guidubaldi A, Ialongo T, Serra L, Ferraris A, Spanò B, Bozzali M, Valente EM, Bentivoglio AR. Phenotypic variability of PINK1 expression: 12 Years' clinical follow-up of two Italian families. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1561-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ricciardi
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; Mendel Laboratory; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | - Arianna Guidubaldi
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Tamara Ialongo
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Laura Serra
- Neuroimaging Laboratory; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferraris
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; Mendel Laboratory; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - Barbara Spanò
- Neuroimaging Laboratory; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; Mendel Laboratory; San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Salerno Italy
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25
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Sehm B, Taubert M, Conde V, Weise D, Classen J, Dukart J, Draganski B, Villringer A, Ragert P. Structural brain plasticity in Parkinson's disease induced by balance training. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:232-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Wolpe N, Moore JW, Rae CL, Rittman T, Altena E, Haggard P, Rowe JB. The medial frontal-prefrontal network for altered awareness and control of action in corticobasal syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:208-20. [PMID: 24293266 PMCID: PMC3891444 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The volitional impairments of alien limb and apraxia are a defining feature of the corticobasal syndrome, but a limited understanding of their neurocognitive aetiology has hampered progress towards effective treatments. Here we combined several key methods to investigate the mechanism of impairments in voluntary action in corticobasal syndrome. We used a quantitative measure of awareness of action that is based on well-defined processes of motor control; structural and functional anatomical information; and evaluation against the clinical volitional disorders of corticobasal syndrome. In patients and healthy adults we measured ‘intentional binding’, the perceived temporal attraction between voluntary actions and their sensory effects. Patients showed increased binding of the perceived time of actions towards their effects. This increase correlated with the severity of alien limb and apraxia, which we suggest share a core deficit in motor control processes, through reduced precision in voluntary action signals. Structural neuroimaging analyses showed the behavioural variability in patients was related to changes in grey matter volume in pre-supplementary motor area, and changes in its underlying white matter tracts to prefrontal cortex. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity at rest between the pre-supplementary motor area and prefrontal cortex were proportional to changes in binding. These behavioural, structural and functional results converge to reveal the frontal network for altered awareness and control of voluntary action in corticobasal syndrome, and provide candidate markers to evaluate new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noham Wolpe
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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27
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van Nuenen BFL, Helmich RC, Ferraye M, Thaler A, Hendler T, Orr-Urtreger A, Mirelman A, Bressman S, Marder KS, Giladi N, van de Warrenburg BPC, Bloem BR, Toni I. Cerebral pathological and compensatory mechanisms in the premotor phase of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 parkinsonism. Brain 2013; 135:3687-98. [PMID: 23250886 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory cerebral mechanisms can delay motor symptom onset in Parkinson's disease. We aim to characterize these compensatory mechanisms and early disease-related changes by quantifying movement-related cerebral function in subjects at significantly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease, namely carriers of a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-G2019S mutation associated with dominantly inherited parkinsonism. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine cerebral activity evoked during internal selection of motor representations, a core motor deficit in clinically overt Parkinson's disease. Thirty-nine healthy first-degree relatives of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with Parkinson's disease, who carry the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-G2019S mutation, participated in this study. Twenty-one carriers of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-G2019S mutation and 18 non-carriers of this mutation were engaged in a motor imagery task (laterality judgements of left or right hands) known to be sensitive to motor control parameters. Behavioural performance of both groups was matched. Mutation carriers and non-carriers were equally sensitive to the extent and biomechanical constraints of the imagined movements in relation to the current posture of the participants' hands. Cerebral activity differed between groups, such that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-G2019S carriers had reduced imagery-related activity in the right caudate nucleus and increased activity in the right dorsal premotor cortex. More severe striatal impairment was associated with stronger effective connectivity between the right dorsal premotor cortex and the right extrastriate body area. These findings suggest that altered movement-related activity in the caudate nuclei of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-G2019S carriers might remain behaviourally latent by virtue of cortical compensatory mechanisms involving long-range connectivity between the dorsal premotor cortex and posterior sensory regions. These functional cerebral changes open the possibility to use a prospective study to test their relevance as early markers of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart F L van Nuenen
- Department of Neurology (935), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9 101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Bilgic B, Bayram A, Arslan AB, Hanagasi H, Dursun B, Gurvit H, Emre M, Lohmann E. Differentiating symptomatic Parkin mutations carriers from patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: Contribution of automated segmentation neuroimaging method. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:562-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Stoessl AJ. Neuroimaging in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:5. [PMID: 23211024 PMCID: PMC3506998 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional imaging may be useful for both the early diagnosis as well as preclinical detection of neurodegenerative disease. Additionally, while structural imaging has traditionally been regarded as a tool to exclude alternate diagnoses, recent advances in magnetic resonance show promise for greater diagnostic specificity. The role of MR and radionuclide imaging in early diagnosis and preclinical detection of dementia and parkinsonism are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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30
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Variation within the Huntington's disease gene influences normal brain structure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29809. [PMID: 22235343 PMCID: PMC3250493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics of the variability of normal and diseased brain structure largely remains to be elucidated. Expansions of certain trinucleotide repeats cause neurodegenerative disorders of which Huntington's disease constitutes the most common example. Here, we test the hypothesis that variation within the IT15 gene on chromosome 4, whose expansion causes Huntington's disease, influences normal human brain structure. In 278 normal subjects, we determined CAG repeat length within the IT15 gene on chromosome 4 and analyzed high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images by the use of voxel-based morphometry. We found an increase of GM with increasing long CAG repeat and its interaction with age within the pallidum, which is involved in Huntington's disease. Our study demonstrates that a certain trinucleotide repeat influences normal brain structure in humans. This result may have important implications for the understanding of both the healthy and diseased brain.
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31
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Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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32
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Abstract
Advances in imaging have made it possible to detect functional and, increasingly, structural changes in Parkinson's disease. Although imaging is not yet routinely used for diagnosis, such an application is becoming increasingly feasible. Of potentially greater interest, however, is the use of imaging as a biomarker to detect premotor disease and disease progression. Imaging also provides insights into complications of Parkinson's disease and its long-term treatment, and the role of dopamine in the normal brain. Furthermore, these techniques can be applied to animal models, to help validate these models and allow their use in the study of potential disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia LR, Murray RM, McGuire P. Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:1311-7. [PMID: 21768612 PMCID: PMC3682447 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While there is robust evidence of elevated dopamine synthesis capacity once a psychotic disorder has developed, little is known about whether it is altered prior to the first episode of frank illness. The authors addressed this issue by measuring dopamine synthesis capacity in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis and then following them to determine their clinical outcome. METHOD This prospective study included 30 patients who met standard criteria for being at ultra-high risk of psychosis and 29 healthy volunteers. Participants were scanned using [(18)F]6-fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography. The ultra-high-risk patients were scanned at presentation and followed up for at least 3 years to determine their clinical outcome. Six patients had comorbid schizotypal personality disorder and were excluded from the analysis (data are provided for comparison). Of the remaining patients, nine developed a psychotic disorder (psychotic transition group) and 15 did not (nontransition group). RESULTS There was a significant effect of group on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. The psychotic transition group had greater dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum (effect size=1.18) and its associative subdivision (effect size=1.24) than did the healthy comparison subjects and showed a positive correlation between dopamine synthesis capacity and symptom severity. Dopamine synthesis capacity was also significantly greater in the psychotic transition group than in the nontransition group. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that the onset of frank psychosis is preceded by presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction. Further research is needed to determine the specificity of elevated dopamine synthesis capacity to particular psychotic disorders.
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Brockmann K, Gröger A, Di Santo A, Liepelt I, Schulte C, Klose U, Maetzler W, Hauser AK, Hilker R, Gomez-Mancilla B, Berg D, Gasser T. Clinical and brain imaging characteristics in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-associated PD and asymptomatic mutation carriers. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2335-42. [PMID: 21989859 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate a possible endophenotype in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-associated Parkinson's disease (PD). Ten symptomatic LRRK2 patients, 24 sporadic Parkinson's disease patients as well as 10 asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers and 29 matched healthy controls underwent comprehensive clinical assessments with respect to motor and non-motor symptoms. Transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (voxel-based morphometry [VBM]) were assessed to evaluate morphological imaging characteristics. LRRK2 patients had an earlier onset of motor symptoms and a more benign phenotype of motor and non-motor characteristics compared to sporadic Parkinson's disease patients. However, depression scores were higher in LRRK2 patients. No clinical differences were found regarding motor and non-motor symptoms in asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers in comparison to controls. Transcranial sonography showed hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in both patients' cohorts as well as in asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Voxel-based morphometry revealed increased gray matter volume of the cerebellum and precentral gyrus in LRRK2 patients and of the cuneus in asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. In contrast, we found decreased basal ganglia gray matter volume in LRRK2 patients compared to controls. Increased gray matter volume of different anatomical structures associated with motor loops in LRRK2 patients and asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers compared to age-matched sporadic Parkinson's disease patients and controls might indicate compensatory mechanism in LRRK2 mutation carriers due to motor network plasticity not only in the symptomatic stage of the disease but even in the premotor phase. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in yet unaffected LRRK2 mutation carriers indicates morphologic alterations in an asymptomatic stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is a risk marker of Parkinson’s disease: yes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:613-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brüggemann N, Vegt J, Klein C, Siebner H. Neurobildgebung genetischer Aspekte der Parkinson-Krankheit. DER NERVENARZT 2010; 81:1196-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-010-3024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reetz K, Tadic V, Kasten M, Brüggemann N, Schmidt A, Hagenah J, Pramstaller PP, Ramirez A, Behrens MI, Siebner HR, Klein C, Binkofski F. Structural imaging in the presymptomatic stage of genetically determined parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Granert O, Peller M, Gaser C, Groppa S, Hallett M, Knutzen A, Deuschl G, Zeuner KE, Siebner HR. Manual activity shapes structure and function in contralateral human motor hand area. Neuroimage 2010; 54:32-41. [PMID: 20708692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies we know that relatively short periods of training can increase regional grey matter volume in trained cortical areas. In 14 right-handed patients with writer's cramp, we employed VBM to test whether suppression (i.e., immobilization) or enhancement (i.e., training) of manual activity lead to opposing changes in grey matter in the contralateral primary motor hand area (M1(HAND)). We additionally used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to evaluate concurrent changes in regional excitability. Patients were recruited from a clinical trial which was designed to improve handwriting-associated dystonia. Initially the dystonic hand was immobilized for 4 weeks with the intention to reverse faulty plasticity. After immobilization, patients accomplished a motor re-training for 8 weeks. T1-weighted MRIs of the whole brain and single-pulse TMS measurements of the resting motor threshold (RMT) were performed every 4 weeks. Immobilization of the right hand resulted in a relative grey matter decrease in the contralateral left M1(HAND) along with a decrease in corticomotor excitability as indexed by an increase in RMT. Subsequent training reversed the effects of immobilization, causing an increase in regional grey matter density and excitability of left M1(HAND). The relative changes in grey matter correlated with the relative shifts in RMT. This prospective within-subject VBM study in task-specific hand dystonia shows that the grey matter density of M1(HAND) is dynamically shaped by the level of manual activity. This bi-directional structural plasticity is functionally relevant as local grey matter changes are mirrored by changes in regional excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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39
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Clinical features and [11C]-CFT PET analysis of PARK2, PARK6, PARK7-linked autosomal recessive early onset Parkinsonism. Neurol Sci 2010; 32:35-40. [PMID: 20607337 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 genes can cause autosomal recessive early onset Parkinsonism. We studied three families with the mutations of the Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes, respectively, with a dopamine transporter ligand [(11)C]-CFT positron emission tomography. A marked bilaterally and dissymmetrically decrement of [(11)C]-CFT uptake was found in all these patients, and putamen as well as caudate nucleus was affected. We also found asymptomatic Parkin and PINK1 heterozygotes showed a mild but significant decrement in [(11)C]-CFT uptake, but this phenomenon was not found in the DJ-1-heterozygotes. Our results suggested the three autosomal recessive forms of early onset are similar to each other on pathophysiological grounds, a sub-clinical disease process in Parkin and PINK1-heterozygotes, but not in DJ-1-heterozygotes.
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40
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Nurture versus nature: long-term impact of forced right-handedness on structure of pericentral cortex and basal ganglia. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3271-5. [PMID: 20203186 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4394-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Does a conflict between inborn motor preferences and educational standards during childhood impact the structure of the adult human brain? To examine this issue, we acquired high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance scans of the whole brain in adult "converted" left-handers who had been forced as children to become dextral writers. Analysis of sulcal surfaces revealed that consistent right- and left-handers showed an interhemispheric asymmetry in the surface area of the central sulcus with a greater surface contralateral to the dominant hand. This pattern was reversed in the converted group who showed a larger surface of the central sulcus in their left, nondominant hemisphere, indicating plasticity of the primary sensorimotor cortex caused by forced use of the nondominant hand. Voxel-based morphometry showed a reduction of gray matter volume in the middle part of the left putamen in converted left-handers relative to both consistently handed groups. A similar trend was found in the right putamen. Converted subjects with at least one left-handed first-degree relative showed a correlation between the acquired right-hand advantage for writing and the structural changes in putamen and pericentral cortex. Our results show that a specific environmental challenge during childhood can shape the macroscopic structure of the human basal ganglia. The smaller than normal putaminal volume differs markedly from previously reported enlargement of cortical gray matter associated with skill acquisition. This indicates a differential response of the basal ganglia to early environmental challenges, possibly related to processes of pruning during motor development.
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41
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Tan EK, Refai FS, Siddique M, Yap K, Ho P, Fook-Chong S, Zhao Y. Clinically reported heterozygous mutations in the PINK1 kinase domain exert a gene dosage effect. Hum Mutat 2010; 30:1551-7. [PMID: 19847793 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) have been associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons characteristic of familial and sporadic Parkinson disease. We developed an in vitro system of stable human dopaminergic neuronal cell lines coexpressing an equivalent copy of normal and mutant PINK1 to simulate "heterozygous" and "homozygous" states in patients. Mutants in the N-terminus, C-terminus, and kinase domain were generated and cloned into a two-gene mammalian expression vector to generate stable mammalian expression cell lines producing an equivalent copy number of wild-type/mutant PINK1. The cell lines were subjected to oxidative stress and the rate of apoptosis and change in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were assessed. Cell lines expressing kinase and C-terminus mutants exhibited a greater rate of apoptosis and decrease in DeltaPsi(m), and increased time-dependent cell loss when subjected to oxidative stress compared to the wild-type. Cell lines expressing two copies of kinase mutants exhibited a greater apoptosis rate and DeltaPsi(m) decrease than those expressing one copy of the mutant. In time-dependent experiments, there was a significant difference between "homozygous," "heterozygous," and wild-type cell lines, with decreasing cell survival in cell lines expressing mutant copies of PINK1 compared to the wild-type. We provided the first experimental evidence that clinically reported PINK1 heterozygous mutations exert a gene dosage effect, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of PINK1 is the most likely mechanism that increased the susceptibility to dopaminergic cellular loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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van Nuenen BFL, van Eimeren T, van der Vegt JPM, Buhmann C, Klein C, Bloem BR, Siebner HR. Mapping preclinical compensation in Parkinson's disease: an imaging genomics approach. Mov Disord 2010; 24 Suppl 2:S703-10. [PMID: 19877238 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkin (PARK2) and PINK1 gene (PARK 6) can cause recessively inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). The presence of a single Parkin or PINK1 mutation is associated with a dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction and conveys an increased risk to develop PD throughout lifetime. Therefore neuroimaging of non-manifesting individuals with a mutant Parkin or PINK1 allele opens up a window for the investigation of preclinical and very early phases of PD in vivo. Here we review how functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to identify compensatory mechanisms that help to prevent development of overt disease. In two separate experiments, Parkin mutation carriers displayed stronger activation of rostral supplementary motor area (SMA) and right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) during a simple motor sequence task and anterior cingulate motor area and left rostral PMd during internal movement selection as opposed to externally cued movements. The additional recruitment of the rostral SMA and right rostral PMd during the finger sequence task was also observed in a separate group of nonmanifesting mutation carriers with a single heterozygous PINK1 mutation. Because mutation carriers were not impaired at performing the task, the additional recruitment of motor cortical areas indicates a compensatory mechanism that effectively counteracts the nigrostriatal dysfunction. These first results warrant further studies that use these imaging genomics approach to tap into preclinical compensation of PD. Extensions of this line of research involve fMRI paradigms probing nonmotor brain functions. Additionally, the same fMRI paradigms should be applied to nonmanifesting mutation carriers in genes linked to autosomal dominant PD. This will help to determine how "generically" the human brain compensates for a preclinical dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart F L van Nuenen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Seror I, Lee H, Cohen OS, Hoffmann C, Prohovnik I. Putaminal volume and diffusion in early familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Sci 2010; 288:129-34. [PMID: 19828153 PMCID: PMC2789847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The putamen is centrally implicated in the pathophysiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). To our knowledge, its volume has never been measured in this disease. We investigated whether gross putaminal atrophy can be detected by MRI in early stages, when the diffusion is already reduced. METHODS Twelve familial CJD patients with the E200K mutation and 22 healthy controls underwent structural and diffusion MRI scans. The putamen was identified in anatomical scans by two methods: manual tracing by a blinded investigator, and automatic parcellation by a computerized segmentation procedure (FSL FIRST). For each method, volume and mean Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) were calculated. RESULTS ADC was significantly lower in CJD patients (697+/-64 microm(2)/s vs. 750+/-31 microm(2)/s, p<0.005), as expected, but the volume was not reduced. The computerized FIRST delineation yielded comparable ADC values to the manual method, but computerized volumes were smaller than manual tracing values. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that significant diffusion reduction in the putamen can be detected by delineating the structure manually or with a computerized algorithm. Our findings confirm and extend previous voxel-based and observational studies. Putaminal volume was not reduced in our early-stage patients, thus confirming that diffusion abnormalities precede detectible atrophy in this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seror
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Oren S. Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isak Prohovnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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Djarmati A, Hagenah J, Reetz K, Winkler S, Behrens MI, Pawlack H, Lohmann K, Ramirez A, Tadić V, Brüggemann N, Berg D, Siebner HR, Lang AE, Pramstaller PP, Binkofski F, Kostić VS, Volkmann J, Gasser T, Klein C. ATP13A2 variants in early-onset Parkinson's disease patients and controls. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2104-11. [PMID: 19705361 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four genes responsible for recessively inherited forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified, including the recently discovered ATP13A2 (PARK9) gene. Our objective was to investigate the role of this gene in a large cohort of PD patients and controls. We extensively screened all 29 exons of the ATP13A2 coding region in 112 patients with early-onset PD (EOPD; <40 years) of mostly European ethnic origin and of 55 controls. We identified four carriers (3.6%) of novel single heterozygous ATP13A2 missense changes that were absent in controls. Interestingly, the carrier of one of these variants also harbored two mutations in the Parkin gene. None of the carriers had atypical features previously described in patients with two mutated ATP13A2 alleles (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome). Our data suggest that two mutated ATP13A2 alleles are not a common cause of PD. Although heterozygous variants are present in a considerable number of patients, they are-based on this relatively small sample-not significantly more frequent in patients compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djarmati
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Brockmann K, Hagenah J. TCS in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 90:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(10)90011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Responsiveness to distracting stimuli, though increased in Parkinson's disease, is decreased in asymptomatic PINK1 and Parkin mutation carriers. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:467-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ribeiro MJ, Thobois S, Lohmann E, du Montcel ST, Lesage S, Pelissolo A, Dubois B, Mallet L, Pollak P, Agid Y, Broussolle E, Brice A, Remy P. A multitracer dopaminergic PET study of young-onset parkinsonian patients with and without parkin gene mutations. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1244-50. [PMID: 19617340 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.063529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The impact of parkin gene mutations on nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is not well established. The purpose of this study was to characterize by PET using (18)F-fluoro-l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ((18)F-fluoro-l-DOPA), (11)C-PE2I, and (11)C-raclopride the pattern of dopaminergic lesions in young-onset Parkinson disease (YOPD) patients with or without mutations of the parkin gene and to correlate the clinical and neuropsychologic characteristics of these patients with PET results. METHODS A total of 35 YOPD patients were enrolled (16 with parkin mutation, 19 without). The uptake constant (K(i)) of (18)F-fluoro-l-DOPA and the binding potential (BP) of (11)C-PE2I (BP(DAT)) and of (11)C-raclopride (BP(D2)) were calculated in the striatum. Comparisons were made between the 2 groups of YOPD and between controls and patients. For each radiotracer, parametric images were obtained, and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis using a voxel-by-voxel statistical t test was performed. Correlations between the cognitive and motor status and PET results were analyzed. RESULTS In YOPD patients, (18)F-fluoro-l-DOPA K(i) values were reduced to 68% (caudate) and 40% (putamen) of normal values (P < 0.0001). This decrease was symmetric and comparable for nonparkin and parkin patients. No correlation was found between the K(i) values and cognitive or motor status. (11)C-PE2I BP(DAT) values in YOPD patients were decreased to 56% (caudate) and 41% (putamen) of normal values (P < 0.0001) and did not differ between the 2 YOPD populations. The mean (11)C-raclopride BP(D2) values were reduced to 72% (caudate) and 84% (putamen) of the normal values (P < 0.02) and did not differ between nonparkin and parkin patients. SPM analyses showed in patients an additional decrease of (11)C-raclopride in the frontal cortex and a decrease of (18)F-fluoro-l-DOPA and (11)C-PE2I uptake in the substantia nigra bilaterally (P < 0.05, false-discovery rate-corrected). CONCLUSION Carriers of parkin mutations are indistinguishable on PET markers of dopaminergic dysfunction from other YOPD patients with long disease duration.
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Bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing a truncated mutant parkin exhibit age-dependent hypokinetic motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and accumulation of proteinase K-resistant alpha-synuclein. J Neurosci 2009; 29:1962-76. [PMID: 19228951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5351-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in parkin are the most common cause of familial early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies suggest that certain parkin mutants may exert dominant toxic effects to cultured cells and such dominant toxicity can lead to progressive dopaminergic (DA) neuron degeneration in Drosophila. To explore whether mutant parkin could exert similar pathogenic effects to mammalian DA neurons in vivo, we developed a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic mouse model expressing a C-terminal truncated human mutant parkin (Parkin-Q311X) in DA neurons driven by a dopamine transporter promoter. Parkin-Q311X mice exhibit multiple late-onset and progressive hypokinetic motor deficits. Stereological analyses reveal that the mutant mice develop age-dependent DA neuron degeneration in substantia nigra accompanied by a significant loss of DA neuron terminals in the striatum. Neurochemical analyses reveal a significant reduction of the striatal dopamine level in mutant mice, which is significantly correlated with their hypokinetic motor deficits. Finally, mutant Parkin-Q311X mice, but not wild-type controls, exhibit age-dependent accumulation of proteinase K-resistant endogenous alpha-synuclein in substantia nigra and colocalized with 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker for oxidative protein damage. Hence, our study provides the first mammalian genetic evidence that dominant toxicity of a parkin mutant is sufficient to elicit age-dependent hypokinetic motor deficits and DA neuron loss in vivo, and uncovers a causal relationship between dominant parkin toxicity and progressive alpha-synuclein accumulation in DA neurons. Our study underscores the need to further explore the putative link between parkin dominant toxicity and PD.
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Brooks J, Ding J, Simon-Sanchez J, Paisan-Ruiz C, Singleton AB, Scholz SW. Parkin and PINK1 mutations in early-onset Parkinson's disease: comprehensive screening in publicly available cases and control. J Med Genet 2009; 46:375-81. [PMID: 19351622 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.063917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in parkin and PTEN-induced protein kinase (PINK1) represent the two most common causes of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. The possibility that heterozygous mutations in these genes also predispose to disease or lower the age of disease onset has been suggested, but currently there is insufficient data to verify this hypothesis conclusively. OBJECTIVE To study the frequency and spectrum of parkin and PINK1 gene mutations and to investigate the role of heterozygous mutations as a risk factor for early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS All exons and exon-intron boundaries of PINK1 and parkin were sequenced in 250 patients with early-onset PD and 276 normal controls. Gene dosage measurements were also performed, using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. RESULTS In total 41 variants were found, of which 8 have not been previously described (parkin: p.A38VfsX6, p.C166Y, p.Q171X, p.D243N, p.M458L; PINK1: p.P52L, p.T420T, p.A427E). 1.60% of patients were homozygous or compound heterozygous for pathogenic mutations. Heterozygosity for pathogenic parkin or PINK1 mutations was over-represented in patients compared with healthy controls (4.00% vs. 1.81%) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.13). The mean age at disease onset was significantly lower in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations than in patients with heterozygous mutations (mean difference 11 years, 95% CI 1.4 to 20.6, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the mean age at disease onset in heterozygous patients compared with patients without a mutation in parkin or PINK1 (mean difference 2 years, 95% CI -3.7 to 7.0, p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Our data support a trend towards a higher frequency of heterozygosity for pathogenic parkin or PINK1 mutations in patients compared with normal controls, but this effect was small and did not reach significance in our cohort of 250 cases and 276 controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, 20892 Bethesda, USA.
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Schneider SA, Bhatia KP, Hardy J. Complicated recessive dystonia parkinsonism syndromes. Mov Disord 2009; 24:490-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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