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Sheu ML, Pan LY, Yang CN, Sheehan J, Pan LY, You WC, Wang CC, Pan HC. Thrombin-Induced Microglia Activation Modulated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11416. [PMID: 37511175 PMCID: PMC10380349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protein which is closely related to neurodegenerative disorders. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well expressed in microglia cells involving inflammatory disorders of the brain. However, it remains unclear as to how modulation of AhR expression by thrombin is related to the development of neurodegeneration disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of AhR in the development of thrombin-induced neurodegenerative processes, especially those concerning microglia. The primary culture of either wild type or AhR deleted microglia, as well as BV-2 cell lines, was used for an in vitro study. Hippocampal slice culture and animals with either wild type or with AhR deleted were used for the ex vivo and in vivo studies. Simulations of ligand protein docking showed a strong integration between the thrombin and AhR. In thrombin-triggered microglia cells, deleting AhR escalated both the NO release and iNOS expression. Such effects were abolished by the administration of the AhR agonist. In thrombin-activated microglia cells, downregulating AhR increased the following: vascular permeability, pro-inflammatory genetic expression, MMP-9 activity, and the ratio of M1/M2 phenotype. In the in vivo study, thrombin induced the activation of microglia and their volume, thereby contributing to the deterioration of neurobehavior. Deleting AhR furthermore aggravated the response in terms of impaired neurobehavior, increasing brain edema, aggregating microglia, and increasing neuronal death. In conclusion, thrombin caused the activation of microglia through increased vessel permeability, expression of inflammatory response, and phenotype of M1 microglia, as well the MMP activity. Deleting AhR augmented the above detrimental effects. These findings indicate that the modulation of AhR is essential for the regulation of thrombin-induced brain damages and that the AhR agonist may harbor the potentially therapeutic effect in thrombin-induced neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ning Yang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Liang-Yu Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Weir-Chiang You
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chia Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
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2
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Ayoub I, Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L, Vermeulen T, Mouton-Barbosa E, Marcellin M, Gonzalez-de-Peredo A, Gross CC, Saoudi A, Liblau R. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in recent-onset Narcolepsy type 1 reveals activation of the complement system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108682. [PMID: 37122721 PMCID: PMC10130643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare, chronic and disabling neurological disease causing excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. NT1 is characterized pathologically by an almost complete loss of neurons producing the orexin neuropeptides in the lateral hypothalamus. Genetic and environmental factors strongly suggest the involvement of the immune system in the loss of orexin neurons. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), secreted locally and surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), represents an accessible window into CNS pathological processes. Methods To gain insight into the biological and molecular changes in NT1 patients, we performed a comparative proteomics analysis of the CSF from 21 recent-onset NT1 patients and from two control groups: group 1 with somatoform disorders, and group 2 patients with hypersomnia other than NT1, to control for any potential effect of sleep disturbances on CSF composition. To achieve an optimal proteomic coverage analysis, the twelve most abundant CSF proteins were depleted, and samples were analyzed by nano-flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) using the latest generation of hybrid Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Results and discussion Our study allowed the identification and quantification of up to 1943 proteins, providing a remarkably deep analysis of the CSF proteome. Interestingly, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the complement and coagulation systems were enriched and significantly activated in NT1 patients in both cohorts analyzed. Notably, the lectin and alternative complement pathway as well as the downstream lytic membrane attack complex were congruently increased in NT1. Our data suggest that the complement dysregulation in NT1 patients can contribute to immunopathology either by directly promoting tissue damage or as part of local inflammatory responses. We therefore reveal an altered composition of the CSF proteome in NT1 patients, which points to an ongoing inflammatory process contributed, at least in part, by the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ayoub
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thaïs Vermeulen
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez-de-Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Roland Liblau,
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3
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Alajangi HK, Kaur M, Sharma A, Rana S, Thakur S, Chatterjee M, Singla N, Jaiswal PK, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Blood-brain barrier: emerging trends on transport models and new-age strategies for therapeutics intervention against neurological disorders. Mol Brain 2022; 15:49. [PMID: 35650613 PMCID: PMC9158215 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for normal central nervous system (CNS) functioning. Considering the significance of BBB in maintaining homeostasis and the neural environment, we aim to provide an overview of significant aspects of BBB. Worldwide, the treatment of neurological diseases caused by BBB disruption has been a major challenge. BBB also restricts entry of neuro-therapeutic drugs and hinders treatment modalities. Hence, currently nanotechnology-based approaches are being explored on large scale as alternatives to conventional methodologies. It is necessary to investigate the in-depth characteristic features of BBB to facilitate the discovery of novel drugs that can successfully cross the barrier and target the disease effectively. It is imperative to discover novel strategies to treat life-threatening CNS diseases in humans. Therefore, insights regarding building blocks of BBB, activation of immune response on breach of this barrier, and various autoimmune neurological disorders caused due to BBB dysfunction are discussed. Further, special emphasis is given on delineating BBB disruption leading to CNS disorders. Moreover, various mechanisms of transport pathways across BBB, several novel strategies, and alternative routes by which drugs can be properly delivered into CNS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kumari Alajangi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.,University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.,University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sumedh Rana
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shipali Thakur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mary Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Neurotrophic Factors in Experimental Cerebral Acanthamoebiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094931. [PMID: 35563321 PMCID: PMC9103668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no studies have addressed the role of neurotrophins (NTs) in Acanthamoeba spp. infections in the brain. Thus, to clarify the role of NTs in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus during experimental acanthamoebiasis in relation to the host immune status, the purpose of this study was to determine whether Acanthamoeba spp. may affect the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in brain structures. Our results suggest that at the beginning of infection in immunocompetent hosts, BDNF and NT-3 may reflect an endogenous attempt at neuroprotection against Acanthamoeba spp. infection. We also observed a pro-inflammatory effect of NGF during acanthamoebiasis in immunosuppressed hosts. This may provide important information for understanding the development of cerebral acanthamoebiasis related to the immunological status of the host. However, the pathogenesis of brain acanthamoebiasis is still poorly understood and documented and, therefore, requires further research.
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5
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Lopez-Navarro ER, Gutierrez J. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in neurological disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 395:27-38. [PMID: 34851449 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endopeptidases that degrade the extracellular matrix and are responsible for many physiological and pathological processes. We aim to review the MMP inhibition from a clinical perspective and its possible therapeutic use in the future. MMPs play a role in various neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases such as large artery atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke; for example, MMPs increase blood-brain barrier permeability favoring neuroinflammation. Synthetic MMPs inhibitors have been tested mostly in oncological trials and failed to demonstrate efficacy; some of them were discontinued because of the severe adverse reactions. Tetracyclines, in submicrobial doses, act as an MMP inhibitor, although tetracyclines have not yet been proven effective in several neurological conditions in which they were tested against placebo; it is uncertain whether there may be a use for tetracyclines in cerebrovascular disease, as a neuroprotective agent or in dolichoectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 W 168th Street, 6th floor, Suite 639, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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6
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta C, Uivarosan D, Munteanu MA, Bungau S. Multifaceted Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031413. [PMID: 33573368 PMCID: PMC7866808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is the pathological condition, in which the nervous system or neuron loses its structure, function, or both, leading to progressive degeneration or the death of neurons, and well-defined associations of tissue system, resulting in clinical manifestations. Neuroinflammation has been shown to precede neurodegeneration in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). No drug is yet known to delay or treat neurodegeneration. Although the etiology and potential causes of NDs remain widely indefinable, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) evidently have a crucial role in the progression of NDs. MMPs, a protein family of zinc (Zn2+)-containing endopeptidases, are pivotal agents that are involved in various biological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The current review delineates the several emerging evidence demonstrating the effects of MMPs in the progression of NDs, wherein they regulate several processes, such as (neuro)inflammation, microglial activation, amyloid peptide degradation, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, dopaminergic apoptosis, and α-synuclein modulation, leading to neurotoxicity and neuron death. Published papers to date were searched via PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., while using selective keywords highlighted in our manuscript. We also aim to shed a light on pathophysiological effect of MMPs in the CNS and focus our attention on its detrimental and beneficial effects in NDs, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD), and discussed various therapeutic strategies targeting MMPs, which could serve as potential modulators in NDs. Over time, several agents have been developed in order to overcome challenges and open up the possibilities for making selective modulators of MMPs to decipher the multifaceted functions of MMPs in NDs. There is still a greater need to explore them in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaveta Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology, GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, Punjab, India;
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Camelia Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Diana Uivarosan
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
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7
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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8
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Małkiewicz MA, Małecki A, Toborek M, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ. Substances of abuse and the blood brain barrier: Interactions with physical exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:204-216. [PMID: 33038347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders pose a common medical, social and financial problem. Among the pathomechanisms of substance use disorders, the disruption and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been recently revealed. Physical exercise appears to be a relatively inexpensive and feasible way to implement behavioral therapy counteracting the blood-brain barrier impairment. Concomitantly, there are also studies supporting a potential protective role of selected substances of abuse in maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity. In this review, we aim to provide a summary on the modulatory influence of physical exercise, a non-pharmacological intervention, on the blood-brain barrier alterations caused by substances of abuse. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms that underlie various effects of physical exercise in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Porter KN, Sarkar SN, Dakhlallah DA, Vannoy ME, Quintana DD, Simpkins JW. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Impairs Amyloid Beta Degradation in a Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Dependent Manner. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:92. [PMID: 32317959 PMCID: PMC7155169 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of hormonal methods as either contraception or menopausal hormone therapy (HT), there is very little known about the potential effects of these compounds on the cellular processes of the brain. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) is a progestogen used globally in the hormonal contraceptive, Depo Provera, by women in their reproductive prime and is a major compound found in HT formulations used by menopausal women. MPA promotes changes in the circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-9, in the endometrium, yet limited literature studying the effects of MPA on neurons and astroglia cells has been conducted. Additionally, the dysregulation of MMPs has been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where inhibiting the secretion of MMP-9 from astroglia reduces the proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta. Thus, we hypothesize that exposure to MPA disrupts proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta through the downregulation of MMP-9 expression and subsequent secretion. To assess the effect of progestins on MMP-9 and amyloid-beta, in vitro, C6 rat glial cells were exposed to MPA for 48 h and then the enzymatic, secretory, and amyloid-beta degrading capacity of MMP-9 was assessed from the conditioned culture medium. We found that MPA treatment inhibited transcription of MMP-9, which resulted in a subsequent decrease in the production and secretion of MMP-9 protein, in part through the glucocorticoid receptor. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of amyloid beta-degrading activity and found that MPA treatment decreased proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta. Our results suggest MPA suppresses amyloid-beta degradation in an MMP-9-dependent manner, in vitro, and potentially compromises the clearance of amyloid-beta in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyana N. Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Saumyendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Duaa A. Dakhlallah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mya E. Vannoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dominic D. Quintana
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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10
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Matsuura R, Hamano SI, Daida A, Nonoyama H, Kubota J, Ikemoto S, Hirata Y, Koichihara R, Kikuchi K, Yamaguchi A, Sakuma H, Takahashi Y. Serum matrix metallopeptidase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in autoimmune encephalitis. Brain Dev 2020; 42:264-269. [PMID: 31843295 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some pediatric patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) experience sequelae in spite of immunotherapy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of serum matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels with the neurological prognosis of AE. METHODS We retrospectively included 13 patients with AE who had been referred to Saitama Children's Medical Center from February 2011 to May 2019. We compared serum MMP-9 levels, TIMP-1 levels, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in the acute period (within 30 days from the onset of AE) and subacute period (30-day period following the acute period). We also compared these biomarker levels between patients with (group A) and without sequelae (group B). Sequelae were evaluated at discharge or the last visit. RESULTS Group A (median age, 7.8 years; range, 5.3-10.7 years) and group B (median age, 13.3 years; range, 11.1-15.4 years) had 6 patients each; 1 patient was excluded because the time of AE onset was unknown. In the acute period, there were no significant differences in MMP-9 levels, TIMP-1 levels, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio between groups A and B. In the subacute period, serum MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was higher in group A than in group B (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels between groups A and B. CONCLUSIONS Patients with sequelae of AE showed a high MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in the subacute period. Our study demonstrates that elevation of serum MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in the subacute period may be a predictive factor of sequelae of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hamano
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsuro Daida
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hazuki Nonoyama
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kubota
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ikemoto
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Koichihara
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Division of Radiological Technology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakuma
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, 886, Urushiyama, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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11
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Boguszewska-Czubara A, Budzynska B, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Kurzepa J. Perspectives and New Aspects of Metalloproteinases' Inhibitors in the Therapy of CNS Disorders: From Chemistry to Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3208-3224. [PMID: 29756562 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180514111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and, at the same time, influence cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival. Their importance in a variety of human diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary emphysema and fibrotic disorders has been known for many years but special attention should be paid on the role of MMPs in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Till now, there are not many well documented physiological MMP target proteins in the brain but only some pathological ones. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are a consequence of or result in disturbed remodeling of brain ECM, therefore proper action of MMPs as well as control of their activity may play crucial roles in the development of these diseases. In the present review, we discuss the role of metalloproteinase inhibitors, from the wellknown natural endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to the exogenous synthetic ones like (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (SB-3CT), tetracyclines, batimastat (BB-94) and FN-439. As the MMP-TIMP system has been well described in physiological development as well as in pathological conditions mainly in neoplastic diseases, the knowledge about the enzymatic system in mammalian brain tissue still remains poorly understood in this context. Therefore, we focus on MMPs inhibition in the context of the physiological function of the adult brain as well as pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Budzynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Modifies the Changes Induced in Non-Nervous Organs and Tissues by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102448. [PMID: 31615022 PMCID: PMC6848921 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals the existence of oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS)) in non-nervous organs and tissues in multiple sclerosis (MS) by means of a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. This model reproduces a similar situation to MS, as well as its relationship with intestinal microbiota starting from the changes in bacterial lipopolysaccharide levels (LPS) in the outer wall of the gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the administration of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), hydroxytirosol (HT), and oleic acid (OA) exert beneficial effects. Twenty-five Dark Agouti two-month-old male rats, weighing around 190 g, were distributed into the following groups: Control, EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis group), EAE + EVOO, EAE + HT, and EAE + OA. The glutathione redox system with the EAE was measured in heart, kidney, liver, and small and large intestines. The LPS and the correlation with oxidative stress in the small and large intestines were also investigated. The results showed that (1) the oxidative damage in the EAE model affects non-nervous organs and tissues; (2) The LPS is related to inflammatory phenomena and oxidative stress in the intestinal tissue and in other organs; (3) The administration of EVOO, HT, and OA reduces the LPS levels at the same time as minimizing the oxidative damage; (4) EVOO, HT, and OA improve the disease's clinical score; and (5) on balance, EVOO offers a better neuroprotective effect.
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13
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Saied A, Elsaid N, Azab A. Long term effects of corticosteroids in multiple sclerosis in terms of the "no evidence of disease activity" (NEDA) domains. Steroids 2019; 149:108401. [PMID: 31100292 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that usually is clinically characterized by multiple subacute relapses and remissions. The established therapeutic strategies include intravenous methylprednisolone (IV-MP) for treatment of relapses and immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment to prevent new relapses and progression of disability. Despite not being one of the recommended immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments, monthly IV-MP is frequently seen in clinical practice especially in the low income developing countries. OBJECTIVES To review the evidences for the possible disease modifying potential of corticosteroids in the treatment of MS in terms of the NEDA 3 domains. MATERIALS & METHODS Available literature from PubMed search and personal experiences on corticosteroid treatment in multiple sclerosis were reviewed. RESULTS There is some evidence that pulsed treatment with methylprednisolone have beneficial long-term effects on relapse rate, MRI findings and disability progression. CONCLUSION More data is needed to determine long-term disease modifying effects of corticosteroids. The findings of this study suggest that, perhaps, regular pulse glucocorticoid treatment may have important long-term consequences (beneficial) for patients with MS and it may achieve the NEDA target. Certainly, the magnitude of the reported effects deserves further investigation in both relapsing and progressive MS populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saied
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Nada Elsaid
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Azab
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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14
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Muri L, Leppert D, Grandgirard D, Leib SL. MMPs and ADAMs in neurological infectious diseases and multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3097-3116. [PMID: 31172218 PMCID: PMC7079810 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases-such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs)-are involved in various diseases of the nervous system but also contribute to nervous system development, synaptic plasticity and neuroregeneration upon injury. MMPs and ADAMs proteolytically cleave many substrates including extracellular matrix components but also signaling molecules and receptors. During neuroinfectious disease with associated neuroinflammation, MMPs and ADAMs regulate blood-brain barrier breakdown, bacterial invasion, neutrophil infiltration and cytokine signaling. Specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors for MMPs and ADAMs have experimentally been shown to decrease neuroinflammation and brain damage in diseases with excessive neuroinflammation as a common denominator, such as pneumococcal meningitis and multiple sclerosis, thereby improving the disease outcome. Timing of metalloproteinase inhibition appears to be critical to effectively target the cascade of pathophysiological processes leading to brain damage without inhibiting the neuroregenerative effects of metalloproteinases. As the critical role of metalloproteinases in neuronal repair mechanisms and regeneration was only lately recognized, the original idea of chronic MMP inhibition needs to be conceptually revised. Recently accumulated research urges for a second chance of metalloproteinase inhibitors, which-when correctly applied and dosed-harbor the potential to improve the outcome of different neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Tsai HC, Chen YH, Yen CM, Chung LY, Wann SR, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Dexamethasone Downregulates Expressions of 14-3-3β and γ-Isoforms in Mice with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:249-256. [PMID: 31284347 PMCID: PMC6616158 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are commonly used in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infections. The mechanism steroids act on eosinophilic meningitis remains unclear. In this mouse experiments, expressions of 14-3-3 isoform β and γ proteins significantly increased in the CSF 2–3 weeks after the infection, but not increasedin the dexamethasone-treated group. Expression of 14-3-3 β, γ, ɛ, and θ isoforms increased in brain meninges over the 3-week period after infection and decreased due to dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, administration of dexamethasone in mice with eosinophilic meningitis decreased expressions of 14-3-3 isoform proteins in the CSF and in brain meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chung
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ren Wann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Vohl K, Duscha A, Gisevius B, Kaisler J, Gold R, Haghikia A. Predictors for Therapy Response to Intrathecal Corticosteroid Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30853935 PMCID: PMC6395388 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The autoimmune disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents a heterogeneous disease pattern with an individual course that may lead to permanent disability. In addition to immuno-modulating therapies patients benefit from symptomatic approaches like intrathecal corticosteroid therapy (ICT), which is frequently applied in a growing number of centers in Germany. ICT reduces spasticity, which elongates patient's walking distance and speed, thus improves quality of life. Methods: In our study we set out to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters and clinical predictors for response to ICT. Therefore, we analyzed 811 CSF samples collected from 354 patients over a time period of 12 years. Patients who received ICT were divided in two groups (improving or active group) depending on their EDSS-progress. As control groups we analyzed data of ICT naïve patients, who were divided in the two groups as well. Additionally we observed the clinical progress after receiving ICT by comparison of patients in both groups. Results: The results showed clinical data had a significant influence on the probability to benefit from ICT. The probability (shown by Odds Ratio of 1.77–2.43) to belong to the improving group in contrast to the active group is significantly (p < 0.0001) higher at later stages of disease with early disease onset (< 35 years, OR = 2.43) and higher EDSS at timepoint of ICT-initiation (EDSS > 6, OR = 2.06). Additionally, we observed lower CSF cell counts (6.68 ± 1.37 μl) and lower total CSF protein (412 ± 18.25 mg/l) of patients who responded to ICT compared to patients who did not (p < 0.05). In the control group no significant differences were revealed. Furthermore analyses of our data revealed patients belonging to the improving group reach an EDSS of 6 after ICT-initiation less often than patients of the active group (after 13 years 39.8% in the improving group, 67.8% in the active group). Conclusion: Our study implies two relevant messages: (i) although the study was not designed to prospectively assess clinical data, in this cohort no severe side effects were observed under ICT; (ii) disease onset, EDSS, CSF cell count, and total protein may serve as predictive markers for therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vohl
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Gisevius
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Kaisler
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
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17
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The Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and Their Tissue Inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-3) in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in Experimental Acanthamoebiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124128. [PMID: 30572657 PMCID: PMC6321078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological process occurring within the central nervous system (CNS) as a result of the infection by Acanthamoeba spp. is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Acanthamoeba spp. may affect the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2,-9), their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1,-3) and MMP-9/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-3 ratios in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, in relation to the host’s immunological status. Our results showed that Acanthamoeba spp. infection can change the levels of MMP and TIMP in the CNS and may be amenable targets for limiting amoebic encephalitis. The increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases during acanthamoebiasis may be primarily the result of inflammation process, probably an increased activity of proteolytic processes, but also (to a lesser extent) a defense mechanism preventing the processes of neurodegeneration.
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18
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Kim BY, Son Y, Lee J, Choi J, Kim CD, Bae SS, Eo SK, Kim K. Dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in a milieu rich in 27-oxygenated cholesterol. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189643. [PMID: 29236764 PMCID: PMC5728574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the decreased number of macrophages and T cells in the arteries of cholesterol-fed-rabbits following dexamethasone administration are unknown. We investigated the possibility that dexamethasone could affect activation of monocytic cells induced by oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) using THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol), an oxysterol elevated with hypercholesterolemia, enhanced production of CCL2, known as MCP1, chemokine from monocytes/macrophages and migration of the monocytic cells, but the CCL2 production and the cell migration were reduced by treatment with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited superproduction of CCL2 induced by 27OHChol plus LPS and attenuated transcription of matrix metalloproteinase 9 as well as secretion of its active gene product induced by 27OHChol. The drug downregulated cellular and surface levels of CD14 and blocked release of soluble CD14 without altering transcription of the gene. Dexamethasone also inhibited expression and phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit enhanced by 27OHChol. Collectively, these results indicate that dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in response to 27OHChol, thereby leading to decreased migration of inflammatory cells in milieu rich in oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonga Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Collina S, Rui M, Stotani S, Bignardi E, Rossi D, Curti D, Giordanetto F, Malacrida A, Scuteri A, Cavaletti G. Are sigma receptor modulators a weapon against multiple sclerosis disease? Future Med Chem 2017; 9:2029-2051. [PMID: 29076758 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) are still missing. This neurological disease affects more than 2.5 million people worldwide. To date, biological immunomodulatory drugs are effective and safe during short-term treatment, but they are suitable only for parenteral administration and they are expensive. Accordingly, academic and industrial environments are still focusing their efforts toward the development of new MS drugs. Considering that neurodegeneration is a contributory factor in the onset of MS, herein we will focus on the crucial role played by sigma 1 receptors (S1Rs) in MS. A pilot study was performed, evaluating the effect of the S1R agonist (R)-RC33 on rat dorsal root ganglia experimental model. The encouraging results support the potential of S1R agonists for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Marta Rui
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Silvia Stotani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Emanuele Bignardi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Daniela Curti
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Malacrida
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery & Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Arianna Scuteri
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery & Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery & Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
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Bando Y, Hagiwara Y, Suzuki Y, Yoshida K, Aburakawa Y, Kimura T, Murakami C, Ono M, Tanaka T, Jiang YP, Mitrovi B, Bochimoto H, Yahara O, Yoshida S. Kallikrein 6 secreted by oligodendrocytes regulates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 2017; 66:359-378. [PMID: 29086442 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established animal model of the disease. Here, we examined the pathophysiological role of Kallikrein 6 (Klk6), a serine protease produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs), in EAE using Klk6 knockout (Klk6-/-) mice. Compared with Klk6+/+ (wild-type) mice, Klk6-/- mice showed milder EAE symptoms, including delayed onset and milder paralysis. Loss of Klk6 suppressed matrix metalloprotease-9 expression and diminished the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells into the CNS by decreasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reducing expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed demyelination characterized by myelin detachment from the axons in the early phase of EAE progression (days 3-7) in Klk6+/+ mice but not in Klk6-/- mice. Interestingly, anti-MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) autoantibody was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and spinal cord on day 3 after MOG immunization. Furthermore, treatment of primary cultured OLs with anti-MOG autoantibody induced oligodendroglial morphological changes and increases in myelin basic protein and Klk6 expression. We also developed a novel enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method for detecting activated KLK6 in human CSF. In human autopsy brain samples, expression of active KLK6 was detected in OLs using an antibody that specifically recognizes the protein's activated form. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Klk6 secreted by OLs plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of EAE/MS and that it might serve as a potential therapeutic target for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Yoko Aburakawa
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Chisato Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ono
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ying-Ping Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, 94804
| | - Branka Mitrovi
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, 94804
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Yahara
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
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Angeloni C, Malaguti M, Barbalace MC, Hrelia S. Bioactivity of Olive Oil Phenols in Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112230. [PMID: 29068387 PMCID: PMC5713200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and few or no effective options are available for their treatment. These disorders share common pathological characteristics like the induction of oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, excitotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis. A large body of evidence supports the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet in preventing neurodegeneration. As the Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high consumption of extra-virgin olive oil it has been hypothesized that olive oil, and in particular its phenols, could be responsible for the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet. This review provides an updated vision of the beneficial properties of olive oil and olive oil phenols in preventing/counteracting both acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Barbalace
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Barro C, Leocani L, Leppert D, Comi G, Kappos L, Kuhle J. Fluid biomarker and electrophysiological outcome measures for progressive MS trials. Mult Scler 2017; 23:1600-1613. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517732844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by insidious clinical worsening that is difficult to accurately quantify and predict. Biofluid markers and electrophysiological measures are potential candidate outcome measures in clinical trials, allowing the quantification of nervous damage occurring in the disease. Neurofilaments are highly specific neuronal proteins. They may have come closest to such applications by their higher concentrations repeatedly demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in all stages of MS, during relapses, their responsiveness to disease-modifying treatments in relapsing and progressive MS and their associations with measures of inflammatory and degenerative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. Digital single-molecule array (Simoa) technology improves accuracy of bioassays in the quantification of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in serum and plasma. NfL seems to mark a common final path of neuroaxonal injury independent of specific causal pathways. CSF and blood levels of NfL are highly correlated across various diseases including MS, suggesting that blood measurements may be useful in assessing response to treatment and predicting future disease activity. Other biomarkers like matrix metalloproteinases, chemokines, or neurotrophic factors have not been studied to a similar extent. Such measures, especially in blood, need further validation to enter the trial arena or clinical practice. The broadening armamentarium of highly sensitive assay technologies in the future may shed even more light on patient heterogeneity and mechanisms leading to disability in MS. Evoked potentials (EPs) are used in clinical practice to measure central conduction of central sensorimotor pathways. They correlate with and predict the severity of clinical involvement of their corresponding function. Their validation for use in multicenter studies is still lacking, with the exception of visual EPs. If further validated, EPs and fluid biomarkers would represent useful outcome measures for clinical trials, being related to specific mechanisms of the ongoing pathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barro
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland/Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Nyati KK, Prasad KN, Agrawal V, Husain N. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in Campylobacter jejuni-induced paralytic neuropathy resembling Guillain-Barré syndrome in chickens. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:395-401. [PMID: 28916318 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is manifested by changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. We investigated the expression of MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α and correlated it with pathological changes in sciatic nerve tissue from Campylobacter jejuni-induced chicken model for GBS. Campylobacter jejuni and placebo were fed to chickens and assessed for disease symptoms. Sciatic nerves were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Expressions of MMPs and TNF-α, were determined by real-time PCR, and activities of MMPs by zymography. Diarrhea developed in 73.3% chickens after infection and 60.0% of them developed GBS like neuropathy. Pathology in sciatic nerves showed perinodal and/or patchy demyelination, perivascular focal lymphocytic infiltration and myelin swelling on 10th- 20th post infection day (PID). MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α were up-regulated in progressive phase of the disease. Enhanced MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α production in progressive phase correlated with sciatic nerve pathology in C. jejuni-induced GBS chicken model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Kumar Nyati
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India.
| | - Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India.
| | - Vinita Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 010, India
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Khaksar S, Bigdeli MR. Intra-cerebral cannabidiol infusion-induced neuroprotection is partly associated with the TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-кB pathway in transient focal cerebral ischaemia. Brain Inj 2017; 31:1932-1943. [PMID: 28872345 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1358397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a neurological disease, which, in addition to high mortality, imposes many financial and mental burdens on families and the society. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on one of the major inflammatory pathways in cerebral ischaemia. METHOD Using stereotaxic surgery, the cannula was implanted into the right lateral ventricle of rats. CBD (50, 100, and 200 ng/rat; i.c.v.) was administrated for five consecutive days. After pretreatment, the rats were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h, neurological deficits score, infarct volume, brain oedema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in total, core, and penumbra areas were assessed. The expression of tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) in the mentioned regions was also studied. RESULTS Administration of CBD (100 and 200 ng/rat) caused a significant reduction in infarction, brain oedema, and BBB permeability compared with the vehicle-received group. Down-regulation of TNF-α, TNFR1, and NF-кB expression was also observed by CBD. CONCLUSION The results achieved in this study support the idea that CBD has a cerebroprotective effect (partly through suppression of TNF-α, TNFR1, and NF-кB) on ischaemic injury. ABBREVIATIONS CBD, cannabidiol; ANOVA, analysis of variance; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM, standard error of mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
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Bhowmick M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Onwuha-Ekpete L, Harmon K, Robichaud T, Fuerst R, Stawikowska R, Steffensen B, Roush W, Wong HR, Fields GB. Second Generation Triple-Helical Peptide Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3814-3827. [PMID: 28394608 PMCID: PMC6413923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design of selective matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors that also possess favorable solubility properties has proved to be especially challenging. A prior approach using collagen-model templates combined with transition state analogs produced a first generation of triple-helical peptide inhibitors (THPIs) that were effective in vitro against discrete members of the MMP family. These THPI constructs were also highly water-soluble. The present study sought improvements in the first generation THPIs by enhancing thermal stability and selectivity. A THPI selective for MMP-2 and MMP-9 was redesigned to incorporate non-native amino acids (Flp and mep), resulting in an increase of 18 °C in thermal stability. This THPI was effective in vivo in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, reducing clinical severity and weight loss. Two other THPIs were developed to be more selective within the collagenolytic members of the MMP family. One of these THPIs was serendipitously more effective against MMP-8 than MT1-MMP and was utilized successfully in a mouse model of sepsis. The THPI targeting MMP-8 minimized lung damage, increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and vastly improved mouse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishabrata Bhowmick
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
- Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, 3 Strathmore Road, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Lillian Onwuha-Ekpete
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kelli Harmon
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Trista Robichaud
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio Texas 78229, United States
| | - Rita Fuerst
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Bjorn Steffensen
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio Texas 78229, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, 1 Kneeland Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - William Roush
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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26
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Khaksar S, Bigdeli MR. Correlation Between Cannabidiol-Induced Reduction of Infarct Volume and Inflammatory Factors Expression in Ischemic Stroke Model. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:139-146. [PMID: 28539998 PMCID: PMC5440923 DOI: 10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies demonstrated that cannabidiol had neuroprotective property. There is some evidence about effective role of cannabidiol in reduction of ischemic damages. It has been reported that infarct size is influenced by various factors after MCAO, including inflammatory factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol on infarction volume and correlation of infarct size with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression. METHODS Using stereotaxic surgery, guide cannula was implanted in the right lateral ventricle. Cannabidiol (50, 100, and 200 ng/rat) was injected through ntracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route for 5 consecutive days . Then, the rats underwent 60 minutes of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h reperfusion, the infarct volume in total, cortex, piriform cortex-amygdala (Pir-Amy), and striatum areas of hemisphere were assessed. The expression of inflammatory factors such as TNFR1 and NF-κB in these regions were also studied. RESULTS The present results indicate that in the MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia, administration of cannabidiol (100 and 200 ng/rat) causes a significant reduction in infarction volume in comparison with the vehicle group. Also, there were significant correlations between decrease of regional infarct volume and TNFR1/NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that cannabidiol reduced cerebral infarction possibly through diminishing TNFR1/NF-κB-induced neurotoxicity in transient focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Gentile E, Liuzzi GM. Marine pharmacology: therapeutic targeting of matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:299-313. [PMID: 27697495 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity are recognized as key pathogenetic events in several neurological disorders. This evidence makes MMPs possible therapeutic targets. The search for substances that can inhibit MMPs is moving progressively toward the screening of natural products. In particular, marine bioprospecting could be promising for the discovery of marine natural products with anti-MMP activities. Despite recent advances in this field, the possibility of using marine MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) for the treatment of neuroinflammation is still under-investigated. Here, we review the latest findings in this promising research field and the potential that marine MMPIs can have in the management and treatment of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gentile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia M Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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28
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Nazdik MK, Taheri M, Sajjadi E, Arsang-Jang S, Koohpar ZK, Inoko H, Sayad A. Increased expression ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) RNA levels in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Antibodies 2016; 24:65-70. [PMID: 27689613 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown immunopathogenic mechanisms. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) facilitates T-cell migration into the CNS while the tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) inhibits MMP-9 actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TIMP-1 RNA and MMP-9/TIMP-1 RNA ratio in blood cells of Iranian patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) treated with IFNb. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study compared the expression level of TIMP-1 gene in RRMS samples with normal individuals in Iran and the results were compared using a ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1. All patients were HLA-DRB1*15 negative and were responders to interferon-beta with a normal vitamin D level. RESULTS The RRMS patients manifested a lower expression level of TIMP-1 RNA than their normal counterparts although the result was not significant (P= 0.06). Also, the ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 RNA increased significantly (P= 0.009). There was no linear correlation between TIMP-1 expression level and risk of Expanded Disability Status Scale of Kurtzke (EDSS); nor was there any significant correlation between expression status of TIMP-1 and duration of the disease. Although there was no significant decrease in TIMP-1 expression level, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 RNA ratio in RRMS was significantly higher than normal subjects. CONCLUSION Further studies are recommended to compare MMP-9/TIMP-1 RNA ratio in patients before and after taking IFN-beta in order to find out if MMP-9/TIMP-1 RNA ratio can function as a proper marker of the bio efficacy of IFN-beta treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Khoshbin Nazdik
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Elham Sajjadi
- Department of Hematology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kazaei Koohpar
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
| | | | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Friends or Foes: Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Multifaceted Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:620581. [PMID: 26538832 PMCID: PMC4619970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a chronic progressive loss of neuronal cells leading to deterioration of central nervous system (CNS) functionality. It has been shown that neuroinflammation precedes neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a protein family of zinc-containing endopeptidases, are essential in (neuro)inflammation and might be involved in neurodegeneration. Although MMPs are indispensable for physiological development and functioning of the organism, they are often referred to as double-edged swords due to their ability to also inflict substantial damage in various pathological conditions. MMP activity is strictly controlled, and its dysregulation leads to a variety of pathologies. Investigation of their potential use as therapeutic targets requires a better understanding of their contributions to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review MMPs and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We also discuss MMP inhibition as a possible therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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30
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Musolino PL, Gong Y, Snyder JMT, Jimenez S, Lok J, Lo EH, Moser AB, Grabowski EF, Frosch MP, Eichler FS. Brain endothelial dysfunction in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain 2015; 138:3206-20. [PMID: 26377633 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
See Aubourg (doi:10.1093/awv271) for a scientific commentary on this article.X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene leading to accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Its most severe neurological manifestation is cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Here we demonstrate that progressive inflammatory demyelination in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy coincides with blood-brain barrier dysfunction, increased MMP9 expression, and changes in endothelial tight junction proteins as well as adhesion molecules. ABCD1, but not its closest homologue ABCD2, is highly expressed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, far exceeding its expression in the systemic vasculature. Silencing of ABCD1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells causes accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, but much later than the immediate upregulation of adhesion molecules and decrease in tight junction proteins. This results in greater adhesion and transmigration of monocytes across the endothelium. PCR-array screening of human brain microvascular endothelial cells after ABCD1 silencing revealed downregulation of both mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor c-MYC (encoded by MYC). Interestingly, MYC silencing mimicked the effects of ABCD1 silencing on CLDN5 and ICAM1 without decreasing the levels of ABCD1 protein itself. Together, these data demonstrate that ABCD1 deficiency induces significant alterations in brain endothelium via c-MYC and may thereby contribute to the increased trafficking of leucocytes across the blood-brain barrier as seen in cerebral adrenouleukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Musolino
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 2 Center for Rare Neurological Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Gong
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 2 Center for Rare Neurological Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliet M T Snyder
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Jimenez
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- 3 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- 3 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ann B Moser
- 4 Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric F Grabowski
- 5 Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 6 C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 2 Center for Rare Neurological Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Disruption in the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Missing Link between Brain and Body Inflammation in Bipolar Disorder? Neural Plast 2015; 2015:708306. [PMID: 26075104 PMCID: PMC4444594 DOI: 10.1155/2015/708306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the transport of micro- and macromolecules between the peripheral blood and the central nervous system (CNS) in order to maintain optimal levels of essential nutrients and neurotransmitters in the brain. In addition, the BBB plays a critical role protecting the CNS against neurotoxins. There has been growing evidence that BBB disruption is associated with brain inflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Considering the increasing role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), here we propose a novel model wherein transient or persistent disruption of BBB integrity is associated with decreased CNS protection and increased permeability of proinflammatory (e.g., cytokines, reactive oxygen species) substances from the peripheral blood into the brain. These events would trigger the activation of microglial cells and promote localized damage to oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath, ultimately compromising myelination and the integrity of neural circuits. The potential implications for research in this area and directions for future studies are discussed.
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32
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Tsai HC, Lee BY, Yen CM, Wann SR, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Dexamethasone inhibits brain apoptosis in mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:200. [PMID: 25890054 PMCID: PMC4382933 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. Rats serve as the definitive host of the nematode, but humans can be infected incidentally, leading to eosinophilic meningitis. A previous BALB/c animal study has demonstrated increased apoptotic proteins and decreased anti-apoptotic proteins in mice infected with A. cantonensis. Steroids may be an effective treatment option for eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis, but the involved mechanism is unclear. This study hypothesized that the beneficial effects of steroids on eosinophilic meningitis are mediated by decreased apoptosis. Methods In a BALB/c animal model, mice were orally infected with 50 A. cantonensis L3 via an oro-gastric tube and were sacrificed every week for 3 consecutive weeks after infection or until the end of the study. Dexamethasone was injected intra-peritoneally from the 7th day post-infection until the end of the 21-day study. Evans blue method was used to measure changes in the blood brain barrier, while western blotting, immuno-histochemistry, and TUNEL assay were used to analyze brain homogenates expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Results There were increased amounts of Evans blue, apoptotic proteins (caspase-3, -8, and -9 and cytochrome C), and decreased anti-apoptotic proteins (bcl-2) after 2-3 weeks of infection. Dexamethasone administration significantly decreased Evans blue extravasations and apoptotic protein expressions. Conclusions Apoptosis of mice brain homogenates can be repressed by dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Bi-Yao Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shue-Ren Wann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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KhorshidAhmad T, Acosta C, Cortes C, Lakowski TM, Gangadaran S, Namaka M. Transcriptional Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) by Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2): a Novel Mechanism for Re-Myelination and/or Myelin Repair Involved in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1092-1107. [PMID: 25579386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive, neurological disease characterized by the targeted immune system-mediated destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells have a key role in orchestrating MS-induced myelin damage. Once activated, circulating Th1-cells secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines that foster the breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) eventually infiltrating into the CNS. Inside the CNS, they become reactivated upon exposure to the myelin structural proteins and continue to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that leads to direct activation of antibodies and macrophages that are involved in the phagocytosis of myelin. Proliferating oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) migrating to the lesion sites are capable of acute remyelination but unable to completely repair or restore the immune system-mediated myelin damage. This results in various permanent clinical neurological disabilities such as cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, bowel/bladder abnormalities, and neuropathic pain. At present, there is no cure for MS. Recent remyelination and/or myelin repair strategies have focused on the role of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its upstream transcriptional repressor methyl CpG binding protein (MeCP2). Research in the field of epigenetic therapeutics involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) inhibitors is being explored to repress the detrimental effects of MeCP2. This review will address the role of MeCP2 and BDNF in remyelination and/or myelin repair and the potential of HDAC and KAT inhibitors as novel therapeutic interventions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina KhorshidAhmad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Crystal Acosta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Surendiran Gangadaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada. .,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada. .,College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,School of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Wang G, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Gao L, Tan X, Yang G, Lv X, Jin Y. Roles of aquaporins and matrix metalloproteinases in mouse brain edema formation induced by subacute exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 44:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dexamethasone downregulated the expression of CSF 14-3-3β protein in mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Trop 2014; 131:98-103. [PMID: 24361722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. A previous study demonstrated that the 14-3-3β protein is a neuropathological marker in monitoring neuronal damage in meningitis. Steroids are commonly used in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infection. However, the mechanism by which steroids act in eosinophilic meningitis is unknown. We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of steroids on eosinophilic meningitis is partially mediated by the down-regulation of 14-3-3β protein expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this animal study, we determined the dynamic changes of 14-3-3β protein in mice with eosinophilic meningitis. The 14-3-3β protein in serum and CSF was increased in week 2 and 3 after infections. Dexamethasone administration significantly decreased the amounts of CSF 14-3-3β protein. By developing an in-house ELISA to measure 14-3-3β protein, it was found that the amounts of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF and serum increased over a three-week period after infection. There was a remarkable reduction of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF after 2 weeks of dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, the administration of corticosteroids in mice with eosinophilic meningitis decreased the expression of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF.
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Reichardt HM, Gold R, Lühder F. Glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1657-70. [PMID: 17144780 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.11.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a variety of immunomodulatory activities. Since changes in glucocorticoid homeostasis impact on susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, and synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a detailed understanding of their mechanism of action is desirable. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a common animal model that mirrors many hallmarks of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS with presumed autoimmune origin. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been instrumental for many years in studying multiple sclerosis, revealing the blood-brain barrier, the microglia and T-cell apoptosis as major targets of glucocorticoids in this disease. Despite the great advances in the field, the answers to many questions concerning the mechanism of glucocorticoids; for example, the contribution of nongenomic effects or the cell-type specificity of their action, remain elusive. This review will critically discuss what we have learned so far from the analysis of animal models of the molecular mode of therapeutic and endogenous glucocorticoid action in multiple sclerosis. With this knowledge in mind, we should be able to further improve the management of multiple sclerosis using this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Reichardt
- University of Würzburg, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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Palus M, Zampachová E, Elsterová J, Růžek D. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. J Infect 2013; 68:165-9. [PMID: 24091083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) play important roles in the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the function of the BBB during tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), the levels of MMP-9 and its common tissue inhibitor, TIMP-1, were measured in serum from patients with acute phase of TBE. METHODS Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were measured in 147 patients with TBE and 153 controls by ELISA. RESULTS Serum MMP-9 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios of TBE patients were significantly higher than controls (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.005, respectively). There were no significant differences in serum TIMP-1 levels between TBE patients and controls. Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were not associated with age of the patients. However, TBE-positive males with TBE had higher levels of MMP-9 than TBE-positive females (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased serum level of MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio is associated with the pathogenesis of TBE. Serum MMP-9 can serve as an indicator of breakdown of the BBB and inflammatory brain damage during TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Palus
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zampachová
- Department of Virology, Hospital České Budějovice, Boženy Němcové 585/54, CZ-37001 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Elsterová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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The role of microglia and matrix metalloproteinases involvement in neuroinflammation and gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:914104. [PMID: 24023566 PMCID: PMC3759277 DOI: 10.1155/2013/914104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) as well as in the expansion of malignant gliomas because they facilitate penetration of anatomical barriers (such as the glia limitans) and migration within the neuropil. This review elucidates pathomechanisms and summarizes the current knowledge of the involvement of MMPs in neuroinflammation and glioma, invasion highlighting microglia as major sources of MMPs. The induction of expression, suppression, and multiple pathways of function of MMPs in these scenarios will also be discussed. Understanding the induction and action of MMPs might provide valuable information and reveal attractive targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Chen D, Zhang D, Xu L, Han Y, Wang H. The alterations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mouse brainstem during herpes simplex virus type 1-induced facial palsy. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:703-9. [PMID: 23817985 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the changes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in the mouse brainstem during the development of facial paralysis induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the inhibitory effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) on MMP9 expression. HSV-1 was inoculated into the surface of posterior auricle of mouse to establish a paralyzed animal model. The paralyzed mice were divided randomly into three groups. In one group without any treatment, mice were killed at different time points of 6 h, 1, 2, 3, and 7 days post-induction of facial paralysis; in the other two groups, mice were injected daily with MPSS and a combination of MPSS and glucocorticoid receptor blocker (RU486) for 2 days, respectively. The expression of MMP9 in the facial nucleus of brainstem was detected by Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence technique. A total of 52.07 % of mice developed unilateral facial paralysis after inoculated with HSV-1. Both mRNA and protein expression of MMP9 were present at low levels in normal facial nucleus of brainstem and were increased significantly after facial paralysis with its peak time at 2 days post-induction of facial paralysis. Expression of MMP9 of paralyzed mice was inhibited by MPSS, and the inhibition could be blocked by RU486. Our findings suggest that MMP9 in mouse brainstem is involved in the evolution of facial palsy induced by HSV-1 and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. MPSS might effectively relieve HSV-1-mediated damages by inhibitory effect on expression of MMP9 in HSV-1-induced facial paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.4, West Duanxing Road, Jinan, 250022, China
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Mariani CL, Boozer LB, Braxton AM, Platt SR, Vernau KM, McDonnell JJ, Guevar J. Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with intracranial tumors. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:122-9. [PMID: 23270356 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in CSF from dogs with intracranial tumors. SAMPLE CSF from 55 dogs with intracranial tumors and 37 control dogs. PROCEDURES Latent and active MMP-2 and -9 were identified by use of gelatin zymography. The presence of MMPs in the CSF of dogs with intracranial tumors was compared with control dogs that were clinically normal and with dogs that had idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy or peripheral vestibular disease. Relationships between MMP-9 and CSF cell counts and protein were also investigated. RESULTS Latent MMP-2 was found in CSF samples from all dogs, although active MMP-2 was not detected in any sample. Latent MMP-9 was detected in a subset of dogs with histologically documented intracranial tumors, including meningiomas (2/10), gliomas (3/10), pituitary tumors (1/2), choroid plexus tumors (5/6), and lymphoma (4/4), but was not detected in any control samples. Dogs with tumors were significantly more likely than those without to have detectable MMP-9 in the CSF, and the presence of MMP-9 was associated with higher CSF nucleated cell counts and protein concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Latent MMP-9 was detected in most dogs with choroid plexus tumors or lymphoma but in a smaller percentage of dogs with meningiomas, gliomas, or pituitary tumors. Detection of MMP in CSF may prove useful as a marker of intracranial neoplasia or possibly to monitor response of tumors to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neurooncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Diffusely abnormal white matter in multiple sclerosis: further histologic studies provide evidence for a primary lipid abnormality with neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:42-52. [PMID: 23242281 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31827bced3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions have been studied extensively using histology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), little is known about diffusely abnormal white matter (DAWM). Diffusely abnormal white matter, regions with reduced mild MRI hyperintensity and ill-defined boundaries, show reduced myelin water fraction, and decreased Luxol fast blue staining of myelin phospholipids, with relative preservation of myelin basic protein and 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase. Because DAWM may be important in MS disability and progression, further histologic characterization is warranted. The MRI data were collected on 14 formalin-fixed MS brain samples that were then stained for myelin phospholipids, myelin proteins, astrocytes and axons. Diffusely abnormal white matter showed reduced myelin water fraction (-30%, p < 0.05 for 13 samples). Myelin phospholipids showed the most dramatic and consistent histologic reductions in staining optical density (-29% Luxol fast blue and -24% Weil's, p < 0.05 for 13 and 14 samples,respectively) with lesser myelin protein involvement (-11% myelin-associated glycoprotein, -10% myelin basic protein, -8% myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, -7% proteolipid protein, -5% 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase, p < 0.05 for 3, 3, 1, 2, and 3 samples, respectively). Axonal involvement was intermediate. Diffusely abnormal white matter lipid and protein reductions occurred independently. These findings suggest a primary lipid abnormality in DAWM that exceeds protein loss and is accompanied by axonal degeneration. These phenomena may be important in MS pathogenesis and disease progression, which is prominent in individuals with DAWM.
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Stephan D, Sbai O, Wen J, Couraud PO, Putterman C, Khrestchatisky M, Desplat-Jégo S. TWEAK/Fn14 pathway modulates properties of a human microvascular endothelial cell model of blood brain barrier. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23320797 PMCID: PMC3570290 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TNF ligand family member TWEAK exists as membrane and soluble forms and is involved in the regulation of various human inflammatory pathologies, through binding to its main receptor, Fn14. We have shown that the soluble form of TWEAK has a pro-neuroinflammatory effect in an animal model of multiple sclerosis and we further demonstrated that blocking TWEAK activity during the recruitment phase of immune cells across the blood brain barrier (BBB) was protective in this model. It is now well established that endothelial cells in the periphery and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are targets of TWEAK. Moreover, it has been shown by others that, when injected into mice brains, TWEAK disrupts the architecture of the BBB and induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the brain. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in such conditions are complex and remain to be explored, especially because there is a lack of data concerning the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in microvascular cerebral endothelial cells. METHODS In this study, we used human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (HCMEC) cultures as an in vitro model of the BBB to study the effects of soluble TWEAK on the properties and the integrity of the BBB model. RESULTS We showed that soluble TWEAK induces an inflammatory profile on HCMECs, especially by promoting secretion of cytokines, by modulating production and activation of MMP-9, and by expression of cell adhesion molecules. We also demonstrated that these effects of TWEAK are associated with increased permeability of the HCMEC monolayer in the in vitro BBB model. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data suggest a role for soluble TWEAK in BBB inflammation and in the promotion of BBB interactions with immune cells. These results support the contention that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway could contribute at least to the endothelial steps of neuroinflammation.
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Immunohistochemical profile of NF-κB/p50, NF-κB/p65, MMP-9, MMP-2, and u-PA in experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:4-10. [PMID: 22673181 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e318261ea6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The immunohistochemical profile of nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB)/p50, NF-κB/p65, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) proteins was examined in spinal cord tissues coming from rabbits, which underwent chronic cervical spinal cord compression. OBJECTIVE To study the potential role of NF-κB and extracellular matrix proteins under the chronic mechanical compression of the cervical spinal cord. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction among adults older than 55 years. Neuronal loss, myelin destruction, axonal degeneration, and glial scar formation are the principal neuropathological features of CSM. However, the biologic pathways that lead to these features remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we used a new animal experimental model of CSM developed in our laboratory. Briefly, after posterior cervical laminectomy, gradual and progressive compression (during 20 weeks) was achieved by introducing a piece of aromatic polyether (0.07 mm thick) under the C6 lamina in 15 New Zealand rabbits. In control animals (n = 15), the aromatic polyether was implanted and then removed after 60 seconds (sham operation). The immunoreactivity of p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kB, as well as that of MMP-2, MMP-9, and u-PA, was evaluated in paraffin-embedded spinal cord sections coming from both groups. The evaluation was performed using immunohistochemistry technique and the results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, release 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS Increased immunoreactivity of both NF-κB subunits, p50 and p65, as well as MMP-2, MMP-9, and u-PA was demonstrated in animals with CSM in comparison with controls. Statistical analysis of the results revealed strong positive correlation between NF-κB subunits immunoreactivity and that of MMP-9, MMP-2, and u-PA. CONCLUSION There is a strong correlation between the immunoexpression of NF-κB/p50, NF-κB/p65, MMP-2, MMP-9, u-PA, and CSM.
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Demir R, Ulvi H, Özel L, Özdemir G, Güzelcik M, Aygül R. Relationship between plasma metalloproteinase-9 levels and volume and severity of infarct in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Belg 2012; 112:351-6. [PMID: 22581515 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-012-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) constitute an endopeptidase family involved in various physiological and pathological processes. It was demonstrated that plasma MMP-9 level was increased in patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this study, it was investigated whether there was a relationship between the levels of plasma MMP-9 and the severity of stroke and infarct volume in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A total of 32 patients with acute ischemic stroke, (16 males and 16 females) and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Plasma MMP-9 levels were measured using ELISA method. Computed tomography was performed at 48th hour and infarct volume was calculated using the Cavalieri method. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was checked at baseline, 12, 24, and 48th hour. Plasma MMP-9 levels of the patient group at baseline, 12, 24, and 48th hour were found significantly higher compared to the control group (p < 0.05). An important correlation between MMP-9 levels and the infarct volume was observed at baseline, 12, 24, and 48th hour (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a positive correlation was recorded between plasma MMP-9 levels and NIHSS scores at baseline, 12, 24, and 48th hour (p < 0.001). Plasma MMP-9 levels of those of suffering medium and heavy damages were found significantly higher when compared to those of having slight damage (p < 0.05). A significant relationship was also observed between infarct volumes and neurological deficits (p < 0.05). Plasma MMP-9 levels of the patients at 48th hour were found to be significantly lower in recovered patients compared to those who did not improved or worsened (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was recorded between the infarct volume and infarct progression (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that plasma MMP-9 level substantially increased during the acute period of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and correlated with the severity of the disease and infarct volume. The definition of the exact role of plasma MMP-9 after ischemic stroke will have important diagnostic implications for stroke and for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating plasma MMP-9.
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Thibert KA, Raymond GV, Nascene DR, Miller WP, Tolar J, Orchard PJ, Lund TC. Cerebrospinal fluid matrix metalloproteinases are elevated in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy and correlate with MRI severity and neurologic dysfunction. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185624 PMCID: PMC3503955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy results from mutations in the ABCD1 gene disrupting the metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids. The most serious form of ALD, cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), causes neuroinflammation and demyelination. Neuroimaging in cALD shows inflammatory changes and indicates blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption. We hypothesize that disruption may occur through the degradation of the extracellular matrix defining the BBB by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs have not been evaluated in the setting of cALD. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a multiplex assay to correlate the concentration of MMPs in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma to the severity of brain inflammation as determined by the ALD MRI (Loes) score and the neurologic function score. There were significant elevations of MMP2, MMP9, MMP10, TIMP1, and total protein in the CSF of boys with cALD compared to controls. Levels of MMP10, TIMP1, and total protein in CSF showed significant correlation [p<0.05 for each with pre-transplant MRI Loes Loes scores (R2 = 0.34, 0.20, 0.55 respectively). Levels of TIMP1 and total protein in CSF significantly correlated with pre-transplant neurologic functional scores (R2 = 0.22 and 0.48 respectively), and levels of MMP10 and total protein in CSF significantly correlated with one-year post-transplant functional scores (R2 = 0.38 and 0.69). There was a significant elevation of MMP9 levels in plasma compared to control, but did not correlate with the MRI or neurologic function scores. Conclusions/Significance MMPs were found to be elevated in the CSF of boys with cALD and may mechanistically contribute to the breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier. MMP concentrations directly correlate to radiographic and clinical neurologic severity. Interestingly, increased total protein levels showed superior correlation to MRI score and neurologic function score before and at one year after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Thibert
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerald V. Raymond
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Nascene
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Weston P. Miller
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Troy C. Lund
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rosenberg GA. Neurological diseases in relation to the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1139-51. [PMID: 22252235 PMCID: PMC3390801 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has an important part in cellular damage in neurological diseases, including acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, and brain infections. The neurovascular unit (NVU) forms the interface between the blood and brain tissues. During an injury, the cascade of molecular events ends in the final common pathway for BBB disruption by free radicals and proteases, which attack membranes and degrade the tight junction proteins in endothelial cells. Free radicals of oxygen and nitrogen and the proteases, matrix metalloproteinases and cyclooxgyenases, are important in the early and delayed BBB disruption as the neuroinflammatory response progresses. Opening of the BBB occurs in neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the cognitive changes. In addition to the importance of the NVU in acute injury, angiogenesis contributes to the recovery process. The challenges to treatment of the brain diseases involve not only facilitating drug entry into the brain, but also understanding the timing of the molecular cascades to block the early NVU injury without interfering with recovery. This review will describe the molecular and cellular events associated with NVU disruption and potential strategies directed toward restoring its integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Rosenberg
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Physiology and Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Scarisbrick IA, Yoon H, Panos M, Larson N, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Rodriguez M. Kallikrein 6 regulates early CNS demyelination in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:709-22. [PMID: 22335454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease that is elevated in active multiple sclerosis lesions and patient sera. To further evaluate the involvement of Klk6 in chronic progressive demyelinating disease, we determined its expression in the brain and spinal cord of SJL mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and assessed the effects of Klk6-neutralizing antibodies on disease progression. Klk6 RNA expression was elevated in the brain and spinal cord by 7 days postinfection (dpi). Thereafter, Klk6 expression persisted primarily in the spinal cord reaching a peak of fivefold over controls at mid-chronic stages (60 dpi-120 dpi). Significant elevations in Klk6 RNA were also induced in splenocytes stimulated with viral capsid proteins in vitro and in activated human acute monocytic leukemia cells. Klk6-neutralizing antibodies reduced TMEV-driven brain and spinal cord pathology and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses when examined at early chronic time points (40 dpi). Reductions in spinal cord pathology included a decrease in activated monocytes/microglia and reductions in the loss of myelin basic protein (MBP). By 180 dpi, pathology scores no longer differed between groups. These findings point to regulatory activities for Klk6 in the development and progression of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination that can be effectively targeted through the early chronic stages with neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Park SE, Sapkota K, Kim S, Kim H, Kim SJ. Kaempferol acts through mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B/AKT to elicit protection in a model of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1008-25. [PMID: 21449918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kaempferol, a dietary flavonoid and phyto-oestrogen, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Microglial activation has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by using LPS-stimulated microglial BV2 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability was measured using MTT and neutral red assays. elisa, Western blot, immunocytochemistry and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay were used to analyse NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α and IL-1β production, inducible NOS (iNOS), COX-2 expression and the involvement of signalling pathways such as toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MAPK cascades, PKB (AKT) and NF-κB. Accumulation of reaction oxygen species (ROS) was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium and 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was investigated by zymography and immunoblot assay. Phagocytotic activity was assessed by use of latex beads. KEY RESULTS Kaempferol significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α, IL-1β and ROS production and phagocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Kaempferol suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, MMP-3 and blocked the TLR4 activation. Moreover, kaempferol inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Kaempferol was able to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory mediators through the down-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT suggesting that kaempferol has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Schweingruber N, Reichardt SD, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. Mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the control of neuroinflammation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:174-82. [PMID: 21615563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They predominantly act through the GC receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls transcription by several different mechanisms. Owing to its ubiquitous expression, there are a variety of cell types that could serve as GC targets in the pathogenesis and treatment of MS. This brings about a great diversity of mechanisms potentially involved in the modulation of neuroinflammation by GCs, including the induction of apoptosis, repression of pro-inflammatory mediators and the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Nevertheless, it is not well understood which of these mechanisms are essential for therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarise findings made concerning the actions of GCs in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and also elucidate current concepts and developments that pertain to this clinically highly relevant treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schweingruber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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Ontaneda D, Rae-Grant AD. Management of acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 12:264-72. [PMID: 20182574 PMCID: PMC2824954 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.58283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of multiple sclerosis is the occurrence of episodes of clinical worsening with either new symptoms or an increase in older symptoms over a few days or weeks. These are known as exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology and treatment of exacerbations and describe how they are related to the overall management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ontaneda
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195 USA
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