1
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Read RD, Tapp ZM, Rajappa P, Hambardzumyan D. Glioblastoma microenvironment-from biology to therapy. Genes Dev 2024; 38:360-379. [PMID: 38811170 PMCID: PMC11216181 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351427.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain cancer. These tumors exhibit high intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity in neoplastic and nonneoplastic compartments, low lymphocyte infiltration, and high abundance of myeloid subsets that together create a highly protumorigenic immunosuppressive microenvironment. Moreover, heterogeneous GBM cells infiltrate adjacent brain tissue, remodeling the neural microenvironment to foster tumor electrochemical coupling with neurons and metabolic coupling with nonneoplastic astrocytes, thereby driving growth. Here, we review heterogeneity in the GBM microenvironment and its role in low-to-high-grade glioma transition, concluding with a discussion of the challenges of therapeutically targeting the tumor microenvironment and outlining future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Read
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Zoe M Tapp
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Prajwal Rajappa
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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2
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Mendez-Gomez HR, DeVries A, Castillo P, von Roemeling C, Qdaisat S, Stover BD, Xie C, Weidert F, Zhao C, Moor R, Liu R, Soni D, Ogando-Rivas E, Chardon-Robles J, McGuiness J, Zhang D, Chung MC, Marconi C, Michel S, Barpujari A, Jobin GW, Thomas N, Ma X, Campaneria Y, Grippin A, Karachi A, Li D, Sahay B, Elliott L, Foster TP, Coleman KE, Milner RJ, Sawyer WG, Ligon JA, Simon E, Cleaver B, Wynne K, Hodik M, Molinaro AM, Guan J, Kellish P, Doty A, Lee JH, Massini T, Kresak JL, Huang J, Hwang EI, Kline C, Carrera-Justiz S, Rahman M, Gatica S, Mueller S, Prados M, Ghiaseddin AP, Silver NL, Mitchell DA, Sayour EJ. RNA aggregates harness the danger response for potent cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2024; 187:2521-2535.e21. [PMID: 38697107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy remains limited by poor antigenicity and a regulatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we create "onion-like" multi-lamellar RNA lipid particle aggregates (LPAs) to substantially enhance the payload packaging and immunogenicity of tumor mRNA antigens. Unlike current mRNA vaccine designs that rely on payload packaging into nanoparticle cores for Toll-like receptor engagement in immune cells, systemically administered RNA-LPAs activate RIG-I in stromal cells, eliciting massive cytokine/chemokine response and dendritic cell/lymphocyte trafficking that provokes cancer immunogenicity and mediates rejection of both early- and late-stage murine tumor models. In client-owned canines with terminal gliomas, RNA-LPAs improved survivorship and reprogrammed the TME, which became "hot" within days of a single infusion. In a first-in-human trial, RNA-LPAs elicited rapid cytokine/chemokine release, immune activation/trafficking, tissue-confirmed pseudoprogression, and glioma-specific immune responses in glioblastoma patients. These data support RNA-LPAs as a new technology that simultaneously reprograms the TME while eliciting rapid and enduring cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R Mendez-Gomez
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anna DeVries
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul Castillo
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christina von Roemeling
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sadeem Qdaisat
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian D Stover
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Frances Weidert
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chong Zhao
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachel Moor
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dhruvkumar Soni
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ogando-Rivas
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan Chardon-Robles
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - James McGuiness
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael C Chung
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Austin TX 78712
| | - Christiano Marconi
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephen Michel
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arnav Barpujari
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gabriel W Jobin
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nagheme Thomas
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yodarlynis Campaneria
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adam Grippin
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aida Karachi
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Derek Li
- University of Florida, Division of Quantitative Sciences, UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bikash Sahay
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Leighton Elliott
- University of Florida, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirsten E Coleman
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rowan J Milner
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - W Gregory Sawyer
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - John A Ligon
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eugenio Simon
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian Cleaver
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kristine Wynne
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marcia Hodik
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Juan Guan
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Austin TX 78712
| | - Patrick Kellish
- University of Florida Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andria Doty
- University of Florida Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- University of Florida, Department of Biostatistics, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tara Massini
- University of Florida, Department of Radiology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jesse L Kresak
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Children's National Hospital, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Cassie Kline
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Maryam Rahman
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- University of Florida, Department of Anesthesiology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Pediatrics, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashley P Ghiaseddin
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Natalie L Silver
- Cleveland Clinic, Center of Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology/Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elias J Sayour
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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3
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Salvato I, Marchini A. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1276. [PMID: 38610954 PMCID: PMC11010873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the best up-to-date treatments, grade 4 Glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly fatal with a patient median overall survival of less than 2 years. Recent advances in immunotherapy have reignited interest in utilizing immunological approaches to fight cancer. However, current immunotherapies have so far not met the anticipated expectations, achieving modest results in their journey from bench to bedside for the treatment of GBM. Understanding the intrinsic features of GBM is of crucial importance for the development of effective antitumoral strategies to improve patient life expectancy and conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the distinctive characteristics of GBM that significantly influence current conventional therapies and immune-based approaches. Moreover, we present an overview of the immunotherapeutic strategies currently undergoing clinical evaluation for GBM treatment, with a specific emphasis on those advancing to phase 3 clinical studies. These encompass immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapies, vaccination strategies (i.e., RNA-, DNA-, and peptide-based vaccines), and virus-based approaches. Finally, we explore novel innovative strategies and future prospects in the field of immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Salvato
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics (LOVIT), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Xiong Z, Raphael I, Olin M, Okada H, Li X, Kohanbash G. Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104963. [PMID: 38183840 PMCID: PMC10808938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal central nervous systems (CNS) tumours in adults. As supplements to standard of care (SOC), various immunotherapies improve the therapeutic effect in other cancers. Among them, tumour vaccines can serve as complementary monotherapy or boost the clinical efficacy with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy. Previous studies in GBM therapeutic vaccines have suggested that few neoantigens could be targeted in GBM due to low mutation burden, and single-peptide therapeutic vaccination had limited efficacy in tumour control as monotherapy. Combining diverse antigens, including neoantigens, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), and pathogen-derived antigens, and optimizing vaccine design or vaccination strategy may help with clinical efficacy improvement. In this review, we discussed current GBM therapeutic vaccine platforms, evaluated and potential antigenic targets, current challenges, and perspective opportunities for efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 PR China.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Georgopoulos AP, James LM. Association between brain cancer immunogenetic profile and in silico immunogenicities of 11 viruses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21528. [PMID: 38057480 PMCID: PMC10700375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several viruses including human herpes viruses (HHVs), human polyomavirus JCV, and human papilloma virus (HPV) have been implicated in brain cancer, albeit inconsistently. Since human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is centrally involved in the human immune response to viruses and has been implicated in brain cancer, we evaluated in silico the immunogenicity between 69 Class I HLA alleles with epitopes of proteins of 9 HHVs, JCV, and HPV with respect to a population-based HLA-brain cancer profile. We found that immunogenicity varied widely across HLA alleles with HLA-C alleles exhibiting the highest immunogenicity, and that immunogenicity scores were negatively associated with the population-based HLA-brain cancer profile, particularly for JCV, HHV6A, HHV5, HHV3, HHV8, and HHV7. Consistent with the role of HLA in foreign antigen elimination, the findings suggest that viruses with proteins of high HLA immunogenicity are eliminated more effectively and, consequently, less likely to cause brain cancer; conversely, the absence of highly immunogenic HLA may allow the viral antigens to persist, contributing to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lisa M James
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Andrews CE, Zilberberg J, Perez-Olle R, Exley MA, Andrews DW. Targeted immunotherapy for glioblastoma involving whole tumor-derived autologous cells in the upfront setting after craniotomy. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:389-398. [PMID: 38017340 PMCID: PMC10942892 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, immunotherapeutic approaches in glioblastoma (GBM) have had limited clinical efficacy as compared to other solid tumors. Here we explore autologous cell treatments that have the potential to circumvent treatment resistance to immunotherapy for GBM. METHODS We performed literature review and assessed clinical outcomes in phase 1 safety trials as well as phase 2 and 3 autologously-derived vaccines for the treatment of newly-diagnosed GBM. In one recent review of over 3,000 neuro-oncology phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials, most trials were nonblinded (92%), single group (65%), nonrandomized (51%) and almost half were GBM trials. Only 10% involved a biologic and only 2.2% involved a double-blind randomized trial design. RESULTS With this comparative literature review we conclude that our autologous cell product is uniquely antigen-inclusive and antigen-agnostic with a promising safety profile as well as unexpected clinical efficacy in our published phase 1b trial. We have since designed a rigorous double-blinded add-on placebo-controlled trial involving our implantable biologic drug device. We conclude that IGV-001 provides a novel immunotherapy platform for historically intransigent ndGBM in this ongoing phase 2b trial (NCT04485949).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Andrews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | - David W Andrews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Imvax, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 19602, USA.
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7
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Hotchkiss KM, Batich KA, Mohan A, Rahman R, Piantadosi S, Khasraw M. Dendritic cell vaccine trials in gliomas: Untangling the lines. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1752-1762. [PMID: 37289203 PMCID: PMC10547519 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a deadly brain tumor without any significantly successful treatments to date. Tumor antigen-targeted immunotherapy platforms including peptide and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, have extended survival in hematologic malignancies. The relatively "cold" tumor immune microenvironment and heterogenous nature of glioblastoma have proven to be major limitations to translational application and efficacy of DC vaccines. Furthermore, many DC vaccine trials in glioblastoma are difficult to interpret due to a lack of contemporaneous controls, absence of any control comparison, or inconsistent patient populations. Here we review glioblastoma immunobiology aspects that are relevant to DC vaccines, review the clinical experience with DC vaccines targeting glioblastoma, discuss challenges in clinical trial design, and summarize conclusions and directions for future research for the development of effective DC vaccines for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hotchkiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen A Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aditya Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Piantadosi
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA(S.P.)
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Peredo-Harvey I, Bartek J, Ericsson C, Yaiw KC, Nistér M, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Naucler C. Higher Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Specific IgG Antibody Levels in Plasma Samples from Patients with Metastatic Brain Tumors Are Associated with Longer Survival. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1248. [PMID: 37512060 PMCID: PMC10384986 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been detected in tissue samples from patients with glioblastoma but little is known about the systemic immunological response to HCMV in these patients. Objectives: To investigate the presence and clinical significance of HCMV antibodies levels in plasma samples obtained from patients with brain tumors. Materials and Methods: HCMV-specific IgG and IgM antibody levels were determined in 59 plasma samples collected from brain tumor patients included in a prospective study and in 114 healthy individuals. We examined if the levels of HCMV specific antibodies varied in patients with different brain tumor diagnoses compared to healthy individuals, and if antibody levels were predictive for survival time. Results: HCMV specific IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA in 80% and 89% of patients with GBM and astrocytoma grades II-III, respectively, in all samples (100%) from patients with secondary GBM and brain metastases, as well as in 80% of healthy donors (n = 114). All plasma samples were negative for HCMV-IgM. Patients with brain metastases who had higher plasma HCMV-IgG titers had longer survival times (p = 0.03). Conclusions: HCMV specific IgG titers were higher among all brain tumor patient groups compared with healthy donors, except for patients with secondary GBM. Higher HCMV specific IgG levels in patients with brain metastases but not in patients with primary brain tumors were associated with prolonged survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Peredo-Harvey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17164 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17164 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17164 Solna, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17164 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17164 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Infection and Immunology Unit, MediCity Research Laboratory, Turku University, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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9
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Yu C, He S, Zhu W, Ru P, Ge X, Govindasamy K. Human cytomegalovirus in cancer: the mechanism of HCMV-induced carcinogenesis and its therapeutic potential. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1202138. [PMID: 37424781 PMCID: PMC10327488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1202138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a well-studied herpesvirus, has been implicated in malignancies derived from breast, colorectal muscle, brain, and other cancers. Intricate host-virus interactions are responsible for the cascade of events that have the potential to result in the transformed phenotype of normal cells. The HCMV genome contains oncogenes that may initiate these types of cancers, and although the primary HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, the virus remains in the body in a latent or persistent form. Viral reactivation causes severe health issues in immune-compromised individuals, including cancer patients, organ transplants, and AIDS patients. This review focuses on the immunologic mechanisms and molecular mechanisms of HCMV-induced carcinogenesis, methods of HCMV treatment, and other studies. Studies show that HCMV DNA and virus-specific antibodies are present in many types of cancers, implicating HCMV as an important player in cancer progression. Importantly, many clinical trials have been initiated to exploit HCMV as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, particularly in immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of breast cancer and glioblastoma patients. Taken together, these findings support a link between HCMV infections and cellular growth that develops into cancer. More importantly, HCMV is the leading cause of birth defects in newborns, and infection with HCMV is responsible for abortions in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Suna He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Penghui Ru
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- School of Arts and Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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10
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Dong XD, Li Y, Li Y, Sun C, Liu SX, Duan H, Cui R, Zhong Q, Mou YG, Wen L, Yang B, Zeng MS, Luo MH, Zhang H. EphA2 is a functional entry receptor for HCMV infection of glioblastoma cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011304. [PMID: 37146061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with human glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, but the underlying infection mechanism has not been fully demonstrated. Here, we show that EphA2 was upregulated in glioblastoma and correlated with the poor prognosis of the patients. EphA2 silencing inhibits, whereas overexpression promotes HCMV infection, establishing EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection of glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, EphA2 binds to HCMV gH/gL complex to mediate membrane fusion. Importantly, the HCMV infection was inhibited by the treatment of inhibitor or antibody targeting EphA2 in glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, HCMV infection was also impaired in optimal glioblastoma organoids by EphA2 inhibitor. Taken together, we propose EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection in glioblastoma cells and a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Shenzhen Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Gao Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center; Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Shenzhen Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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11
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Neth BJ, Webb MJ, Parney IF, Sener UT. The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Potential of Therapeutic Vaccination in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041134. [PMID: 37111620 PMCID: PMC10141140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and confers a dismal prognosis. With only two FDA-approved therapeutics showing modest survival gains since 2005, there is a great need for the development of other disease-targeted therapies. Due, in part, to the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment seen in GBMs, there has been a broad interest in immunotherapy. In both GBMs and other cancers, therapeutic vaccines have generally yielded limited efficacy, despite their theoretical basis. However, recent results from the DCVax-L trial provide some promise for vaccine therapy in GBMs. There is also the potential that future combination therapies with vaccines and adjuvant immunomodulating agents may greatly enhance antitumor immune responses. Clinicians must remain open to novel therapeutic strategies, such as vaccinations, and carefully await the results of ongoing and future trials. In this review of GBM management, the promise and challenges of immunotherapy with a focus on therapeutic vaccinations are discussed. Additionally, adjuvant therapies, logistical considerations, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Neth
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mason J Webb
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ugur T Sener
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Berg C, Rosenkilde MM. Therapeutic targeting of HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28: Progress and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135280. [PMID: 36860859 PMCID: PMC9968965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasive human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant morbidity in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment using the current standard-of-care (SOC) is limited by severe toxic adverse effects and anti-viral resistance development. Furthermore, they only affect HCMV in its lytic phase, meaning viral disease is not preventable as latent infection cannot be treated and the viral reservoirs persist. The viral chemokine receptor (vCKR) US28 encoded by HCMV has received much attention in recent years. This broad-spectrum receptor has proven to be a desirable target for development of novel therapeutics through exploitation of its ability to internalize and its role in maintaining latency. Importantly, it is expressed on the surface of infected cells during both lytic and latent infection. US28-targeting small molecules, single-domain antibodies, and fusion toxin proteins have been developed for different treatment strategies, e.g. forcing reactivation of latent virus or using internalization of US28 as a toxin shuttle to kill infected cells. These strategies show promise for providing ways to eliminate latent viral reservoirs and prevent HCMV disease in vulnerable patients. Here, we discuss the progress and challenges of targeting US28 to treat HCMV infection and its associated diseases.
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13
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Clinical Effects of Immuno-Oncology Therapy on Glioblastoma Patients: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020159. [PMID: 36831702 PMCID: PMC9953849 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent and deadly primary malignant glioma in adults is glioblastoma (GBM), which has a median survival time of about 15 months. Despite the standard of care for glioblastoma, which includes gross total resection, high-dose radiation, and temozolomide chemotherapy, this tumor is still one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat. So, it is critical to find more potent therapies that can help glioblastoma patients have better clinical outcomes. Additionally, the prognosis for recurring malignant gliomas is poor, necessitating the need for innovative therapeutics. Immunotherapy is a rather new treatment for glioblastoma and its effects are not well studied when it is combined with standard chemoradiation therapy. We conducted this study to evaluate different glioblastoma immunotherapy approaches in terms of feasibility, efficacy, and safety. We conducted a computer-assisted literature search of electronic databases for essays that are unique, involve either prospective or retrospective research, and are entirely written and published in English. We examined both observational data and randomized clinical trials. Eighteen studies met the criteria for inclusion. In conclusion, combining immunotherapy with radiochemotherapy and tumor removal is generally possible and safe, and rather effective in the prolongation of survival measures.
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14
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Ahn J, Shin C, Kim YS, Park JS, Jeun SS, Ahn S. Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Treatments. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2022; 10:135-143. [PMID: 35929110 PMCID: PMC9353163 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, numerous studies have investigated the presence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) within glioblastoma or gliomas; however, the results are severely conflicting. While a few researchers have suggested the potential benefits of cytotoxic T lymphocyte or dendritic cell-based vaccines for recurrent or newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients, several studies did not at all agree with the existence of CMV in glioblastoma cells. In this review, we summarized the conflicting results and issues about the detection of CMV in glioblastoma or glioma patients. We also provided the clinical data of published and unpublished clinical trials using CMV-specific immunotherapy for glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Ahn
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christopher Shin
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Song Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin-Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:976-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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16
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Adhikari AS, Macauley J, Johnson Y, Connolly M, Coleman T, Heiland T. Development and Characterization of an HCMV Multi-Antigen Therapeutic Vaccine for Glioblastoma Using the UNITE Platform. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850546. [PMID: 35651802 PMCID: PMC9149224 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer with a median survival of 15 months that has remained unchanged despite advances in the standard of care. GBM cells express human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins, providing a unique opportunity for targeted therapy. We utilized our UNITE (UNiversal Intracellular Targeted Expression) platform to develop a multi-antigen DNA vaccine (ITI-1001) that codes for the HCMV proteins pp65, gB, and IE-1. The UNITE platform involves lysosomal targeting technology, fusing lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) with target ntigens. We demonstrate evidence of increased antigen presentation by both MHC-I and -II, delivering a robust antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell response in addition to a strong humoral response. Using a syngeneic orthotopic GBM mouse model, therapeutic treatment with the ITI-1001 vaccine resulted in ~56% survival of tumor-bearing mice. Investigation of the tumor microenvironment showed significant CD4 infiltration as well as enhanced Th1 and cytotoxic CD8 T activation. Regulatory T cells were also upregulated after ITI-1001 vaccination. In addition, tumor burden negatively correlated with activated interferon (IFN)γ+ CD4 T cells, reiterating the importance of CD4 activation in ITI-1001 efficacy and in identifying treatment responders and non-responders. Further characterization of these two groups showed high infiltration of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in responders compared to non-responders. Thus, we show that vaccination with HCMV antigens using the ITI-1001-UNITE platform generates strong cellular and humoral immune responses, triggering significant antitumor activity, leading to enhanced survival in a mouse model of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mike Connolly
- Immunomic Therapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Teri Heiland
- Immunomic Therapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
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17
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Sarkesh A, Saeedi H, Marofi F, Ghaebi M, Silvestris N, Baradaran B, Brunetti O. The Basis and Advances in Clinical Application of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818447. [PMID: 35515137 PMCID: PMC9062077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of malignant gliomas are infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the endogenous expression of HCMV genes and their products are found in these tumors. HCMV antigen expression and its implications in gliomagenesis have emerged as a promising target for adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) strategies in glioblastoma multiforme (GB) patients. Since antigen-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironments lack efficient anti-tumor immune response due to the immunosuppressive nature of glioblastoma, CMV-specific ACT relies on in vitro expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells employing immunodominant HCMV antigens. Given the fact that several hurdles remain to be conquered, recent clinical trials have outlined the feasibility of CMV-specific ACT prior to tumor recurrence with minimal adverse effects and a substantial improvement in median overall survival and progression-free survival. This review discusses the role of HCMV in gliomagenesis, disease prognosis, and recent breakthroughs in harnessing HCMV-induced immunogenicity in the GB tumor microenvironment to develop effective CMV-specific ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
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18
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Grady C, Melnick K, Porche K, Dastmalchi F, Hoh DJ, Rahman M, Ghiaseddin A. Glioma Immunotherapy: Advances and Challenges for Spinal Cord Gliomas. Neurospine 2022; 19:13-29. [PMID: 35130421 PMCID: PMC8987559 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2143210.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord gliomas are rare entities that often have limited surgical options. Immunotherapy has shown promise in intracranial gliomas with some research suggesting benefit for spinal cord gliomas. A focused review of immunotherapies that have been investigated in spinal cord gliomas was performed. The primary methods of immunotherapy investigated in spinal cord gliomas include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell therapies, and vaccine strategies. There are innumerable challenges that must be overcome to effectively apply immunotherapeutic strategies to the spinal cord gliomas including low incidence, few antigenic targets, the blood spinal cord barrier, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and neurotoxic treatment effects. Nonetheless, research has suggested ways to overcome these challenges and treatments have been effective in case reports for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, midline glioma and glioblastoma. Current therapies for spinal cord gliomas are markedly limited. Further research is needed to determine if the success of immunotherapy for intracranial gliomas can be effectively applied to these unique tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Grady
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Melnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Corresponding Author Kaitlyn Melnick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2657-2176 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Box 100265, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ken Porche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maryam Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Ghiaseddin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Francis SS, Ostrom QT, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Claus E, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:23-42. [PMID: 34801162 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current epidemiology of central nervous system tumors. Population-level basic epidemiology, nationally and internationally, and current understanding of germline genetic risk are discussed, with a focus on known and well-studied risk factors related to the etiology of central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Francis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neuro and Molecular Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 1450 3rd Street, HD442, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 571 Research Drive, MSRB-1, Rm 442, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David J Cote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 N State Street, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Timothy R Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Claus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI Shady Grove, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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20
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Oumarou Hama H, Aboudharam G, Barbieri R, Lepidi H, Drancourt M. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of human infectious diseases: a review. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 35094696 PMCID: PMC8801197 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues. It was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941. MAIN BODY Of 14,198 publications retrieved from the PubMed, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases up to December 2021, 230 were selected for a review of IHC techniques, protocols and results. The methodological evolutions of IHC and its application to the diagnosis of infectious diseases, more specifically lice-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and skin infections, were critically examined. A total of 59 different pathogens have been detected once in 22 different tissues and organs; and yet non-cultured, fastidious and intracellular pathogens accounted for the vast majority of pathogens detected by IHC. Auto-IHC, incorporating patient serum as the primary antibody, applied to diseased heart valves surgically collected from blood culture-negative endocarditis patients, detected unidentified Gram-positive cocci and microorganisms which were subsequently identified as Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Tropheryma whipplei. The application of IHC to ancient tissues dated between the ends of the Ptolemaic period to over 70 years ago, have also contributed to paleomicrobiology diagnoses. CONCLUSION IHC plays an important role in diagnostic of infectious diseases in tissue samples. Paleo-auto-IHC derived from auto-IHC, is under development for detecting non-identified pathogens from ancient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadou Oumarou Hama
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Barbieri
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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21
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Metabolic Reprogramming of Glioblastoma Cells during HCMV Infection Induces Secretome-Mediated Paracrine Effects in the Microenvironment. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010103. [PMID: 35062307 PMCID: PMC8777757 DOI: 10.3390/v14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary central nervous system neoplasia with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Following reports of cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in GBM tumors, the anti-viral drug Valganciclovir was administered and found to significantly increase the longevity of GBM patients. While these findings suggest a role for HCMV in GBM, the relationship between them is not clear and remains controversial. Treatment with anti-viral drugs may prove clinically useful; however, their results do not explain the underlying mechanism between HCMV infection and GBM progression. We hypothesized that HCMV infection would metabolically reprogram GBM cells and that these changes would allow for increased tumor progression. We infected LN-18 GBM cells and employed a Seahorse Bioanalyzer to characterize cellular metabolism. Increased mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic rates were observed following infection. These changes were accompanied by elevated production of reactive oxygen species and lactate. Due to lactate’s numerous tumor-promoting effects, we examined the impact of paracrine signaling of HCMV-infected GBM cells on uninfected stromal cells. Our results indicated that, independent of viral transmission, the secretome of HCMV-infected GBM cells was able to alter the expression of key metabolic proteins and epigenetic markers. This suggests a mechanism of action where reprogramming of GBM cells alters the surrounding tumor microenvironment to be permissive to tumor progression in a manner akin to the Reverse-Warburg Effect. Overall, this suggests a potential oncomodulatory role for HCMV in the context of GBM.
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22
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Datsi A, Sorg RV. Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770390. [PMID: 34795675 PMCID: PMC8592940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of patients is only 15 months. Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) is an active immunotherapy that aims at inducing an antitumoral immune response. Numerous DCV trials have been performed, vaccinating hundreds of GBM patients and confirming feasibility and safety. Many of these studies reported induction of an antitumoral immune response and indicated improved survival after DCV. However, two controlled randomized trials failed to detect a survival benefit. This raises the question of whether the promising concept of DCV may not hold true or whether we are not yet realizing the full potential of this therapeutic approach. Here, we discuss the results of recent vaccination trials, relevant parameters of the vaccines themselves and of their application, and possible synergies between DCV and other therapeutic approaches targeting the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Alonso-Álvarez S, Colado E, Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R. Cytomegalovirus in Haematological Tumours. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703256. [PMID: 34733270 PMCID: PMC8558552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exquisite coupling between herpesvirus and human beings is the result of millions of years of relationship, coexistence, adaptation, and divergence. It is probably based on the ability to generate a latency that keeps viral activity at a very low level, thereby apparently minimising harm to its host. However, this evolutionary success disappears in immunosuppressed patients, especially in haematological patients. The relevance of infection and reactivation in haematological patients has been a matter of interest, although one fundamentally focused on reactivation in the post-allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) patient cohort. Newer transplant modalities have been progressively introduced in clinical settings, with successively more drugs being used to manipulate graft composition and functionality. In addition, new antiviral drugs are available to treat CMV infection. We review the immunological architecture that is key to a favourable outcome in this subset of patients. Less is known about the effects of herpesvirus in terms of mortality or disease progression in patients with other malignant haematological diseases who are treated with immuno-chemotherapy or new molecules, or in patients who receive autologous SCT. The absence of serious consequences in these groups has probably limited the motivation to deepen our knowledge of this aspect. However, the introduction of new therapeutic agents for haematological malignancies has led to a better understanding of how natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes interact, and of the role of CMV infection in the context of recently introduced drugs such as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, phosphoinosytol-3-kinase inhibitors, anti-BCL2 drugs, and even CAR-T cells. We analyse the immunological basis and recommendations regarding these scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alonso-Álvarez
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Colado
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marco A Moro-García
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Cardiac Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Department of Cardiac Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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24
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Molecular Investigation of Human Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in Glioblastoma Brain Tumor: A Case-Control Study in Iran. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021; 25:426-33. [PMID: 34696577 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.25.6.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme is the most invasive and lethal form of brain cancer with unclear etiology. Our study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Methods This case-control study was conducted on 42 FFPE brain tumor samples from GBM patients and 42 brain autopsies from subjects without neurological disorders. The presence of EBV and HCMV DNA was determined, using PCR and nested-PCR assays, respectively. Results HCMV DNA was detected in 3 out of 42 (7.1%) of GBM samples and was absent from the control group (p = 0.07). Importantly, EBV DNA was detected in 9 out of 42 (21.4%) brain tissue specimens of GBM subjects, but again in none of the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion Our findings indicate that infection with EBV is associated with GBM.
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25
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Barthel L, Hadamitzky M, Dammann P, Schedlowski M, Sure U, Thakur BK, Hetze S. Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 41:53-75. [PMID: 34687436 PMCID: PMC8924130 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In patients with glioblastoma, the average survival time with current treatments is short, mainly due to recurrences and resistance to therapy. This insufficient treatment success is, in large parts, due to the tremendous molecular heterogeneity of gliomas, which affects the overall prognosis and response to therapies and plays a vital role in gliomas’ grading. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is a major player for glioma development and resistance to therapy. Active communication between glioma cells and local or neighboring healthy cells and the immune environment promotes the cancerogenic processes and contributes to establishing glioma stem cells, which drives therapy resistance. Besides genetic alterations in the primary tumor, tumor-released factors, cytokines, proteins, extracellular vesicles, and environmental influences like hypoxia provide tumor cells the ability to evade host tumor surveillance machinery and promote disease progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that these players affect the molecular biological properties of gliomas and enable inter-cell communication that supports pro-cancerogenic cell properties. Identifying and characterizing these complex mechanisms are inevitably necessary to adapt therapeutic strategies and to develop novel measures. Here we provide an update about these junctions where constant traffic of biomolecules adds complexity in the management of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Exosome Research Lab, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Susann Hetze
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
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26
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Peredo-Harvey I, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Presence of the Human Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastomas-A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205051. [PMID: 34680198 PMCID: PMC8533734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Whether the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is present in samples obtained from patients with glioblastoma (GBM) has been a matter under debate during the last two decades. Many investigators have demonstrated the presence of HCMV proteins and nucleic acids in GBM tumors, while some have not been able to detect it. It is important to evaluate current data and resolve these issues to clarify the possible role of the HCMV in GBM tumorigenesis and if this virus can serve as a potential target of therapy for these patients. In the present systematic review, we aim to review published research studies with a focus to identify differences and similarities in methods used for the detection of the HCMV in GBM samples found to be positive or negative for HCMV. Our data suggest that the HCMV is highly prevalent in glioblastomas and that optimized immunohistochemistry techniques are required to detect it. Abstract Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. The standard treatment has not changed in the past 15 years as clinical trials of new treatment protocols have failed. A high prevalence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in glioblastomas was first reported in 2002. The virus was found only in the tumor and not in the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Many groups have confirmed the presence of the HCMV in glioblastomas, but others could not. To resolve this discrepancy, we systematically reviewed 645 articles identified in different databases. Of these, 81 studies included results from 247 analyses of 9444 clinical samples (7024 tumor samples and 2420 blood samples) by different techniques, and 81 articles included 191 studies that identified the HCMV in 2529 tumor samples (36% of all tumor samples). HCMV proteins were often detected, whereas HCMV nucleic acids were not reliably detected by PCR methods. Optimized immunohistochemical techniques identified the virus in 1391 (84,2%) of 1653 samples. These data suggest that the HCMV is highly prevalent in glioblastomas and that optimized immunohistochemistry techniques are required to detect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Peredo-Harvey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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27
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Dapash M, Castro B, Hou D, Lee-Chang C. Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4548. [PMID: 34572775 PMCID: PMC8467991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary brain tumor. Despite extensive effort in basic, translational, and clinical research, the treatment outcomes for patients with GBM are virtually unchanged over the past 15 years. GBM is one of the most immunologically "cold" tumors, in which cytotoxic T-cell infiltration is minimal, and myeloid infiltration predominates. This is due to the profound immunosuppressive nature of GBM, a tumor microenvironment that is metabolically challenging for immune cells, and the low mutational burden of GBMs. Together, these GBM characteristics contribute to the poor results obtained from immunotherapy. However, as indicated by an ongoing and expanding number of clinical trials, and despite the mostly disappointing results to date, immunotherapy remains a conceptually attractive approach for treating GBM. Checkpoint inhibitors, various vaccination strategies, and CAR T-cell therapy serve as some of the most investigated immunotherapeutic strategies. This review article aims to provide a general overview of the current state of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Information was compiled through a literature search conducted on PubMed and clinical trials between 1961 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dapash
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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28
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El Baba R, Herbein G. Immune Landscape of CMV Infection in Cancer Patients: From "Canonical" Diseases Toward Virus-Elicited Oncomodulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730765. [PMID: 34566995 PMCID: PMC8456041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an immensely pervasive herpesvirus, persistently infecting high percentages of the world population. Despite the apparent robust host immune responses, HCMV is capable of replicating, evading host defenses, and establishing latency throughout life by developing multiple immune-modulatory strategies. HCMV has coexisted with humans mounting various mechanisms to evade immune cells and effectively win the HCMV-immune system battle mainly through maintaining its viral genome, impairing HLA Class I and II molecule expression, evading from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, interfering with cellular signaling, inhibiting apoptosis, escaping complement attack, and stimulating immunosuppressive cytokines (immune tolerance). HCMV expresses several gene products that modulate the host immune response and promote modifications in non-coding RNA and regulatory proteins. These changes are linked to several complications, such as immunosenescence and malignant phenotypes leading to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and oncomodulation. Hence, tumor survival is promoted by affecting cellular proliferation and survival, invasion, immune evasion, immunosuppression, and giving rise to angiogenic factors. Viewing HCMV-induced evasion mechanisms will play a principal role in developing novel adapted therapeutic approaches against HCMV, especially since immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapeutic strategies. Since tumors acquire immune evasion strategies, anti-tumor immunity could be prominently triggered by multimodal strategies to induce, on one side, immunogenic tumor apoptosis and to actively oppose the immune suppressive microenvironment, on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté UBFC, Besançon, France
- Department of Virology, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Besançon (CHRU) Besançon, Besancon, France
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29
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Krenzlin H, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, Finkelberg T, Keric N, Lemmermann N, Skubal M, Chiocca EA, Cook CH, Lawler SE. Cytomegalovirus infection of glioblastoma cells leads to NF-κB dependent upregulation of the c-MET oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Cancer Lett 2021; 513:26-35. [PMID: 33989707 PMCID: PMC8209659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is widespread in humans and has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) and other tumors. However, the role of CMV in GBM remains poorly understood and the mechanisms involved are not well-defined. The goal of this study was to identify candidate pathways relevant to GBM that may be modulated by CMV. Analysis of RNAseq data after CMV infection of patient-derived GBM cells showed significant upregulation of GBM-associated transcripts including the MET oncogene, which is known to play a role in a subset of GBM patients. These findings were validated in vitro in both mouse and human GBM cells. Using immunostaining and RT-PCR in vivo, we confirmed c-MET upregulation in a mouse model of CMV-driven GBM progression and in human GBM. siRNA knockdown showed that MET upregulation was dependent on CMV-induced upregulation of NF-κB signaling. Finally, proneural GBM xenografts overexpressing c-MET grew much faster in vivo than controls, suggesting a mechanism by which CMV infection of tumor cells could induce a more aggressive mesenchymal phenotype. These studies implicate the CMV-induced upregulation of c-MET as a potential mechanism involved in the effects of CMV on GBM growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal O Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomer Finkelberg
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naureen Keric
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Chokshi CR, Brakel BA, Tatari N, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Advances in Immunotherapy for Adult Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143400. [PMID: 34298615 PMCID: PMC8305609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Therapy failure and disease recurrence are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal tumor in adults that originates in the brain. Despite aggressive standards of care, tumor recurrence is inevitable with no standardized second-line therapy. Recent clinical studies evaluating therapies that augment the anti-tumor immune response (i.e., immunotherapies) have yielded promising results in subsets of GBM patients. Here, we summarize clinical studies in the past decade that evaluate vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for treatment of GBM. Although immunotherapies have yet to return widespread efficacy for the majority of GBM patients, critical insights from completed and ongoing clinical trials are informing development of the next generation of therapies, with the goal to alleviate disease burden and extend patient survival. Abstract Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. With the advent of therapies that revitalize the anti-tumor immune response, several immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed for treatment of GBM. In this review, we summarize recent clinical and preclinical efforts to evaluate vaccination strategies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Although these modalities have shown long-term tumor regression in subsets of treated patients, the underlying biology that may predict efficacy and inform therapy development is being actively investigated. Common to all therapeutic modalities are fundamental mechanisms of therapy evasion by tumor cells, including immense intratumoral heterogeneity, suppression of the tumor immune microenvironment and low mutational burden. These insights have led efforts to design rational combinatorial therapies that can reignite the anti-tumor immune response, effectively and specifically target tumor cells and reliably decrease tumor burden for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu R. Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Benjamin A. Brakel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sabra K. Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Mihelson N, McGavern DB. Viral Control of Glioblastoma. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071264. [PMID: 34209584 PMCID: PMC8310222 DOI: 10.3390/v13071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a universally lethal cancer of the central nervous system. Patients with GBM have a median survival of 14 months and a 5-year survival of less than 5%, a grim statistic that has remained unchanged over the last 50 years. GBM is intransigent for a variety of reasons. The immune system has a difficult time mounting a response against glioblastomas because they reside in the brain (an immunologically dampened compartment) and generate few neoantigens relative to other cancers. Glioblastomas inhabit the brain like sand in the grass and display a high degree of intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, impeding efforts to therapeutically target a single pathway. Of all potential therapeutic strategies to date, virotherapy offers the greatest chance of counteracting each of the obstacles mounted by GBM. Virotherapy can xenogenize a tumor that is deft at behaving like “self”, triggering adaptive immune recognition in an otherwise immunologically quiet compartment. Viruses can also directly lyse tumor cells, creating damage and further stimulating secondary immune reactions that are detrimental to tumor growth. In this review, we summarize the basic immune mechanisms underpinning GBM immune evasion and the recent successes achieved using virotherapies.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and is universally lethal with a median survival of less than two years with standard therapy. RNA-based immunotherapies have significant potential to establish a durable treatment response for malignant brain tumors including GBM. RNA offers clear advantages over antigen-focused approaches but cannot often be directly administered due to biological instability. This review will focus on utilization of RNA dendritic cell vaccines and RNA nanoparticle therapies in the treatment of GBM. RNA-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines have been shown to be safe in a small phase I clinical trial and RNA-loaded nanoparticle vaccines will soon be underway in GBM patients (NCT04573140).
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33
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Quintarelli C, Camera A, Ciccone R, Alessi I, Del Bufalo F, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Mastronuzzi A, De Angelis B. Innovative and Promising Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness of Immunotherapy for CNS Tumors: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2021; 12:634031. [PMID: 34163465 PMCID: PMC8216238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors under evaluation, currently none of these approaches have received approval from the regulatory agencies. CNS tumors, especially glioblastomas, are tumors characterized by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limiting the possibility of effectively eliciting an immune response. Moreover, the peculiar anatomic location of these tumors poses relevant challenges in terms of safety, since uncontrolled hyper inflammation could lead to cerebral edema and cranial hypertension. The most promising strategies of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology consist of the use of autologous T cells redirected against tumor cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs or genetically modified T-cell receptors. Trials based on native or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses and on vaccination with tumor-associated antigen peptides are also under evaluation. Despite some sporadic complete remissions achieved in clinical trials, the outcome of patients with CNS tumors treated with different immunotherapeutic approaches remains poor. Based on the lessons learned from these unsatisfactory experiences, novel immune-therapy approaches aimed at overcoming the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment of these diseases are bringing new hope to reach the cure for CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Camera
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Peptide and dendritic cell vaccines activate the immune system against tumor antigens to combat brain tumors. Vaccines stimulate a systemic immune response by inducing both antitumor T cells as well as humoral immunity through antibody production to cross the blood-brain barrier and combat brain tumors. Recent trials investigating vaccines against peptides (ie, epithelial growth factor receptor variant III, survivin, heat shock proteins, or personalized tumor antigens) and dendritic cells pulsed with known peptides, messenger RNA or unknown tumor lysate targets demonstrate the potential for therapeutic cancer vaccines to become an important therapy for brain tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lee
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420 Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin R Uy
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420 Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420 Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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35
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Gumrukcu S, Nguyen TX, White RL, Howell GT, Musikanth P. Allogeneic Natural Killer and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-pp65 Pulsed Dendritic Cells Induced Complete Response Through 15 Months in a Patient with Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Case Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e931030. [PMID: 33788825 PMCID: PMC8019835 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.931030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 36-year-old Final Diagnosis: Glioblastoma multiforme Symptoms: Headache • seizure • tumor Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Immunotherapy Specialty: Immunology • Oncology
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Gumrukcu
- Seraph Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Seraph Medical Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Enochian Biosciences Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tung X Nguyen
- Seraph Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Seraph Medical Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Enochian Biosciences Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L White
- Seraph Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Seraph Medical Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory T Howell
- Seraph Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Seraph Medical Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Musikanth
- Seraph Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Seraph Medical Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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36
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De Groof TWM, Elder EG, Siderius M, Heukers R, Sinclair JH, Smit MJ. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Attractive Targets for Herpesvirus-Associated Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:828-846. [PMID: 33692148 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of herpesviruses is often asymptomatic or clinically manageable in healthy individuals, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with multiple proliferative cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases. Herpesviruses encode viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking cellular pathways and play important roles in the viral life cycle and these different disease settings. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, their role in the viral life cycle, and their contribution in different diseases. Because of their prominent role, vGPCRs have emerged as promising drug targets, and the potential of vGPCR-targeting therapeutics is being explored. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered as attractive targets moving forward in the development of antiviral, cancer, and/or cardiovascular disease treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the last decade, herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as interesting drug targets with the growing understanding of their critical role in the viral life cycle and in different disease settings. This review presents the pharmacological properties of these viral receptors, their role in the viral life cycle and different diseases, and the emergence of therapeutics targeting viral GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Marco Siderius
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - John H Sinclair
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
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37
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Zheng Y, Luo Y, Chen X, Li H, Huang B, Zhou B, Zhu L, Kang X, Geng W. The role of mRNA in the development, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of neural tumors. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:49. [PMID: 33673851 PMCID: PMC7934508 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tumors can generally be divided into central nervous system tumors and peripheral nervous tumors. Because this type of tumor is located in the nerve, even benign tumors are often difficult to remove by surgery. In addition, the majority of neural tumors are malignant, and it is particular the same for the central nervous system tumors. Even treated with the means such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, they are also difficult to completely cure. In recent years, an increasingly number of studies have focused on the use of mRNA to treat tumors, representing an emerging gene therapy. The use of mRNA can use the expression of some functional proteins for the treatment of genetic disorders or tissue repair, and it can also be applied to immunotherapy through the expression of antigens, antibodies or receptors. Therefore, although these therapies are not fully-fledged enough, they have a broad research prospect. In addition, there are many ways to treat tumors using mRNA vaccines and exosomes carrying mRNA, which have drawn much attention. In this study, we reviewed the current research on the role of mRNA in the development, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of neural tumors, and examine the future research prospects of mRNA in neural tumors and the opportunities and challenges that will arise in the future application of clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China.,School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojun Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Saito T, Muragaki Y, Maruyama T, Abe K, Komori T, Amano K, Eguchi S, Nitta M, Tsuzuki S, Fukui A, Kawamata T. Mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus is frequently associated with diffuse glioma patients and correlates with poor survival prognosis of GBM patients: comparative analysis to meningioma patients. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:3249-3258. [PMID: 33537891 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioma patients were frequently associated with mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus (MTMS), which reflects mucosal inflammation. We suspected that MTMS is associated with impaired mucosal immune response and correlated with dysfunction in the anti-tumor immune response in diffuse glioma patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of diffuse glioma is correlated with MTMS compared to meningioma and control groups. Furthermore, we investigated whether MTMS is associated with overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. This study included 343 patients with newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas and 218 patients with meningioma treated at our institution between 2015 and 2018. As control, 201 patients with headache who did not have an intracranial organic lesion were included. Using three-axis MR images, we evaluated the incidence of MTMS in all patients. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between MTMS and OS. The incidence of MTMS in patients with diffuse glioma was significantly higher than that in the meningioma (p < .0001) and control groups (p < .0001). In 128 patients with GBM, MTMS status correlated significantly with OS (p = .0064). We revealed that the incidence of MTMS is significantly associated with patients with diffuse glioma. This suggests that MTMS is indirectly involved in the occurrence of diffuse gliomas. Furthermore, the presence of MTMS correlated significantly with shorter OS in GBM patients, indicating that MTMS is involved in suppression of anti-tumor immune response. Preoperative recognition of MTMS might be useful for improving the clinical management of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiichi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. .,Faculty of Advanced Techno-Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Muragaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Techno-Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kayoko Abe
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Neuropathology), Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Amano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Eguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsuzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kawamata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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HCMV-Mediated Interference of Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in Colon Carcinoma Cell Line Caco-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010083. [PMID: 33435377 PMCID: PMC7827311 DOI: 10.3390/v13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been implicated in the development of human malignancies, for instance in colon cancer. Proteasome inhibitors were developed for cancer therapy and have also been shown to influence HCMV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate if proteasome inhibitors have therapeutic potential for colon carcinoma and how this is influenced by HCMV infection. We show by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry that the colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 is susceptible to HCMV infection. Growth curve analysis as well as protein expression kinetics and quantitative genome analysis further confirm these results. HCMV has an anti-apoptotic effect on Caco-2 cells by inhibiting very early events of the apoptosis cascade. Further investigations showed that HCMV stabilizes the membrane potential of the mitochondria, which is typically lost very early during apoptosis. This stabilization is resistant to proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib treatment, allowing HCMV-infected cells to survive apoptotic signals. Our findings indicate a possible role of proteasome inhibitors in colon carcinoma therapy.
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40
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Fulkerson HL, Nogalski MT, Collins-McMillen D, Yurochko AD. Overview of Human Cytomegalovirus Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2244:1-18. [PMID: 33555579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus with a global seroprevalence of 60-90%. HCMV is the leading cause of congenital infections and poses a great health risk to immunocompromised individuals. Although HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic in the immunocompetent population, infection can result in mononucleosis and has also been associated with the development of certain cancers, as well as chronic inflammatory diseases such as various cardiovascular diseases. In immunocompromised patients, including AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and developing fetuses, HCMV infection is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Currently there is no vaccine for HCMV and there is a need for new pharmacological treatments. Ongoing research seeks to further define the complex aspects of HCMV pathogenesis, which could potentially lead to the generation of new therapeutics to mitigate the disease states associated with HCMV infection. The following chapter reviews the advancements in our understanding of HCMV pathogenesis in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Fulkerson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Maciej T Nogalski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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41
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Batich KA, Mitchell DA, Healy P, Herndon JE, Sampson JH. Once, Twice, Three Times a Finding: Reproducibility of Dendritic Cell Vaccine Trials Targeting Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5297-5303. [PMID: 32719000 PMCID: PMC9832384 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite standard of care for glioblastoma, including gross total resection, high-dose radiation, and dose-limited chemotherapy, this tumor remains one of the most aggressive and therapeutically challenging. The relatively small number of patients with this diagnosis compared with more common solid tumors in clinical trials commits new glioblastoma therapies to testing in small, underpowered, nonrandomized settings. Among approximately 200 registered glioblastoma trials identified between 2005 and 2015, nearly half were single-arm studies with sample sizes not exceeding 50 patients. These constraints have made demonstrating efficacy for novel therapies difficult in glioblastoma and other rare and aggressive cancers. Novel immunotherapies for glioblastoma such as vaccination with dendritic cells (DC) have yielded mixed results in clinical trials. To address limited numbers, we sequentially conducted three separate clinical trials utilizing cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific DC vaccines in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma whereby each follow-up study had nearly doubled in sample size. Follow-up data from the first blinded, randomized phase II clinical trial (NCT00639639) revealed that nearly one third of this cohort is without tumor recurrence at 5 years from diagnosis. A second clinical trial (NCT00639639) resulted in a 36% survival rate at 5 years from diagnosis. Results of the first two-arm trial (NCT00639639) showed increased migration of the DC vaccine to draining lymph nodes, and this increased migration has been recapitulated in our larger confirmatory clinical study (NCT02366728). We have now observed that nearly one third of the glioblastoma study patient population receiving CMV-specific DC vaccines results in exceptional long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Batich
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Duane A. Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patrick Healy
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James E. Herndon
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John H. Sampson
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding Author: John H. Sampson, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, DUMC Box 3050, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Building, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA, , Phone: (919) 684-9041, Fax: (919) 684-9045
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42
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Human cytomegalovirus DNA detection in a recurrent glioblastoma multiforme tumour, but not in whole blood: a case report and discussion about the HCMV latency and therapy perspectives. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:984-987. [PMID: 32880872 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a 58-year-old male patient presented with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The patient underwent surgical resection, 4 months earlier, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. During the second surgical intervention, tumour tissue and whole blood were sampled and analysed for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA, immediate early (IE) mRNA and pp65 mRNA. HCMV DNA was detected only in the recurrent tumour tissue but not in the whole blood. Neither IE mRNA nor pp65 mRNA was expressed. Our result suggests HCMV latency in the brain tumour with detectable level of viral DNA. More data are needed to understand the HCMV infection chronology in the brain tumours but our data could be important for further studies of HCMV antigens on the tumour surface and anti-GBM therapy.
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43
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Yuan Z, Ye X, Zhu L, Zhang N, An Z, Zheng WJ. Virome assembly and annotation in brain tissue based on next-generation sequencing. Cancer Med 2020; 9:6776-6790. [PMID: 32738030 PMCID: PMC7520322 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest tumors. It has been speculated that virus plays a role in GBM but the evidences are controversy. Published researches are mainly limited to studies on the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in GBM. No comprehensive assessment of the brain virome, the collection of viral material in the brain, based on recently sequenced data has been performed. Here, we characterized the virome from 111 GBM samples and 57 normal brain samples from eight projects in the SRA database by a tested and comprehensive assembly approach. The annotation of the assembled contigs showed that most viral sequences in the brain belong to the viral family Retroviridae. In some GBM samples, we also detected full genome sequence of a novel picornavirus recently discovered in invertebrates. Unlike previous reports, our study did not detect herpes virus such as HCMV in GBM from the data we used. However, some contigs that cannot be annotated with any known genes exhibited antibody epitopes in their sequences. These findings provide several avenues for potential cancer therapy: the newly discovered picornavirus could be a starting point to engineer novel oncolytic virus; and the exhibited antibody epitopes could be a source to explore potential drug targets for immune cancer therapy. By characterizing the virosphere in GBM and normal brain at a global level, the results from this study strengthen the link between GBM and viral infection which warrants the further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yuan
- School of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
- Texas Therapeutics InstituteInstitute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics InstituteInstitute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Lisha Zhu
- School of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics InstituteInstitute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics InstituteInstitute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - W. Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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44
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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45
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Semmes EC, Hurst JH, Walsh KM, Permar SR. Cytomegalovirus as an immunomodulator across the lifespan. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:112-120. [PMID: 32818717 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a nearly ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes latent infection in the majority of the world's population. HCMV infection profoundly influences the host immune system and, perhaps more than any other human pathogen, has been shown to create a lasting imprint on human T and NK cell compartments. HCMV-seropositivity has been associated with both beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness or heterologous protection against infections, and deleterious effects, such as pathological neurodevelopmental sequelae from congenital infection in utero and cumulative damage from chronic lifelong latency into old age. The significance of many of these associations is unclear, as studies into the causal mechanisms linking HCMV and these disease outcomes are lacking; however, HCMV-mediated changes to the immune system may play a key role. This review examines how HCMV impacts the host immune system in an age-dependent manner with important implications for human immunophenotypes and long-term disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jillian H Hurst
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA.
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46
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Yang Z, Du J, Zhu J, Rong Y, Chen S, Yu L, Deng X, Zhang X, Sheng H, Yang L, Lu X, Li D, Yin B, Lin J. Allicin Inhibits Proliferation by Decreasing IL-6 and IFN-β in HCMV-Infected Glioma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7305-7317. [PMID: 32884345 PMCID: PMC7443012 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s259677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Allicin, an extract of garlic, has antitumor effects in multiple tumor types. However, the efficacy of allicin for treating glioblastoma has not yet been examined. This study examined the antitumor effect of allicin on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and its role in cytokine signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS HCMV-infected glioblastoma was modeled by transfection of U87MG glioblastoma cells with HMCV proteins. MTT assay was used to assess the effect of allicin on the proliferation of glioma cells. Western blot analysis was used to detect the effect of allicin on the expression of intermediate-early gene 2 (IE2) and p53. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-β. Single cell gel electrophoresis was used to analyze changes in radiotherapy-induced DNA damage. RESULTS Transfection of the IE2 protein led to decreased p53 expression and increased glioblastoma cell proliferation. Allicin inhibited this proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. An inhibitory effect on cytokine release was observed in GBM cells treated with allicin. After treatment with allicin, p53 levels increased significantly, whereas expression of the inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IFN-β decreased. U87MG cells treated with allicin and 10 Gy irradiation had increased intracellular DNA damage compared to either treatment alone. CONCLUSION Allicin inhibited proliferation of glioblastoma cells in vitro. Allicin also inhibited cytokine release, upregulated p53 activity, and increased the sensitivity of glioblastoma to radiotherapy. These results suggest that allicin is effective against HCMV-infected glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizao Du
- Digestive Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohuai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hansong Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jian Lin The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 577 8800 2502Fax +86 577 8883 2693 Email
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Limam S, Missaoui N, Hmissa S, Yacoubi MT, Krifa H, Mokni M, Selmi B. Investigation of Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Papillomavirus in Glioma. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:394-405. [PMID: 32643440 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1793352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in gliomas. A retrospective study was conducted on 112 samples. HCMV was investigated by PCR, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. HPV was tested by PCR and DNA ISH. HCMV was identified in 60 gliomas, including 55 GBM. However, RNA ISH and immunohistochemistry failed to detect HCMV positivity. HPV was identified in 44 GBM. No significant relationship was identified between HCMV and HPV and tumour characteristics (p > 0.05). Our findings support the HCMV and HPV presence in gliomas. Further assays are required to more explore the potential efficient antiviral management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Limam
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Missaoui
- Research Unit UR14ES17, Medicine Faculty, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan University, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Pathology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Hmissa
- Pathology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Hedi Krifa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Boulbeba Selmi
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
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Kim J, Lee WW, Hwang ES. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected Astrocytoma Cells Impair the Function of HCMV-specific Cytotoxic T Cells. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e218. [PMID: 32657085 PMCID: PMC7358065 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is associated with a poor prognosis and may affect the pathogenesis of GBM. In this study, we investigated the role of HCMV-infected astrocytoma cells in impairing the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific to the HCMV protein. METHODS CTLs specific to HCMV immediate early (IE)-1 were expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors by stimulating CD8+ T lymphocytes with U373MG cells (ATCC HTB-17: male) expressing HCMV IE-1. The death rate of the target and the effector cells was determined by the total count of the remaining respective cells after the interaction of them. RESULTS The death rate of the target cells by CTLs increased depending on HLA restriction and the effector:target (E:T) ratio. The death rate of effector cells in the HCMV-infected U373MG cell culture was 37.1% on day 4 post-infection. The removal of the culture supernatant from HCMV-infected U373MG cells prior to adding the effector cells increased target cell death from 8.4% to 40.8% at E:T = 1:1, but not at E:T = 3:1. The transfer of cells from a 24-hour co-culture of the HCMV-infected U373MG cells and CTLs to HCMV IE-1-expressing target cells resulted in decreasing the cell death rate of the target cells from 31.1% to 13.0% at E:T = 1:1, but not at E:T = 3:1. HCMV infection of U373MG cells decreases the activity of CTLs specific to HCMV when the number of CTLs is low. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HCMV could impair CTL activity and facilitate glioblastoma growth unchecked by CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Woo Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Park J, Gill KS, Aghajani AA, Heredia JD, Choi H, Oberstein A, Procko E. Engineered receptors for human cytomegalovirus that are orthogonal to normal human biology. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008647. [PMID: 32559251 PMCID: PMC7329128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A trimeric glycoprotein complex on the surface of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) binds to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα) to mediate host cell recognition and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Soluble PDGFRα potently neutralizes HCMV in tissue culture, and its potential use as an antiviral therapeutic has the benefit that any escape mutants will likely be attenuated. However, PDGFRα binds multiple PDGF ligands in the human body as part of developmental programs in embryogenesis and continuing through adulthood. Any therapies with soluble receptor therefore come with serious efficacy and safety concerns, especially for the treatment of congenital HCMV. Soluble virus receptors that are orthogonal to human biology might resolve these concerns. This engineering problem is solved by deep mutational scanning on the D2-D3 domains of PDGFRα to identify variants that maintain interactions with the HCMV glycoprotein trimer in the presence of competing PDGF ligands. Competition by PDGFs is conformation-dependent, whereas HCMV trimer binding is independent of proper D2-D3 conformation, and many mutations at the receptor-PDGF interface are suitable for functionally separating trimer from PDGF interactions. Purified soluble PDGFRα carrying a targeted mutation succeeded in displaying wild type affinity for HCMV trimer with a simultaneous loss of PDGF binding, and neutralizes trimer-only and trimer/pentamer-expressing HCMV strains infecting fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Overall, this work makes important progress in the realization of soluble HCMV receptors for clinical application. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes severe disease in transplant recipients and immunocompromised patients, and infections in a fetus or neonate are responsible for life-long neurological defects. Cell entry is in part mediated by a trimeric glycoprotein complex on the viral surface, which binds tightly to the host receptor PDGFRα. The soluble extracellular region of PDGFRα can be used as an antiviral agent to potently neutralize the virus in vitro. However, PDGFRα ordinarily binds growth factors in the human body to regulate developmental programs, which will limit the in vivo efficacy and safety of soluble PDGFRα. Using saturation mutagenesis and selections in human cell culture, mutations in PDGFRα are identified that eliminate off-target growth factor interactions while preserving HCMV binding and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kevin Sean Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ali Asghar Aghajani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah Dallas Heredia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hannah Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Oberstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Cai Z, Yang S, Li X, Chen F, Li W. Viral infection and glioma: a meta-analysis of prognosis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:549. [PMID: 32532243 PMCID: PMC7291690 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, occurring due to the carcinogenesis of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Many aspects of the mechanism of its tumorigenesis remain unknown. The relationship between viral infection and glioma is one of the most important research aspects in this field. Currently, there is a lack of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the effect of viral infection on the prognosis of glioma patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between viral infection and the prognosis of glioma patients, aimed at evaluating the prognostic value of the detection of viral infection. Methods Through careful and comprehensive retrieval of results from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, eligible articles were selected strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The regional sources, detection methods, detection indicators, patient survival, and other data from the samples in the papers were extracted, and the integrated analysis was conducted using Stata 15.1. We conducted a subgroup analysis of the relationship between the degree of infection and prognosis in cytomegalovirus (CMV) patients. Results A total of 11 studies were included in the analysis. Among them, 7 studies involved the relationship between CMV infection and the prognosis of patients with glioma, 2 studies involved human papillomavirus (HPV), 2 studies involved human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and one study involved simian virus 40 (SV40), woolly monkey sarcoma virus (WMSV) and human endogenous retrovirus K113 (HERV-K113). In the CMV study, the pooled Hazard ratio (HR) of Overall survival (OS) was 1.024 (CI: 0.698–1.501), with a P value of 0.905. The pooled HR of Progression free survival (PFS) was 1.067 (CI: 0.770–1.478), with a P value of 0.697. The pooled HR value of low-degree infection versus high-degree infection was 1.476 (CI: 0.799–2.727), with a P value of 0.213. In the HPV study, the pooled HR of OS was 1.467 (CI: 0.552–3.901), with a P value of 0.443. Conclusion CMV infection has no significant effect on the prognosis of glioma patients. Using the IEA as the detection index, the degree of CMV infection was found to have a significant impact on the prognosis of glioma patients; it was not found to possess a significant prognostic value after the integration of different indicators. Neither HPV nor HHV-6 infection has a significant effect on the prognosis of glioma patients. SV40 and WMSV infection are associated with poor prognosis in patients with low-grade glioma. Trial Registration This meta-analysis registered in https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, PROSPERO ID: CRD42019127648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Cai
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shoubo Yang
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China.
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