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Kagoshima H, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto R, Yasumoto A, Tona Y, Nakagawa T, Omori K, Yamamoto N. EBF1 Limits the Numbers of Cochlear Hair and Supporting Cells and Forms the Scala Tympani and Spiral Limbus during Inner Ear Development. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1060232023. [PMID: 38176908 PMCID: PMC10869149 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1060-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor essential for the differentiation of various tissues. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data suggest that Ebf1 is expressed in the sensory epithelium of the mouse inner ear. Here, we found that the murine Ebf1 gene and its protein are expressed in the prosensory domain of the inner ear, medial region of the cochlear duct floor, otic mesenchyme, and cochleovestibular ganglion. Ebf1 deletion in mice results in incomplete formation of the spiral limbus and scala tympani, increased number of cells in the organ of Corti and Kölliker's organ, and aberrant course of the spiral ganglion axons. Ebf1 deletion in the mouse cochlear epithelia caused the proliferation of SOX2-positive cochlear cells at E13.5, indicating that EBF1 suppresses the proliferation of the prosensory domain and cells of Kölliker's organ to facilitate the development of appropriate numbers of hair and supporting cells. Furthermore, mice with deletion of cochlear epithelium-specific Ebf1 showed poor postnatal hearing function. Our results suggest that Ebf1 is essential for normal auditory function in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kagoshima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Akiyoshi Yasumoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tona
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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2
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Liu W, Xie H, Liu X, Xu S, Cheng S, Wang Z, Xie T, Zhang ZC, Han J. PQBP1 regulates striatum development through balancing striatal progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112277. [PMID: 36943865 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for maintaining the neural progenitor pool and brain development. Although the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation and differentiation at the transcriptional level have been studied intensively, post-transcriptional regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation remains largely unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the alternative splicing regulator PQBP1 in striatal progenitors results in defective striatal development due to impaired neurogenesis of spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Pqbp1-deficient striatal progenitors exhibit declined proliferation and increased differentiation, resulting in a reduced striatal progenitor pool. We further reveal that PQBP1 associates with components in splicing machinery. The alternative splicing profiles identify that PQBP1 promotes the exon 9 inclusion of Numb, a variant that mediates progenitor proliferation. These findings identify PQBP1 as a regulator in balancing striatal progenitor proliferation and differentiation and provide alternative insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying Renpenning syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shoujing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Sel1l May Contributes to the Determinants of Neuronal Lineage and Neuronal Maturation Regardless of Hrd1 via Atf6-Sel1l Signaling. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:263-272. [PMID: 36074198 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site of intracellular quality control involved in the recognition and degradation of unfolded proteins. A variety of stresses, including hypoxia and glucose starvation, can lead to accumulation of unfolded proteins triggering the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Suppressor Enhancer Lin12/Notch1 Like (Sel1l) acts as a "gate keeper" in the quality control of de novo synthesized proteins and complexes with the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 in the ER membrane. We previously demonstrated that ER stress-induced aberrant neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and inhibited neurite outgrowth. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth was associated with increased Hrd1 expression; however, the contribution of Sel1l remained unclear. To investigate whether ER stress is induced during normal neuronal differentiation, we semi-quantitatively evaluated mRNA expression levels of unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells undergoing neuronal differentiation in vitro. Stimulation with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for 4 days induced the upregulation of Nestin and several UPR-related genes (Atf6, Xbp1, Chop, Hrd1, and Sel1l), whereas Atf4 and Grp78/Bip were unchanged. Small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Sel1l uncovered that mRNA levels of the neural progenitor marker Math1 (also known as Atoh1) and the neuronal marker Math3 (also known as Atoh3 and NeuroD4) were significantly suppressed at 4 days after ATRA stimulation. Consistent with this result, Sel1l silencing significantly reduced protein levels of immature neuronal marker βIII-tubulin (also known as Tuj-1) at 8 days after induction of neuronal differentiation, whereas synaptogenic factors, such as cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) and SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domain protein 3 (Shank3) were accumulated in Sel1l silenced cells. These results indicate that neuronal differentiation triggers ER stress and suggest that Sel1l may facilitate neuronal lineage through the regulation of Math1 and Math3 expression.
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4
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Nieraad H, de Bruin N, Arne O, Hofmann MCJ, Pannwitz N, Resch E, Luckhardt S, Schneider AK, Trautmann S, Schreiber Y, Gurke R, Parnham MJ, Till U, Geisslinger G. The Roles of Long-Term Hyperhomocysteinemia and Micronutrient Supplementation in the AppNL–G–F Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:876826. [PMID: 35572151 PMCID: PMC9094364 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.876826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal contribution of hyperhomocysteinemia to cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as potential prevention or mitigation of the pathology by dietary intervention, have frequently been subjects of controversy. In the present in vivo study, we attempted to further elucidate the impact of elevated homocysteine (HCys) and homocysteic acid (HCA) levels, induced by dietary B-vitamin deficiency, and micronutrient supplementation on AD-like pathology, which was simulated using the amyloid-based AppNL–G–F knock-in mouse model. For this purpose, cognitive assessment was complemented by analyses of ex vivo parameters in whole blood, serum, CSF, and brain tissues from the mice. Furthermore, neurotoxicity of HCys and HCA was assessed in a separate in vitro assay. In confirmation of our previous study, older AppNL–G–F mice also exhibited subtle phenotypic impairment and extensive cerebral amyloidosis, whereas dietary manipulations did not result in significant effects. As revealed by proximity extension assay-based proteome analysis, the AppNL–G–F genotype led to an upregulation of AD-characteristic neuronal markers. Hyperhomocysteinemia, in contrast, indicated mainly vascular effects. Overall, since there was an absence of a distinct phenotype despite both a significant amyloid-β burden and serum HCys elevation, the results in this study did not corroborate the pathological role of amyloid-β according to the “amyloid hypothesis,” nor of hyperhomocysteinemia on cognitive performance. Nevertheless, this study aided in further characterizing the AppNL–G–F model and in elucidating the role of HCys in diverse biological processes. The idea of AD prevention with the investigated micronutrients, however, was not supported, at least in this mouse model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nieraad
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Natasja de Bruin,
| | - Olga Arne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martine C. J. Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Pannwitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eduard Resch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Luckhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Uwe Till
- Former Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Knowles R, Dehorter N, Ellender T. From Progenitors to Progeny: Shaping Striatal Circuit Development and Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9483-9502. [PMID: 34789560 PMCID: PMC8612473 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0620-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neurons of the striatum are formed and integrate into complex synaptic circuits is essential to provide insight into striatal function in health and disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the development of striatal neurons and associated circuits with a focus on their embryonic origin. Specifically, we address the role of distinct types of embryonic progenitors, found in the proliferative zones of the ganglionic eminences in the ventral telencephalon, in the generation of diverse striatal interneurons and projection neurons. Indeed, recent evidence would suggest that embryonic progenitor origin dictates key characteristics of postnatal cells, including their neurochemical content, their location within striatum, and their long-range synaptic inputs. We also integrate recent observations regarding embryonic progenitors in cortical and other regions and discuss how this might inform future research on the ganglionic eminences. Last, we examine how embryonic progenitor dysfunction can alter striatal formation, as exemplified in Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder, and how increased understanding of embryonic progenitors can have significant implications for future research directions and the development of improved therapeutic options.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review highlights recently defined novel roles for embryonic progenitor cells in shaping the functional properties of both projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum. It outlines the developmental mechanisms that guide neuronal development from progenitors in the embryonic ganglionic eminences to progeny in the striatum. Where questions remain open, we integrate observations from cortex and other regions to present possible avenues for future research. Last, we provide a progenitor-centric perspective onto both Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder. We suggest that future investigations and manipulations of embryonic progenitor cells in both research and clinical settings will likely require careful consideration of their great intrinsic diversity and neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Knowles
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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6
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Cirnaru MD, Song S, Tshilenge KT, Corwin C, Mleczko J, Galicia Aguirre C, Benlhabib H, Bendl J, Apontes P, Fullard J, Creus-Muncunill J, Reyahi A, Nik AM, Carlsson P, Roussos P, Mooney SD, Ellerby LM, Ehrlich ME. Unbiased identification of novel transcription factors in striatal compartmentation and striosome maturation. eLife 2021; 10:e65979. [PMID: 34609283 PMCID: PMC8492065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are linked to dysregulation of the striatum. Striatal function depends on neuronal compartmentation into striosomes and matrix. Striatal projection neurons are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), subtyped by selective expression of receptors, neuropeptides, and other gene families. Neurogenesis of the striosome and matrix occurs in separate waves, but the factors regulating compartmentation and neuronal differentiation are largely unidentified. We performed RNA- and ATAC-seq on sorted striosome and matrix cells at postnatal day 3, using the Nr4a1-EGFP striosome reporter mouse. Focusing on the striosome, we validated the localization and/or role of Irx1, Foxf2, Olig2, and Stat1/2 in the developing striosome and the in vivo enhancer function of a striosome-specific open chromatin region 4.4 Kb downstream of Olig2. These data provide novel tools to dissect and manipulate the networks regulating MSN compartmentation and differentiation, including in human iPSC-derived striatal neurons for disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sicheng Song
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Justyna Mleczko
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Houda Benlhabib
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Pasha Apontes
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Fullard
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Ali M Nik
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Peter Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Panos Roussos
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South)BronxUnited States
| | - Sean D Mooney
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
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7
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van Heusden F, Macey-Dare A, Gordon J, Krajeski R, Sharott A, Ellender T. Diversity in striatal synaptic circuits arises from distinct embryonic progenitor pools in the ventral telencephalon. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109041. [PMID: 33910016 PMCID: PMC8097690 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic circuits in the brain are precisely organized, but the processes that govern this precision are poorly understood. Here, we explore how distinct embryonic neural progenitor pools in the lateral ganglionic eminence contribute to neuronal diversity and synaptic circuit connectivity in the mouse striatum. In utero labeling of Tα1-expressing apical intermediate progenitors (aIP), as well as other progenitors (OP), reveals that both progenitors generate direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) with similar electrophysiological and anatomical properties and are intermingled in medial striatum. Subsequent optogenetic circuit-mapping experiments demonstrate that progenitor origin significantly impacts long-range excitatory input strength, with medial prefrontal cortex preferentially driving aIP-derived SPNs and visual cortex preferentially driving OP-derived SPNs. In contrast, the strength of local inhibitory inputs among SPNs is controlled by birthdate rather than progenitor origin. Combined, these results demonstrate distinct roles for embryonic progenitor origin in shaping neuronal and circuit properties of the postnatal striatum. The Tα1 promoter distinguishes two embryonic progenitor pools in the LGE Both pools generate intermixed spiny projection neurons in dorsomedial striatum Excitatory cortical inputs are biased toward SPNs of different embryonic origin Neurogenic stage rather impacts local inhibitory connections among SPNs
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran van Heusden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anežka Macey-Dare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jack Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rohan Krajeski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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8
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Tian Y, Cao R, Che B, Sun D, Tang Y, Jiang L, Bai Q, Liu Y, Morozova-Roche LA, Zhang C. Proinflammatory S100A9 Regulates Differentiation and Aggregation of Neural Stem Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3549-3556. [PMID: 33079539 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Proinflammatory molecules (e.g., S100A9) play important roles during the progression of the diseases by regulating behavior and fate of multiple cell types in the nervous system. Our earlier studies reveal that S100A9 is toxic to neurons, and its interaction with Aβ peptides leads to the formation of large nontoxic amyloidogenic aggregates, suggesting a protective role of coaggregation with Aβ amyloids. We herein demonstrate that S100A9 interacts with neural stem cells (NSCs) and causes NSC differentiation. In the brain of transgenic AD mouse models, we found large quantities of proinflammatory S100A9, which colocalizes with the differentiated NSCs. NSC sphere formation, which is a representative character of NSC stemness, is also substantially inhibited by S100A9. These results suggest that S100A9 is a representative marker for the inflammatory conditions in AD, and it promotes NSC differentiation. Intriguingly, in contrast to the death of both stem and differentiated NSCs caused by high S100A9 doses, S100A9 at a moderate concentration is toxic only to the early differentiated NSCs but not the stem cells. We therefore postulate that, at the early stage of AD, the expression of S100A9 leads to NSC differentiation, which remedies the neuron damage. The application of drugs, which help maintain NSC stemness (e.g., the platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF), may help overcome the acute inflammatory conditions and improve the efficacy of NSC transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Bingchen Che
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Qiao Bai
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | | | - Ce Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
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9
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Soleilhavoup C, Travaglio M, Patrick K, Garção P, Boobalan E, Adolfs Y, Spriggs RV, Moles-Garcia E, Dhiraj D, Oosterveen T, Ferri SL, Abel T, Brodkin ES, Pasterkamp RJ, Brooks BP, Panman L. Nolz1 expression is required in dopaminergic axon guidance and striatal innervation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3111. [PMID: 32561725 PMCID: PMC7305235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) axons make long longitudinal projections towards the striatum. Despite the importance of DA striatal innervation, processes involved in establishment of DA axonal connectivity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate a striatal-specific requirement of transcriptional regulator Nolz1 in establishing DA circuitry formation. DA projections are misguided and fail to innervate the striatum in both constitutive and striatal-specific Nolz1 mutant embryos. The lack of striatal Nolz1 expression results in nigral to pallidal lineage conversion of striatal projection neuron subtypes. This lineage switch alters the composition of secreted factors influencing DA axonal tract formation and renders the striatum non-permissive for dopaminergic and other forebrain tracts. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and Nolz1−/− mutant striatal tissue led to the identification of several secreted factors that underlie the observed guidance defects and proteins that promote DA axonal outgrowth. Together, our data demonstrate the involvement of the striatum in orchestrating dopaminergic circuitry formation. The mechanisms regulating midbrain dopaminergic innervation during development are unclear. Here, the authors showed that Nolz1 is required for axonal guidance of dopaminergic neurons during embryonic development of the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Soleilhavoup
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Marco Travaglio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kieran Patrick
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Pedro Garção
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Elangovan Boobalan
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth V Spriggs
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Emma Moles-Garcia
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Dalbir Dhiraj
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Tony Oosterveen
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Sarah L Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, USA
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lia Panman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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10
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Matsushima A, Graybiel AM. Combinatorial Developmental Controls on Striatonigral Circuits. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107778. [PMID: 32553154 PMCID: PMC7433760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical pyramidal cells are generated locally, from pre-programmed progenitors, to form functionally distinct areas. By contrast, striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are generated remotely from a common source, undergo migration to form mosaics of striosomes and matrix, and become incorporated into functionally distinct sectors. Striatal circuits might thus have a unique logic of developmental organization, distinct from those of the neocortex. We explore this possibility in mice by mapping one set of SPNs, those in striosomes, with striatonigral projections to the dopamine-containing substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Same-age SPNs exhibit topographic striatonigral projections, according to their resident sector. However, the different birth dates of resident SPNs within a given sector specify the destination of their axons within the SNpc. These findings highlight a logic intercalating birth date-dependent and birth date-independent factors in determining the trajectories of SPN axons and organizing specialized units of striatonigral circuitry that could influence behavioral expression and vulnerabilities to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 20139, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 20139, USA.
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11
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McGregor MM, McKinsey GL, Girasole AE, Bair-Marshall CJ, Rubenstein JLR, Nelson AB. Functionally Distinct Connectivity of Developmentally Targeted Striosome Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1419-1428.e5. [PMID: 31693884 PMCID: PMC6866662 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One long-standing model of striatal function divides the striatum into compartments called striosome and matrix. While some anatomical evidence suggests that these populations represent distinct striatal pathways with differing inputs and outputs, functional investigation has been limited by the methods for identifying and manipulating these populations. Here, we utilize hs599CreER mice as a new tool for targeting striosome projection neurons and testing their functional connectivity. Extending anatomical work, we demonstrate that striosome neurons receive greater synaptic input from prelimbic cortex, whereas matrix neurons receive greater input from primary motor cortex. We also identify functional differences in how striosome and matrix neurons process excitatory input, providing the first electrophysiological method for delineating striatal output neuron subtypes. Lastly, we provide the first functional demonstration that striosome neurons are the predominant striatal output to substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons. These results identify striosome and matrix as functionally distinct striatal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M McGregor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allison E Girasole
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - John L R Rubenstein
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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12
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Sueda R, Kageyama R. Regulation of active and quiescent somatic stem cells by Notch signaling. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 62:59-66. [PMID: 31489617 PMCID: PMC7027910 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem/progenitor cells actively proliferate and give rise to different types of mature cells (active state) in embryonic tissues while they are mostly dormant (quiescent state) in many adult tissues. Notch signaling is known to regulate both active and quiescent states of somatic stem cells, but how it regulates these different states is unknown. Recent studies revealed that the Notch effector Hes1 is expressed differently during the active and quiescent states during neurogenesis and myogenesis: high in the quiescent state and oscillatory in the active state. When the Hes1 expression level is high, both Ascl1 and MyoD expression are continuously suppressed. By contrast, when Hes1 expression oscillates, it periodically represses expression of the neurogenic factor Ascl1 and the myogenic factor MyoD, thereby driving Ascl1 and MyoD oscillations. High levels of Hes1 and the resultant Ascl1 suppression promote the quiescent state of neural stem cells, while Hes1 oscillation-dependent Ascl1 oscillations regulate their active state. Similarly, in satellite cells of muscles, known adult muscle stem cells, high levels of Hes1 and the resultant MyoD suppression seem to promote their quiescent state, while Hes1 oscillation-dependent MyoD oscillations activate their proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, the expression dynamics of Hes1 is a key regulatory mechanism of generating and maintaining active/quiescent stem cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sueda
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, Japan.,Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Parallel Emergence of a Compartmentalized Striatum with the Phylogenetic Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040090. [PMID: 31010240 PMCID: PMC6523536 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate neuronal architecture of the striatum plays a pivotal role in the functioning of the basal ganglia circuits involved in the control of various aspects of motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Unlike the cerebral cortex, which has a laminar structure, the striatum is primarily composed of two functional subdivisions (i.e., the striosome and matrix compartments) arranged in a mosaic fashion. This review addresses whether striatal compartmentalization is present in non-mammalian vertebrates, in which simple cognitive and behavioral functions are executed by primitive sensori-motor systems. Studies show that neuronal subpopulations that share neurochemical and connective properties with striosomal and matrix neurons are present in the striata of not only anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), but also amniotes (reptiles and birds). However, these neurons do not form clearly segregated compartments in these vertebrates, suggesting that such compartmentalization is unique to mammals. In the ontogeny of the mammalian forebrain, the later-born matrix neurons disperse the early-born striosome neurons into clusters to form the compartments in tandem with the development of striatal afferents from the cortex. We propose that striatal compartmentalization in mammals emerged in parallel with the evolution of the cortex and possibly enhanced complex processing of sensory information and behavioral flexibility phylogenetically.
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14
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Sueda R, Imayoshi I, Harima Y, Kageyama R. High Hes1 expression and resultant Ascl1 suppression regulate quiescent vs. active neural stem cells in the adult mouse brain. Genes Dev 2019; 33:511-523. [PMID: 30862661 PMCID: PMC6499325 DOI: 10.1101/gad.323196.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sueda et al. show that in quiescent neural stem cells, Hes1 levels are oscillatory, although the peaks and troughs are higher than those in active neural stem cells, causing Ascl1 expression to be continuously suppressed. Somatic stem/progenitor cells are active in embryonic tissues but quiescent in many adult tissues. The detailed mechanisms that regulate active versus quiescent stem cell states are largely unknown. In active neural stem cells, Hes1 expression oscillates and drives cyclic expression of the proneural gene Ascl1, which activates cell proliferation. Here, we found that in quiescent neural stem cells in the adult mouse brain, Hes1 levels are oscillatory, although the peaks and troughs are higher than those in active neural stem cells, causing Ascl1 expression to be continuously suppressed. Inactivation of Hes1 and its related genes up-regulates Ascl1 expression and increases neurogenesis. This causes rapid depletion of neural stem cells and premature termination of neurogenesis. Conversely, sustained Hes1 expression represses Ascl1, inhibits neurogenesis, and maintains quiescent neural stem cells. In contrast, induction of Ascl1 oscillations activates neural stem cells and increases neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain. Thus, Ascl1 oscillations, which normally depend on Hes1 oscillations, regulate the active state, while high Hes1 expression and resultant Ascl1 suppression promote quiescence in neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sueda
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Harima
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Gay SM, Brett CA, Stinson JPC, Gabriele ML. Alignment of EphA4 and ephrin-B2 expression patterns with developing modularity in the lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2706-2721. [PMID: 30156295 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the multimodal lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC), there are two neurochemically and connectionally distinct compartments, termed modular and extramodular zones. Modular fields span LCIC layer 2 and are recipients of somatosensory afferents, while encompassing extramodular domains receive auditory inputs. Recently, in developing mice, we identified several markers (among them glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD) that consistently label the same modular set, and a reliable extramodular marker, calretinin, (CR). Previous reports from our lab show similar modular-extramodular patterns for certain Eph-ephrin guidance members, although their precise alignment with the developing LCIC neurochemical framework has yet to be addressed. Here we confirm in the nascent LCIC complementary GAD/CR-positive compartments, and characterize the registry of EphA4 and ephrin-B2 expression patterns with respect to its emerging modular-extramodular organization. Immunocytochemical approaches in GAD67-GFP knock-in mice reveal patchy EphA4 and ephrin-B2 domains that precisely align with GAD-positive LCIC modules, and are complementary to CR-defined extramodular zones. Such patterning was detectable neonatally, yielding discrete compartments prior to hearing onset. A dense plexus of EphA4-positive fibers filled modules, surrounding labeled ephrin-B2 and GAD cell populations. The majority of observed GABAergic neurons within modular boundaries were also positive for ephrin-B2. These results suggest an early compartmentalization of the LCIC that is likely instructed in part through Eph-ephrin guidance mechanisms. The overlap of developing LCIC neurochemical and guidance patterns is discussed in the context of its seemingly segregated multimodal input-output streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gay
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Cooper A Brett
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | | | - Mark L Gabriele
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
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16
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Kelly SM, Raudales R, He M, Lee JH, Kim Y, Gibb LG, Wu P, Matho K, Osten P, Graybiel AM, Huang ZJ. Radial Glial Lineage Progression and Differential Intermediate Progenitor Amplification Underlie Striatal Compartments and Circuit Organization. Neuron 2018; 99:345-361.e4. [PMID: 30017396 PMCID: PMC6094944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The circuitry of the striatum is characterized by two organizational plans: the division into striosome and matrix compartments, thought to mediate evaluation and action, and the direct and indirect pathways, thought to promote or suppress behavior. The developmental origins of these organizations and their developmental relationships are unknown, leaving a conceptual gap in understanding the cortico-basal ganglia system. Through genetic fate mapping, we demonstrate that striosome-matrix compartmentalization arises from a lineage program embedded in lateral ganglionic eminence radial glial progenitors mediating neurogenesis through two distinct types of intermediate progenitors (IPs). The early phase of this program produces striosomal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) through fate-restricted apical IPs (aIPSs) with limited capacity; the late phase produces matrix SPNs through fate-restricted basal IPs (bIPMs) with expanded capacity. Notably, direct and indirect pathway SPNs arise within both aIPS and bIPM pools, suggesting that striosome-matrix architecture is the fundamental organizational plan of basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kelly
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Ricardo Raudales
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Miao He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jannifer H Lee
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Leif G Gibb
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Priscilla Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Katherine Matho
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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17
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Turrero García M, Harwell CC. Radial glia in the ventral telencephalon. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3942-3959. [PMID: 28862741 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ventral telencephalon is the developmental origin of the basal ganglia and the source of neuronal and glial cells that integrate into developing circuits in other areas of the brain. Radial glia in the embryonic subpallium give rise to an enormous diversity of mature cell types, either directly or through other transit-amplifying progenitors. Here, we review current knowledge about these subpallial neural stem cells and their progeny, focusing on the period of neurogenesis. We describe their cell biological features and the extrinsic and intrinsic molecular codes that guide their fate specification in defined temporal and spatial sequences. We also discuss the role of clonal lineage in the organization and specification of mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Dhanesh SB, Subashini C, Riya PA, Rasheed VA, James J. Pleiotropic Hes-1 Concomitant with its Differential Activation Mediates Neural Stem Cell Maintenance and Radial Glial Propensity in Developing Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3943-3961. [PMID: 27405330 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling pathway and its downstream effector Hes-1 are well known for their role in cortical neurogenesis. Despite the canonical activation of Hes-1 in developing neocortex, recent advances have laid considerable emphasis on Notch/CBF1-independent Hes-1 (NIHes-1) expression with poor understanding of its existence and functional significance. Here, using reporter systems and in utero electroporation, we could qualitatively unravel the existence of NIHes-1 expressing neural stem cells from the cohort of dependent progenitors throughout the mouse neocortical development. Though Hes-1 expression is maintained in neural progenitor territory at all times, a simple shift from Notch-independent to -dependent state makes it pleiotropic as the former maintains the neural stem cells in a non-dividing/slow-dividing state, whereas the latter is very much required for maintenance and proliferation of radial glial cells. Therefore, our results provide an additional complexity in neural progenitor heterogeneity regarding differential Hes-1 expression in the germinal zone during neo-cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivadasan Bindu Dhanesh
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Chandramohan Subashini
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Paul Ann Riya
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Vazhanthodi Abdul Rasheed
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
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19
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Brignani S, Pasterkamp RJ. Neuronal Subset-Specific Migration and Axonal Wiring Mechanisms in the Developing Midbrain Dopamine System. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:55. [PMID: 28740464 PMCID: PMC5502286 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is involved in the control of cognitive and motor behaviors, and is associated with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. mDA neurons receive diverse afferent inputs and establish efferent connections with many brain areas. Recent studies have unveiled a high level of molecular and cellular heterogeneity within the mDA system with specific subsets of mDA neurons displaying select molecular profiles and connectivity patterns. During mDA neuron development, molecular differences between mDA neuron subsets allow the establishment of subset-specific afferent and efferent connections and functional roles. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent work defining novel mDA neuron subsets based on specific molecular signatures. Then, molecular cues are highlighted that control mDA neuron migration during embryonic development and that facilitate the formation of selective patterns of efferent connections. The review focuses largely on studies that show differences in these mechanisms between different subsets of mDA neurons and for which in vivo data is available, and is concluded by a section that discusses open questions and provides directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brignani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - R J Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Kuo H, Liu F. Valproic acid induces aberrant development of striatal compartments and corticostriatal pathways in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. FASEB J 2017; 31:4458-4471. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700054r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao‐Ying Kuo
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Chin Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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21
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Martín-Ibáñez R, Pardo M, Giralt A, Miguez A, Guardia I, Marion-Poll L, Herranz C, Esgleas M, Garcia-Díaz Barriga G, Edel MJ, Vicario-Abejón C, Alberch J, Girault JA, Chan S, Kastner P, Canals JM. Helios expression coordinates the development of a subset of striatopallidal medium spiny neurons. Development 2017; 144:1566-1577. [PMID: 28289129 PMCID: PMC5399659 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we unravel the mechanism of action of the Ikaros family zinc finger protein Helios (He) during the development of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). He regulates the second wave of striatal neurogenesis involved in the generation of striatopallidal neurons, which express dopamine 2 receptor and enkephalin. To exert this effect, He is expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) keeping them in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, a lack of He results in an increase of S-phase entry and S-phase length of NPCs, which in turn impairs striatal neurogenesis and produces an accumulation of the number of cycling NPCs in the germinal zone (GZ), which end up dying at postnatal stages. Therefore, He−/− mice show a reduction in the number of dorso-medial striatal MSNs in the adult that produces deficits in motor skills acquisition. In addition, overexpression of He in NPCs induces misexpression of DARPP-32 when transplanted in mouse striatum. These findings demonstrate that He is involved in the correct development of a subset of striatopallidal MSNs and reveal new cellular mechanisms for neuronal development. Summary: The transcription factor Helios regulates G1-S transition to promote neuronal differentiation of a striatopallidal neuronal subpopulation involved in motor skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Ibáñez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pardo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Miguez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Inés Guardia
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Lucile Marion-Poll
- Inserm UMR-S839; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cristina Herranz
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Díaz Barriga
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J Edel
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, CCTRM, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Departamento de Neurobiología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S839; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Susan Chan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Kastner
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Josep M Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain .,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Wu ZQ, Li D, Huang Y, Chen XP, Huang W, Liu CF, Zhao HQ, Xu RX, Cheng M, Schachner M, Ma QH. Caspr Controls the Temporal Specification of Neural Progenitor Cells through Notch Signaling in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1369-1385. [PMID: 26740489 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of layer-specific neurons and astrocytes by radial glial cells during development of the cerebral cortex follows a precise temporal sequence, which is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The molecular mechanisms controlling the timely generation of layer-specific neurons and astrocytes remain not fully understood. In this study, we show that the adhesion molecule contactin-associated protein (Caspr), which is involved in the maintenance of the polarized domains of myelinated axons, is essential for the timing of generation of neurons and astrocytes in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Caspr is expressed by radial glial cells, which are neural progenitor cells that generate both neurons and astrocytes. Absence of Caspr in neural progenitor cells delays the production cortical neurons and induces precocious formation of cortical astrocytes, without affecting the numbers of progenitor cells. At the molecular level, Caspr cooperates with the intracellular domain of Notch to repress transcription of the Notch effector Hes1. Suppression of Notch signaling via a Hes1 shRNA rescues the abnormal neurogenesis and astrogenesis in Caspr-deficient mice. These findings establish Caspr as a novel key regulator that controls the temporal specification of cell fate in radial glial cells of the developing cerebral cortex through Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Di Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xi-Ping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg D-66421, Germany
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - He-Qing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Beijing Military Hospital, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
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23
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Dhanesh SB, Subashini C, James J. Hes1: the maestro in neurogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4019-42. [PMID: 27233500 PMCID: PMC11108451 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis is well orchestrated by the harmony of multiple cues in a spatiotemporal manner. In this review, we focus on how a dynamic gene, Hes1, is involved in neurogenesis with the view of its regulation and functional implications. Initially, we have reviewed the immense functional significance drawn by this maestro during neural development in a context-dependent manner. How this indispensable role of Hes1 in conferring the competency for neural differentiation partly relies on the direct/indirect mode of repression mediated by very specific structural and functional arms of this protein has also been outlined here. We also review the detailed molecular mechanisms behind the well-tuned oscillatory versus sustained expression of this antineurogenic bHLH repressor, which indeed makes it a master gene to implement the elusive task of neural progenitor propensity. Apart from the functional aspects of Hes1, we also discuss the molecular insights into the endogenous regulatory machinery that regulates its expression. Though Hes1 is a classical target of the Notch signaling pathway, we discuss here its differential expression at the molecular, cellular, and/or regional level. Moreover, we describe how its expression is fine-tuned by all possible ways of gene regulation such as epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and environmental factors during vertebrate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivadasan Bindu Dhanesh
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Chandramohan Subashini
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India.
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24
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Hagimoto K, Takami S, Murakami F, Tanabe Y. Distinct migratory behaviors of striosome and matrix cells underlying the mosaic formation in the developing striatum. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:794-817. [PMID: 27532901 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The striatum, the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia controlling motor and cognitive functions, can be characterized by a labyrinthine mosaic organization of striosome/matrix compartments. It is unclear how striosome/matrix mosaic formation is spatially and temporally controlled at the cellular level during striatal development. Here, by combining in vivo electroporation and brain slice cultures, we set up a prospective experimental system in which we differentially labeled striosome and matrix cells from the time of birth and followed their distributions and migratory behaviors. Our results showed that, at an initial stage of striosome/matrix mosaic formation, striosome cells were mostly stationary, whereas matrix cells actively migrated in multiple directions regardless of the presence of striosome cells. The mostly stationary striosome cells were still able to associate to form patchy clusters via attractive interactions. Our results suggest that the restricted migratory capability of striosome cells may allow them to cluster together only when they happen to be located in close proximity to each other and are not separated by actively migrating matrix cells. The way in which the mutidirectionally migrating matrix cells intermingle with the mostly stationary striosome cells may therefore determine the topographic features of striosomes. At later stages, the actively migrating matrix cells began to repulse the patchy clusters of striosomes, presumably enhancing the striosome cluster formation and the segregation and eventual formation of dichotomous homogeneous striosome/matrix compartments. Overall, our study reveals temporally distinct migratory behaviors of striosome/matrix cells, which may underlie the sequential steps of mosaic formation in the developing striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:794-817, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hagimoto
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Saki Takami
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fujio Murakami
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuto Tanabe
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Smith JB, Klug JR, Ross DL, Howard CD, Hollon NG, Ko VI, Hoffman H, Callaway EM, Gerfen CR, Jin X. Genetic-Based Dissection Unveils the Inputs and Outputs of Striatal Patch and Matrix Compartments. Neuron 2016; 91:1069-1084. [PMID: 27568516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The striatum contains neurochemically defined compartments termed patches and matrix. Previous studies suggest patches preferentially receive limbic inputs and project to dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), whereas matrix neurons receive sensorimotor inputs and do not innervate SNc. Using BAC-Cre transgenic mice with viral tracing techniques, we mapped brain-wide differences in the input-output organization of the patch/matrix. Findings reveal a displaced population of striatal patch neurons termed "exo-patch," which reside in matrix zones but have neurochemistry, connectivity, and electrophysiological characteristics resembling patch neurons. Contrary to previous studies, results show patch/exo-patch and matrix neurons receive both limbic and sensorimotor information. A novel inhibitory projection from bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to patch/exo-patch neurons was revealed. Projections to SNc were found to originate from patch/exo-patch and matrix neurons. These findings redefine patch/matrix beyond traditional neurochemical topography and reveal new principles about their input-output connectivity, providing a foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason R Klug
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danica L Ross
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher D Howard
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nick G Hollon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vivian I Ko
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hilary Hoffman
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Choe Y, Pleasure SJ, Mira H. Control of Adult Neurogenesis by Short-Range Morphogenic-Signaling Molecules. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 8:a018887. [PMID: 26637286 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is dynamically regulated by a tangled web of local signals emanating from the neural stem cell (NSC) microenvironment. Both soluble and membrane-bound niche factors have been identified as determinants of adult neurogenesis, including morphogens. Here, we review our current understanding of the role and mechanisms of short-range morphogen ligands from the Wnt, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. These morphogens are ideally suited to fine-tune stem-cell behavior, progenitor expansion, and differentiation, thereby influencing all stages of the neurogenesis process. We discuss cross talk between their signaling pathways and highlight findings of embryonic development that provide a relevant context for understanding neurogenesis in the adult brain. We also review emerging examples showing that the web of morphogens is in fact tightly linked to the regulation of neurogenesis by diverse physiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Helena Mira
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Richter HE, Whitehead N, Arya L, Ridgeway B, Allen-Brady K, Norton P, Sung V, Shepherd JP, Komesu Y, Gaddis N, Fraser MO, Tan-Kim J, Meikle S, Page GP. Genetic contributions to urgency urinary incontinence in women. J Urol 2015; 193:2020-7. [PMID: 25524241 PMCID: PMC4439377 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We identify genetic variants associated with urgency urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 2-stage genome-wide association analysis was conducted to identify variants associated with urgency urinary incontinence. The WHI GARNET substudy with 4,894 genotyped post-reproductive white women was randomly split into independent discovery and replication cohorts. Genome-wide imputation was performed using IMPUTE2 with the 1000 Genomes ALL Phase I integrated variant set as a reference. Controls reported no urgency urinary incontinence at enrollment or followup. Cases reported monthly or greater urgency urinary incontinence and leaked sufficiently to wet/soak underpants/clothes. Logistic regression models were used to predict urgency urinary incontinence case vs control status based on genotype, assuming additive inheritance. Age, obesity, diabetes and depression were included in the models as covariates. RESULTS Following quality control, 975,508 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2,241 cases (discovery 1,102; replication 1,133) and 776 controls (discovery 405, replication 371) remained. Genotype imputation resulted in 9,077,347 single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions with minor allele frequency greater than 0.01 available for analysis. Meta-analysis of the discovery and replication samples identified 6 loci on chromosomes 5, 10, 11, 12 and 18 associated with urgency urinary incontinence at p <10(-6). Of the loci 3 were within genes, the zinc finger protein 521 (ZFP521) gene on chromosome 18q11, the ADAMTS16 gene on chromosome 5p15 and the CIT gene on chromosome 12q24. The other 3 loci were intergenic. CONCLUSIONS Although environmental factors also likely contribute, this first exploratory genome-wide association study for urgency urinary incontinence suggests that genetic variants in the ZFP521, CIT and ADAMTS16 genes might account for some of the observed heritability of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nedra Whitehead
- Research Triangle International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lily Arya
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Vivian Sung
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Yuko Komesu
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nathan Gaddis
- Research Triangle International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Susan Meikle
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Grier P Page
- Research Triangle International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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28
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Newman H, Liu FC, Graybiel AM. Dynamic ordering of early generated striatal cells destined to form the striosomal compartment of the striatum. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:943-62. [PMID: 25521072 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mature striatum is divided into a labyrinthine system of striosomes embedded in a surrounding matrix compartment. We pulse-labeled striosomal cells (S cells) and matrix cells (M cells) in cats with (3) H-thymidine and followed their distributions during fetal and postnatal development. We identified three maturational phases in S-cell distributions. The early phase (sampled at embryonic day [E]27-E35 following E24-E28 (3) H-thymidine) was characterized by a transient medial accumulation of synchronously generated S cells within the caudate nucleus adjoining the ganglionic eminence, potentially a waiting compartment. Band-like arrangements of synchronously generated S cells then formed beyond this medial band. During the second phase (sampled at E38-E45), the loosely banded S-cell distributions were transformed into clustered arrangements typical of developing striosomes. In the third phase (sampled from E52 into the postnatal period), these developed into the typical mature striosomal architecture. At adulthood, gentle mediolateral birthdate-gradients in S cells were still evident, but M cells, produced over mid to late prenatal ages, became broadly distributed, without apparent gradients or banding arrangements. These findings suggest that the maturational histories of the striosomal and matrix neurons are influenced by their generation times and local environments, and that future S cells have transient, nonstriosomal distributions prior to their aggregation into striosomal clusters, including a putative waiting compartment. Further, the eventual patterning of the striosomal compartment reflects outside-in, band-like gradient patterns of settling of synchronously generated S cells, patterns that could be related both to neural processing in the mature striatum and to patterns of vulnerability of striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Newman
- Veterinary Transplant Services, Kent, WA, 98032, USA
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29
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Pietersen CY, Mauney SA, Kim SS, Passeri E, Lim MP, Rooney RJ, Goldstein JM, Petreyshen TL, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, Mccarley RW, Sonntag KC, Woo TUW. Molecular profiles of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:70-85. [PMID: 24628518 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.878339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of pyramidal cell network function by the soma- and axon-targeting inhibitory neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) represents a core pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia. In order to gain insight into the molecular basis of their functional impairment, we used laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate PV-immunolabeled neurons from layer 3 of Brodmann's area 42 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) from postmortem schizophrenia and normal control brains. We then extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) from these neurons and determined their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile using the Affymetrix platform of microarray technology. Seven hundred thirty-nine mRNA transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in PV neurons in subjects with schizophrenia, including genes associated with WNT (wingless-type), NOTCH, and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) signaling, in addition to genes that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis. Of these 739 genes, only 89 (12%) were also differentially expressed in pyramidal neurons, as described in the accompanying paper, suggesting that the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia appears to be predominantly neuronal type specific. In addition, we identified 15 microRNAs (miRNAs) that were differentially expressed in schizophrenia; enrichment analysis of the predicted targets of these miRNAs included the signaling pathways found by microarray to be dysregulated in schizophrenia. Taken together, findings of this study provide a neurobiological framework within which hypotheses of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the dysfunction of PV neurons in schizophrenia can be generated and experimentally explored and, as such, may ultimately inform the conceptualization of rational targeted molecular intervention for this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y Pietersen
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts , USA
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30
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Garcia-Calero E, Bahamonde O, Martinez S. Differences in number and distribution of striatal calbindin medium spiny neurons between a vocal-learner (Melopsittacus undulatus) and a non-vocal learner bird (Colinus virginianus). Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:46. [PMID: 24391552 PMCID: PMC3867642 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal projecting neurons, known as medium spiny neurons (MSNs), segregate into two compartments called matrix and striosome in the mammalian striatum. The matrix domain is characterized by the presence of calbindin immunopositive (CB+) MSNs, not observed in the striosome subdivision. The existence of a similar CB+ MSN population has recently been described in two striatal structures in male zebra finch (a vocal learner bird): the striatal capsule and the Area X, a nucleus implicated in song learning. Female zebra finches show a similar pattern of CB+ MSNs than males in the developing striatum but loose these cells in juveniles and adult stages. In the present work we analyzed the existence and allocation of CB+ MSNs in the striatal domain of the vocal learner bird budgerigar (representative of psittaciformes order) and the non-vocal learner bird quail (representative of galliformes order). We studied the co-localization of CB protein with FoxP1, a transcription factor expressed in vertebrate striatal MSNs. We observed CB+ MSNs in the medial striatal domain of adult male and female budgerigars, although this cell type was missing in the potentially homologous nucleus for Area X in budgerigar. In quail, we observed CB+ cells in the striatal domain at developmental and adult stages but they did not co-localize with the MSN marker FoxP1. We also described the existence of the CB+ striatal capsule in budgerigar and quail and compared these results with the CB+ striatal capsule observed in juvenile zebra finches. Together, these results point out important differences in CB+ MSN distribution between two representative species of vocal learner and non-vocal learner avian orders (respectively the budgerigar and the quail), but also between close vocal learner bird families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garcia-Calero
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Olga Bahamonde
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas San Juan, Alicante, Spain ; Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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31
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Alqudah MAY, Agarwal S, Al-Keilani MS, Sibenaller ZA, Ryken TC, Assem M. NOTCH3 is a prognostic factor that promotes glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion via activation of CCND1 and EGFR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77299. [PMID: 24143218 PMCID: PMC3797092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a GWA analysis of a comprehensive glioma specimen population, we identified whole gain of chromosome 19 as one of the major chromosomal aberrations that correlates to patients' outcomes. Our analysis of significant loci revealed for the first time NOTCH3 as one of the most significant amplification. NOTCH3 amplification is associated with worse outcome compared to tumors with non-amplified locus. NOTCH receptors (NOTCH1-4) are key positive regulators of cell-cell interactions, angiogenesis, cell adhesion and stem cell niche development which have been shown to play critical roles in several human cancers. Our objective is to determine the molecular roles of NOTCH3 in glioma pathogenesis and aggressiveness. Here we show for the first time that NOTCH3 plays a major role in glioma cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion and apoptosis. Therefore, our study uncovers the prognostic value and the oncogenic function of NOTCH3 in gliomagenesis and supports NOTCH3 as a promising target of therapy in high grade glioma. Our studies allowed the identification of a subset of population that may benefit from GSI- or anti-NOTCH3- based therapies. This may lead to the design of novel strategies to improve therapeutic outcome of patients with glioma by establishing medical and scientific basis for personalized chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah
- Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Supreet Agarwal
- Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Maha S. Al-Keilani
- Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zita A. Sibenaller
- Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Ryken
- Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mahfoud Assem
- Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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32
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Nelson BR, Hodge RD, Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Dynamic interactions between intermediate neurogenic progenitors and radial glia in embryonic mouse neocortex: potential role in Dll1-Notch signaling. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9122-39. [PMID: 23699523 PMCID: PMC3716275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0791-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortical progenitor cell niche is composed of a diverse repertoire of neuroepithelial cells, radial glia (RG), and intermediate neurogenic progenitors (INPs). Previously, live-cell imaging experiments have proved crucial in identifying these distinct progenitor populations, especially INPs, which amplify neural output by undergoing additional rounds of proliferation before differentiating into new neurons. INPs also provide feedback to the RG pool by serving as a source of Delta-like 1 (Dll1), a key ligand for activating Notch signaling in neighboring cells, a well-known mechanism for maintaining RG identity. While much is known about Dll1-Notch signaling at the molecular level, little is known about how this cell-cell contact dependent feedback is transmitted at the cellular level. To investigate how RG and INPs might interact to convey Notch signals, we used high-resolution live-cell multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to directly observe cellular interactions and dynamics, in conjunction with Notch-pathway specific reporters in the neocortical neural stem cell niche in organotypic brain slices from embryonic mice. We found that INPs and RG interact via dynamic and transient elongate processes, some apparently long-range (extending from the subventricular zone to the ventricular zone), and some short-range (filopodia-like). Gene expression profiling of RG and INPs revealed further progenitor cell diversification, including different subpopulations of Hes1+ and/or Hes5+ RG, and Dll1+ and/or Dll3+ INPs. Thus, the embryonic progenitor niche includes a network of dynamic cell-cell interactions, using different combinations of Notch signaling molecules to maintain and likely diversify progenitor pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, and
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Rebecca D. Hodge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, and
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
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33
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Nguyen GD, Gokhan S, Molero AE, Mehler MF. Selective roles of normal and mutant huntingtin in neural induction and early neurogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64368. [PMID: 23691206 PMCID: PMC3653864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the amino-terminal end of the huntingtin protein (Htt) and characterized by progressive striatal and cortical pathology. Previous reports have shown that Htt is essential for embryogenesis, and a recent study by our group revealed that the pathogenic form of Htt (mHtt) causes impairments in multiple stages of striatal development. In this study, we have examined whether HD-associated striatal developmental deficits are reflective of earlier maturational alterations occurring at the time of neurulation by assessing differential roles of Htt and mHtt during neural induction and early neurogenesis using an in vitro mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) clonal assay system. We demonstrated that the loss of Htt in ESCs (KO ESCs) severely disrupts the specification of primitive and definitive neural stem cells (pNSCs, dNSCs, respectively) during the process of neural induction. In addition, clonally derived KO pNSCs and dNSCs displayed impaired proliferative potential, enhanced cell death and altered multi-lineage potential. Conversely, as observed in HD knock-in ESCs (Q111 ESCs), mHtt enhanced the number and size of pNSC clones, which exhibited enhanced proliferative potential and precocious neuronal differentiation. The transition from Q111 pNSCs to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-responsive dNSCs was marked by potentiation in the number of dNSCs and altered proliferative potential. The multi-lineage potential of Q111 dNSCs was also enhanced with precocious neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte progenitor elaboration. The generation of Q111 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive dNSCs was also compromised, whereas their multi-lineage potential was unaltered. These abnormalities in neural induction were associated with differential alterations in the expression profiles of Notch, Hes1 and Hes5. These cumulative observations indicate that Htt is required for multiple stages of neural induction, whereas mHtt enhances this process and promotes precocious neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang D. Nguyen
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Solen Gokhan
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Aldrin E. Molero
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark F. Mehler
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Center for Epigenomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hertel N, Redies C, Medina L. Cadherin expression delineates the divisions of the postnatal and adult mouse amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3982-4012. [PMID: 22592879 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex represents a group of telencephalic nuclei and cortical areas that control emotional and social behavior. Amygdalar development is poorly understood. It is generally accepted that the structures of the amygdala originate from the neuroepithelium at both sides of the pallial-subpallial boundary. In the present study, we mapped the expression of 13 members of the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, which provide an adhesive code for the development and maintenance of functional structures in the central nervous system (CNS). Five classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11) and eight delta-protocadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh11, PCdh17, PCdh19) were studied by in situ hybridization in the postnatal (P5) and adult mouse amygdala. In the different parts of the amygdala, each of these (proto-) cadherins shows a distinct and spatially restricted expression pattern that is highly similar at postnatal and adult stages. The combinatorial expression of (proto-) cadherins allows the distinction of multiple molecular subdivisions within the amygdala that partially coincide with previously described morphological divisions. Beyond these expected results, a number of novel molecular subdivisions and subpopulations of cells were identified; for example, additional molecular subdomains, patches, or cell aggregates with distinct (proto-) cadherin expression in several nuclei/areas of the amygdala. We also show that several cadherins are molecular markers for particular functional subsystems within the amygdala, such as in the olfactory projections. In summary, (proto-) cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues that can aid the understanding of functional organization in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Transplants of cells and tissues to the central nervous system of adult mammals can, under appropriate conditions, survive, integrate, and function. In particular, the grafted cells can sustain functional recovery in animal models of a range of neurodegenerative conditions including genetic and idiopathic neurodegenerative diseases of adulthood and aging, ischemic stroke, and brain and spinal cord trauma. In a restricted subset of such conditions, cell transplantation has progressed to application in humans in early-stage clinical trials. At the present stage of play, there is clear evidence of clinical efficacy of fetal cell transplants in Parkinson disease (notwithstanding a range of technical difficulties still to be fully resolved), and preliminary claims of promising outcomes in several other severe neurodegenerative conditions, including Huntington disease and stroke. Moreover, the experimental literature is increasingly suggesting that the experience and training of the graft recipient materially affects the functional outcome. For example, environmental enrichment, behavioral activity, and specific training can enhance the recovery process to maximize functional recovery. There are even circumstances where the grafted cells have been demonstrated to restore the neural substrate for new learning. Consequently, it is not sufficient to replace lost cells anatomically; rather, for the grafts to be effective, they need to be integrated functionally into the host circuitry, and the host animal requires training and rehabilitation to maximize function of the reconstructed graft-host circuitry. Such observations require reconsideration of the design of the next generation of clinical trials and subsequent service delivery, to include physiotherapists, cognitive therapists, and rehabilitation experts as core members of the transplant team, along with the neurologists and neurosurgeons that have conventionally led the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Dunnett
- Department of Biosciences, The Brain Repair Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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36
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Imayoshi I, Shimojo H, Sakamoto M, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Genetic visualization of notch signaling in mammalian neurogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2045-57. [PMID: 22971775 PMCID: PMC3663255 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays crucial roles in fate determination and the differentiation of neural stem cells in embryonic and adult brains. It is now clear that the notch pathway is under more complex and dynamic regulation than previously thought. To understand the functional details of notch signaling more precisely, it is important to reveal when, where, and how notch signaling is dynamically communicated between cells, for which the visualization of notch signaling is essential. In this review, we introduce recent technical advances in the visualization of notch signaling during neural development and in the adult brain, and we discuss the physiological significance of dynamic regulation of notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Martín-Ibáñez R, Crespo E, Esgleas M, Urban N, Wang B, Waclaw R, Georgopoulos K, Martínez S, Campbell K, Vicario-Abejón C, Alberch J, Chan S, Kastner P, Rubenstein JL, Canals JM. Helios transcription factor expression depends on Gsx2 and Dlx1&2 function in developing striatal matrix neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2239-51. [PMID: 22142223 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the nervous system is finely regulated by consecutive expression of cell-specific transcription factors. Here we show that Helios, a member of the Ikaros transcription factor family, is expressed in ectodermal and neuroectodermal-derived tissues. During embryonic development, Helios is expressed by several brain structures including the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE, the striatal anlage); the cingulated, insular and retrosplenial cortex; the hippocampus; and the accessory olfactory bulb. Moreover, Helios is also expressed by Purkinje neurons during postnatal cerebellar development. Within the LGE, Helios expression follows a dynamic spatio-temporal pattern starting at embryonic stages (E14.5), peaking at E18.5, and completely disappearing during postnatal development. Helios is expressed by a small population of nestin-positive neural progenitor cells located in the subventricular zone as well as by a larger population of immature neurons distributed throughout the mantle zone. In the later, Helios is preferentially expressed in the matrix compartment, where it colocalizes with Bcl11b and Foxp1, well-known markers of striatal projection neurons. In addition, we observed that Helios expression is not detected in Dlx1/2 and Gsx2 null mutants, while its expression is maintained in Ascl1 mutants. These findings allow us to introduce a new transcription factor in the cascade of events that take part of striatal development postulating the existence of at least 4 different neural progenitors in the LGE. An Ascl1-independent but Gsx2- & Dlx1/2-dependent precursor will express Helios defining a new lineage for a subset of matrix striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Ibáñez
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, and Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Viegas P, Nicoleau C, Perrier AL. Derivation of striatal neurons from human stem cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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New striatal neurons in a mouse model of progressive striatal degeneration are generated in both the subventricular zone and the striatal parenchyma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25088. [PMID: 21980380 PMCID: PMC3184103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute striatal lesions increase proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and induce migration of SVZ neuroblasts to the striatum. However, the potential of these cells to replace acutely degenerated neurons is controversial. The possible contribution of parenchymal progenitors to striatal lesion-induced neurogenesis has been poorly explored. Here, we present a detailed investigation of neurogenesis in the striatum of a mouse model showing slow progressive neurodegeneration of striatal neurons, the Creb1Camkcre4Crem−/− mutant mice (CBCM). By using BrdU time course analyses, intraventricular injections of a cell tracker and 3D reconstructions we showed that neurodegeneration in CBCM mice stimulates the migration of SVZ neuroblasts to the striatum without altering SVZ proliferation. SVZ-neuroblasts migrate as chains through the callosal striatal border and then enter within the striatal parenchyma as individual cells. In addition, a population of clustered neuroblasts showing high turnover rates were observed in the mutant striatum that had not migrated from the SVZ. Clustered neuroblasts might originate within the striatum itself because they are specifically associated with parenchymal proliferating cells showing features of intermediate neuronal progenitors such as clustering, expression of EGF receptor and multiple glial (SOX2, SOX9, BLBP) and neuronal (Dlx, Sp8, and to some extent DCX) markers. Newborn striatal neurons had a short lifespan and did not replace projection neurons nor expressed sets of transcription factors involved in their specification. The differentiation failure of endogenous neuroblasts likely occurred cell autonomously because transplanted wild type embryonic precursors correctly differentiated into striatal projection neurons. Thus, we propose that under progressive degeneration, neither SVZ derived nor intra-striatal generated neurons have the potential to differentiate into striatal projection neurons.
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Unal B, Ibáñez-Sandoval O, Shah F, Abercrombie ED, Tepper JM. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons with respect to anatomical organization of the neostriatum. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:41. [PMID: 21713112 PMCID: PMC3112318 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown in vitro that striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons identified in transgenic mice by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (TH-eGFP) display electrophysiological profiles that are distinct from those of other striatal interneurons. Furthermore, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons show marked diversity in their electrophysiological properties and have been divided into four distinct subtypes. One question that arises from these observations is whether striatal TH-eGFP interneurons are distributed randomly, or obey some sort of organizational plan as has been shown to be the case with other striatal interneurons. An understanding of the striatal TH-eGFP interneuronal patterning is a vital step in understanding the role of these neurons in striatal functioning. Therefore, in the present set of studies the location of electrophysiologically identified striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was mapped. In addition, the distribution of TH-eGFP interneurons with respect to the striatal striosome–matrix compartmental organization was determined using μ-opioid receptor (MOR) immunofluorescence or intrinsic TH-eGFP fluorescence to delineate striosome and matrix compartments. Overall, the distribution of the different TH-eGFP interneuronal subtypes did not differ in dorsal versus ventral striatum. However, striatal TH-eGFP interneurons were found to be mostly in the matrix in the dorsal striatum whereas a significantly higher proportion of these neurons was located in MOR-enriched domains of the ventral striatum. Further, the majority of striatal TH-eGFP interneurons was found to be located within 100 μm of a striosome–matrix boundary. Taken together, the current results suggest that TH-eGFP interneurons obey different organizational principles in dorsal versus ventral striatum, and may play a role in communication between striatal striosome and matrix compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengi Unal
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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41
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Abstract
The Notch pathway is prominent among those known to regulate neural development in vertebrates. Notch receptor activation can inhibit neurogenesis, maintain neural progenitor character, and in some contexts promote gliogenesis and drive binary fate choices. Recently, a wave of exciting studies has emerged, which has both solidified previously held assertions and expanded our understanding of Notch function during neurogenesis and in the adult brain. These studies have examined pathway regulators and interactions, as well as pathway dynamics, with respect to both gene expression and cell-cell signaling. Here, focusing primarily on vertebrates, we review the current literature on Notch signaling in the nervous system, and highlight numerous recent studies that have generated interesting and unexpected advances.
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Imayoshi I, Kageyama R. The Role of Notch Signaling in Adult Neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:7-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Essential roles of Notch signaling in maintenance of neural stem cells in developing and adult brains. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3489-98. [PMID: 20203209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4987-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Notch signaling induces the expression of transcriptional repressor genes such as Hes1, leading to repression of proneural gene expression and maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells. However, a requirement for Notch signaling in the telencephalon was not clear, because in Hes1;Hes3;Hes5 triple-mutant mice, neural stem/progenitor cells are depleted in most regions of the developing CNS, but not in the telencephalon. Here, we investigated a role for Notch signaling in the telencephalon by generating tamoxifen-inducible conditional knock-out mice that lack Rbpj, an intracellular signal mediator of all Notch receptors. When Rbpj was deleted in the embryonic brain, almost all telencephalic neural stem/progenitor cells prematurely differentiated into neurons and were depleted. When Rbpj was deleted in the adult brain, all neural stem cells differentiated into transit-amplifying cells and neurons. As a result, neurogenesis increased transiently, but 3 months later all neural stem cells were depleted and neurogenesis was totally lost. These results indicated an absolute requirement of Notch signaling for the maintenance of neural stem cells and a proper control of neurogenesis in both embryonic and adult brains.
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Martín-Ibáñez R, Crespo E, Urbán N, Sergent-Tanguy S, Herranz C, Jaumot M, Valiente M, Long JE, Pineda JR, Andreu C, Rubenstein JLR, Marín O, Georgopoulos K, Mengod G, Fariñas I, Bachs O, Alberch J, Canals JM. Ikaros-1 couples cell cycle arrest of late striatal precursors with neurogenesis of enkephalinergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:329-51. [PMID: 19950118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, several transcription factors regulate the differentiation of progenitor cells to postmitotic neurons. Here we describe a novel role for Ikaros-1 in the generation of late-born striatal neurons. Our results show that Ikaros-1 is expressed in the boundary of the striatal germinal zone (GZ)/mantle zone (MZ), where it induces cell cycle arrest of neural progenitors by up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi) p21(Cip1/Waf1). This effect is coupled with the neuronal differentiation of late precursors, which in turn is critical for the second wave of striatal neurogenesis that gives rise to matrix neurons. Consistently, Ikaros(-/-) mice had fewer striatal projecting neurons and, in particular, enkephalin (ENK)-positive neurons. In addition, overexpression of Ikaros-1 in primary striatal cultures increases the number of calbindin- and ENK-positive neurons. Our results also show that Ikaros-1 acts downstream of the Dlx family of transcription factors, insofar as its expression is lost in Dlx1/2 double knockout mice. However, we demonstrate that Ikaros-1 and Ebf-1 independently regulate the final determination of the two populations of striatal projection neurons of the matrix compartment, ENK- and substance P-positive neurons. In conclusion, our findings identify Ikaros-1 as a modulator of cell cycle exit of neural progenitors that gives rise to the neurogenesis of ENK-positive striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Emx1-lineage progenitors differentially contribute to neural diversity in the striatum and amygdala. J Neurosci 2010; 29:15933-46. [PMID: 20016109 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2525-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing mammalian basal telencephalon, neural progenitors from the subpallium generate the majority of inhibitory medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum, while both pallial- and subpallial-derived progenitors contribute to excitatory and inhibitory neuronal diversity in the amygdala. Using a combination of approaches, including genetic fate mapping, cell birth dating, cell migration assays, and electrophysiology, we find that cells derived from the Emx1 lineage contribute to two distinct neuronal populations in the mature basal forebrain: inhibitory MSNs in the striatum and functionally distinct subclasses of excitatory neurons in the amygdala. Our cell birth-dating studies reveal that these two populations are born at different times during early neurogenesis, with the amygdala population born before the MSNs. In the striatum, Emx1-lineage neurons represent a unique subpopulation of MSNs: they are disproportionately localized to the dorsal striatum, are found in dopamine receiving, reelin-positive patches, and are born throughout striatal neurogenesis. In addition, our data suggest that a subpopulation of these Emx1-lineage cells originate in the pallium and subsequently migrate to the developing striatum and amygdala. Our intersectional fate-mapping analysis further reveals that Emx1-lineage cells that coexpress Dlx exclusively generate MSNs but do not contribute to the excitatory neurons in the amygdala. Thus, both the timing of neurogenesis and differential combinatorial gene expression appear to be key determinants of striatal versus amygdala fate decisions of Emx1-lineage cells.
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Impairment of developmental stem cell-mediated striatal neurogenesis and pluripotency genes in a knock-in model of Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21900-5. [PMID: 19955426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD) remains elusive. The identification of increasingly early pathophysiological abnormalities in HD suggests the possibility that impairments of striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) specification and maturation may underlie the etiology of HD. In fact, we demonstrate that HD knock-in (Hdh-Q111) mice exhibited delayed acquisition of early striatal cytoarchitecture with aberrant expression of progressive markers of MSN neurogenesis (Islet1, DARPP-32, mGluR1, and NeuN). Hdh-Q111 striatal progenitors also displayed delayed cell cycle exit between E13.5-15.5 (BrdU birth-dating) and an enhanced fraction of abnormal cycling cells in association with expansion of the pool of intermediate progenitors and over expression of the core pluripotency (PP) factor, Sox2. Clonal analysis further revealed that Hdh-Q111 neural stem cells (NSCs) displayed: impaired lineage restriction, reduced proliferative potential, enhanced late-stage self-renewal, and deregulated MSN subtype specification. Further, our analysis revealed that in addition to Sox2, the core PP factor, Nanog is expressed within the striatal generative and mantle regions, and in Hdh-Q111 embryos the fraction of Nanog-expressing MSN precursors was substantially increased. Moreover, compared to Hdh-Q18 embryos, the Hdh-Q111 striatal anlagen exhibited significantly higher levels of the essential PP cofactor, Stat3. These findings suggest that Sox2 and Nanog may play roles during a selective window of embryonic brain maturation, and alterations of these factors may, in part, be responsible for mediating the aberrant program of Hdh-Q111 striatal MSN specification and maturation. We propose that these HD-associated developmental abnormalities might compromise neuronal homeostasis and subsequently render MSNs more vulnerable to late life stressors.
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Baek YS, Kang SH, Park JS, Kim S, Yoo BS, Lee JY, Ghil SH. Long-term cultured skeletal muscle-derived neural precursor cells and their neurogenic potentials. Neuroreport 2009; 20:1109-14. [PMID: 19590394 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832e9b21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For cell-based therapy, it is necessary to obtain sufficient cell quantities for cell transplantation to the diseased or injured site. However, a given tissue has only a limited number of stem cells, making it necessary to expand stem cell source through long-term culture. In this study, we evaluated whether our recently described skeletal muscle-derived neural precursor (SMNP) cells can be cultured long-term without alteration of their neural precursor characteristics. Our results showed that SMNP cells can be cultured over approximately 16 months, but their growth rate and neurogenic potential gradually decrease in a culture time-dependent manner. Importantly, approximately 120-day cultured SMNP cells retain their self-renewal ability, neural precursor characteristics, and high neurogenic potential. These results suggest that SMNP cells may be an appropriate cell source for regenerative or reparative therapies against neuronal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Baek
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea
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Wang B, Waclaw RR, Allen ZJ, Guillemot F, Campbell K. Ascl1 is a required downstream effector of Gsx gene function in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. Neural Dev 2009; 4:5. [PMID: 19208224 PMCID: PMC2644683 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The homeobox gene Gsx2 (formerly Gsh2) is known to regulate patterning in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) of the embryonic telencephalon. In its absence, the closely related gene Gsx1 (previously known as Gsh1) can partially compensate in the patterning and differentiation of ventral telencephalic structures, such as the striatum. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this compensation remain unclear. Results We show here that in the Gsx2 mutants Gsx1 is expressed in only a subset of the ventral telencephalic progenitors that normally express Gsx2. Based on the similarities in the expression of Gsx1 and Ascl1 (Mash1) within the Gsx2 mutant LGE, we examined whether Ascl1 plays an integral part in the Gsx1-based recovery. Ascl1 mutants show only modest alterations in striatal development; however, in Gsx2;Ascl1 double mutants, striatal development is severely affected, similar to that seen in the Gsx1;Gsx2 double mutants. This is despite the fact that Gsx1 is expressed, and even expands, in the Gsx2;Ascl1 mutant LGE, comparable to that seen in the Gsx2 mutant. Finally, Notch signaling has recently been suggested to be required for normal striatal development. In spite of the fact that Notch signaling is severely disrupted in Ascl1 mutants, it actually appears to be improved in the Gsx2;Ascl1 double mutants. Conclusion These results, therefore, reveal a non-proneural requirement of Ascl1 that together with Gsx1 compensates for the loss of Gsx2 in a subset of LGE progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA.
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Molecular profiling of striatonigral and striatopallidal medium spiny neurons past, present, and future. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 89:1-35. [PMID: 19900613 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)89001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defining distinct molecular properties of the two striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) has been a challenging task for basal ganglia (BG) neuroscientists. Identifying differential molecular components in each MSN subtype is crucial for BG researchers to understand functional properties of these two neurons. The two MSN populations are morphologically identical except in their projections through the direct verses indirect BG pathways and they are heterogeneously dispersed throughout the dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). These characteristics have made it difficult for researchers to distinguish and isolate these two neuronal populations thereby hindering progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of their differential molecular properties. Researchers began to investigate molecular differences in the striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons using in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques and single cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR). Currently the field is utilizing more advanced techniques for large-scale gene expression studies including fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of MSNs, from which RNA is purified, from fluorescent reporter transgenic mice or use of transgenic mice in which ribosomes from each MSN are tagged and can be immunoprecipitated followed by RNA isolation, a technique termed translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP). Additionally, the availability of fluorescent reporter mice for each MSN subtype is allowing, scientists to perform more accurate histology studies evaluating differential protein expression and signaling changes in each cell subtype. Finally, researchers are able to evaluate the role of specific genes in vivo by utilizing cell type-specific mouse models including Cre driver lines that can be crossed with conditional overexpression or knockout systems. This is a very exciting time in the BG field because researchers are well equipped with the most progressive tools to comprehensively evaluate molecular components in the two MSNs and their consequence on BG functional output in the normal, diseased, and developing brain.
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Corbin JG, Gaiano N, Juliano SL, Poluch S, Stancik E, Haydar TF. Regulation of neural progenitor cell development in the nervous system. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2272-87. [PMID: 18819190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala, is the most complex and intricate region of the CNS. It is the seat of all higher brain functions including the storage and retrieval of memories, the integration and processing of sensory and motor information, and the regulation of emotion and drive states. In higher mammals such as humans, the telencephalon also governs our creative impulses, ability to make rational decisions, and plan for the future. Despite its massive complexity, exciting work from a number of groups has begun to unravel the developmental mechanisms for the generation of the diverse neural cell types that form the circuitry of the mature telencephalon. Here, we review our current understanding of four aspects of neural development. We first begin by providing a general overview of the broad developmental mechanisms underlying the generation of neuronal and glial cell diversity in the telencephalon during embryonic development. We then focus on development of the cerebral cortex, the most complex and evolved region of the brain. We review the current state of understanding of progenitor cell diversity within the cortical ventricular zone and then describe how lateral signaling via the Notch-Delta pathway generates specific aspects of neural cell diversity in cortical progenitor pools. Finally, we review the signaling mechanisms required for development, and response to injury, of a specialized group of cortical stem cells, the radial glia, which act both as precursors and as migratory scaffolds for newly generated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.
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