1
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Thomson L, Shah HP, Akinwotu Adewale V, Beise A, Bliayang C, Cioch Z, Craig M, Crump A, Durdan M, Espinosa M, Feda K, Feist J, Fragoso A, Haro G, Hoffman B, Horne P, Houha N, Hounnou S, Inman A, Jakobsze D, Juarez-Morales Y, Khan Y, Kohler J, Lawlor R, Lieser B, Loitz R, Martinez E, Martinez A, Martinez M, Maza B, Mendoza B, Miller S, Mngodo H, O'Shea S, Piane SN, Raivala E, Ruger S, Singer A, Strand JE, Traylor A, Wright A, McCabe S, Pandit SS, Bieser K, Croonquist P, Taylor EE, Wittke-Thompson J, Kagey JD, Devergne O. Genetic Mapping and Phenotypic Analysis of GstE14 E.4.1 on Eye and Antennae Development in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001019. [PMID: 38681673 PMCID: PMC11056011 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Genetic screens are valuable for identifying novel genes involved in the regulation of developmental processes. To identify genes associated with cell growth regulation in Drosophila melanogaster , a mutagenesis screen was performed. Undergraduate students participating in Fly-CURE phenotypically characterized the E.4.1 mutant which is associated with rough eyes and antennae overgrowth. Following complementation analysis and subsequent genomic sequencing, E.4.1 was identified as a novel mutant allele of GstE14 , a gene involved in ecdysone biosynthesis important for the timing of developmental events. The abnormal eye and antenna phenotypes observed resulting from the loss of GstE14 suggest its role in tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Thomson
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Hemin P Shah
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Alyssa Beise
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Camryn Bliayang
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Zuzanna Cioch
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Mason Craig
- University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois, United States
| | - Adell Crump
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Maya Durdan
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Kaitlin Feda
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Jami Feist
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alexis Fragoso
- University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois, United States
| | - Genesys Haro
- University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois, United States
| | - Breanna Hoffman
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Paige Horne
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Nathan Houha
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Shirley Hounnou
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Annabel Inman
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Daniel Jakobsze
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Yousuf Khan
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Joshua Kohler
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Reece Lawlor
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Bethany Lieser
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Ryan Loitz
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Erik Martinez
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Michelle Martinez
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brandyn Maza
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Brenda Mendoza
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Steven Miller
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Haniel Mngodo
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Sarah O'Shea
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Sarah N Piane
- University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois, United States
| | - Ethan Raivala
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sophie Ruger
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Abigail Singer
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Jessica E Strand
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alexis Traylor
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Asia Wright
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Shawn McCabe
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Kayla Bieser
- Nevada State University, Henderson, Nevada, United States
| | - Paula Croonquist
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | - Jacob D Kagey
- Universty of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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2
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Cordes CN, Gouge MM, Morgan H, Porter C, Siders J, Bacab E, Barin B, Becerra IA, Castillo J, Church J, Condo-Hicks S, Conroy KJ, Curbelo-Navarro I, DePrest BJ, Eady A, Edmead T, Farouk V, Flores-Torres A, Girmai M, Gutierrez Navarro CI, Guzman S, Harris AB, Healy K, Jaafar A, Khadr A, Kiboi MN, Korte SN, Lopez C, Mahdi H, Mendoza Avalos J, Miranda K, Patel D, Lopez C, Mahdi H, Mendoza Avalos J, Miranda K, Patel D, Patel R, Pechulis S, Plachta V, Rhodes K, Sandoval AM, Thomas C, Valadez-Mendoza JA, Vora H, Yousif J, Bieser KL, Kagey JD. Genetic mapping of the p47 L.3.2 mutation in Drosophilamelanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000783. [PMID: 37799208 PMCID: PMC10550376 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
An EMS-based forward genetic screen was conducted in an apoptotic null background to identify genetic aberrations that contribute to regulation of cell growth in Drosophila melanogaster . The current work maps the genomic location of one of the identified mutants, L.3.2 . Genetic crosses conducted through the Fly-CURE consortium determined that the gene locus for the L.3.2 mutation is p47 on chromosome 2R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyder Mahdi
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyder Mahdi
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rishi Patel
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannah Vora
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
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3
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Nowaskie RR, Kitch A, Adams A, Anandaraj A, Apawan E, Bañuelos L, Betz CJ, Bogunia JM, Buechlein N, Burns MR, Collier HA, Collins Z, Combs K, Dakarian VD, Daniel A, De Jesus III CM, Erickson JD, Estrada B, Estrada K, Fields S, Gabriel M, Garcia RM, Gitamo S, Granath E, Hardin SN, Hattling E, Henriquez AVL, Hernandez D, Johnson L, Kim AH, Kolley LK, Larue KM, Lockwood E, Longoria N, Lopez C, Lopez-Roca Fernandez RC, Lozano S, Manthie C, May T, Mehrzad Z, Mendoza I, Mohan S, Mounthachak C, Muyizere M, Myers MR, Newton J, Nwawueze A, Paredes AJ, Pezdek MN, Phat Nguyen H, Pobuda N, Sadat S, Sailor JJ, Santiago D, Sbarbaro M, Schultz III DE, Senobari AN, Shouse EM, Snarski SM, Solano E, Solis Campos N, Stewart E, Szczepaniak J, Tejeda M, Teoli DF, Tran M, Trivedi N, Uribe Aristizabal L, Vargas BZ, Walker III KW, Wasiqi J, Wong J, Zachrel A, Shah HP, Small E, Watts CT, Croonquist P, Devergne O, Jones AK, Taylor EE, Kagey JD, Merkle JA. clifford B.4.1 , an allele of CG1603 , causes tissue overgrowth in the Drosophila melanogaster eye. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000936. [PMID: 37680216 PMCID: PMC10481159 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutant B.4.1 , generated via EMS mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster , was studied by undergraduate students participating in the Fly-CURE. After inducing genetically mosaic tissue in the adult eye, B.4.1 mutant tissue displays a robust increase in cell division and a rough appearance. Complementation mapping and sequence analysis identified a nonsense mutation in the gene CG1603 , which we named clifford ( cliff ) due to observed increases in red-pigmented mutant tissue compared to controls. cliff encodes a zinc finger-containing protein implicated in transcriptional control. RNAi knockdown of cliff similarly results in rough eyes, confirming a role for Cliff in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Kitch
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Abby Adams
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Abinaya Anandaraj
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Ethan Apawan
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | | | - Cassandra J Betz
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Julia M Bogunia
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Morgan R Burns
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Zach Collins
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Kynzie Combs
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Vana D Dakarian
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Abigail Daniel
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | | | - John D Erickson
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Bianca Estrada
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Kevin Estrada
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Sydney Fields
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Maya Gabriel
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | | | - Sylvia Gitamo
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Emma Granath
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Sabrina N Hardin
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Emily Hattling
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Destiny Hernandez
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Luke Johnson
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Annie H Kim
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | | | | | - Erin Lockwood
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Nelia Longoria
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Cassandra Lopez
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Sofia Lozano
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Carissa Manthie
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Trinity May
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Zorah Mehrzad
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Itzel Mendoza
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Somya Mohan
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jayce Newton
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | | | | | - Hoang Phat Nguyen
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Nadia Pobuda
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sahar Sadat
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - David Santiago
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | | | | | - Emma M Shouse
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Sarah M Snarski
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | | | - Elnora Stewart
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Michael Tejeda
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Dominic F Teoli
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael Tran
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Nishita Trivedi
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Bryan Z Vargas
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Joseph Wasiqi
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Joyi Wong
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Adira Zachrel
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Hemin P Shah
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Elizabeth Small
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States
| | - Charlie T Watts
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
| | - Paula Croonquist
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Amy K Jones
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | | | - Jacob D Kagey
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Julie A Merkle
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana, United States
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4
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Lassetter AP, Corty MM, Barria R, Sheehan AE, Hill JQ, Aicher SA, Fox AN, Freeman MR. Glial TGFβ activity promotes neuron survival in peripheral nerves. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202111053. [PMID: 36399182 PMCID: PMC9679965 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining long, energetically demanding axons throughout the life of an animal is a major challenge for the nervous system. Specialized glia ensheathe axons and support their function and integrity throughout life, but glial support mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we identified a collection of secreted and transmembrane molecules required in glia for long-term axon survival in vivo. We showed that the majority of components of the TGFβ superfamily are required in glia for sensory neuron maintenance but not glial ensheathment of axons. In the absence of glial TGFβ signaling, neurons undergo age-dependent degeneration that can be rescued either by genetic blockade of Wallerian degeneration or caspase-dependent death. Blockade of glial TGFβ signaling results in increased ATP in glia that can be mimicked by enhancing glial mitochondrial biogenesis or suppressing glial monocarboxylate transporter function. We propose that glial TGFβ signaling supports axon survival and suppresses neurodegeneration through promoting glial metabolic support of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan M. Corty
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Romina Barria
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amy E. Sheehan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jo Q. Hill
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sue A. Aicher
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - A. Nicole Fox
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Marc R. Freeman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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5
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Moore SL, Adamini FC, Coopes ES, Godoy D, Northington SJ, Stewart JM, Tillett RL, Bieser KL, Kagey JD. Patched and Costal-2 mutations lead to differences in tissue overgrowth autonomy. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:176-189. [PMID: 35468034 PMCID: PMC9045829 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens are used in Drosophila melanogaster to identify genes key in the regulation of organismal development and growth. These screens have defined signalling pathways necessary for tissue and organismal development, which are evolutionarily conserved across species, including Drosophila. Here, we have used an FLP/FRT mosaic system to screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division in the Drosophila eye. The conditional nature of this screen utilizes a block in the apoptotic pathway to prohibit the mosaic mutant cells from dying via apoptosis. From this screen, we identified two different mutants that mapped to the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Previously, we described a novel Ptc mutation and here we add to the understanding of disrupting the Hh pathway with a novel allele of Cos2. Both of these Hh components are negative regulators of the pathway, yet they depict mutant differences in the type of overgrowth created. Ptc mutations lead to overgrowth consisting of almost entirely wild-type tissue (non-autonomous overgrowth), while the Cos2 mutation results in tissue that is overgrown in both the mutant and wild-type clones (both autonomous and non-autonomous). These differences in tissue overgrowth are consistent in the Drosophila eye and wing. The observed difference is correlated with different deregulation patterns of pMad, the downstream effector of DPP signalling. This finding provides insight into pathway-specific differences that help to better understand intricacies of developmental processes and human diseases that result from deregulated Hedgehog signalling, such as basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Moore
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank C. Adamini
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Erik S. Coopes
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dustin Godoy
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Shyra J. Northington
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- ReBUILDetroit, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan M. Stewart
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Kayla L. Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Jacob D. Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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6
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Evans CJ, Bieser KL, Acevedo-Vasquez KS, Augustine EJ, Bowen S, Casarez VA, Feliciano VI, Glazier A, Guinan HR, Hallman R, Haugan E, Hehr LA, Hunnicutt SN, Leifer I, Mauger M, Mauger M, Melendez NY, Milshteyn L, Moore E, Nguyen SA, Phanphouvong SC, Pinal DM, Pope HM, Salinas MBM, Shellin M, Small I, Yeoh NC, Yokomizo AM, Kagey JD. The I.3.2 developmental mutant has a single nucleotide deletion in the gene centromere identifier. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000653. [PMID: 36389120 PMCID: PMC9644223 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mutation I.3.2 was previously identified in a FLP/FRT screen of chromosome 2R for conditional growth regulators. Here we report the phenotypic characterization and genetic mapping of I.3.2 by undergraduate students participating in Fly-CURE, a pedagogical program that teaches the science of genetics through a classroom research experience. We find that creation of I.3.2 cell clones in the developing eye-antennal imaginal disc causes a headless adult phenotype, suggestive of both autonomous and non-autonomous effects on cell growth or viability. We also identify the I.3.2 mutation as a loss-of-function allele of the gene centromere identifier ( cid ), which encodes centromere-specific histone H3 variant critical for chromosomal segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Evans
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kayla L. Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | - Emyli J. Augustine
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Skyler Bowen
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | - Vanessa I. Feliciano
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Ashley Glazier
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haley R. Guinan
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randy Hallman
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Elizabeth Haugan
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren A. Hehr
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawna N. Hunnicutt
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Isabella Leifer
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meaghan Mauger
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Morgan Mauger
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Norma Y. Melendez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Larry Milshteyn
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Moore
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Sarah A. Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David M. Pinal
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Hailee M. Pope
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | - Matthew Shellin
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivana Small
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neelufar C. Yeoh
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jacob D. Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
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7
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Mast E, Bieser KL, Abraham-Villa M, Adams V, Akinlehin AJ, Aquino LZ, Austin JL, Austin AK, Beckham CN, Bengson EJ, Bieszk A, Bogard BL, Brennan RC, Brnot RM, Cirone NJ, Clark MR, Cooper BN, Cruz D, Daprizio KA, DeBoe J, Dencker MM, Donnelly LL, Driscoll L, DuBeau RJ, Durso SW, Ejub A, Elgosbi W, Estrada M, Evins K, Fox PD, France JM, Franco Hernandez MG, Garcia LA, Garl O, Gorsuch MR, Gorzeman-mohr MA, Grothouse ME, Gubbels ME, Hakemiamjad R, Harvey CV, Hoeppner MA, Ivanov JL, Johnson VM, Johnson JL, Johnson A, Johnston K, Keller KR, Kennedy BT, Killian LR, Klumb M, Koehn OL, Koym AS, Kress KJ, Landis RE, Lewis KN, Lim E, Lopez IK, Lowe D, Luengo Carretero P, Lunaburg G, Mallinder SL, Marshall NA, Mathew J, Mathew J, Mcmanaway HS, Meegan EN, Meyst JD, Miller MJ, Minogue CK, Mohr AA, Moran CI, Moran A, Morris MD, Morrison MD, Moses EA, Mullins CJ, Neri CI, Nichols JM, Nickels BR, Okai AM, Okonmah C, Paramo M, Paramo M, Parker SL, Parmar NK, Paschal J, Patel P, Patel D, Perkins EB, Perry MM, Perry Z, Pollock AA, Portalatin O, Proffitt KS, Queen JT, Quemeneur AC, Richardson AG, Rosenberger K, Rutherford AM, Santos-Perez IX, Sarti CY, Schouweiler LJ, Sessing LM, Setaro SO, Silvestri CF, Smith OA, Smith MJ, Sumner JC, Sutton RR, Sweckard L, Talbott NB, Traxler PA, Truesdell J, Valenti AF, Verace L, Vijayakumar P, Wadley WL, Walter KE, Williams AR, Wilson TJ, Witbeck MA, Wobler TM, Wright LJ, Zuczkowska KA, Devergne O, Hamill DR, Shah HP, Siders J, Taylor EE, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Kagey JD. Genetic mapping of Uba3 O.2.2 , a pupal lethal mutation in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000542. [PMID: 35622528 PMCID: PMC9012533 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An EMS mutagenesis screen was conducted in
Drosophila melanogaster
to identify growth control mutants. The multi-institution Fly-CURE consortium phenotypically characterized the
O.2.2
mutant using the
FLP/FRT
system which displayed a mutant lethal phenotype with reduced head development, and darkened ocular tissue. Complementation mapping was conducted to identify the affected gene. A failure to complement was identified in
Uba3
, resulting in the identification of the novel allele,
Uba3
O.2.2
.
Uba3
is a known disruptor of the cell cycle and our data are consistent with early larval/embryonic lethality displayed in numerous species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla L Bieser
- Nevada State College
,
Correspondence to: Kayla L Bieser (
)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob D Kagey
- University of Detroit Mercy
,
Correspondence to: Jacob D Kagey (
)
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8
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Talley EM, Watts CT, Aboyer S, Adamson MG, Akoto HA, Altemus H, Avella PJ, Bailey R, Bell ER, Bell KL, Breneman K, Burkhart JS, Chanley LJ, Cook SS, DesLaurier MT, Dorsey TR, Doyle CJ, Egloff ME, Fasawe AS, Garcia KK, Graves NP, Gray TK, Gustafson EM, Hall MJ, Hayes JD, Holic LJ, Jarvis BA, Klos PS, Kritzmire S, Kuzovko L, Lainez E, McCoy S, Mierendorf JC, Neri NA, Neville CR, Osborn K, Parker K, Parks ME, Peck K, Pitt R, Platta ME, Powell B, Rodriguez K, Ruiz C, Schaefer MN, Shields AB, Smiley JB, Stauffer B, Straub D, Sweeney JL, Termine KM, Thomas B, Toth SD, Veile TR, Walker KS, Webster PN, Woodard BJ, Yoder QL, Young MK, Zeedyk ML, Ziegler LN, Bieser KL, Puthoff DP, Stamm J, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Kagey JD, Merkle JA. Genetic mapping and phenotypic analysis of shotH.3.2 in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34278244 PMCID: PMC8278230 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens are used to identify genes involved in specific biological processes. An EMS mutagenesis screen in Drosophila melanogaster identified growth control phenotypes in the developing eye. One mutant line from this screen, H.3.2, was phenotypically characterized using the FLP/FRT system and genetically mapped by complementation analysis and genomic sequencing by undergraduate students participating in the multi-institution Fly-CURE consortium. H.3.2 was found to have a nonsense mutation in short stop (shot), anortholog of the mammalian spectraplakin dystonin (DST). shot and DST are involved in cytoskeletal organization and play roles during cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kylee Peck
- University of Evansville, Evansville, IN USA
| | - Robyn Pitt
- Illinois State University, Normal, IL USA
| | | | | | | | - Clara Ruiz
- Illinois State University, Normal, IL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joyce Stamm
- University of Evansville, Evansville, IN USA
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9
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Siders JL, Bieser KL, Hamill DR, Acosta EC, Alexander OK, Ali HI, Anderson MJ, Arrasmith HR, Azam M, Beeman NJ, Beydoun H, Bishop LJ, Blair MD, Bletch B, Bline HR, Brown JC, Burns KM, Calagua KC, Chafin L, Christy WA, Ciamacco C, Cizauskas H, Colwell CM, Courtright AR, Diaz Alavez L, Ecret RI, Edriss F, Ellerbrock TG, Ellis MM, Extine EM, Feldman E, Fickenworth LJ, Goeller CM, Grogg AS, Hernandez Y, Hershner A, Jauss MM, Jimenez Garcia L, Franks KE, Kazubski ET, Landis ER, Langub J, Lassek TN, Le TC, Lee JM, Levine DP, Lightfoot PJ, Love N, Maalhagh-Fard A, Maguire C, McGinnis BE, Mehta BV, Melendrez V, Mena ZE, Mendell S, Montiel-Garcia P, Murry AS, Newland RA, Nobles RM, Patel N, Patil Y, Pfister CL, Ramage V, Ray MR, Rodrigues J, Rodriquez VC, Romero Y, Scott AM, Shaba N, Sieg S, Silva K, Singh S, Spargo AJ, Spitnale SJ, Sweeden N, Tague L, Tavernini BM, Tran K, Tungol L, Vestal KA, Wetherbee A, Wright KM, Yeager AT, Zahid R, Kagey JD. Genetic Mapping of a new Hippo allele, HpoN.1.2, in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33851093 PMCID: PMC8033417 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens provide a mechanism to identify genes involved with different cellular and organismal processes. Using a Flp/FRT screen in the Drosophila eye we identified mutations that result in alterations and de-regulation of cell growth and division. From this screen a group of undergraduate researchers part of the Fly-CURE consortium mapped and characterized a new allele of the gene Hippo, HpoN.1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Siders
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Kayla L Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | | | - Erika C Acosta
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Olivia K Alexander
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Humza I Ali
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Micah J Anderson
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Hayden R Arrasmith
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Mustafa Azam
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Nikki J Beeman
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Hassan Beydoun
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Lauren J Bishop
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Morgan D Blair
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Brianna Bletch
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Heather R Bline
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Jennifer C Brown
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Kelly M Burns
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Karina C Calagua
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Lexie Chafin
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH USA
| | | | - Carlyn Ciamacco
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Hannah Cizauskas
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | | | | | - Lucero Diaz Alavez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Rayne Is Ecret
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Fatima Edriss
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Taylor G Ellerbrock
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Madison M Ellis
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Erica M Extine
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Eric Feldman
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Luke J Fickenworth
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Caroline M Goeller
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Alexis S Grogg
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Yailine Hernandez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Abigail Hershner
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Megan M Jauss
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Leyre Jimenez Garcia
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Katey E Franks
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Ethan T Kazubski
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Emily R Landis
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Jon Langub
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Tia N Lassek
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Triet C Le
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Julia M Lee
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Daniel P Levine
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | | | - Natasha Love
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | | | - Colin Maguire
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Brynna E McGinnis
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Bhargavi V Mehta
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Veronica Melendrez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Zimri E Mena
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Seth Mendell
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Petra Montiel-Garcia
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Autumn S Murry
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA.,ReBUILDetroit, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Riley A Newland
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Ryan M Nobles
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Neha Patel
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Yashodhara Patil
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Cassidy L Pfister
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Victoria Ramage
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Mya R Ray
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Joseph Rodrigues
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Victoria C Rodriquez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Yara Romero
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Alexandra M Scott
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Nicholas Shaba
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Samantha Sieg
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Kayla Silva
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Sahiba Singh
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Aleksandria J Spargo
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Savanna J Spitnale
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Nicole Sweeden
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Logan Tague
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Breanna M Tavernini
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
| | - Kathleen Tran
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Liselle Tungol
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Kylie A Vestal
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Amber Wetherbee
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Kayla M Wright
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Anthony T Yeager
- School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Rehab Zahid
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jacob D Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA
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10
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Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Aggarwal N, Ahmed NN, Alberts IM, Alhawasli M, Aljerdi IA, Allen BM, Alnajar AM, Anderson MA, Armstong R, Avery CC, Avila EJ, Baker TN, Basardeh S, Bates NA, Beidas FN, Bosler AC, Brewer DM, Buenaventura RS, Burrell NJ, Cabrera-Lopez AP, Cervantes-Gonzalez AB, Cezar RP, Coronel J, Croslyn C, Damery KR, Diaz-Alavez L, Dixit NP, Duarte DL, Emke AR, English K, Eshun AA, Esterly SR, Estrada AJ, Feng M, Freund MM, Garcia N, Ghotra CS, Ghyasi H, Hale CS, Hulsman L, Jamerson L, Jones AK, Kuczynski M, Lacey-Kennedy TN, Lee MJ, Mahjoub T, Mersinger MC, Muckerheide AD, Myers DW, Nielsen K, Nosowicz PJ, Nunez JA, Ortiz AC, Patel TT, Perry NN, Poser WSA, Puga DM, Quam C, Quintana-Lopez P, Rennerfeldt P, Reyes NM, Rines IG, Roberts C, Robinson DB, Rossa KM, Ruhlmann GJ, Schmidt J, Sherwood JR, Shonoda DH, Soellner H, Torrez JC, Velide M, Weinzapfel Z, Ward AC, Bieser KL, Merkle JA, Stamm JC, Tillett RL, Kagey JD. B.2.16 is a non-lethal modifier of the Dark82 mosaic eye phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33474526 PMCID: PMC7812380 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens have been used to identify genes involved in the regulation of different biological processes. We identified growth mutants in a Flp/FRT screen using the Drosophila melanogaster eye to identify conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division. One mutant identified from this screen, B.2.16, was mapped and characterized by researchers in undergraduate genetics labs as part of the Fly-CURE. We find that B.2.16 is a non-lethal genetic modifier of the Dark82 mosaic eye phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke M Allen
- University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI USA.,Illinois State University, Normal, IL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Feng
- Nevada State College, Henderson, NV USA
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11
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Bieser K, Sanford J, Saville K, Arreola K, Ayres Z, Basulto D, Benito S, Breen C, Brix J, Brown N, Burton K, Chadwick T, Chen M, Chu K, Corbett B, Dill Z, Faughender M, Hickey A, Julia J, Kelty S, Jobs B, Krason B, Lam B, McCullough C, McEwen B, McKenzie J, McQuinn K, Moritz C, Myers K, Naugle E, Nutter A, O'Conke D, O'Grondik M, Patel K, Rudowski S, Sberna E, Stall G, Steiner T, Tanriverdi E, Torres Patarroyo N, Traster V, Tsai L, Valenti A, Villegas M, Voors S, Watson K, Wright M, Kagey J. Genetic mapping of shnE.3.2 in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2019; 2019. [PMID: 32550446 PMCID: PMC7252328 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Jamie Sanford
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | | | - Zachary Ayres
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - David Basulto
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Serena Benito
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | - Julian Brix
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Nicole Brown
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Krissa Burton
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Taree Chadwick
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | - Katherine Chu
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Beverly Corbett
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | - Ashlynn Hickey
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Joshua Julia
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Shannon Kelty
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | - Bryce Krason
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Brian Lam
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Colin McCullough
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Bryanna McEwen
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Julian McKenzie
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | - Chloe Moritz
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Kristina Myers
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Elizabeth Naugle
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Ashley Nutter
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Danielle O'Conke
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Megan O'Grondik
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Kriya Patel
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | - Emma Sberna
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | - Tad Steiner
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Eda Tanriverdi
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | | | - Leo Tsai
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Andrew Valenti
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | | | - Samantha Voors
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Kierra Watson
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Megan Wright
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University
| | - Jacob Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
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12
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Stamm J, Joshi G, Anderson MA, Bussing K, Houchin C, Elinsky A, Flyte J, Husseini N, Jarosz D, Johnson C, Johnson A, Jones C, Kooner T, Myhre D, Rafaill T, Sayed S, Swan K, Toma J, Kagey J. Genetic mapping of EgfrL.3.1 in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2019; 2019. [PMID: 32550448 PMCID: PMC7252331 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Stamm
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Flyte
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Taj Kooner
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | | | | | - Sarah Sayed
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | - Kirby Swan
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | | | - Jacob Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
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13
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Accurate elimination of superfluous attachment cells is critical for the construction of functional multicellular proprioceptors in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:1895-1904. [PMID: 30622305 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we show for the first time that developmental cell death plays a critical role in the morphogenesis of multicellular proprioceptors in Drosophila. The most prominent multicellular proprioceptive organ in the fly larva, the pentascolopidial (LCh5) organ, consists of a cluster of five stretch-responsive sensory organs that are anchored to the cuticle via specialized attachment cells. Stable attachment of the organ to the cuticle is critical for its ability to perceive mechanical stimuli arising from muscle contractions and the resulting displacement of its attachment sites. We now show that five attachment cells are born within the LCh5 lineage, but three of them are rapidly eliminated, normally, by apoptosis. Strong genetic evidence attests to the existence of an autophagic gene-dependent safeguard mechanism that guarantees elimination of the unwanted cells upon perturbation of the apoptotic pathway prior to caspase liberation. The removal of the three superfluous cells guarantees the right ratio between the number of sensory organs and the number of attachment cells that anchor them to the cuticle. This accurate matching seems imperative for the attachment of cell growth and functionality and is thus vital for normal morphogenesis and functionality of the sensory organ.
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14
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Bieser K, Stamm J, Aldo A, Bhaskara S, Clairborne M, Coronel Gómez J, Dean R, Dowell A, Dowell E, Eissa M, Fawaz A, Fouad-Meshriky M, Godoy D, Gonzalez K, Hachem M, Hammoud M, Huffman A, Ingram H, Jackman A, Karki B, Khalil N, Khalil H, Ha TK, Kharel A, Kobylarz I, Lomprey H, Lonnberg A, Mahbuba S, Massarani H, Minster M, Molina K, Molitor L, Murray T, Patel P, Pechulis S, Raja A, Rastegari G, Reeves S, Sabu N, Salazar R, Schulert D, Senopole M, Sportiello K, Torres C, Villalobos J, Wu J, Zeigler S, Kagey J. The mapping of Drosophila melanogaster mutant A.4.4. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2018; 2018. [PMID: 32550366 PMCID: PMC7252270 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Joyce Stamm
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville
| | - Ayala Aldo
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | | | - Ron Dean
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | - Evan Dowell
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville
| | - Mathew Eissa
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Ahmad Fawaz
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | | | - Dustin Godoy
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Krista Gonzalez
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bibek Karki
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville
| | | | | | - Tran Khanh Ha
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | - Hunter Lomprey
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Adam Lonnberg
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | | | - Krystina Molina
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Lynette Molitor
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Taylor Murray
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Payal Patel
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | - Sydney Pechulis
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Architha Raja
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | - Niveda Sabu
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Rafael Salazar
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Torres
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Jade Villalobos
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Joseph Wu
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
| | - Stacy Zeigler
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College
| | - Jacob Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy
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15
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Gorelick-Ashkenazi A, Weiss R, Sapozhnikov L, Florentin A, Tarayrah-Ibraheim L, Dweik D, Yacobi-Sharon K, Arama E. Caspases maintain tissue integrity by an apoptosis-independent inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2806. [PMID: 30022065 PMCID: PMC6052023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue integrity during development and homeostasis requires the precise coordination of several cell-based processes, including cell death. In animals, the majority of such cell death occurs by apoptosis, a process mediated by caspase proteases. To elucidate the role of caspases in tissue integrity, we investigated the behavior of Drosophila epithelial cells that are severely compromised for caspase activity. We show that these cells acquire migratory and invasive capacities, either within 1–2 days following irradiation or spontaneously during development. Importantly, low levels of effector caspase activity, which are far below the threshold required to induce apoptosis, can potently inhibit this process, as well as a distinct, developmental paradigm of primordial germ cell migration. These findings may have implications for radiation therapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, given the presence of caspases throughout metazoa, our results could imply that preventing unwanted cell migration constitutes an ancient non-apoptotic function of these proteases. In addition to regulating programmed cell death, caspases also have non-apoptotic roles. Here, the authors show that low level caspase activity prevents cell migration to maintain tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lena Sapozhnikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Florentin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2607, USA
| | | | - Dima Dweik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Keren Yacobi-Sharon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Tango7 regulates cortical activity of caspases during reaper-triggered changes in tissue elasticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28928435 PMCID: PMC5605750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases perform critical functions in both living and dying cells; however, how caspases perform physiological functions without killing the cell remains unclear. Here we identify a novel physiological function of caspases at the cortex of Drosophila salivary glands. In living glands, activation of the initiator caspase dronc triggers cortical F-actin dismantling, enabling the glands to stretch as they accumulate secreted products in the lumen. We demonstrate that tango7, not the canonical Apaf-1-adaptor dark, regulates dronc activity at the cortex; in contrast, dark is required for cytoplasmic activity of dronc during salivary gland death. Therefore, tango7 and dark define distinct subcellular domains of caspase activity. Furthermore, tango7-dependent cortical dronc activity is initiated by a sublethal pulse of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist reaper. Our results support a model in which biological outcomes of caspase activation are regulated by differential amplification of IAP antagonists, unique caspase adaptor proteins, and mutually exclusive subcellular domains of caspase activity. Caspases are known for their role in cell death, but they can also participate in other physiological functions without killing the cells. Here the authors show that unique caspase adaptor proteins can regulate caspase activity within mutually-exclusive and independently regulated subcellular domains.
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17
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HDAC Inhibitors Disrupt Programmed Resistance to Apoptosis During Drosophila Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1985-1993. [PMID: 28455414 PMCID: PMC5473774 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the ability to respond to apoptotic triggers is regulated during Drosophila development, effectively dividing the fly life cycle into stages that are either sensitive or resistant to apoptosis. Here, we show that the developmentally programmed resistance to apoptosis involves transcriptional repression of critical proapoptotic genes by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Administration of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), like trichostatin A or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, increases expression of proapoptotic genes and is sufficient to sensitize otherwise resistant stages. Conversely, reducing levels of proapoptotic genes confers resistance to otherwise sensitive stages. Given that resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer cells, and that HDACi have been recently added to the repertoire of FDA-approved agents for cancer therapy, our results provide new insights for how HDACi help kill malignant cells and also raise concerns for their potential unintended effects on healthy cells.
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Yu X, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Gong H, Zhou J. Caspase-1 participates in apoptosis of salivary glands in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:225. [PMID: 28482931 PMCID: PMC5422879 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are among the most harmful vectors worldwide. Their salivary glands play essential roles in blood-feeding and pathogen transmission and undergo apoptosis after feeding. Although it was previously reported that salivary degeneration in ixodid ticks is in response to hormonal stimulation, questions still exist with the underlying mechanisms of salivary gland apoptosis. Methods Salivary glands of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides were collected from 1 to 7 days after attachment to the host. TUNEL and Annexin V assays were used to check apoptosis during this time. To confirm the role of caspase-1, RNA interference was used to silence its expression, and the dynamic changes of associated cysteine proteases were also shown by quantitative real time PCR and western blot, while TUNEL and Annexin V assays were used to confirm apoptosis. Results In the present study, apoptosis of salivary glands in R. haemaphysaloides occurred 3 or 4 days after attachment to the host as determined by TUNEL and Annexin V assays. The expression of caspase-1 increased at 5–7 days. When the latter was silenced by RNA interference, apoptosis in the salivary glands was delayed. While there seemed to be another form of cell death in salivary glands of ticks, such occurrence may be caused by compensatory autophagy which involved autophagy-related gene 4D. Conclusions This study describes the apoptosis of salivary glands in R. haemaphysaloides and the dynamic changes in cysteine proteases in this activity. Cysteine proteases were involved in this process, especially caspase-1. Caspase-1 participated in the apoptosis of salivary glands. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2161-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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19
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Kamber Kaya HE, Ditzel M, Meier P, Bergmann A. An inhibitory mono-ubiquitylation of the Drosophila initiator caspase Dronc functions in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006438. [PMID: 28207763 PMCID: PMC5313150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionary conserved cell death mechanism, which requires activation of initiator and effector caspases. The Drosophila initiator caspase Dronc, the ortholog of mammalian Caspase-2 and Caspase-9, has an N-terminal CARD domain that recruits Dronc into the apoptosome for activation. In addition to its role in apoptosis, Dronc also has non-apoptotic functions such as compensatory proliferation. One mechanism to control the activation of Dronc is ubiquitylation. However, the mechanistic details of ubiquitylation of Dronc are less clear. For example, monomeric inactive Dronc is subject to non-degradative ubiquitylation in living cells, while ubiquitylation of active apoptosome-bound Dronc triggers its proteolytic degradation in apoptotic cells. Here, we examined the role of non-degradative ubiquitylation of Dronc in living cells in vivo, i.e. in the context of a multi-cellular organism. Our in vivo data suggest that in living cells Dronc is mono-ubiquitylated on Lys78 (K78) in its CARD domain. This ubiquitylation prevents activation of Dronc in the apoptosome and protects cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, K78 ubiquitylation plays an inhibitory role for non-apoptotic functions of Dronc. We provide evidence that not all of the non-apoptotic functions of Dronc require its catalytic activity. In conclusion, we demonstrate a mechanism whereby Dronc’s apoptotic and non-apoptotic activities can be kept silenced in a non-degradative manner through a single ubiquitylation event in living cells. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism which is conserved from flies to humans. Apoptosis is mediated by proteases, termed caspases that cleave cellular proteins and trigger the death of the cell. Activation of caspases is regulated at various levels such as protein-protein interaction for initiator caspases and ubiquitylation. Caspase 9 in mammals and its Drosophila ortholog Dronc carry a protein-protein interaction domain (CARD) in their prodomain which interacts with scaffolding proteins to form the apoptosome, a cell-death platform. Here, we show that Dronc is mono-ubiquitylated at Lysine 78 in its CARD domain. This ubiquitylation interferes with the formation of the apoptosome, causing inhibition of apoptosis. In addition to its apoptotic function, Dronc also participates in events where caspase activity is not required for cell killing, but for regulating other functions, so-called non-apoptotic functions of caspases such as apoptosis-induced proliferation. We found that mono-ubiquitylation of Lysine 78 plays an inhibitory role for these non-apoptotic functions of Dronc. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Dronc is not strictly required in these processes. Our in vivo study sheds light on how a single mono-ubiquitylation event could inhibit both apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of a caspase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Elif Kamber Kaya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Mary-Jean Mitchell Green Building, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Lin SJ, Leng ZG, Guo YH, Cai L, Cai Y, Li N, Shang HB, Le WD, Zhao WG, Wu ZB. Suppression of mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy-dependent cell death by cabergoline. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39329-41. [PMID: 26513171 PMCID: PMC4770775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabergoline (CAB), the first-line drug for treatment of prolactinomas, is effective in suppressing prolactin hypersecretion, reducing tumor size, and restoring gonadal function. However, mechanisms for CAB-mediated tumor shrinkage are largely unknown. Here we report a novel cytotoxic mechanism for CAB. CAB induced formation of autophagosome in rat pituitary tumor MMQ and GH3 cells at the early stage through inhibiting mTOR pathway, resulting in higher conversion rates of LC3-I to LC3-II, GFP-LC3 aggregation, and increased autophagosome formation. Interestingly, CAB treatment augmented lysosome acidification and resulted in impaired proteolytic degradation within autolysosomes. This blocked the autophagic flux, leading to the accumulation of p62 aggregation and undigested autolysosomes. Knockdown of ATG7, ATG5, or Becn1, could significantly rescue the CAB-mediated cell death of MMQ cells (p < 0.05). CAB-induced autophagy and blockade of autophagy flux participated in antitumoral action in vivo. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that CAB concomitantly induces autophagy and inhibits the autophagic flux, leading to autophagy-dependent cell death. These findings elucidate novel mechanisms for CAB action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhi Gen Leng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yu Hang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Han Bing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Guo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhe Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Cheng TC, Akey IV, Yuan S, Yu Z, Ludtke SJ, Akey CW. A Near-Atomic Structure of the Dark Apoptosome Provides Insight into Assembly and Activation. Structure 2016; 25:40-52. [PMID: 27916517 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the Apaf-1-related killer (Dark) forms an apoptosome that activates procaspases. To investigate function, we have determined a near-atomic structure of Dark double rings using cryo-electron microscopy. We then built a nearly complete model of the apoptosome that includes 7- and 8-blade β-propellers. We find that the preference for dATP during Dark assembly may be governed by Ser325, which is in close proximity to the 2' carbon of the deoxyribose ring. Interestingly, β-propellers in V-shaped domains of the Dark apoptosome are more widely separated, relative to these features in the Apaf-1 apoptosome. This wider spacing may be responsible for the lack of cytochrome c binding to β-propellers in the Dark apoptosome. Our structure also highlights the roles of two loss-of-function mutations that may block Dark assembly. Finally, the improved model provides a framework to understand apical procaspase activation in the intrinsic cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Cheung Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ildikó V Akey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shujun Yuan
- Department of Biologics Research - Protein Sciences, U.S. Innovation Center, Bayer Healthcare, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Steven J Ludtke
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher W Akey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Li D, Wang J, Hou J, Fu J, Chang D, Bensoussan A, Liu J. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects starving H9c2 cells by dissociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:146. [PMID: 27228978 PMCID: PMC4881172 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Autophagy can result in cellular adaptation, as well as cell survival or cell death. We investigated how ginsenoside Rg1(G-Rg1) regulates the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by continuous starvation. Methods H9c2 cells under continuous starvation were treated with or without ginsenoside Rg1, and autophagy and apoptosis related proteins were assessed over a continuous time course by Western blot. Dynamic fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 was used to assess autophagosome formation by live cell imaging. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) -Beclin1(BECN1) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) -Bcl-2 were co-transfected into cells to observe ginsenoside Rg1 regulation of BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Immunoprecipitation was also used to assess BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction over a continuous time course. Results In H9c2 cells, starvation induced both apoptosis and autophagy. Cell apoptosis was significantly attenuated in ginsenoside Rg1-treated conditions, while autophagy was promoted. Ginsenoside Rg1 weakened the interaction between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, inhibiting apoptosis while promoting autophagy. Our results suggest that autophagy is beneficial to starved cardiac cells over a period of time. Furthermore, we describe the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis during starvation. Conclusions Our findings provide valuable evidence for employing ginsenoside Rg1 as a specific promoter of autophagy and inhibitor of apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1112-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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23
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Melzer J, Broemer M. Nerve-racking - apoptotic and non-apoptotic roles of caspases in the nervous system of Drosophila. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1683-90. [PMID: 26900934 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies using Drosophila as a model system have contributed enormously to our knowledge of caspase function and regulation. Caspases are best known as central executioners of apoptosis but also control essential physiological processes in a non-apoptotic manner. The Drosophila genome codes for seven caspases and in this review we provide an overview of current knowledge about caspase function in the nervous system. Caspases regulate neuronal death at all developmental stages and in various neuronal populations. In contrast, non-apoptotic roles are less well understood. The development of new genetically encoded sensors for caspase activity provides unprecedented opportunities to study caspase function in the nervous system in more detail. In light of these new tools we discuss the potential of Drosophila as a model to discover new apoptotic and non-apoptotic neuronal roles of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Melzer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Meike Broemer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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24
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Hwangbo DS, Biteau B, Rath S, Kim J, Jasper H. Control of apoptosis by Drosophila DCAF12. Dev Biol 2016; 413:50-9. [PMID: 26972874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulated Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death, PCD) maintains tissue homeostasis in adults, and ensures proper growth and morphogenesis of tissues during development of metazoans. Accordingly, defects in cellular processes triggering or executing apoptotic programs have been implicated in a variety of degenerative and neoplastic diseases. Here, we report the identification of DCAF12, an evolutionary conserved member of the WD40-motif repeat family of proteins, as a new regulator of apoptosis in Drosophila. We find that DCAF12 is required for Diap1 cleavage in response to pro-apoptotic signals, and is thus necessary and sufficient for RHG (Reaper, Hid, and Grim)-mediated apoptosis. Loss of DCAF12 perturbs the elimination of supernumerary or proliferation-impaired cells during development, and enhances tumor growth induced by loss of neoplastic tumor suppressors, highlighting the wide requirement for DCAF12 in PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benoit Biteau
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sneha Rath
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA.
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25
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Urbanek A, Richert M, Kapusta M. Metamorphic changes in abdominal spines of Forcipomyia nigra pupae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:554-567. [PMID: 26297424 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pupae of Forcipomyia nigra biting midges bear double rows of dorsal and lateral spines. Their arrangement corresponds to the distribution of larval mechanosensory setae. They are serrated simple cuticular structures with tubercles but, in contrast to larval secretory mechanoreceptors, they are not innervated and do not exhibit any pores. The ultrastructure of abdominal spines varies among different pupal stages. They are produced by epidermal cells which fill the interior of the spine. In the youngest pupae epidermal cells are tightly packed and adhere to the cuticle. Then, the cells withdraw from the spinal cavity and the beginning of autophagy is observed. The last stage represents abdominal spines without any cellular material and then apoptosis probably proceeds in the withdrawn epidermal cells. Since the pupal spines occupied the same region of the segment as the larval setae, we consider that the same genes are responsible for their formation as for the formation of epidermal cells but that their mechanosensory and secretory function is no longer needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Malwina Richert
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) family of genes encode baculovirus IAP-repeat domain-containing proteins with antiapoptotic function. These proteins also contain RING or UBC domains and act by binding to major proapoptotic factors and ubiquitylating them. High levels of IAPs inhibit caspase-mediated apoptosis. For these cells to undergo apoptosis, IAP function must be neutralized by IAP-antagonists. Mammalian IAP knockouts do not exhibit obvious developmental phenotypes, but the cells are more sensitized to apoptosis in response to injury. Loss of the mammalian IAP-antagonist ARTS results in reduced stem cell apoptosis. In addition to the antiapoptotic properties, IAPs regulate the innate immune response, and the loss of IAP function in humans is associated with immunodeficiency. The roles of IAPs in Drosophila apoptosis regulation are more apparent, where the loss of IAP1, or the expression of IAP-antagonists in Drosophila cells, is sufficient to trigger apoptosis. In this organism, apoptosis as a fate is conferred by the transcriptional induction of the IAP-antagonists. Many signaling pathways often converge on shared enhancer regions of IAP-antagonists. Cell death sensitivity is further regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms, including those regulated by kinases, miRs, and ubiquitin ligases. These mechanisms are employed to eliminate damaged or virus-infected cells, limit neuroblast (neural stem cell) numbers, generate neuronal diversity, and sculpt tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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27
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Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:329-44. [PMID: 25991373 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All life ends in death, but perhaps one of life's grander ironies is that it also depends on death. Cell-intrinsic suicide pathways, termed programmed cell death (PCD), are crucial for animal development, tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis. Originally, PCD was almost synonymous with apoptosis; recently, however, alternative mechanisms of PCD have been reported. Here, we provide an overview of several distinct PCD mechanisms, namely apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. In addition, we discuss the complex signals that emanate from dying cells, which can either trigger regeneration or instruct additional killing. Further advances in understanding the physiological roles of the various mechanisms of cell death and their associated signals will be important to selectively manipulate PCD for therapeutic purposes.
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28
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Waldron JA, Jones CI, Towler BP, Pashler AL, Grima DP, Hebbes S, Crossman SH, Zabolotskaya MV, Newbury SF. Xrn1/Pacman affects apoptosis and regulates expression of hid and reaper. Biol Open 2015; 4:649-60. [PMID: 25836675 PMCID: PMC4434816 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a highly conserved cellular process that is crucial for tissue homeostasis under normal development as well as environmental stress. Misregulation of apoptosis is linked to many developmental defects and diseases such as tumour formation, autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. In this paper, we show a novel role for the exoribonuclease Pacman/Xrn1 in regulating apoptosis. Using Drosophila wing imaginal discs as a model system, we demonstrate that a null mutation in pacman results in small imaginal discs as well as lethality during pupation. Mutant wing discs show an increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis, especially in the wing pouch area. Compensatory proliferation also occurs in these mutant discs, but this is insufficient to compensate for the concurrent increase in apoptosis. The phenotypic effects of the pacman null mutation are rescued by a deletion that removes one copy of each of the pro-apoptotic genes reaper, hid and grim, demonstrating that pacman acts through this pathway. The null pacman mutation also results in a significant increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic mRNAs, hid and reaper, with this increase mostly occurring at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting that Pacman normally targets these mRNAs for degradation. Our results uncover a novel function for the conserved exoribonuclease Pacman and suggest that this exoribonuclease is important in the regulation of apoptosis in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Waldron
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Christopher I Jones
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Benjamin P Towler
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Amy L Pashler
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Dominic P Grima
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Stephen Hebbes
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Samuel H Crossman
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
| | | | - Sarah F Newbury
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
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29
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Chittaranjan S, Xu J, Kuzyk M, Dullat HK, Wilton J, DeVorkin L, Lebovitz C, Morin GB, Marra MA, Gorski SM. The Drosophila TIPE family member Sigmar interacts with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen and modulates JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy. Biol Open 2015; 4:672-84. [PMID: 25836674 PMCID: PMC4434819 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFAIP8 and other mammalian TIPE family proteins have attracted increased interest due to their associations with disease-related processes including oncogenic transformation, metastasis, and inflammation. The molecular and cellular functions of TIPE family proteins are still not well understood. Here we report the molecular and genetic characterization of the Drosophila TNFAIP8 homolog, CG4091/sigmar. Previous gene expression studies revealed dynamic expression of sigmar in larval salivary glands prior to histolysis. Here we demonstrate that in sigmar loss-of-function mutants, the salivary glands are morphologically abnormal with defects in the tubulin network and decreased autophagic flux. Sigmar localizes subcellularly to microtubule-containing projections in Drosophila S2 cells, and co-immunoprecipitates with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen, a regulator of the JNK pathway. Further, the Drosophila TNF ligand Eiger can induce sigmar expression, and sigmar loss-of-function leads to altered localization of pDJNK in salivary glands. Together, these findings link Sigmar to the JNK pathway, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy activity during salivary gland development, and provide new insights into TIPE family member function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthi Chittaranjan
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jing Xu
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael Kuzyk
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Harpreet K Dullat
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - James Wilton
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Lindsay DeVorkin
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chandra Lebovitz
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gregg B Morin
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Dayem AA, Choi HY, Kim YB, Cho SG. Antiviral effect of methylated flavonol isorhamnetin against influenza. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121610. [PMID: 25806943 PMCID: PMC4373826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease with frequent seasonal epidemics that causes a high rate of mortality and morbidity in humans, poultry, and animals. Influenza is a serious economic concern due to the costly countermeasures it necessitates. In this study, we compared the antiviral activities of several flavonols and other flavonoids with similar, but distinct, hydroxyl or methyl substitution patterns at the 3, 3′, and 4′ positions of the 15-carbon flavonoid skeleton, and found that the strongest antiviral effect was induced by isorhamnetin. Similar to quercetin and kaempferol, isorhamnetin possesses a hydroxyl group on the C ring, but it has a 3′-methyl group on the B ring that is absent in quercetin and kaempferol. Co-treatment and pre-treatment with isorhamnetin produced a strong antiviral effect against the influenza virus A/PR/08/34(H1N1). However, isorhamnetin showed the most potent antiviral potency when administered after viral exposure (post-treatment method) in vitro. Isorhamnetin treatment reduced virus-induced ROS generation and blocked cytoplasmic lysosome acidification and the lipidation of microtubule associated protein1 light chain 3-B (LC3B). Oral administration of isorhamnetin in mice infected with the influenza A virus significantly decreased lung virus titer by 2 folds, increased the survival rate which ranged from 70–80%, and decreased body weight loss by 25%. In addition, isorhamnetin decreased the virus titer in ovo using embryonated chicken eggs. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of isorhamnetin could explain its strong anti-influenza virus potency; the methyl group located on the B ring of isorhamnetin may contribute to its strong antiviral potency against influenza virus in comparison with other flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-Industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Brandão ADS, do Amaral JB, Rezende-Teixeira P, Hartfelder K, Siviero F, Machado-Santelli GM. Cell death and tissue reorganization in Rhynchosciara americana (Sciaridae: Diptera) metamorphosis and their relation to molting hormone titers. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:511-522. [PMID: 24943875 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a focal topic for understanding processes underlying metamorphosis in insects, especially so in holometabolous orders. During adult morphogenesis it allows for the elimination of larva-specific tissues and the reorganization of others for their functionalities in adult life. In Rhynchosciara, this PCD process could be classified as autophagic cell death, yet the expression of apoptosis-related genes and certain morphological aspects suggest that processes, autophagy and apoptosis may be involved. Aiming to reveal the morphological changes that salivary gland and fat body cells undergo during metamorphosis we conducted microscopy analyses to detect chromatin condensation and fragmentation, as well as alterations in the cytoplasm of late pupal tissues of Rhynchosciara americana. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy revealed cells in variable stages of death. By analyzing the morphological structure of the salivary gland we observed the presence of cells with autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation was confirmed with the TUNEL assay in salivary gland. The reorganization of fat body occurs with discrete detection of cell death by TUNEL assay. However, both salivary gland histolysis and fat body reorganization occur under control of the hormone ecdysone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dos Santos Brandão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Interunits Program in Biotechnology, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415 Edifício ICB - III - Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Rezende-Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Siviero
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gláucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Dimorphic ovary differentiation in honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae involves caste-specific expression of homologs of ark and buffy cell death genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98088. [PMID: 24844304 PMCID: PMC4028266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the number of repeated structural units, the ovarioles, in the ovaries is one of the critical events that shape caste polyphenism in social insects. In early postembryonic development, honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae have a pair of ovaries, each one consisting of almost two hundred ovariole primordia. While practically all these ovarioles continue developing in queen-destined larvae, they undergo massive programmed cell death (PCD) in worker-destined larvae. So as to gain insight into the molecular basis of this fundamental process in caste differentiation we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to investigate the expression of the Amark and Ambuffy genes in the ovaries of the two honeybee castes throughout the fifth larval instar. These are the homologs of ark and buffy Drosophila melanogaster genes, respectively, involved in activating and inhibiting PCD. Caste-specific expression patterns were found during this time-window defining ovariole number. Amark transcript levels were increased when ovariole resorption was intensified in workers, but remained at low levels in queen ovaries. The transcripts were mainly localized at the apical end of all the worker ovarioles, but appeared in only a few queen ovarioles, thus strongly suggesting a function in mediating massive ovariolar cell death in worker larvae. Ambuffy was mainly expressed in the peritoneal sheath cells covering each ovariole. The levels of Ambuffy transcripts increased earlier in the developing ovaries of queens than in workers. Consistent with a protective role against cell death, Ambuffy transcripts were localized in practically all queen ovarioles, but only in few worker ovarioles. The results are indicative of a functional relationship between the expression of evolutionary conserved cell death genes and the morphological events leading to caste-specific ovary differentiation in a social insect.
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Mulakkal NC, Nagy P, Takats S, Tusco R, Juhász G, Nezis IP. Autophagy in Drosophila: from historical studies to current knowledge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:273473. [PMID: 24949430 PMCID: PMC4052151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/273473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of evolutionarily conserved Atg genes required for autophagy in yeast truly revolutionized this research field and made it possible to carry out functional studies on model organisms. Insects including Drosophila are classical and still popular models to study autophagy, starting from the 1960s. This review aims to summarize past achievements and our current knowledge about the role and regulation of autophagy in Drosophila, with an outlook to yeast and mammals. The basic mechanisms of autophagy in fruit fly cells appear to be quite similar to other eukaryotes, and the role that this lysosomal self-degradation process plays in Drosophila models of various diseases already made it possible to recognize certain aspects of human pathologies. Future studies in this complete animal hold great promise for the better understanding of such processes and may also help finding new research avenues for the treatment of disorders with misregulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitha C. Mulakkal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takats
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Radu Tusco
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Kuang C, Golden KL, Simon CR, Damrath J, Buttitta L, Gamble CE, Lee CY. A novel fizzy/Cdc20-dependent mechanism suppresses necrosis in neural stem cells. Development 2014; 141:1453-64. [PMID: 24598157 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells likely survive chemotherapy or radiotherapy by acquiring mutations that inactivate the endogenous apoptotic machinery or by cycling slowly. Thus, knowledge about the mechanisms linking the activation of an alternative cell death modality and the cell cycle machinery could have a transformative impact on the development of new cancer therapies, but the mechanisms remain completely unknown. We investigated the regulation of alternative cell death in Drosophila larval brain neural stem cells (neuroblasts) in which apoptosis is normally repressed. From a screen, we identified two novel loss-of-function alleles of the Cdc20/fizzy (fzy) gene that lead to premature brain neuroblast loss without perturbing cell proliferation in other diploid cell types. Fzy is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Neuroblasts carrying the novel fzy allele or exhibiting reduced APC/C function display hallmarks of necrosis. By contrast, neuroblasts overexpressing the non-degradable form of canonical APC/C substrates required for cell cycle progression undergo mitotic catastrophe. These data strongly suggest that Fzy can elicit a novel pro-survival function of APC/C by suppressing necrosis. Neuroblasts experiencing catastrophic cellular stress, or overexpressing p53, lose Fzy expression and undergo necrosis. Co-expression of fzy suppresses the death of these neuroblasts. Consequently, attenuation of the Fzy-dependent survival mechanism functions downstream of catastrophic cellular stress and p53 to eliminate neuroblasts by necrosis. Strategies that target the Fzy-dependent survival mechanism might lead to the discovery of new treatments or complement the pre-existing therapies to eliminate apoptosis-resistant cancer stem cells by necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyuan Kuang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Ming M, Obata F, Kuranaga E, Miura M. Persephone/Spätzle pathogen sensors mediate the activation of Toll receptor signaling in response to endogenous danger signals in apoptosis-deficient Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7558-68. [PMID: 24492611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that removes damaged or unwanted cells, effectively maintaining cellular homeostasis. It has long been suggested that a deficiency in this type of naturally occurring cell death could potentially lead to necrosis, resulting in the release of endogenous immunogenic molecules such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a noninfectious inflammatory response. However, the details about how danger signals from apoptosis-deficient cells are detected and translated to an immune response are largely unknown. In this study, we found that Drosophila mutants deficient for Dronc, the key initiator caspase required for apoptosis, produced the active form of the endogenous Toll ligand Spätzle (Spz). We speculated that, as a system for sensing potential DAMPs in the hemolymph, the dronc mutants constitutively activate a proteolytic cascade that leads to Spz proteolytic processing. We demonstrated that Toll signaling activation required the action of Persephone, a CLIP domain serine protease that usually reacts to microbial proteolytic activities. Our findings show that the Persephone proteolytic cascade plays a crucial role in mediating DAMP-induced systemic responses in apoptosis-deficient Drosophila mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming
- From the Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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A steroid-controlled global switch in sensitivity to apoptosis during Drosophila development. Dev Biol 2013; 386:34-41. [PMID: 24333635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over activation of the apoptotic machinery is critical for development, tissue homeostasis and disease. In Drosophila, the decision to trigger apoptosis--whether in response to developmental cues or to DNA damage--converges on transcription of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists reaper, hid and grim. Here we describe a parallel process that regulates the sensitivity to, rather than the execution of, apoptosis. This process establishes developmental windows that are permissive or restrictive for triggering apoptosis, where the status of cells determines their capacity to die. We characterize one switch in the sensitivity to apoptotic triggers, from restrictive to permissive, that occurs during third-instar larval (L3) development. Early L3 animals are highly resistant to induction of apoptosis by expression of IAP-antagonists, DNA-damaging agents and even knockdown of the IAP diap1. This resistance to apoptosis, however, is lost in wandering L3 animals after acquiring a heightened sensitivity to apoptotic triggers. This switch in sensitivity to death activators is mediated by a change in mechanisms available for activating endogenous caspases, from an apoptosome-independent to an apoptosome-dependent pathway. This switch in apoptotic pathways is regulated in a cell-autonomous manner by the steroid hormone ecdysone, through changes in expression of critical pro-, but not anti-, apoptotic genes. This steroid-controlled switch defines a novel, physiologically-regulated, mechanism for controlling sensitivity to apoptosis and provides new insights into the control of apoptosis during development.
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Denton D, Aung-Htut MT, Kumar S. Developmentally programmed cell death in Drosophila. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3499-3506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Liu H, Jia Q, Tettamanti G, Li S. Balancing crosstalk between 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced autophagy and caspase activity in the fat body during Drosophila larval-prepupal transition. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1068-1078. [PMID: 24036278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, autophagy and caspase activity function in parallel in the salivary gland during metamorphosis and in a common regulatory hierarchy during oogenesis. Both autophagy and caspase activity progressively increase in the remodeling fat body, and they are induced by a pulse of the molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E) during the larval-prepupal transition. Inhibition of autophagy and/or caspase activity in the remodeling fat body results in 25-40% pupal lethality, depending on the genotypes. Interestingly, a balancing crosstalk occurs between autophagy and caspase activity in this tissue: the inhibition of autophagy induces caspase activity and the inhibition of caspases induces autophagy. The Drosophila remodeling fat body provides an in vivo model for understanding the molecular mechanism of the balancing crosstalk between autophagy and caspase activity, which oppose with each other and are induced by the common stimulus 20E, and blockage of either path reinforces the other path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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D'Brot A, Chen P, Vaishnav M, Yuan S, Akey CW, Abrams JM. Tango7 directs cellular remodeling by the Drosophila apoptosome. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1650-5. [PMID: 23913920 DOI: 10.1101/gad.219287.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that the apoptosome, which governs caspase-dependent cell death, also drives nonapoptotic caspase activation to remodel cells. However, the determinants that specify whether the apoptosome acts to kill or remodel have yet to be identified. Here we report that Tango7 collaborates with the Drosophila apoptosome to drive a caspase-dependent remodeling process needed to resolve individual sperm from a syncytium. In these cells, Tango7 is required for caspase activity and localizes to the active apoptosome compartment via its C terminus. Furthermore, Tango7 directly stimulates the activity of this complex in vitro. We propose that Tango7 specifies the Drosophila apoptosome as an effector of cellular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D'Brot
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Li SS, Zhang ZY, Yang CJ, Lian HY, Cai P. Gene expression and reproductive abilities of male Drosophila melanogaster subjected to ELF-EMF exposure. Mutat Res 2013; 758:95-103. [PMID: 24157427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure is attracting increased attention as a possible disease-inducing factor. The in vivo effects of short-term and long-term ELF-EMF exposure on male Drosophila melanogaster were studied using transcriptomic analysis for preliminary screening and QRT-PCR for further verification. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that 439 genes were up-regulated and 874 genes were down-regulated following short-term exposures and that 514 genes were up-regulated and 1206 genes were down-regulated following long-term exposures (expression >2- or <0.5-fold, respectively). In addition, there are 238 up-regulated genes and 598 down-regulated genes in the intersection of short-term and long-term exposure (expression >2- or <0.5-fold). The DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in D. melanogaster following short-term exposures were involved in metabolic processes, cytoskeletal organization, mitotic spindle organization, cell death, protein modification and proteolysis. Long-term exposure let to changes in expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, response to stress, mitotic spindle organization, aging, cell death and cellular respiration. In the intersection of short-term and long-term exposure, a series of DEGs were related to apoptosis, aging, immunological stress and reproduction. To check the ELF-EMF effects on reproduction, some experiments on male reproduction ability were performed. Their results indicated that short-term ELF-EMF exposure may decrease the reproductive ability of males, but long-term exposures had no effect on reproductive ability. Down-regulation of ark gene in the exposed males suggests that the decrease in reproductive capacity may be induced by the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on spermatogenesis through the caspase pathway. QRT-PCR analysis confirmed that jra, ark and decay genes were down regulated in males exposed for 1 Generation (1G) and 72 h, which suggests that apoptosis may be inhibited in vivo. ELF-EMF exposure may have accelerated cell senescence, as suggested by the down-regulation of both cat and jra genes and the up-regulation of hsp22 gene. Up-regulation of totA and hsp22 genes during exposure suggests that exposed flies might induce an in vivo immune response to counter the adverse effects encountered during ELF-EMF exposure. Down-regulation of cat genes suggests that the partial oxidative protection system might be restrained, especially during short-term exposures. This study demonstrates the bioeffects of ELF-EMF exposure and provides evidence for understanding the in vivo mechanisms of ELF-EMF exposure on male D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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Cui DR, Wang L, Jiang W, Qi AH, Zhou QH, Zhang XL. Propofol prevents cerebral ischemia-triggered autophagy activation and cell death in the rat hippocampus through the NF-κB/p53 signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2013; 246:117-32. [PMID: 23644056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has been shown to attenuate neuronal injury under a number of experimental conditions; however, the mechanisms involved in its neuroprotective effects remain unclear. We therefore investigated whether inhibition of p53 induction by propofol contributes to the neuroprotection of cerebral ischemic cell death through both autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms. A transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model was produced with a 10-min, 2-vessel occlusion. The change in target genes including damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin 1, cathepsin D, cathepsin B, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Bax and Bcl-2 upon p53 inhibition was assessed with the co-administration of the intravenous anesthetic propofol and 3-methyladenine (3-MA), Pifithrin-alpha (PFT-α) or SN50. The I/R-induced increases of protein levels of p53 and LC3-II were significantly inhibited by treatment with propofol, 3-MA or PFT-α. The I/R-induced increases of protein levels of DRAM, Beclin 1, active cathepsin D and cathepsin B were significantly inhibited by treatment with propofol, PFT-α or SN50. The negative effects of the I/R-induced up-regulation of PUMA and Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in the rat hippocampus were all blocked by treatment with propofol, PFT-α or SN50. Our results suggest that cerebral I/R can induce nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent expression of p53. The autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms participate in programed cell death by regulating the p53-mediated pathway. Our results are the first to show that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, attenuated cell death through both autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms in the rat hippocampus after a cerebral I/R insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
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42
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Lee G, Sehgal R, Wang Z, Nair S, Kikuno K, Chen CH, Hay B, Park JH. Essential role of grim-led programmed cell death for the establishment of corazonin-producing peptidergic nervous system during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2013; 2:283-94. [PMID: 23519152 PMCID: PMC3603410 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, combinatorial activities of four death genes, head involution defective (hid), reaper (rpr), grim, and sickle (skl), have been known to play crucial roles in the developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD) of various tissues. However, different expression patterns of the death genes also suggest distinct functions played by each. During early metamorphosis, a great number of larval neurons unfit for adult life style are removed by PCD. Among them are eight pairs of corazonin-expressing larval peptidergic neurons in the ventral nerve cord (vCrz). To reveal death genes responsible for the PCD of vCrz neurons, we examined extant and recently available mutations as well as RNA interference that disrupt functions of single or multiple death genes. We found grim as a chief proapoptotic gene and skl and rpr as minor ones. The function of grim is also required for PCD of the mitotic sibling cells of the vCrz neuronal precursors (EW3-sib) during embryonic neurogenesis. An intergenic region between grim and rpr, which, it has been suggested, may enhance expression of three death genes in embryonic neuroblasts, appears to play a role for the vCrz PCD, but not for the EW3-sib cell death. The death of vCrz neurons and EW3-sib is triggered by ecdysone and the Notch signaling pathway, respectively, suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms of grim expression in a cell- and developmental stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunghee Lee
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN 37996 , USA
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a conserved catabolic process that targets cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is required for cellular homeostasis and cell survival in response to starvation and stress, and paradoxically, it also plays a role in programmed cell death during development. The mechanisms that regulate the relationship between autophagy, cell survival, and cell death are poorly understood. Here we review research in Drosophila that has provided insights into the regulation of autophagy by steroid hormones and nutrient restriction and discuss how autophagy influences cell growth, nutrient utilization, cell survival, and cell death.
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Abstract
The caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, function as central regulators of cell death. Recently, caspase activity and caspase substrates identified in the absence of cell death have sparked strong interest in caspase functions in nonapoptotic cellular responses; these functions suggest that caspases may be activated without inducing or before apoptosis, thus leading to the cleavage of a specific subset of substrates. This review focuses primarily on the caspase enzymatic activity. Detailed genetic analyses of caspase-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice have shown that caspases are essential, not only for controlling the number of cells involved in sculpting or deleting structures in developing animals, but also for dynamic, nonapoptotic cell processes, such as innate immune response, tissue regeneration, cell-fate determination, stem-cell differentiation and neural activation. Our understanding of the spatio-temporal caspase activation mechanisms has advanced, primarily through the study of Drosophila developmental processes. This review will discuss current findings regarding caspase functions in cytoskeletal modification, morphogenetic regulation of cell shape, cell migration and the production of mechanical force during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Kagey JD, Brown JA, Moberg KH. Regulation of Yorkie activity in Drosophila imaginal discs by the Hedgehog receptor gene patched. Mech Dev 2012; 129:339-49. [PMID: 22705500 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway was first defined by its role in segment polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster embryonic epidermis and has since been linked to many aspects of vertebrate development and disease. In humans, mutation of the Patched1 (PTCH1) gene, which encodes an inhibitor of Hh signaling, leads to tumors of the skin and pediatric brain. Despite the high level of conservation between the vertebrate and invertebrate Hh pathways, studies in Drosophila have yet to find direct evidence that ptc limits organ size. Here we report identification of Drosophila ptc in a screen for mutations that require a synergistic apoptotic block in order to drive overgrowth. Developing imaginal discs containing clones of ptc mutant cells immortalized by the concurrent loss of the Apaf-1-related killer (Ark) gene are overgrown due, in large part, to the overgrowth of wild type portions of these discs. This phenotype correlates with overexpression of the morphogen Dpp in ptc,Ark double-mutant cells, leading to elevated phosphorylation of the Dpp pathway effector Mad (p-Mad) in cells surrounding ptc,Ark mutant clones. p-Mad functions with the Hippo pathway oncoprotein Yorkie (Yki) to induce expression of the pro-growth/anti-apoptotic microRNA bantam. Accordingly, Yki activity is elevated among wild type cells surrounding ptc,Ark clones and alleles of bantam and yki dominantly suppress the enlarged-disc phenotype produced by loss of ptc. These data suggest that ptc can regulate Yki in a non-cell autonomous manner and reveal an intercellular link between the Hh and Hippo pathways that may contribute to growth-regulatory properties of the Hh pathway in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Kagey
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Florentin A, Arama E. Caspase levels and execution efficiencies determine the apoptotic potential of the cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:513-27. [PMID: 22351928 PMCID: PMC3283987 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Differences in expression level of the effector caspases Drice and Dcp-1 and in their intrinsic abilities to induce apoptosis and to control the rate of cell death underlie the differential sensitivities of cells to apoptosis. Essentially, all metazoan cells can undergo apoptosis, but some cells are more sensitive than others to apoptotic stimuli. To date, it is unclear what determines the apoptotic potential of the cell. We set up an in vivo system for monitoring and comparing the activity levels of the two main effector caspases in Drosophila melanogaster, Drice and Dcp-1. Both caspases were activated by the apoptosome after irradiation. However, whereas each caspase alone could induce apoptosis, Drice was a more effective inducer of apoptosis than Dcp-1, which instead had a role in establishing the rate of cell death. These functional differences are attributed to their intrinsic properties rather than merely their tissue specificities. Significantly, the levels of the procaspases are directly proportional to their activity levels and play a key role in determining the cell’s sensitivity to apoptosis. Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of a cellular execution threshold of caspase activity, which must be reached to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Florentin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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47
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Shen S, Kepp O, Michaud M, Martins I, Minoux H, Métivier D, Maiuri MC, Kroemer RT, Kroemer G. Association and dissociation of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis by systematic chemical study. Oncogene 2011; 30:4544-56. [PMID: 21577201 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the question of whether established or experimental anticancer chemotherapeutics can exert their cytotoxic effects by autophagy, we performed a high-content screen on a set of cytotoxic agents. We simultaneously determined parameters of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis on cells exposed to -1400 compounds. Many agents induced a 'pure' autophagic, apoptotic or necrotic phenotype, whereas less than 100 simultaneously induced autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis. A systematic analysis of the autophagic flux induced by the most potent 80 inducers of GFP-LC3 puncta among the NCI panel agents showed that 59 among them truly induced autophagy. The remaining 21 compounds were potent inducers of apoptosis or necrosis, yet failed to stimulate an autophagic flux, which were characterized as microtubule inhibitors. Knockdown of ATG7 was efficient in preventing GFP-LC3 puncta, yet failed to attenuate cell death by the agents that induce GFP-LC3 puncta. Thus there is not a single compound that would induce cell death by autophagy in our screening, underscoring the idea that cell death is rarely, if ever, executed by autophagy in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shen
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France
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48
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Idikio HA. Galectin-3 and Beclin1/Atg6 genes in human cancers: using cDNA tissue panel, qRT-PCR, and logistic regression model to identify cancer cell biomarkers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26150. [PMID: 22039439 PMCID: PMC3198435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer biomarkers are sought to support cancer diagnosis, predict cancer patient response to treatment and survival. Identifying reliable biomarkers for predicting cancer treatment response needs understanding of all aspects of cancer cell death and survival. Galectin-3 and Beclin1 are involved in two coordinated pathways of programmed cell death, apoptosis and autophagy and are linked to necroptosis/necrosis. The aim of the study was to quantify galectin-3 and Beclin1 mRNA in human cancer tissue cDNA panels and determine their utility as biomarkers of cancer cell survival. Methods and Results A panel of 96 cDNAs from eight (8) different normal and cancer tissue types were used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using ABI7900HT. Miner2.0, a web-based 4- and 3- parameter logistic regression software was used to derive individual well polymerase chain reaction efficiencies (E) and cycle threshold (Ct) values. Miner software derived formula was used to calculate mRNA levels and then fold changes. The ratios of cancer to normal tissue levels of galectin-3 and Beclin1 were calculated (using the mean for each tissue type). Relative mRNA expressions for galectin-3 were higher than for Beclin1 in all tissue (normal and cancer) types. In cancer tissues, breast, kidney, thyroid and prostate had the highest galectin-3 mRNA levels compared to normal tissues. High levels of Beclin1 mRNA levels were in liver and prostate cancers when compared to normal tissues. Breast, kidney and thyroid cancers had high galectin-3 levels and low Beclin1 levels. Conclusion Galectin-3 expression patterns in normal and cancer tissues support its reported roles in human cancer. Beclin1 expression pattern supports its roles in cancer cell survival and in treatment response. qRT-PCR analysis method used may enable high throughput studies to generate molecular biomarker sets for diagnosis and predicting cancer treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halliday A Idikio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Drosophila IAP1-mediated ubiquitylation controls activation of the initiator caspase DRONC independent of protein degradation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002261. [PMID: 21909282 PMCID: PMC3164697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation targets proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation and plays important roles in many biological processes including apoptosis. However, non-proteolytic functions of ubiquitylation are also known. In Drosophila, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (DIAP1) is known to ubiquitylate the initiator caspase DRONC in vitro. Because DRONC protein accumulates in diap1 mutant cells that are kept alive by caspase inhibition (“undead” cells), it is thought that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation causes proteasomal degradation of DRONC, protecting cells from apoptosis. However, contrary to this model, we show here that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation does not trigger proteasomal degradation of full-length DRONC, but serves a non-proteolytic function. Our data suggest that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation blocks processing and activation of DRONC. Interestingly, while full-length DRONC is not subject to DIAP1-induced degradation, once it is processed and activated it has reduced protein stability. Finally, we show that DRONC protein accumulates in “undead” cells due to increased transcription of dronc in these cells. These data refine current models of caspase regulation by IAPs. The Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1) readily promotes ubiquitylation of the CASPASE-9–like initiator caspase DRONC in vitro and in vivo. Because DRONC protein accumulates in diap1 mutant cells that are kept alive by effector caspase inhibition—producing so-called “undead” cells—it has been proposed that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation would target full-length DRONC for proteasomal degradation, ensuring survival of normal cells. However, this has never been tested rigorously in vivo. By examining loss and gain of diap1 function, we show that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation does not trigger degradation of full-length DRONC. Our analysis demonstrates that DIAP1-mediated ubiquitylation controls DRONC processing and activation in a non-proteolytic manner. Interestingly, once DRONC is processed and activated, it has reduced protein stability. We also demonstrate that “undead” cells induce transcription of dronc, explaining increased protein levels of DRONC in these cells. This study re-defines the mechanism by which IAP-mediated ubiquitylation regulates caspase activity.
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Abstract
The caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that function as central regulators of cell death. Recent investigations in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice indicate that caspases are essential not only in controlling the number of cells involved in sculpting or deleting structures in developing animals, but also in dynamic cell processes such as cell-fate determination, compensatory proliferation of neighboring cells, and actin cytoskeleton reorganization, in a non-apoptotic context during development. This review focuses primarily on caspase functions involving their enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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