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Mirzakhel Z, Reddy GA, Boman J, Manns B, Veer ST, Katira P. "Patchiness" in mechanical stiffness across a tumor as an early-stage marker for malignancy. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:33. [PMID: 38486161 PMCID: PMC10938681 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical phenotyping of tumors, either at an individual cell level or tumor cell population level is gaining traction as a diagnostic tool. However, the extent of diagnostic and prognostic information that can be gained through these measurements is still unclear. In this work, we focus on the heterogeneity in mechanical properties of cells obtained from a single source such as a tissue or tumor as a potential novel biomarker. We believe that this heterogeneity is a conventionally overlooked source of information in mechanical phenotyping data. We use mechanics-based in-silico models of cell-cell interactions and cell population dynamics within 3D environments to probe how heterogeneity in cell mechanics drives tissue and tumor dynamics. Our simulations show that the initial heterogeneity in the mechanical properties of individual cells and the arrangement of these heterogenous sub-populations within the environment can dictate overall cell population dynamics and cause a shift towards the growth of malignant cell phenotypes within healthy tissue environments. The overall heterogeneity in the cellular mechanotype and their spatial distributions is quantified by a "patchiness" index, which is the ratio of the global to local heterogeneity in cell populations. We observe that there exists a threshold value of the patchiness index beyond which an overall healthy population of cells will show a steady shift towards a more malignant phenotype. Based on these results, we propose that the "patchiness" of a tumor or tissue sample, can be an early indicator for malignant transformation and cancer occurrence in benign tumors or healthy tissues. Additionally, we suggest that tissue patchiness, measured either by biochemical or biophysical markers, can become an important metric in predicting tissue health and disease likelihood just as landscape patchiness is an important metric in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibah Mirzakhel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gudur Ashrith Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Boman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Manns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Savannah Ter Veer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Parag Katira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Camacho-Macorra C, Tabanera N, Sánchez-Bustamante E, Bovolenta P, Cardozo MJ. Maternal vgll4a regulates zebrafish epiboly through Yap1 activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1362695. [PMID: 38444829 PMCID: PMC10912589 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1362695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation in zebrafish embryos commences with the morphogenetic rearrangement of blastodermal cells, which undergo a coordinated spreading from the animal pole to wrap around the egg at the vegetal pole. This rearrangement, known as epiboly, relies on the orchestrated activity of maternal transcripts present in the egg, compensating for the gradual activation of the zygotic genome. Epiboly involves the mechano-transducer activity of yap1 but what are the regulators of yap1 activity and whether these are maternally or zygotically derived remain elusive. Our study reveals the crucial role of maternal vgll4a, a proposed Yap1 competitor, during zebrafish epiboly. In embryos lacking maternal/zygotic vgll4a (MZvgll4a), the progression of epiboly and blastopore closure is delayed. This delay is associated with the ruffled appearance of the sliding epithelial cells, decreased expression of yap1-downstream targets and transient impairment of the actomyosin ring at the syncytial layer. Our study also shows that, rather than competing with yap1, vgll4a modulates the levels of the E-cadherin/β-catenin adhesion complex at the blastomeres' plasma membrane and hence their actin cortex distribution. Taking these results together, we propose that maternal vgll4a acts at epiboly initiation upstream of yap1 and the E-cadherin/β-catenin adhesion complex, contributing to a proper balance between tissue tension/cohesion and contractility, thereby promoting a timely epiboly progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Camacho-Macorra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Tabanera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-Bustamante
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos J Cardozo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Cheng JC, Miller AL, Webb SE. Actin-mediated endocytosis in the E-YSL helps drive epiboly in zebrafish. ZYGOTE 2023; 31:517-526. [PMID: 37533161 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In zebrafish, a punctate band of F-actin is reported to develop in the external yolk syncytial layer (E-YSL) during the latter part of epiboly in zebrafish embryos. Here, electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence confocal microscopy were conducted to investigate dynamic changes in the E-YSL membrane during epiboly. Using scanning EM, we report that the surface of the E-YSL is highly convoluted, consisting of a complex interwoven network of branching membrane surface microvilli-like protrusions. The region of membrane surface protrusions was relatively wide at 30% epiboly but narrowed as epiboly progressed. This narrowing was coincident with the formation of the punctate actin band. We also demonstrated using immunogold transmission EM that actin clusters were localized at the membrane surface mainly within the protrusions as well as in deeper locations of the E-YSL. Furthermore, during the latter part of epiboly, the punctate actin band was coincident with a region of highly dynamic endocytosis. Treatment with cytochalasin B led to the disruption of the punctate actin band and the membrane surface protrusions, as well as the attenuation of endocytosis. Together, our data suggest that, in the E-YSL, the region encompassing the membrane surface protrusions and its associated punctate actin band are likely to be an integral part of the localized endocytosis, which is important for the progression of epiboly in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie C Cheng
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew L Miller
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Marshall AR, Galea GL, Copp AJ, Greene NDE. The surface ectoderm exhibits spatially heterogenous tension that correlates with YAP localisation during spinal neural tube closure in mouse embryos. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203840. [PMID: 37068590 PMCID: PMC10618430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The single cell layer of surface ectoderm (SE) which overlies the closing neural tube (NT) plays a crucial biomechanical role during mammalian NT closure (NTC), challenging previous assumptions that it is only passive to the force-generating neuroepithelium (NE). Failure of NTC leads to congenital malformations known as NT defects (NTDs), including spina bifida (SB) and anencephaly in the spine and brain respectively. In several mouse NTD models, SB is caused by misexpression of SE-specific genes and is associated with disrupted SE mechanics, including loss of rostrocaudal cell elongation believed to be important for successful closure. In this study, we asked how SE mechanics affect NT morphology, and whether the characteristic rostrocaudal cell elongation at the progressing closure site is a response to tension anisotropy in the SE. We show that blocking SE-specific E-cadherin in ex utero mouse embryo culture influences NT morphology, as well as the F-actin cable. Cell border ablation shows that cell shape is not due to tension anisotropy, but that there are regional differences in SE tension. We also find that YAP nuclear translocation reflects regional tension heterogeneity, and that its expression is sensitive to pharmacological reduction of tension. In conclusion, our results confirm that the SE is a biomechanically important tissue for spinal NT morphogenesis and suggest a possible role of spatial regulation of cellular tension which could regulate downstream gene expression via mechanically-sensitive YAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Marshall
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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5
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Patterson V, Ullah F, Bryant L, Griffin JN, Sidhu A, Saliganan S, Blaile M, Saenz MS, Smith R, Ellingwood S, Grange DK, Hu X, Mireguli M, Luo Y, Shen Y, Mulhern M, Zackai E, Ritter A, Izumi K, Hoefele J, Wagner M, Riedhammer KM, Seitz B, Robin NH, Goodloe D, Mignot C, Keren B, Cox H, Jarvis J, Hempel M, Gibson CF, Tran Mau-Them F, Vitobello A, Bruel AL, Sorlin A, Mehta S, Raymond FL, Gilmore K, Powell BC, Weck K, Li C, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Giacomini T, Mancardi MM, Accogli A, Salpietro V, Zara F, Vora NL, Davis EE, Burdine R, Bhoj E. Abrogation of MAP4K4 protein function causes congenital anomalies in humans and zebrafish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade0631. [PMID: 37126546 PMCID: PMC10132768 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report 21 families displaying neurodevelopmental differences and multiple congenital anomalies while bearing a series of rare variants in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4). MAP4K4 has been implicated in many signaling pathways including c-Jun N-terminal and RAS kinases and is currently under investigation as a druggable target for multiple disorders. Using several zebrafish models, we demonstrate that these human variants are either loss-of-function or dominant-negative alleles and show that decreasing Map4k4 activity causes developmental defects. Furthermore, MAP4K4 can restrain hyperactive RAS signaling in early embryonic stages. Together, our data demonstrate that MAP4K4 negatively regulates RAS signaling in the early embryo and that variants identified in affected humans abrogate its function, establishing MAP4K4 as a causal locus for individuals with syndromic neurodevelopmental differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Patterson
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Farid Ullah
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura Bryant
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John N. Griffin
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alpa Sidhu
- The Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie Blaile
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Margarita S. Saenz
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rosemarie Smith
- Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall St, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - Sara Ellingwood
- Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall St, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - Dorothy K. Grange
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Maimaiti Mireguli
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanfei Luo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Maternal and Child Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Maureen Mulhern
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alyssa Ritter
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosaki Izumi
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian M. Riedhammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nathaniel H. Robin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Dana Goodloe
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP-Sorbonne Université, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Joanna Jarvis
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Maja Hempel
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Antonio Vitobello
- UMR1231 GAD, Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic génomique des maladies rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Gilmore
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bradford C. Powell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen Weck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chumei Li
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Thea Giacomini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Genova, EpiCARE Network, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Bhoj
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
During gastrulation, early embryos specify and reorganise the topology of their germ layers. Surprisingly, this fundamental and early process does not appear to be rigidly constrained by evolutionary pressures; instead, the morphology of gastrulation is highly variable throughout the animal kingdom. Recent experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to generate different alternative gastrulation modes in single organisms, such as in early cnidarian, arthropod and vertebrate embryos. Here, we review the mechanisms that underlie the plasticity of vertebrate gastrulation both when experimentally manipulated and during evolution. Using the insights obtained from these experiments we discuss the effects of the increase in yolk volume on the morphology of gastrulation and provide new insights into two crucial innovations during amniote gastrulation: the transition from a ring-shaped mesoderm domain in anamniotes to a crescent-shaped domain in amniotes, and the evolution of the reptilian blastoporal plate/canal into the avian primitive streak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- School of Life Sciences Research Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Concha ML, Reig G. Origin, form and function of extraembryonic structures in teleost fishes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210264. [PMID: 36252221 PMCID: PMC9574637 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost eggs have evolved a highly derived early developmental pattern within vertebrates as a result of the meroblastic cleavage pattern, giving rise to a polar stratified architecture containing a large acellular yolk and a small cellular blastoderm on top. Besides the acellular yolk, the teleost-specific yolk syncytial layer (YSL) and the superficial epithelial enveloping layer are recognized as extraembryonic structures that play critical roles throughout embryonic development. They provide enriched microenvironments in which molecular feedback loops, cellular interactions and mechanical signals emerge to sculpt, among other things, embryonic patterning along the dorsoventral and left-right axes, mesendodermal specification and the execution of morphogenetic movements in the early embryo and during organogenesis. An emerging concept points to a critical role of extraembryonic structures in reinforcing early genetic and morphogenetic programmes in reciprocal coordination with the embryonic blastoderm, providing the necessary boundary conditions for development to proceed. In addition, the role of the enveloping cell layer in providing mechanical, osmotic and immunological protection during early stages of development, and the autonomous nutritional support provided by the yolk and YSL, have probably been key aspects that have enabled the massive radiation of teleosts to colonize every ecological niche on the Earth. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L. Concha
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Germán Reig
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica y del Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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8
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Reddy GA, Katira P. Differences in cell death and division rules can alter tissue rigidity and fluidization. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3713-3724. [PMID: 35502875 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue mechanical properties such as rigidity and fluidity, and changes in these properties driven by jamming-unjamming transitions (UJT), have come under recent highlight as mechanical markers of health and disease in various biological processes including cancer. However, most analyses of these mechanical properties and UJT have sidestepped the effect of cellular death and division in these systems. Cellular apoptosis (programmed cell death) and mitosis (cell division) can drive significant changes in tissue properties. The balance between the two is crucial in maintaining tissue function, and an imbalance between the two is seen in situations such as cancer progression, wound healing and necrosis. In this work we investigate the impact of cell death and division on tissue mechanical properties, by incorporating specific mechanosensitive triggers of cell death and division based on the size and geometry of the cell within in silico models of tissue dynamics. Specifically, we look at cell migration, tissue response to external stress, tissue extrusion propensity and self-organization of different cell types within the tissue, as a function of cell death and division and the rules that trigger these events. We find that not only do cell death and division events significantly alter tissue mechanics when compared to systems without these events, but that the choice of triggers driving these cell death and division events also alters the predicted tissue mechanics and overall system behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudur Ashrith Reddy
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Parag Katira
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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9
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Derrick CJ, Santos-Ledo A, Eley L, Paramita IA, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Sequential action of JNK genes establishes the embryonic left-right axis. Development 2022; 149:274898. [PMID: 35352808 PMCID: PMC9148569 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the left-right axis is crucial for the placement, morphogenesis and function of internal organs. Left-right specification is proposed to be dependent on cilia-driven fluid flow in the embryonic node. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling is crucial for patterning of nodal cilia, yet downstream effectors driving this process remain elusive. We have examined the role of the JNK gene family, a proposed downstream component of PCP signalling, in the development and function of the zebrafish node. We show jnk1 and jnk2 specify length of nodal cilia, generate flow in the node and restrict southpaw to the left lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, loss of asymmetric southpaw expression does not result in disturbances to asymmetric organ placement, supporting a model in which nodal flow may be dispensable for organ laterality. Later, jnk3 is required to restrict pitx2c expression to the left side and permit correct endodermal organ placement. This work uncovers multiple roles for the JNK gene family acting at different points during left-right axis establishment. It highlights extensive redundancy and indicates JNK activity is distinct from the PCP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Isabela Andhika Paramita
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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10
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Li JT, Cheng XN, Zhang C, Shi DL, Shao M. The Adaptor Protein Lurap1 Is Required for Cell Cohesion during Epiboly Movement in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121337. [PMID: 34943252 PMCID: PMC8699034 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell adhesion and active cell shape changes play an important role in morphogenetic movements during embryonic development. Zebrafish is an attractive model for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. Epiboly is a conserved gastrulation cell movement, which describes the thinning and spreading of an external sheet of cells to cover other groups of cells in the embryo. It involves differential cellular adhesive properties and dynamic cytoskeletal organization across the embryo, but how these are regulated remains elusive. We found that the adaptor protein Lurap1, which interacts with other proteins required for cell migration, plays a role in cell adhesion during epiboly. In zebrafish mutants with loss of Lurap1 function, there is a reduced cellular cohesion in the epithelial blastoderm cells and a delayed epiboly movement. Our observations suggest that Lurap1 is implicated in the regulation of cellular behavior changes for coordinated morphogenetic movements in vertebrate embryos. Abstract Cell adhesion and polarized cellular behaviors play critical roles in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In the zebrafish embryo, epiboly represents an important process of epithelial morphogenesis that involves differential cell adhesion and dynamic cell shape changes for coordinated movements of different cell populations, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The adaptor protein Lurap1 functions to link myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Rac/Cdc42-binding kinase with MYO18A for actomyosin retrograde flow in cell migration. We previously reported that it interacts with Dishevelled in convergence and extension movements during gastrulation. Here, we show that it regulates blastoderm cell adhesion and radial cell intercalation during epiboly. In zebrafish mutant embryos with loss of both maternal and zygotic Lurap1 function, deep cell multilayer of the blastoderm exhibit delayed epiboly with respect to the superficial layer. Time-lapse imaging reveals that these deep cells undergo unstable intercalation, which impedes their expansion over the yolk cell. Cell sorting and adhesion assays indicate reduced cellular cohesion of the blastoderm. These defects are correlated with disrupted cytoskeletal organization in the cortex of blastoderm cells. Thus, the present results extend our previous works by demonstrating that Lurap1 is required for cell adhesion and cell behavior changes to coordinate cell movements during epithelial morphogenesis. They provide insights for a further understanding of the regulation of cytoskeletal organization during gastrulation cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Tong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Ning Cheng
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China;
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - De-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China;
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.-L.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (D.-L.S.); (M.S.)
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11
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Marsal M, Hernández-Vega A, Pouille PA, Martin-Blanco E. Rab5ab-Mediated Yolk Cell Membrane Endocytosis Is Essential for Zebrafish Epiboly and Mechanical Equilibrium During Gastrulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:697097. [PMID: 34778246 PMCID: PMC8585776 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.697097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in early embryos demands the coordinated distribution of cells and tissues to their final destination in a spatio-temporal controlled way. Spatial and scalar differences in adhesion and contractility are essential for these morphogenetic movements, while the role that membrane remodeling may play remains less clear. To evaluate how membrane turnover modulates tissue arrangements we studied the role of endocytosis in zebrafish epiboly. Experimental analyses and modeling have shown that the expansion of the blastoderm relies on an asymmetry of mechanical tension in the yolk cell generated as a result of actomyosin-dependent contraction and membrane removal. Here we show that the GTPase Rab5ab is essential for the endocytosis and the removal of the external yolk cell syncytial layer (E-YSL) membrane. Interfering in its expression exclusively in the yolk resulted in the reduction of yolk cell actomyosin contractility, the disruption of cortical and internal flows, a disequilibrium in force balance and epiboly impairment. We conclude that regulated membrane remodeling is crucial for directing cell and tissue mechanics, preserving embryo geometry and coordinating morphogenetic movements during epiboly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marsal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amayra Hernández-Vega
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe-Alexandre Pouille
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Roy Choudhury A, Großhans J, Kong D. Ion Channels in Epithelial Dynamics and Morphogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092280. [PMID: 34571929 PMCID: PMC8465836 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels mediate the neuronal sensation of mechanical signals such as sound, touch, and pain. Recent studies point to a function of these channel proteins in cell types and tissues in addition to the nervous system, such as epithelia, where they have been little studied, and their role has remained elusive. Dynamic epithelia are intrinsically exposed to mechanical forces. A response to pull and push is assumed to constitute an essential part of morphogenetic movements of epithelial tissues, for example. Mechano-gated channels may participate in sensing and responding to such forces. In this review, focusing on Drosophila, we highlight recent results that will guide further investigations concerned with the mechanistic role of these ion channels in epithelial cells.
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13
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Mishra N, Heisenberg CP. Dissecting Organismal Morphogenesis by Bridging Genetics and Biophysics. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:209-233. [PMID: 34460295 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms develop complex shapes from much simpler, single-celled zygotes through a process commonly called morphogenesis. Morphogenesis involves an interplay between several factors, ranging from the gene regulatory networks determining cell fate and differentiation to the mechanical processes underlying cell and tissue shape changes. Thus, the study of morphogenesis has historically been based on multidisciplinary approaches at the interface of biology with physics and mathematics. Recent technological advances have further improved our ability to study morphogenesis by bridging the gap between the genetic and biophysical factors through the development of new tools for visualizing, analyzing, and perturbing these factors and their biochemical intermediaries. Here, we review how a combination of genetic, microscopic, biophysical, and biochemical approaches has aided our attempts to understand morphogenesis and discuss potential approaches that may be beneficial to such an inquiry in the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mishra
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; ,
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14
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Pulgar E, Schwayer C, Guerrero N, López L, Márquez S, Härtel S, Soto R, Heisenberg CP, Concha ML. Apical contacts stemming from incomplete delamination guide progenitor cell allocation through a dragging mechanism. eLife 2021; 10:66483. [PMID: 34448451 PMCID: PMC8460252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental strategies used by progenitor cells to allow a safe journey from their induction place towards the site of terminal differentiation are still poorly understood. Here, we uncovered a mechanism of progenitor cell allocation that stems from an incomplete process of epithelial delamination that allows progenitors to coordinate their movement with adjacent extra-embryonic tissues. Progenitors of the zebrafish laterality organ originate from the superficial epithelial enveloping layer by an apical constriction process of cell delamination. During this process, progenitors retain long-lasting apical contacts that enable the epithelial layer to pull a subset of progenitors on their way to the vegetal pole. The remaining delaminated cells follow the movement of apically attached progenitors by a protrusion-dependent cell-cell contact mechanism, avoiding sequestration by the adjacent endoderm, ensuring their collective fate and allocation at the site of differentiation. Thus, we reveal that incomplete delamination serves as a cellular platform for coordinated tissue movements during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pulgar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cornelia Schwayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Néstor Guerrero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Márquez
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems, CENS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Miguel L Concha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Melo PN, Souza da Silveira M, Mendes Pinto I, Relvas JB. Morphofunctional programming of microglia requires distinct roles of type II myosins. Glia 2021; 69:2717-2738. [PMID: 34329508 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ramified morphology of microglia and the dynamics of their membrane protrusions are essential for their functions in central nervous system development, homeostasis, and disease. Although their ability to change and control shape critically depends on the actin and actomyosin cytoskeleton, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we systematically analyzed the actomyosin cytoskeleton and regulators downstream of the small GTPase RhoA in the control of microglia shape and function. Our results reveal that (i) Myh9 controls cortical tension levels and affects microglia protrusion formation, (ii) cofilin-mediated maintenance of actin turnover regulates microglia protrusion extension, and (iii) Myh10 influences microglia inflammatory activation. Overall we uncover molecular pathways that regulate microglia morphology and identify type-II myosins as important regulators of microglia biology with differential roles in the control of cell shape (Myh9) and functions (Myh10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Neves Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Graduate Programme in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Souza da Silveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Life Sciences, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Li YL, Cheng XN, Lu T, Shao M, Shi DL. Syne2b/Nesprin-2 Is Required for Actin Organization and Epithelial Integrity During Epiboly Movement in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671887. [PMID: 34222245 PMCID: PMC8248263 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Syne2b/nesprin-2 is a giant protein implicated in tethering the nucleus to the cytoskeleton and plays an important role in maintaining cellular architecture. Epiboly is a conserved morphogenetic movement that involves extensive spreading and thinning of the epithelial blastoderm to shape the embryo and organize the three germ layers. Dynamic cytoskeletal organization is critical for this process, but how it is regulated remains elusive. Here we generated a zebrafish syne2b mutant line and analyzed the effects of impaired Syne2b function during early development. By CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we obtained a large deletion in the syne2b locus, predicted to cause truncation of the nuclear localization KASH domain in the translated protein. Maternal and zygotic syne2b embryos showed delayed epiboly initiation and progression without defects in embryonic patterning. Remarkably, disruption of Syne2b function severely impaired cytoskeletal organization across the embryo, leading to aberrant clustering of F-actin at multiple cell contact regions and abnormal cell shape changes. These caused disintegration of the epithelial blastoderm before the end of gastrulation in most severely affected embryos. Moreover, the migration of yolk nuclear syncytium also became defective, likely due to disorganized cytoskeletal networks at the blastoderm margin and in the yolk cell. These findings demonstrate an essential function of Syne2b in maintaining cytoskeletal architecture and epithelial integrity during epiboly movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Tong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - De-Li Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR 7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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17
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Willoughby PM, Allen M, Yu J, Korytnikov R, Chen T, Liu Y, So I, Macpherson N, Mitchell JA, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Bruce AE. The recycling endosome protein Rab25 coordinates collective cell movements in the zebrafish surface epithelium. eLife 2021; 10:66060. [PMID: 33755014 PMCID: PMC8034978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In emerging epithelial tissues, cells undergo dramatic rearrangements to promote tissue shape changes. Dividing cells remain interconnected via transient cytokinetic bridges. Bridges are cleaved during abscission and currently, the consequences of disrupting abscission in developing epithelia are not well understood. We show that the Rab GTPase Rab25 localizes near cytokinetic midbodies and likely coordinates abscission through endomembrane trafficking in the epithelium of the zebrafish gastrula during epiboly. In maternal-zygotic Rab25a and Rab25b mutant embryos, morphogenic activity tears open persistent apical cytokinetic bridges that failed to undergo timely abscission. Cytokinesis defects result in anisotropic cell morphologies that are associated with a reduction of contractile actomyosin networks. This slows cell rearrangements and alters the viscoelastic responses of the tissue, all of which likely contribute to delayed epiboly. We present a model in which Rab25 trafficking coordinates cytokinetic bridge abscission and cortical actin density, impacting local cell shape changes and tissue-scale forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Allen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Yu
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roman Korytnikov
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isis So
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Macpherson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Ee Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Jain A, Ulman V, Mukherjee A, Prakash M, Cuenca MB, Pimpale LG, Münster S, Haase R, Panfilio KA, Jug F, Grill SW, Tomancak P, Pavlopoulos A. Regionalized tissue fluidization is required for epithelial gap closure during insect gastrulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5604. [PMID: 33154375 PMCID: PMC7645651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal embryos pull and close an epithelial sheet around the ellipsoidal egg surface during a gastrulation process known as epiboly. The ovoidal geometry dictates that the epithelial sheet first expands and subsequently compacts. Moreover, the spreading epithelium is mechanically stressed and this stress needs to be released. Here we show that during extraembryonic tissue (serosa) epiboly in the insect Tribolium castaneum, the non-proliferative serosa becomes regionalized into a solid-like dorsal region with larger non-rearranging cells, and a more fluid-like ventral region surrounding the leading edge with smaller cells undergoing intercalations. Our results suggest that a heterogeneous actomyosin cable contributes to the fluidization of the leading edge by driving sequential eviction and intercalation of individual cells away from the serosa margin. Since this developmental solution utilized during epiboly resembles the mechanism of wound healing, we propose actomyosin cable-driven local tissue fluidization as a conserved morphogenetic module for closure of epithelial gaps. The mechanics of embryonic tissue spreading over spherical eggs is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that during gastrulation in the red flour beetle, extraembryonic tissue epiboly is facilitated by local actomyosin-mediated fluidization of the tissue at the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Jain
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ulman
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mangal Prakash
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marina B Cuenca
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lokesh G Pimpale
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Münster
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Haase
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Florian Jug
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany. .,IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
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19
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Abstract
Gastrulation is a critical early morphogenetic process of animal development, during which the three germ layers; mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm, are rearranged by internalization movements. Concurrent epiboly movements spread and thin the germ layers while convergence and extension movements shape them into an anteroposteriorly elongated body with head, trunk, tail and organ rudiments. In zebrafish, gastrulation follows the proliferative and inductive events that establish the embryonic and extraembryonic tissues and the embryonic axis. Specification of these tissues and embryonic axes are controlled by the maternal gene products deposited in the egg. These early maternally controlled processes need to generate sufficient cell numbers and establish the embryonic polarity to ensure normal gastrulation. Subsequently, after activation of the zygotic genome, the zygotic gene products govern mesoderm and endoderm induction and germ layer patterning. Gastrulation is initiated during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, a process that entails both activation of the zygotic genome and downregulation of the maternal transcripts. Genomic studies indicate that gastrulation is largely controlled by the zygotic genome. Nonetheless, genetic studies that investigate the relative contributions of maternal and zygotic gene function by comparing zygotic, maternal and maternal zygotic mutant phenotypes, reveal significant contribution of maternal gene products, transcripts and/or proteins, that persist through gastrulation, to the control of gastrulation movements. Therefore, in zebrafish, the maternally expressed gene products not only set the stage for, but they also actively participate in gastrulation morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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20
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Schwayer C, Shamipour S, Pranjic-Ferscha K, Schauer A, Balda M, Tada M, Matter K, Heisenberg CP. Mechanosensation of Tight Junctions Depends on ZO-1 Phase Separation and Flow. Cell 2020; 179:937-952.e18. [PMID: 31675500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions respond to mechanical forces by changing their organization and function. To gain insight into the mechanochemical basis underlying junction mechanosensitivity, we analyzed tight junction (TJ) formation between the enveloping cell layer (EVL) and the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the gastrulating zebrafish embryo. We found that the accumulation of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) at TJs closely scales with tension of the adjacent actomyosin network, revealing that these junctions are mechanosensitive. Actomyosin tension triggers ZO-1 junctional accumulation by driving retrograde actomyosin flow within the YSL, which transports non-junctional ZO-1 clusters toward the TJ. Non-junctional ZO-1 clusters form by phase separation, and direct actin binding of ZO-1 is required for stable incorporation of retrogradely flowing ZO-1 clusters into TJs. If the formation and/or junctional incorporation of ZO-1 clusters is impaired, then TJs lose their mechanosensitivity, and consequently, EVL-YSL movement is delayed. Thus, phase separation and flow of non-junctional ZO-1 confer mechanosensitivity to TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schwayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shayan Shamipour
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Alexandra Schauer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Maria Balda
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Li Y, Vieceli FM, Gonzalez WG, Li A, Tang W, Lois C, Bronner ME. In Vivo Quantitative Imaging Provides Insights into Trunk Neural Crest Migration. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1489-1500.e3. [PMID: 30726733 PMCID: PMC6449054 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells undergo extensive migrations during development. Here, we couple in vivo live imaging at high resolution with custom software tools to reveal dynamic migratory behavior in chick embryos. Trunk NC cells migrate as individuals with both stochastic and biased features as they move dorsoventrally to form peripheral ganglia. Their leading edge displays a prominent fan-shaped lamellipodium that reorients upon cell-cell contact. Computational analysis reveals that when the lamellipodium of one cell touches the body of another, the two cells undergo "contact attraction," often moving together and then separating via a pulling force exerted by lamellipodium. Targeted optical manipulation shows that cell interactions coupled with cell density generate a long-range biased random walk behavior, such that cells move from high to low density. In contrast to chain migration noted at other axial levels, the results show that individual trunk NC cells navigate the complex environment without tight coordination between neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Felipe M Vieceli
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Walter G Gonzalez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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22
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Hung IC, Chen TM, Lin JP, Tai YL, Shen TL, Lee SJ. Wnt5b integrates Fak1a to mediate gastrulation cell movements via Rac1 and Cdc42. Open Biol 2020; 10:190273. [PMID: 32097584 PMCID: PMC7058935 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates vital cellular pathways during development. Despite its necessity, how FAK regulates and integrates with other signals during early embryogenesis remains poorly understood. We found that the loss of Fak1a impaired epiboly, convergent extension and hypoblast cell migration in zebrafish embryos. We also observed a clear disturbance in cortical actin at the blastoderm margin and distribution of yolk syncytial nuclei. In addition, we investigated a possible link between Fak1a and a well-known gastrulation regulator, Wnt5b, and revealed that the overexpression of fak1a or wnt5b could cross-rescue convergence defects induced by a wnt5b or fak1a antisense morpholino (MO), respectively. Wnt5b and Fak1a were shown to converge in regulating Rac1 and Cdc42, which could synergistically rescue wnt5b and fak1a morphant phenotypes. Furthermore, we generated several alleles of fak1a mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, but those mutants only revealed mild gastrulation defects. However, injection of a subthreshold level of the wnt5b MO induced severe gastrulation defects in fak1a mutants, which suggested that the upregulated expression of wnt5b might complement the loss of Fak1a. Collectively, we demonstrated that a functional interaction between Wnt and FAK signalling mediates gastrulation cell movements via the possible regulation of Rac1 and Cdc42 and subsequent actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Bajpai A, Tong J, Qian W, Peng Y, Chen W. The Interplay Between Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Forces Regulates Cell Migration Dynamics. Biophys J 2019; 117:1795-1804. [PMID: 31706566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo encounter and exert forces as they interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells during migration. These mechanical forces play crucial roles in regulating cell migratory behaviors. Although a variety of studies have focused on describing single-cell or the collective cell migration behaviors, a fully mechanistic understanding of how the cell-cell (intercellular) and cell-ECM (extracellular) traction forces individually and cooperatively regulate single-cell migration and coordinate multicellular movement in a cellular monolayer is still lacking. Here, we developed an integrated experimental and analytical system to examine both the intercellular and extracellular traction forces acting on individual cells within an endothelial cell colony as well as their roles in guiding cell migratory behaviors (i.e., cell translation and rotation). Combined with force, multipole, and moment analysis, our results revealed that traction force dominates in regulating cell active translation, whereas intercellular force actively modulates cell rotation. Our findings advance the understanding of the intricacies of cell-cell and cell-ECM forces in regulating cellular migratory behaviors that occur during the monolayer development and may yield deeper insights into the single-cell dynamic behaviors during tissue development, embryogenesis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Yansong Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.
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24
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Benton MA, Frey N, Nunes da Fonseca R, von Levetzow C, Stappert D, Hakeemi MS, Conrads KH, Pechmann M, Panfilio KA, Lynch JA, Roth S. Fog signaling has diverse roles in epithelial morphogenesis in insects. eLife 2019; 8:47346. [PMID: 31573513 PMCID: PMC6794076 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Fog pathway represents one of the best-understood signaling cascades controlling epithelial morphogenesis. During gastrulation, Fog induces apical cell constrictions that drive the invagination of mesoderm and posterior gut primordia. The cellular mechanisms underlying primordia internalization vary greatly among insects and recent work has suggested that Fog signaling is specific to the fast mode of gastrulation found in some flies. On the contrary, here we show in the beetle Tribolium, whose development is broadly representative for insects, that Fog has multiple morphogenetic functions. It modulates mesoderm internalization and controls a massive posterior infolding involved in gut and extraembryonic development. In addition, Fog signaling affects blastoderm cellularization, primordial germ cell positioning, and cuboidal-to-squamous cell shape transitions in the extraembryonic serosa. Comparative analyses with two other distantly related insect species reveals that Fog's role during cellularization is widely conserved and therefore might represent the ancestral function of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Alan Benton
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Frey
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia von Levetzow
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Dominik Stappert
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Muhammad Salim Hakeemi
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Kai H Conrads
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, United States
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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25
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Plutoni C, Keil S, Zeledon C, Delsin LEA, Decelle B, Roux PP, Carréno S, Emery G. Misshapen coordinates protrusion restriction and actomyosin contractility during collective cell migration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3940. [PMID: 31477736 PMCID: PMC6718686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is involved in development, wound healing and metastasis. In the Drosophila ovary, border cells (BC) form a small cluster that migrates collectively through the egg chamber. To achieve directed motility, the BC cluster coordinates the formation of protrusions in its leader cell and contractility at the rear. Restricting protrusions to leader cells requires the actin and plasma membrane linker Moesin. Herein, we show that the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen phosphorylates Moesin in vitro and in BC. Depletion of Misshapen disrupts protrusion restriction, thereby allowing other cells within the cluster to protrude. In addition, we show that Misshapen is critical to generate contractile forces both at the rear of the cluster and at the base of protrusions. Together, our results indicate that Misshapen is a key regulator of BC migration as it coordinates two independent pathways that restrict protrusion formation to the leader cells and induces contractile forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Plutoni
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Keil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos Zeledon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lara Elis Alberici Delsin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Decelle
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Carréno
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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26
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Abstract
Epiboly is a conserved gastrulation movement describing the thinning and spreading of a sheet or multi-layer of cells. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as a vital model system to address the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive epiboly. In the zebrafish embryo, the blastoderm, consisting of a simple squamous epithelium (the enveloping layer) and an underlying mass of deep cells, as well as a yolk nuclear syncytium (the yolk syncytial layer) undergo epiboly to internalize the yolk cell during gastrulation. The major events during zebrafish epiboly are: expansion of the enveloping layer and the internal yolk syncytial layer, reduction and removal of the yolk membrane ahead of the advancing blastoderm margin and deep cell rearrangements between the enveloping layer and yolk syncytial layer to thin the blastoderm. Here, work addressing the cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the sources of the mechanical forces that underlie these events is reviewed. The contribution of recent findings to the current model of epiboly as well as open questions and future prospects are also discussed.
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27
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Rutherford NE, Wong AH, Bruce AEE. Spatiotemporal characterization of dynamic epithelial filopodia during zebrafish epiboly. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:997-1008. [PMID: 31390119 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During zebrafish epiboly, the embryonic cell mass, or blastoderm, spreads to enclose the yolk cell. The blastoderm consists of an outer epithelial sheet, the enveloping layer (EVL), and the underlying deep cell layer (DEL). Studies have provided insights into the mechanisms of EVL and deep cell epiboly, but little is known about the interactions between the two cell layers and what role they may play during epiboly. RESULTS We used live imaging to examine EVL basal protrusions. We identified them as filopodia based on f-actin content and localization of fluorescently tagged filopodial markers. A spatiotemporal analysis revealed that the largest number of EVL filopodia were present during early epiboly at the animal pole. In functional studies, expression of a constitutively active actin-bundling protein resulted in increased filopodial length and delayed gastrulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified protrusions on the basal surface of EVL cells as filopodia and showed that they are present throughout the EVL during epiboly. The largest number of filopodia was at the animal pole during early epiboly, which is when and where deep cell radial intercalations occur to the greatest extent. These findings suggest that EVL filopodia may function during epiboly to promote deep cell rearrangements during epiboly initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Rutherford
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Alexander H Wong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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28
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Mendieta-Serrano MA, Mendez-Cruz FJ, Antúnez-Mojica M, Schnabel D, Alvarez L, Cárdenas L, Lomelí H, Ruiz-Santiesteban JA, Salas-Vidal E. NADPH-Oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species are required for cytoskeletal organization, proper localization of E-cadherin and cell motility during zebrafish epiboly. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:82-98. [PMID: 30342187 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell movements are essential for morphogenesis during animal development. Epiboly is the first morphogenetic process in zebrafish in which cells move en masse to thin and spread the deep and enveloping cell layers of the blastoderm over the yolk cell. While epiboly has been shown to be controlled by complex molecular networks, the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to this process has not previously been studied. Here, we show that ROS are required for epiboly in zebrafish. Visualization of ROS in whole embryos revealed dynamic patterns during epiboly progression. Significantly, inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity leads to a decrease in ROS formation, delays epiboly, alters E-cadherin and cytoskeleton patterns and, by 24 h post-fertilization, decreases embryo survival, effects that are rescued by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Our findings suggest that a delicate ROS balance is required during early development and that disruption of that balance interferes with cell adhesion, leading to defective cell motility and epiboly progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayra Antúnez-Mojica
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico
| | - Denhi Schnabel
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Mexico
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Hilda Lomelí
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Mexico
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29
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Abstract
In various physiological processes, the cell collective is organized in a monolayer, such as seen in a simple epithelium. The advances in the understanding of mechanical behavior of the monolayer and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms will help to elucidate the properties of cell collectives. In this Review, we discuss recent in vitro studies on monolayer mechanics and their implications on collective dynamics, regulation of monolayer mechanics by physical confinement and geometrical cues and the effect of tissue mechanics on biological processes, such as cell division and extrusion. In particular, we focus on the active nematic property of cell monolayers and the emerging approach to view biological systems in the light of liquid crystal theory. We also highlight the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction mechanisms at the sub-cellular and molecular level that are mediated by the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin and α-catenin. To conclude, we argue that, in order to have a holistic understanding of the cellular response to biophysical environments, interdisciplinary approaches and multiple techniques - from large-scale traction force measurements to molecular force protein sensors - must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
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30
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li S, Wu Z, Yan Y, Li Y. Prmt7 regulates epiboly and gastrulation cell movements by facilitating syntenin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1280-1287. [PMID: 30383201 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epiboly spreads and thins the blastoderm over the yolk cell during zebrafish gastrulation. Despite of its fundamental function, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control this coordinated cell movement. In this study, we investigated protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (Prmt7) morphants with an epibolic delay defect in zebrafish. The ratio of morphants with epiboly delay phenotypes increased as the dose of the injected morpholino (MO) increased. Here, syntenin transcripts are maternally deposited and ubiquitously expressed from the oocyte period to the early larva stage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Prmt7 modulates epibolic movements of the enveloping layer by regulating F-actin organization. These defects can be partially rescued by re-expression of Prmt7 or syntenin protein. Analysis of the earliest cellular defects suggested a role of Prmt7 in the autonomous vegetal expansion of the yolk syncytial layer and the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in extra-embryonic tissues. By a combination of knockdown studies and rescue experiments in zebrafish, we showed that epiboly relies on the molecular networking of Prmt7 by facilitating syntenin, which acts as a regulator for cytoskeleton. This study identifies the important function of the Prmt7 for the progression of zebrafish epiboly and establishes its key role in directional cell movements during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwen Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanchang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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31
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Shawky JH, Balakrishnan UL, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Multiscale analysis of architecture, cell size and the cell cortex reveals cortical F-actin density and composition are major contributors to mechanical properties during convergent extension. Development 2018; 145:dev161281. [PMID: 30190279 PMCID: PMC6198471 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale movements that construct complex three-dimensional tissues during development are governed by universal physical principles. Fine-grained control of both mechanical properties and force production is crucial to the successful placement of tissues and shaping of organs. Embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis provide a dramatic example of these physical processes, as dorsal tissues increase in Young's modulus by six-fold to 80 Pascal over 8 h as germ layers and the central nervous system are formed. These physical changes coincide with emergence of complex anatomical structures, rounds of cell division, and cytoskeletal remodeling. To understand the contribution of these diverse structures, we adopt the cellular solids model to relate bulk stiffness of a solid foam to the unit size of individual cells, their microstructural organization, and their material properties. Our results indicate that large-scale tissue architecture and cell size are not likely to influence the bulk mechanical properties of early embryonic or progenitor tissues but that F-actin cortical density and composition of the F-actin cortex play major roles in regulating the physical mechanics of embryonic multicellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Uma L Balakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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32
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Gagnon JA, Obbad K, Schier AF. The primary role of zebrafish nanog is in extra-embryonic tissue. Development 2018; 145:dev.147793. [PMID: 29180571 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the zebrafish transcription factor Nanog has been controversial. It has been suggested that Nanog is primarily required for the proper formation of the extra-embryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL) and only indirectly regulates gene expression in embryonic cells. In an alternative scenario, Nanog has been proposed to directly regulate transcription in embryonic cells during zygotic genome activation. To clarify the roles of Nanog, we performed a detailed analysis of zebrafish nanog mutants. Whereas zygotic nanog mutants survive to adulthood, maternal-zygotic (MZnanog) and maternal mutants exhibit developmental arrest at the blastula stage. In the absence of Nanog, YSL formation and epiboly are abnormal, embryonic tissue detaches from the yolk, and the expression of dozens of YSL and embryonic genes is reduced. Epiboly defects can be rescued by generating chimeric embryos of MZnanog embryonic tissue with wild-type vegetal tissue that includes the YSL and yolk cell. Notably, cells lacking Nanog readily respond to Nodal signals and when transplanted into wild-type hosts proliferate and contribute to embryonic tissues and adult organs from all germ layers. These results indicate that zebrafish Nanog is necessary for proper YSL development but is not directly required for embryonic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kamal Obbad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA .,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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33
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Veil M, Schaechtle MA, Gao M, Kirner V, Buryanova L, Grethen R, Onichtchouk D. Maternal Nanog is required for zebrafish embryo architecture and for cell viability during gastrulation. Development 2018; 145:dev.155366. [PMID: 29180568 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanog has been implicated in establishment of pluripotency in mammals and in zygotic genome activation in zebrafish. In this study, we characterize the development of MZnanog (maternal and zygotic null) mutant zebrafish embryos. Without functional Nanog, epiboly is severely affected, embryo axes do not form and massive cell death starts at the end of gastrulation. We show that three independent defects in MZnanog mutants contribute to epiboly failure: yolk microtubule organization required for epiboly is abnormal, maternal mRNA fails to degrade owing to the absence of miR-430, and actin structure of the yolk syncytial layer does not form properly. We further demonstrate that the cell death in MZnanog embryos is cell-autonomous. Nanog is necessary for correct spatial expression of the ventral-specifying genes bmp2b, vox and vent, and the neural transcription factor her3 It is also required for the correctly timed activation of endoderm genes and for the degradation of maternal eomesa mRNA via miR-430. Our findings suggest that maternal Nanog coordinates several gene regulatory networks that shape the embryo during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Veil
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Anna Schaechtle
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meijiang Gao
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viola Kirner
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lenka Buryanova
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rachel Grethen
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daria Onichtchouk
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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34
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Sun Q, Liu X, Gong B, Wu D, Meng A, Jia S. Alkbh4 and Atrn Act Maternally to Regulate Zebrafish Epiboly. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1051-1066. [PMID: 28924386 PMCID: PMC5599910 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic gastrulation, coordinated cell movements occur to bring cells to their correct position. Among them, epiboly produces the first distinct morphological changes, which is essential for the early development of zebrafish. Despite its fundamental importance, little is known to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. By generating maternal mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9 technology and using morpholino knockdown strategy, we showed that maternal Alkbh4 depletion leads to severe epiboly defects in zebrafish. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that Alkbh4 promotes zebrafish embryonic epiboly through regulating actomyosin contractile ring formation, which is composed of Actin and non-muscular myosin II (NMII). To further investigate this process, yeast two hybridization assay was performed and Atrn was identified as a binding partner of Alkbh4. Combining with the functional results of Alkbh4, we found that maternal Atrn plays a similar role in zebrafish embryonic morphogenesis by regulating actomyosin formation. On the molecular level, our data revealed that Atrn prefers to interact with the active form of Alkbh4 and functions together with it to regulate the demethylation of Actin, the actomyosin formation, and subsequently the embryonic epiboly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shunji Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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35
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Marsal M, Hernández-Vega A, Martin-Blanco E. Contractility, differential tension and membrane removal lead zebrafish epiboly biomechanics. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1328-1335. [PMID: 28590839 PMCID: PMC5539826 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1327489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise tissue remodeling during development is essential for shaping embryos and optimal organ function. Epiboly is an early gastrulation event by which the blastoderm expands around the yolk to engulf it. Three different layers are involved in this process, an epithelial layer (the enveloping layer, EVL), the embryo proper, constituted by the deep cells (DCs), and the yolk cell. Although teleost epiboly has been studied for many years, a clear understanding of its mechanics was still missing. Here we present new information on the cellular, molecular and mechanical elements involved in epiboly that, together with some other recent data and upon comparison with previous biomechanical models, lets conclude that the expansion of the epithelia is passive and driven by active cortical contraction and membrane removal in the adjacent layer, the External Yolk Syncytial Layer (E-YSL). The isotropic actomyosin contraction of the E-YSL cortex generates an anisotropic stress pattern and a directional net movement consequence of the differences in the deformation response of the 2 opposites adjacent domains (EVL and the Yolk Cytoplasmic Layer - YCL). Contractility is accompanied by the local formation of membrane folds and its removal by Rab5ab dependent macropinocytosis. The increase in area of the epithelia during the expansion is achieved by cell-shape changes (flattening) responding to spherical geometrical cues. The counterbalance between the geometry of the embryo and forces dissipation among different elements is therefore essential for epiboly global coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marsal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amayra Hernández-Vega
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Li YL, Shao M, Shi DL. Rac1 signalling coordinates epiboly movement by differential regulation of actin cytoskeleton in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1059-1065. [PMID: 28668387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic cytoskeleton organization is essential for polarized cell behaviours in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In zebrafish, epiboly involves coordinated cell shape changes and expansion of cell layers to close the blastopore, but many important regulatory aspects are still unclear. Especially, the spatio-temporal regulation and function of actin structures remain to be determined for a better understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate epiboly movement. Here we show that Rac1 signalling, likely functions downstream of phosphatiditylinositol-3 kinase, is required for F-actin organization during epiboly progression in zebtafish. Using a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 and specific inhibitors to block the activation of this pathway, we find that marginal contractile actin ring is sensitive to inhibition of Rac1 signalling. In particular, we identify a novel function for this actin structure in retaining the external yolk syncytial nuclei within the margin of enveloping layer for coordinated movement toward the vegetal pole. Furthermore, we find that F-actin bundles, progressively formed in the vegetal cortex of the yolk cell, act in concert with marginal actin ring and play an active role in pulling external yolk syncytial nuclei toward the vegetal pole direction. This study uncovers novel roles of different actin structures in orchestrating epiboly movement. It helps to provide insight into the mechanisms regulating cellular polarization during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27, Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27, Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - De-Li Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27, Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France.
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37
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McFaul CMJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Shape of my heart: Cell-cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics during Drosophila cardiac morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:65-70. [PMID: 28389210 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has recently emerged as an excellent system to investigate the genetics of cardiovascular development and disease. Drosophila provides an inexpensive and genetically-tractable in vivo system with a large number of conserved features. In addition, the Drosophila embryo is transparent, and thus amenable to time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, as well as biophysical and pharmacological manipulations. One of the conserved aspects of heart development from Drosophila to humans is the initial assembly of a tube. Here, we review the cellular behaviours and molecular dynamics important for the initial steps of heart morphogenesis in Drosophila, with particular emphasis on the cell-cell adhesion and cytoskeletal networks that cardiac precursors use to move, coordinate their migration, interact with other tissues and eventually sculpt a beating heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M J McFaul
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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38
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Morris EAR, Bodin S, Delaval B, Comunale F, Georget V, Costa ML, Lutfalla G, Gauthier-Rouvière C. Flotillins control zebrafish epiboly through their role in cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Biol Cell 2017; 109:210-221. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Rios Morris
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
- MRI-CRBM Imaging facility, CNRS, UMR 5237; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier 34293 France
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto; Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21949-590 Brazil
| | - Stéphane Bodin
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Bénédicte Delaval
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Franck Comunale
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Virginie Georget
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
- MRI-CRBM Imaging facility, CNRS, UMR 5237; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Manoel L. Costa
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto; Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21949-590 Brazil
| | - Georges Lutfalla
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques; Université de Montpellier II et I; CNRS, UMR 5235 Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Cécile Gauthier-Rouvière
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Montpellier 34293 France
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39
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Tanja Mierke C. Physical role of nuclear and cytoskeletal confinements in cell migration mode selection and switching. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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40
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Hernández-Vega A, Marsal M, Pouille PA, Tosi S, Colombelli J, Luque T, Navajas D, Pagonabarraga I, Martín-Blanco E. Polarized cortical tension drives zebrafish epiboly movements. EMBO J 2016; 36:25-41. [PMID: 27834222 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles underlying the biomechanics of morphogenesis are largely unknown. Epiboly is an essential embryonic event in which three tissues coordinate to direct the expansion of the blastoderm. How and where forces are generated during epiboly, and how these are globally coupled remains elusive. Here we developed a method, hydrodynamic regression (HR), to infer 3D pressure fields, mechanical power, and cortical surface tension profiles. HR is based on velocity measurements retrieved from 2D+T microscopy and their hydrodynamic modeling. We applied HR to identify biomechanically active structures and changes in cortex local tension during epiboly in zebrafish. Based on our results, we propose a novel physical description for epiboly, where tissue movements are directed by a polarized gradient of cortical tension. We found that this gradient relies on local contractile forces at the cortex, differences in elastic properties between cortex components and the passive transmission of forces within the yolk cell. All in all, our work identifies a novel way to physically regulate concerted cellular movements that might be instrumental for the mechanical control of many morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amayra Hernández-Vega
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Marsal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe-Alexandre Pouille
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Core Facility (ADMCF), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Core Facility (ADMCF), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomás Luque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Schwayer C, Sikora M, Slováková J, Kardos R, Heisenberg CP. Actin Rings of Power. Dev Cell 2016; 37:493-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Xiong F, Megason SG. Abstracting the principles of development using imaging and modeling. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:633-42. [PMID: 25946995 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we look at modern developmental biology with a focus on the relationship between different approaches of investigation. We argue that direct imaging is a powerful approach not only for obtaining descriptive information but also for model generation and testing that lead to mechanistic insights. Modeling, on the other hand, conceptualizes imaging data and provides guidance to perturbations. The inquiry progresses most efficiently when a trinity of approaches—quantitative imaging (measurement), modeling (theory) and perturbation (test)—are pursued in concert, but not when one approach is dominant. Using recent studies of the zebrafish system, we show how this combination has effectively advanced classic topics in developmental biology compared to a perturbation-centric approach. Finally, we show that interdisciplinary expertise and perhaps specialization are necessary for carrying out a systematic approach, and discuss the technical hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Xiong
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis takes place via a series of dramatic collective cell movements. The mechanisms that coordinate these intricate structural transformations across an entire organism are not well understood. In this study, we used gentle mechanical deformation of developing zebrafish embryos to probe the role of physical forces in generating long-range intercellular coordination during epiboly, the process in which the blastoderm spreads over the yolk cell. Geometric distortion of the embryo resulted in nonuniform blastoderm migration and realignment of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis, as defined by the locations at which the head and tail form, toward the new long axis of the embryo and away from the initial animal-vegetal axis defined by the starting location of the blastoderm. We found that local alterations in the rate of blastoderm migration correlated with the local geometry of the embryo. Chemical disruption of the contractile ring of actin and myosin immediately vegetal to the blastoderm margin via Ca2+ reduction or treatment with blebbistatin restored uniform migration and eliminated AP axis reorientation in mechanically deformed embryos; it also resulted in cellular disorganization at the blastoderm margin. Our results support a model in which tension generated by the contractile actomyosin ring coordinates epiboly on both the organismal and cellular scales. Our observations likewise suggest that the AP axis is distinct from the initial animal-vegetal axis in zebrafish.
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44
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Saha A, Nishikawa M, Behrndt M, Heisenberg CP, Jülicher F, Grill SW. Determining Physical Properties of the Cell Cortex. Biophys J 2016; 110:1421-9. [PMID: 27028651 PMCID: PMC4816702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin and myosin assemble into a thin layer of a highly dynamic network underneath the membrane of eukaryotic cells. This network generates the forces that drive cell- and tissue-scale morphogenetic processes. The effective material properties of this active network determine large-scale deformations and other morphogenetic events. For example, the characteristic time of stress relaxation (the Maxwell time τM) in the actomyosin sets the timescale of large-scale deformation of the cortex. Similarly, the characteristic length of stress propagation (the hydrodynamic length λ) sets the length scale of slow deformations, and a large hydrodynamic length is a prerequisite for long-ranged cortical flows. Here we introduce a method to determine physical parameters of the actomyosin cortical layer in vivo directly from laser ablation experiments. For this we investigate the cortical response to laser ablation in the one-cell-stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo and in the gastrulating zebrafish embryo. These responses can be interpreted using a coarse-grained physical description of the cortex in terms of a two-dimensional thin film of an active viscoelastic gel. To determine the Maxwell time τM, the hydrodynamic length λ, the ratio of active stress ζΔμ, and per-area friction γ, we evaluated the response to laser ablation in two different ways: by quantifying flow and density fields as a function of space and time, and by determining the time evolution of the shape of the ablated region. Importantly, both methods provide best-fit physical parameters that are in close agreement with each other and that are similar to previous estimates in the two systems. Our method provides an accurate and robust means for measuring physical parameters of the actomyosin cortical layer. It can be useful for investigations of actomyosin mechanics at the cellular-scale, but also for providing insights into the active mechanics processes that govern tissue-scale morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Saha
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nishikawa
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Behrndt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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45
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Langdon YG, Fuentes R, Zhang H, Abrams EW, Marlow FL, Mullins MC. Split top: a maternal cathepsin B that regulates dorsoventral patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1016-28. [PMID: 26893345 PMCID: PMC4813285 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic dorsoventral axis is established and patterned by Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, respectively. Whereas Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal side of the embryo and induces the dorsal organizer, a BMP signaling gradient patterns tissues along the dorsoventral axis. Early Wnt signaling is provided maternally, whereas BMP ligand expression in the zebrafish is zygotic, but regulated by maternal factors. Concomitant with BMP activity patterning dorsoventral axial tissues, the embryo also undergoes dramatic morphogenetic processes, including the cell movements of gastrulation, epiboly and dorsal convergence. Although the zygotic regulation of these cell migration processes is increasingly understood, far less is known of the maternal regulators of these processes. Similarly, the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning, and in particular the maternal control of ventral tissue specification, is poorly understood. We identified split top, a recessive maternal-effect zebrafish mutant that disrupts embryonic patterning upstream of endogenous BMP signaling. Embryos from split top mutant females exhibit a dorsalized embryonic axis, which can be rescued by BMP misexpression or by derepressing endogenous BMP signaling. In addition to dorsoventral patterning defects, split top mutants display morphogenesis defects that are both BMP dependent and independent. These morphogenesis defects include incomplete dorsal convergence, delayed epiboly progression and an early lysis phenotype during gastrula stages. The latter two morphogenesis defects are associated with disruption of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton within the yolk cell and defects in the outer enveloping cell layer, which are both known mediators of epiboly movements. Through chromosomal mapping and RNA sequencing analysis, we identified the lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin Ba (ctsba) as the gene deficient in split top embryos. Our results identify a novel role for Ctsba in morphogenesis and expand our understanding of the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette G Langdon
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Millsaps College, Department of Biology, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliott W Abrams
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Bruce AE. Zebrafish epiboly: Spreading thin over the yolk. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:244-58. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E.E. Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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47
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Prudent J, Popgeorgiev N, Bonneau B, Gillet G. Bcl-2 proteins, cell migration and embryonic development: lessons from zebrafish. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1910. [PMID: 26469959 PMCID: PMC4632309 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Prudent
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Québec QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - N Popgeorgiev
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon I, Université de Lyon, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69008, France
| | - B Bonneau
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Riken, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - G Gillet
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon I, Université de Lyon, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69008, France
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48
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Ndubaku CO, Crawford TD, Chen H, Boggs JW, Drobnick J, Harris SF, Jesudason R, McNamara E, Nonomiya J, Sambrone A, Schmidt S, Smyczek T, Vitorino P, Wang L, Wu P, Yeung S, Chen J, Chen K, Ding CZ, Wang T, Xu Z, Gould SE, Murray LJ, Ye W. Structure-Based Design of GNE-495, a Potent and Selective MAP4K4 Inhibitor with Efficacy in Retinal Angiogenesis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:913-8. [PMID: 26288693 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse biological roles for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) have necessitated the identification of potent inhibitors in order to study its function in various disease contexts. In particular, compounds that can be used to carry out such studies in vivo would be critical for elucidating the potential for therapeutic intervention. A structure-based design effort coupled with property-guided optimization directed at minimizing the ability of the inhibitors to cross into the CNS led to an advanced compound 13 (GNE-495) that showed excellent potency and good PK and was used to demonstrate in vivo efficacy in a retinal angiogenesis model recapitulating effects that were observed in the inducible Map4k4 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudi O. Ndubaku
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Terry D. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huifen Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason W. Boggs
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joy Drobnick
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rajiv Jesudason
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erin McNamara
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jim Nonomiya
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Sambrone
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephen Schmidt
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tanya Smyczek
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip Vitorino
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lan Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ping Wu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stacey Yeung
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd., 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kevin Chen
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd., 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Charles Z. Ding
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd., 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd., 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd., 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephen E. Gould
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lesley J. Murray
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weilan Ye
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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49
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Ray P, Chapman SC. Cytoskeletal Reorganization Drives Mesenchymal Condensation and Regulates Downstream Molecular Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134702. [PMID: 26237312 PMCID: PMC4523177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal condensation occurs when specified mesenchyme cells self-organize over several days to form a distinctive cartilage template. Here, we determine how and when specified mesenchyme cells integrate mechanical and molecular information from their environment, forming cartilage condensations in the pharyngeal arches of chick embryos. By disrupting cytoskeletal reorganization, we demonstrate that dynamic cell shape changes drive condensation and modulate the response of the condensing cells to Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways. Rho Kinase (ROCK)-driven actomyosin contractions and Myosin II-generated differential cell cortex tension regulate these cell shape changes. Disruption of the condensation process inhibits the differentiation of the mesenchyme cells into chondrocytes, demonstrating that condensation regulates the fate of the mesenchyme cells. We also find that dorsal and ventral condensations undergo distinct cell shape changes. BMP signaling is instructive for dorsal condensation-specific cell shape changes. Moreover, condensations exhibit ventral characteristics in the absence of BMP signaling, suggesting that in the pharyngeal arches ventral morphology is the ground pattern. Overall, this study characterizes the interplay between cytoskeletal dynamics and molecular signaling in a self-organizing system during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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50
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Zhang WW, Zhang YB, Zhao XX, Hua Y, Wu ZL, Yan YC, Li YP. Prmt7 regulates epiboly by facilitating 2-OST and modulating actin cytoskeleton: Figure 1. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 7:489-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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