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Zhao Y, Liu F, Pei Y, Lian F, Lin H. Involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in heterotopic ossification and ossification-related diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e70113. [PMID: 39320014 PMCID: PMC11423343 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.70113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition characterized by the formation of bone within soft tissues. The development of HO is a result of abnormal activation of the bone formation programs, where multiple signalling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, BMP and hedgehog signalling, are involved. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, a conserved pathway essential for various fundamental activities, has been found to play a significant role in pathological bone formation processes. It regulates angiogenesis, chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblast differentiation during the development of HO. More importantly, the crosstalk between Wnt signalling and other factors including BMP, Hedgehog signalling, YAP may contribute in a HO-favourable manner. Moreover, several miRNAs may also be involved in HO formation via the regulation of Wnt signalling. This review aims to summarize the role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the pathogenesis of HO, its interactions with related molecules, and potential preventive and therapeutic measures targeting Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary school, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary school, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiran Pei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary school, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fengyu Lian
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary school, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Zhang B, Berilla J, Cho S, Somoza RA, Welter JF, Alexander PE, Baskaran H. Synergistic effects of biological stimuli and flexion induce microcavities promote hypertrophy and inhibit chondrogenesis during in vitro culture of human mesenchymal stem cell aggregates. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400060. [PMID: 39295570 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Interzone/cavitation are key steps in early stage joint formation that have not been successfully developed in vitro. Further, current models of endochondral ossification, an important step in early bone formation, lack key morphology morphological structures such as microcavities found during development in vivo. This is possibly due to the lack of appropriate strategies for incorporating chemical and mechanical stimuli that are thought to be involved in joint development. We designed a bioreactor system and investigated the synergic effect of chemical stimuli (chondrogenesis-inducing [CIM] and hypertrophy-inducing medium [HIM]) and mechanical stimuli (flexion) on the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) based linear aggregates under different conditions over 4 weeks of perfusion culture. Computational studies were used to evaluate tissue stress qualitatively. After harvesting, both Safranin-O and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining histology demonstrated microcavity structures and void structures in the region of higher stresses for tissue aggregates cultured only in HIM under flexion. In comparison to either HIM treatment or flexion only, increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the extracellular matrix (ECM) at this region indicates the morphological change resembles the early stage of joint cavitation; while decreased type II collagen (Col II), and increased type X collagen (Col X) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with a clear boundary in the staining section indicates it resembles the early stage of ossification. Further, cell alignment analysis indicated that cells were mostly oriented toward the direction of flexion in high-stress region only in HIM under flexion, resembling cell morphology in both joint cavitation and hypertrophic cartilage in growth plate. Collectively, our results suggest that flexion and HIM inhibit chondrogenesis and promote hypertrophy and development of microcavities that resemble the early stage of joint cavitation and endochondral ossification. We believe the tissue model described in this work can be used to develop in vitro models of joint tissue for applications such as pathophysiology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jim Berilla
- Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sungwoo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Somoza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter E Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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3
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Fazio A, Di Martino A, Brunello M, Traina F, Marvi MV, Mazzotti A, Faldini C, Manzoli L, Evangelisti C, Ratti S. The involvement of signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: An update. J Orthop Translat 2024; 47:116-124. [PMID: 39021400 PMCID: PMC11254498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common disabling pathologies, characterized by joint pain and reduced function, significantly worsening the quality of life. Even if important progresses have been made in OA research, little is yet known about the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying OA. Understanding dysregulated signaling networks and their crosstalk in OA may offer a strong opportunity for the development of combined targeted therapies. Hence, this review highlights the recent findings on the main pathways involved in OA development, including Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, MAPK, AMPK, and JAK/STAT, providing insights on current targeted therapies in OA patients' management. The translational potential of this article The identification of key signaling pathways involved in OA development and the investigation of their signaling crosstalk could pave the way for more effective treatments and improved management of OA patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Fazio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Ist Orthopedic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunello
- Ist Orthopedic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Traina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Ortopedia-Traumatologia e Chirurgia Protesica e dei Reimpianti d'anca e di Ginocchio, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzotti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Ist Orthopedic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Ist Orthopedic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Feng J, Zhang Q, Pu F, Zhu Z, Lu K, Lu WW, Tong L, Yu H, Chen D. Signalling interaction between β-catenin and other signalling molecules during osteoarthritis development. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13600. [PMID: 38199244 PMCID: PMC11150147 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent disorder of synovial joint affecting multiple joints. In the past decade, we have witnessed conceptual switch of OA pathogenesis from a 'wear and tear' disease to a disease affecting entire joint. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms of OA using genetic mouse models and ex vivo joint tissues derived from individuals with OA. These studies revealed that multiple signalling pathways are involved in OA development, including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and its interaction with other signalling pathways, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Notch. The identification of signalling interaction and underlying mechanisms are currently underway and the specific molecule(s) and key signalling pathway(s) playing a decisive role in OA development need to be evaluated. This review will focus on recent progresses in understanding of the critical role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in OA pathogenesis and interaction of β-catenin with other pathways, such as TGF-β, BMP, Notch, Ihh, NF-κB, and FGF. Understanding of these novel insights into the interaction of β-catenin with other pathways and its integration into a complex gene regulatory network during OA development will help us identify the key signalling pathway of OA pathogenesis leading to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for OA intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of EmergencyRenmin Hospital, Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ke Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - William W. Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Di Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
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Leung AOW, Poon ACH, Wang X, Feng C, Chen P, Zheng Z, To MK, Chan WCW, Cheung M, Chan D. Suppression of apoptosis impairs phalangeal joint formation in the pathogenesis of brachydactyly type A1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2229. [PMID: 38472182 PMCID: PMC10933404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurs during development when a separation of tissues is needed. Synovial joint formation is initiated at the presumptive site (interzone) within a cartilage anlagen, with changes in cellular differentiation leading to cavitation and tissue separation. Apoptosis has been detected in phalangeal joints during development, but its role and regulation have not been defined. Here, we use a mouse model of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) with an IhhE95K mutation, to show that a missing middle phalangeal bone is due to the failure of the developing joint to cavitate, associated with reduced apoptosis, and a joint is not formed. We showed an intricate relationship between IHH and interacting partners, CDON and GAS1, in the interzone that regulates apoptosis. We propose a model in which CDON/GAS1 may act as dependence receptors in this context. Normally, the IHH level is low at the center of the interzone, enabling the "ligand-free" CDON/GAS1 to activate cell death for cavitation. In BDA1, a high concentration of IHH suppresses apoptosis. Our findings provided new insights into the role of IHH and CDON in joint formation, with relevance to hedgehog signaling in developmental biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On Wah Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Chung Hin Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Hebei Orthopedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050051, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengfan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael KaiTsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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den Hollander P, Maddela JJ, Mani SA. Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Stem Cells in Cancer. Clin Chem 2024; 70:190-205. [PMID: 38175600 PMCID: PMC11246550 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is often linked with carcinogenesis. However, EMT is also important for embryo development and only reactivates in cancer. Connecting how EMT occurs during embryonic development and in cancer could help us further understand the root mechanisms of cancer diseases. CONTENT There are key regulatory elements that contribute to EMT and the induction and maintenance of stem cell properties during embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Here, we explore the implications of EMT in the different stages of embryogenesis and tissue development. We especially highlight the necessity of EMT in the mesodermal formation and in neural crest cells. Through EMT, these cells gain epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). With this transition, crucial morphological changes occur to progress through the metastatic cascade as well as tissue regeneration after an injury. Stem-like cells, including cancer stem cells, are generated from EMT and during this process upregulate factors necessary for stem cell maintenance. Hence, it is important to understand the key regulators allowing stem cell awakening in cancer, which increases plasticity and promotes treatment resistance, to develop strategies targeting this cell population and improve patient outcomes. SUMMARY EMT involves multifaceted regulation to allow the fluidity needed to facilitate adaptation. This regulatory mechanism, plasticity, involves many cooperating transcription factors. Additionally, posttranslational modifications, such as splicing, activate the correct isoforms for either epithelial or mesenchymal specificity. Moreover, epigenetic regulation also occurs, such as acetylation and methylation. Downstream signaling ultimately results in the EMT which promotes tissue generation/regeneration and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra den Hollander
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joanna Joyce Maddela
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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7
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Luján-Amoraga L, Delgado-Martín B, Lourenço-Marques C, Gavaia PJ, Bravo J, Bandarra NM, Dominguez D, Izquierdo MS, Pousão-Ferreira P, Ribeiro L. Exploring Omega-3's Impact on the Expression of Bone-Related Genes in Meagre ( Argyrosomus regius). Biomolecules 2023; 14:56. [PMID: 38254657 PMCID: PMC10813611 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with Omega-3 fatty acids seems to promote skeletal health. Therefore, their consumption at imbalanced or excessive levels has offered less beneficial or even prejudicial effects. Fish produced in aquaculture regimes are prone to develop abnormal skeletons. Although larval cultures are usually fed with diets supplemented with Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), the lack of knowledge about the optimal requirements for fatty acids or about their impact on mechanisms that regulate skeletal development has impeded the design of diets that could improve bone formation during larval stages when the majority of skeletal anomalies appear. In this study, Argyrosomus regius larvae were fed different levels of Omega-3s (2.6% and 3.6% DW on diet) compared to a commercial diet. At 28 days after hatching (DAH), their transcriptomes were analyzed to study the modulation exerted in gene expression dynamics during larval development and identify impacted genes that can contribute to skeletal formation. Mainly, both levels of supplementation modulated bone-cell proliferation, the synthesis of bone components such as the extracellular matrix, and molecules involved in the interaction and signaling between bone components or in important cellular processes. The 2.6% level impacted several genes related to cartilage development, denoting a special impact on endochondral ossification, delaying this process. However, the 3.6% level seemed to accelerate this process by enhancing skeletal development. These results offered important insights into the impact of dietary Omega-3 LC-PUFAs on genes involved in the main molecular mechanism and cellular processes involved in skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Luján-Amoraga
- Aquaculture Research Station (EPPO), Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal; (L.L.-A.); (C.L.-M.); (P.P.-F.)
| | - Belén Delgado-Martín
- Department of Microbiology and Crop Protection, Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Cátia Lourenço-Marques
- Aquaculture Research Station (EPPO), Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal; (L.L.-A.); (C.L.-M.); (P.P.-F.)
- Collaborative Laboratory on Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture (S2AQUACOLAB) Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve (UALG), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Jimena Bravo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (J.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Narcisa M. Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading, and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 7, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - David Dominguez
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (J.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Marisol S. Izquierdo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (J.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Aquaculture Research Station (EPPO), Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal; (L.L.-A.); (C.L.-M.); (P.P.-F.)
- Collaborative Laboratory on Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture (S2AQUACOLAB) Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Aquaculture Research Station (EPPO), Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal; (L.L.-A.); (C.L.-M.); (P.P.-F.)
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8
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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9
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Baronas JM, Bartell E, Eliasen A, Doench JG, Yengo L, Vedantam S, Marouli E, Kronenberg HM, Hirschhorn JN, Renthal NE. Genome-wide CRISPR screening of chondrocyte maturation newly implicates genes in skeletal growth and height-associated GWAS loci. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100299. [PMID: 37228756 PMCID: PMC10203046 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the growth and maturation of chondrocytes can lead to variation in human height, including monogenic disorders of skeletal growth. We aimed to identify genes and pathways relevant to human growth by pairing human height genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with genome-wide knockout (KO) screens of growth-plate chondrocyte proliferation and maturation in vitro. We identified 145 genes that alter chondrocyte proliferation and maturation at early and/or late time points in culture, with 90% of genes validating in secondary screening. These genes are enriched in monogenic growth disorder genes and in KEGG pathways critical for skeletal growth and endochondral ossification. Further, common variants near these genes capture height heritability independent of genes computationally prioritized from GWASs. Our study emphasizes the value of functional studies in biologically relevant tissues as orthogonal datasets to refine likely causal genes from GWASs and implicates new genetic regulators of chondrocyte proliferation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Baronas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Bartell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders Eliasen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John G. Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - GIANT Consortium
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Henry M. Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nora E. Renthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Umar M, Bartoletti G, Dong C, Gahankari A, Browne D, Deng A, Jaramillo J, Sammarco M, Simkin J, He F. Characterizing the role of Pdgfra in calvarial development. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:589-604. [PMID: 36606407 PMCID: PMC10159935 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian calvarium is composed of flat bones developed from two origins, neural crest, and mesoderm. Cells from both origins exhibit similar behavior but express distinct transcriptomes. It is intriguing to ask whether genes shared by both origins play similar or distinct roles in development. In the present study, we have examined the role of Pdgfra, which is expressed in both neural crest and mesoderm, in specific lineages during calvarial development. RESULTS We found that in calvarial progenitor cells, Pdgfra is needed to maintain normal proliferation and migration of neural crest cells but only proliferation of mesoderm cells. Later in calvarial osteoblasts, we found that Pdgfra is necessary for both proliferation and differentiation of neural crest-derived cells, but not for differentiation of mesoderm-derived cells. We also examined the potential interaction between Pdgfra and other signaling pathway involved in calvarial osteoblasts but did not identify significant alteration of Wnt or Hh signaling activity in Pdgfra genetic models. CONCLUSIONS Pdgfra is required for normal calvarial development in both neural crest cells and mesoderm cells, but these lineages exhibit distinct responses to alteration of Pdgfra activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Umar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Garrett Bartoletti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chunmin Dong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Apurva Gahankari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Danielle Browne
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alastair Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mimi Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fenglei He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Fricke HP, Hernandez LL. The Serotonergic System and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy and Lactation and the Implications of SSRI Use on the Maternal-Offspring Dyad. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 37086330 PMCID: PMC10122632 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological adaptation of the class Mammalia and is a product of over 200 million years of evolution. During lactation, the mammary gland orchestrates bone metabolism via serotonin signaling in order to provide sufficient calcium for the offspring in milk. The role of serotonin in bone remodeling was first discovered over two decades ago, and the interplay between serotonin, lactation, and bone metabolism has been explored in the years following. It is estimated that postpartum depression affects 10-15% of the population, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used as the first-line treatment. Studies conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, sheep, and rodents have provided evidence that there are consequences on both parent and offspring when serotonin signaling is disrupted during the peripartal period; however, the long-term consequences of disruption of serotonin signaling via SSRIs during the peripartal period on the maternal and offspring skeleton are not fully known. This review will focus on the relationship between the mammary gland, serotonin, and bone remodeling during the peripartal period and the skeletal consequences of the dysregulation of the serotonergic system in both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Fricke
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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12
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Tiffany AS, Harley BAC. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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13
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Hallett SA, Ono W, Franceschi RT, Ono N. Cranial Base Synchondrosis: Chondrocytes at the Hub. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7817. [PMID: 35887171 PMCID: PMC9317907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial base is formed by endochondral ossification and functions as a driver of anteroposterior cranial elongation and overall craniofacial growth. The cranial base contains the synchondroses that are composed of opposite-facing layers of resting, proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes with unique developmental origins, both in the neural crest and mesoderm. In humans, premature ossification of the synchondroses causes midfacial hypoplasia, which commonly presents in patients with syndromic craniosynostoses and skeletal Class III malocclusion. Major signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the long bone growth plate-PTHrP-Ihh, FGF, Wnt, BMP signaling and Runx2-are also involved in the cranial base synchondrosis. Here, we provide an updated overview of the cranial base synchondrosis and the cell population within, as well as its molecular regulation, and further discuss future research opportunities to understand the unique function of this craniofacial skeletal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Hallett
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.H.); (R.T.F.)
| | - Wanida Ono
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Renny T. Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.H.); (R.T.F.)
| | - Noriaki Ono
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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14
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Xu J, Ye W, Li H, Xu L. WNT1 expression influences the development of dysplasia of the hip via regulating RBPMS2/NOG-BMP2/4-GDF5- WISP2 pathway. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:765-777. [PMID: 35675541 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2081337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of WNT family member 1 (WNT1) in the development of dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and the molecular mechanism involved in this process. Methods: Si-WNT1, pcDNA3.1-WNT1 or corresponding negative controls were transfected into human osteoblast hFOB1.19 and human chondrocyte C28/I2, respectively. The proliferation of cells was measured by EdU assay. The relative expressions of human noggin gene (NOG), growth differentiating factor 5 (GDF5), WNT1, and WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2) were determined by immunofluorescence analysis. The protein expressions of RNA-binding protein of multiple splice forms 2 (RBPMS2), NOG, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), BMP4, WNT1 and WISP2 were determined by western blot. Animal experiment was also performed and the morphological development of hip joint was observed. Results: Overexpression of WNT1 promoted osteoblast proliferation and inhibited chondrocyte proliferation, while knockdown of WNT1 inhibited osteoblast proliferation. In chondrocytes, knockdown of WNT1 upregulated NOG expression, while overexpression of WNT1 downregulated its expression. In osteoblasts and chondrocytes, overexpression of WNT1 increased BMP2, BMP4, WNT1, and WISP2 expression. RBPMS2 and NOG were slightly expressed in each group. Conclusion: Overexpression of WNT1 promoted osteoblast proliferation, inhibited chondrocyte proliferation, and increased the expressions of BMP2, BMP4, WNT1, and WISP2. Therefore, WNT1 may be a new therapeutic target for DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wensong Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Haibing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lujie Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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15
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Xu R, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Lin W, Yuan Q, Zhou X, Yang Y. Gnas Loss Causes Chondrocyte Fate Conversion in Cranial Suture Formation. J Dent Res 2022; 101:931-941. [PMID: 35220829 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calvaria development is distinct from limb formation. Craniosynostosis is a skull deformity characterized by premature cranial suture fusion due to the loss of the GNAS gene and, consequently, its encoded protein Gαs. This birth defect requires surgery, with potential lethal consequences. So far, hardly any early-stage nonsurgical interventions for GNAS loss-related craniosynostosis are available. Here, we investigated the role of the Gnas gene in mice in guarding the distinctiveness of intramembranous ossification and how loss of Gnas triggered endochondral-like ossification within the cranial sutures. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of normal neonatal mice cranial suture chondrocytes showed a Hedgehog (Hh) inactivation pattern, which was associated with Gαs signaling activation. Loss of Gnas evoked chondrocyte-to-osteoblast fate conversion and resulted in cartilage heterotopic ossification (HO) within cranial sutures and fontanels of the mouse model, leading to a skull deformity resembling craniosynostosis in patients with loss of GNAS. Activation of ectopic Hh signaling within cranial chondrocytes stimulated the conversion of cell identity through a hypertrophy-like stage, which shared features of endochondral ossification in vivo. Reduction of Gli transcription activity by crossing with a loss-of-function Gli2 allele or injecting GLI1/2 antagonist hindered the progression of cartilage HO in neonatal stage mice. Our study uncovered the role of Gαs in maintaining cranial chondrocyte identity during neonatal calvaria development in mice and how reduction of Hh signaling could be a nonsurgical intervention to reduce skull deformity in craniosynostosis due to loss of GNAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Zhou H, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhu CH, Chen FM, Li A. Research progress on the hedgehog signalling pathway in regulating bone formation and homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2021; 55:e13162. [PMID: 34918401 PMCID: PMC8780935 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation is a complex regeneration process that was regulated by many signalling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, BMP and Hedgehog (Hh). All of these signalling have been demonstrated to participate in the bone repair process. In particular, one promising signalling pathway involved in bone formation and homeostasis is the Hh pathway. According to present knowledge, Hh signalling plays a vital role in the development of various tissues and organs in the embryo. In adults, the dysregulation of Hh signalling has been verified to be involved in bone‐related diseases in terms of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and bone fracture; and during the repair processes, Hh signalling could be reactivated and further modulate bone formation. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding on the function of Hh signalling in bone formation and homeostasis. Additionally, the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade to coordinate and mediate the osteogenesis process have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Cheng B, Jia Y, Wen Y, Hou W, Xu K, Liang C, Cheng S, Liu L, Chu X, Ye J, Yao Y, Zhang F, Xu P. Integrative Analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA Sequencing Data Identifies Novel Candidate Genes and Pathways for Developmental Dysplasia of Hip. Cartilage 2021; 13:1618S-1626S. [PMID: 33522290 PMCID: PMC8804775 DOI: 10.1177/1947603521990859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim is to explore the candidate pathogenesis genes and pathways of developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH). DESIGN Proliferating primary chondrocytes from hip cartilage were used for total RNA extraction including 5 DDH patients and 5 neck of femur fracture (NOF) subjects. Genome-wide mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) were then sequenced on the Illumina platform (HiSeq2500). Limma package was used for difference analysis of mRNA expression profiles. edgeR was used for difference analysis of miRNA expression profiles. miRanda was used to predict miRNA-target genes. The overlapped DDH associated genes identified by mRNA and miRNA integrative analysis were further compared with the differently expressed genes in hip osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. RESULTS Differential expression analysis identified 1,833 differently expressed mRNA and 186 differently expressed miRNA for DDH. Integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles identified 175 overlapped candidate genes (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) for DDH, such as VWA1, TMEM119, and SCUBE3. Further gene ontology enrichment analysis detected 111 candidate terms for DDH, such as skeletal system morphogenesis (P = 4.92 × 10-5) and skeletal system development (P = 8.85 × 10-5). Pathway enrichment analysis identified 14 candidate pathways for DDH, such as Hedgehog signaling pathway (P = 4.29 × 10-5) and Wnt signaling pathway (P = 4.42 × 10-2). Among the identified DDH associated candidate genes, we also found some genes were detected in hip OA including EFNA1 and VWA1. CONCLUSIONS We identified multiple novel candidate genes and pathways for DDH, providing novel clues for understanding the molecular mechanism of DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China,Yumeng Jia, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements
and Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and
Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yan Ta West Road, Xi’an, 710061,
People’s Republic of China.
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weikun Hou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi’an
Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi’an
Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chujun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and
Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health
Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China,Feng Zhang, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements
and Endemic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and
Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yan Ta West Road, Xi’an, 710061,
People’s Republic of China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi’an
Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, People’s
Republic of China,Peng Xu, Department of Joint Surgery, Xi’an
Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 555 You
Yi East Road, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Repubic of China.
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18
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Bioactive Factors, and Scaffolds in Bone Repair: From Research Perspectives to Clinical Practice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081925. [PMID: 34440694 PMCID: PMC8392210 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies are promising tools for bone tissue regeneration. However, tracking cells and maintaining them in the site of injury is difficult. A potential solution is to seed the cells onto a biocompatible scaffold. Construct development in bone tissue engineering is a complex step-by-step process with many variables to be optimized, such as stem cell source, osteogenic molecular factors, scaffold design, and an appropriate in vivo animal model. In this review, an MSC-based tissue engineering approach for bone repair is reported. Firstly, MSC role in bone formation and regeneration is detailed. Secondly, MSC-based bone tissue biomaterial design is analyzed from a research perspective. Finally, examples of animal preclinical and human clinical trials involving MSCs and scaffolds in bone repair are presented.
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19
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Caron MMJ, van Rietbergen B, Castermans TMR, Haartmans MJJ, van Rhijn LW, Welting TJM, Witlox AMA. Evaluation of impaired growth plate development of long bones in skeletally immature mice by antirheumatic agents. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:553-564. [PMID: 32740982 PMCID: PMC7984053 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of physical growth and development is a known problem in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). However, the effect of medical treatment for JIA on skeletal growth in affected children has not been properly investigated. We, therefore, hypothesize that naproxen and methotrexate (MTX) affect endochondral ossification and will lead to reduced skeletal development. Treatment of ATDC5 cells, an in vitro model for endochondral ossification, with naproxen or MTX resulted in increased chondrogenic but decreased hypertrophic differentiation. In vivo, healthy growing C57BL/6 mice were treated with naproxen, MTX, or placebo for 10 weeks. At 15 weeks postnatal, both the length of the tibia and the length of the femur were significantly reduced in the naproxen- and MTX-treated mice compared to their controls. Growth plate analysis revealed a significantly thicker proliferative zone, while the hypertrophic zone was significantly thinner in both experimental groups compared to their controls, comparable to the in vitro results. Micro-computed tomography analysis of the subchondral bone region directly below the growth disc showed significantly altered bone microarchitecture in naproxen and MTX groups. In addition, the involvement of the PTHrP-Ihh loop in naproxen- and MTX-treated cells was shown. Overall, these results demonstrate that naproxen and MTX have a profound effect on endochondral ossification during growth plate development, abnormal subchondral bone morphology, and reduced bone length. A better understanding of how medication influences the development of the growth plate will improve understanding of endochondral ossification and reveal possibilities to improve the treatment of pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mirella J. J. Haartmans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Adhiambo M. A. Witlox
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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20
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Kopinke D, Norris AM, Mukhopadhyay S. Developmental and regenerative paradigms of cilia regulated hedgehog signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:89-103. [PMID: 32540122 PMCID: PMC7736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Alessandra M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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21
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Feng H, Xing W, Han Y, Sun J, Kong M, Gao B, Yang Y, Yin Z, Chen X, Zhao Y, Bi Q, Zou W. Tendon-derived cathepsin K-expressing progenitor cells activate Hedgehog signaling to drive heterotopic ossification. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6354-6365. [PMID: 32853181 PMCID: PMC7685727 DOI: 10.1172/jci132518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is pathological bone formation characterized by ossification within muscle, tendons, or other soft tissues. However, the cells of origin and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HO remain elusive. Here we show that deletion of suppressor of fused (Sufu) in cathepsin K-Cre-expressing (Ctsk-Cre-expressing) cells resulted in spontaneous and progressive ligament, tendon, and periarticular ossification. Lineage tracing studies and cell functional analysis demonstrated that Ctsk-Cre could label a subpopulation of tendon-derived progenitor cells (TDPCs) marked by the tendon marker Scleraxis (Scx). Ctsk+Scx+ TDPCs are enriched for tendon stem cell markers and show the highest self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential. Sufu deficiency caused enhanced chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of Ctsk-Cre-expressing tendon-derived cells via upregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Furthermore, pharmacological intervention in Hh signaling using JQ1 suppressed the development of HO. Thus, our results show that Ctsk-Cre labels a subpopulation of TDPCs contributing to HO and that their cell-fate changes are driven by activation of Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxiang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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23
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Onodera S, Nakamura Y, Azuma T. Gorlin Syndrome: Recent Advances in Genetic Testing and Molecular and Cellular Biological Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7559. [PMID: 33066274 PMCID: PMC7590212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome is a skeletal disorder caused by a gain of function mutation in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. The Hh family comprises of many signaling mediators, which, through complex mechanisms, play several important roles in various stages of development. The Hh information pathway is essential for bone tissue development. It is also the major driver gene in the development of basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. In this review, we first present the recent advances in Gorlin syndrome research, in particular, the signaling mediators of the Hh pathway and their functions at the genetic level. Then, we discuss the phenotypes of mutant mice and Hh signaling-related molecules in humans revealed by studies using induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Yuriko Nakamura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8513, Japan;
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
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24
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Ohba S. Hedgehog Signaling in Skeletal Development: Roles of Indian Hedgehog and the Mode of Its Action. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6665. [PMID: 32933018 PMCID: PMC7555016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is highly conserved among species and plays indispensable roles in various developmental processes. There are three Hh members in mammals; one of them, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), is expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Based on mouse genetic studies, three major functions of Ihh have been proposed: (1) Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation via a negative feedback loop formed together with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), (2) promotion of chondrocyte proliferation, and (3) specification of bone-forming osteoblasts. Gli transcription factors mediate the major aspect of Hh signaling in this context. Gli3 has dominant roles in the growth plate chondrocytes, whereas Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 collectively mediate biological functions of Hh signaling in osteoblast specification. Recent studies have also highlighted postnatal roles of the signaling in maintenance and repair of skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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25
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Salhotra A, Shah HN, Levi B, Longaker MT. Mechanisms of bone development and repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:696-711. [PMID: 32901139 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone development occurs through a series of synchronous events that result in the formation of the body scaffold. The repair potential of bone and its surrounding microenvironment - including inflammatory, endothelial and Schwann cells - persists throughout adulthood, enabling restoration of tissue to its homeostatic functional state. The isolation of a single skeletal stem cell population through cell surface markers and the development of single-cell technologies are enabling precise elucidation of cellular activity and fate during bone repair by providing key insights into the mechanisms that maintain and regenerate bone during homeostasis and repair. Increased understanding of bone development, as well as normal and aberrant bone repair, has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of bone disease and ageing-related degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Salhotra
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harsh N Shah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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26
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Funato N. New Insights Into Cranial Synchondrosis Development: A Mini Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:706. [PMID: 32850826 PMCID: PMC7432265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synchondroses formed via endochondral ossification in the cranial base are an important growth center for the neurocranium. Abnormalities in the synchondroses affect cranial base elongation and the development of adjacent regions, including the craniofacial bones. In the central region of the cranial base, there are two synchondroses present—the intersphenoid synchondrosis and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. These synchondroses consist of mirror image bipolar growth plates. The cross-talk of several signaling pathways, including the parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH)/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Wnt/β-catenin, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways, as well as regulation by cilium assembly and the transcription factors encoded by the RUNX2, SIX1, SIX2, SIX4, and TBX1 genes, play critical roles in synchondrosis development. Deletions or activation of these gene products in mice causes the abnormal ossification of cranial synchondrosis and skeletal elements. Gene disruption leads to both similar and markedly different abnormalities in the development of intersphenoid synchondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis, as well as in the phenotypes of synchondroses and skeletal bones. This paper reviews the development of cranial synchondroses, along with its regulation by the signaling pathways and transcription factors, highlighting the differences between intersphenoid synchondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Oichi T, Otsuru S, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Wnt signaling in chondroprogenitors during long bone development and growth. Bone 2020; 137:115368. [PMID: 32380258 PMCID: PMC7354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling together with other signaling pathways governs cartilage development and the growth plate function during long bone formation and growth. β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is a specific lineage determinant of skeletal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic or osteogenic direction. Once cartilage forms and the growth plate organize, Wnt signaling continues to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the growth plate chondrocytes. Although chondrocytes in the growth plate have a high capacity to proliferate, new cells must be supplied to the growth plate from chondroprogenitor population. Advances in in vivo cell tracking techniques have demonstrated the importance of Wnt signaling in driving tissue renewal. The Wnt-responsive cells, genetically marked by the Wnt-reporter system, are found as stem cells in various tissues. Similarly, Wnt-responsive cells are found in the periphery of the growth plate and expanded to constitute entire column structure, indicating that Wnt signaling participates in the regulation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate. This review will discuss advancements in research of progenitors in the growth plate, specifically focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Kagan BJ, Rosello‐Diez A. Integrating levels of bone growth control: From stem cells to body proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e384. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett J. Kagan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University Clayton Australia
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29
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Zhang Q, Zhou D, Wang H, Tan J. Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5428-5437. [PMID: 32293797 PMCID: PMC7214162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the similarities of the tissue characteristics, pathologies and mechanisms of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation are shared between HO of tendon and ligament (HOTL). Unmet need and no effective treatment has been developed for HOTL, primarily attributable to poor understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. HOTL forms via endochondral ossification, a common process of most kinds of HO. HOTL is a dynamic pathologic process that includes trauma/injury, inflammation, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) recruitment, chondrogenic differentiation and, finally, ossification. A variety of signal pathways involve HOTL with multiple roles in different stages of HO formation, and here in this review, we summarize the progress and provide an up‐to‐date understanding of HOTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
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30
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Spieker J, Frieß JL, Sperling L, Thangaraj G, Vogel-Höpker A, Layer PG. Cholinergic control of bone development and beyond. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106405. [PMID: 32208165 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that cholinergic actions affect the health status of bones in vertebrates including man. Nicotine smoking, but also exposure to pesticides or medical drugs point to the significance of cholinergic effects on bone status, as reviewed here in Introduction. Then, we outline processes of endochondral ossification, and review respective cholinergic actions. In Results, we briefly summarize our in vivo and in vitro studies on bone development of chick and mouse [1,2], including (i) expressions of cholinergic components (AChE, BChE, ChAT) in chick embryo, (ii) characterisation of defects during skeletogenesis in prenatal ChE knockout mice, (iii) loss-of-function experiments with beads soaked in cholinergic components and implanted into chicken limb buds, and finally (iv) we use an in vitro mesenchymal 3D-micromass model that mimics cartilage and bone formation, which also had revealed complex crosstalks between cholinergic, radiation and inflammatory mechanisms [3]. In Discussion, we evaluate non-cholinergic actions of cholinesterases during bone formation by considering: (i) how cholinesterases could function in adhesive mechanisms; (ii) whether and how cholinesterases can form bone-regulatory complexes with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or ECM components, which could regulate cell division, migration and adhesion. We conclude that cholinergic actions in bone development are driven mainly by classic cholinergic, but non-neural cycles (e.g., by acetylcholine); in addition, both cholinesterases can exert distinct ACh-independent roles. Considering their tremendous medical impact, these results bring forward novel research directions that deserve to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Spieker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes L Frieß
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Sperling
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gopenath Thangaraj
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Vogel-Höpker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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31
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Recent Insights into Long Bone Development: Central Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Regulating Growth Plate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235840. [PMID: 31757091 PMCID: PMC6928971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal growth of long bone, regulated by an epiphyseal cartilaginous component known as the “growth plate”, is generated by epiphyseal chondrocytes. The growth plate provides a continuous supply of chondrocytes for endochondral ossification, a sequential bone replacement of cartilaginous tissue, and any failure in this process causes a wide range of skeletal disorders. Therefore, the cellular and molecular characteristics of the growth plate are of interest to many researchers. Hedgehog (Hh), well known as a mitogen and morphogen during development, is one of the best known regulatory signals in the developmental regulation of the growth plate. Numerous animal studies have revealed that signaling through the Hh pathway plays multiple roles in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of growth plate chondrocytes throughout the skeletal growth period. Furthermore, over the past few years, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that a limited number of growth plate chondrocytes transdifferentiate directly into the full osteogenic and multiple mesenchymal lineages during postnatal bone development and reside in the bone marrow until late adulthood. Current studies with the genetic fate mapping approach have shown that the commitment of growth plate chondrocytes into the skeletal lineage occurs under the influence of epiphyseal chondrocyte-derived Hh signals during endochondral bone formation. Here, we discuss the valuable observations on the role of the Hh signaling pathway in the growth plate based on mouse genetic studies, with some emphasis on recent advances.
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32
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Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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33
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3875-3889. [PMID: 30980110 PMCID: PMC11105731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Deng Q, Li P, Che M, Liu J, Biswas S, Ma G, He L, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Liu H, Li B. Activation of hedgehog signaling in mesenchymal stem cells induces cartilage and bone tumor formation via Wnt/β-Catenin. eLife 2019; 8:50208. [PMID: 31482846 PMCID: PMC6764825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling, a key regulator of skeletal development, is highly activated in cartilage and bone tumors. Yet deletion of Ptch1, encoding an inhibitor of IHH receptor Smoothened (SMO), in chondrocyte or osteoblasts does not cause tumorigenesis. Here, we show that Ptch1 deletion in mice Prrx1+mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) promotes MSC proliferation and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation but inhibits adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, Ptch1 deletion led to development of osteoarthritis-like phenotypes, exostoses, enchondroma, and osteosarcoma in Smo-Gli1/2-dependent manners. The cartilage and bone tumors are originated from Prrx1+ lineage cells and express low levels of osteoblast and chondrocyte markers, respectively. Mechanistically, Ptch1 deletion increases the expression of Wnt5a/6 and leads to enhanced β-Catenin activation. Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin pathway suppresses development of skeletal anomalies including enchondroma and osteosarcoma. These findings suggest that cartilage/bone tumors arise from their early progenitor cells and identify the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway as a pharmacological target for cartilage/bone neoplasms. Bone and cartilage tumors are among the most common tumors in the skeleton, often affecting the limbs. Bone tumors, also called osteosarcomas, usually occur in growing children and teenagers, and they are often resistant to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies. Surgery is the only treatment option, but this can lead to long-lasting damage that impairs the quality of life of these patients. Thus, there is a need to find new drug targets for these diseases. Unfortunately, no good laboratory-based systems exist that mimic these human cancers, hindering research into these tumors. One way to create a laboratory-based model for cartilage tumors and osteosarcomas is to reproduce the signaling that is present in the human tumors in a mouse. A signaling pathway called Hedgehog signaling is overactive in human cartilage and bone tumors. The activity of this pathway can be increased by deleting a gene called Ptch1; but mice do not form tumors when this gene is deleted in their mature cartilage and bone cells. Now, Deng, Li et al. report that deleting Ptch1 in mesenchymal stem cells, early-stage cells that can give rise to cartilage and bone cells, generates a mouse model for osteosarcoma and cartilage tumors. The mice with these Ptch1 deficient cells developed tumors with overactive Hedgehog signaling in cartilage and bone. Deng, Li et al. also performed biochemical experiments to show that Hedgehog signaling turned on another signaling pathway called Wnt signaling. Treating the mice that had mesenchymal cells lacking Ptch1 with a drug that inhibits Wnt signaling reduced the growth of cartilage and bone tumors. These data suggest that deleting Ptch1 in mouse mesenchymal stem cells can mimic human cartilage tumors and osteosarcomas. More experiments will be needed to explain how the Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways interact in these tumors. Finally, further studies will need to investigate if inhibiting Wnt signaling might become a useful therapy for human patients with osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Manju Che
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Soma Biswas
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanying Wei
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Trajanoska K, Rivadeneira F. The genetic architecture of osteoporosis and fracture risk. Bone 2019; 126:2-10. [PMID: 30980960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and fracture risk are common complex diseases, caused by an interaction of numerous disease susceptibility genes and environmental factors. With the advances in genomic technologies, large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed which have broadened our understanding of the genetic architecture and biological mechanisms of complex disease. Currently, more than ~90 loci have been found associated with DXA derived bone mineral density (BMD), over ~500 loci with heel estimated BMD and several others with other less widely available bone parameters such as bone geometry, shape, and microarchitecture. Notably, several of the pathways identified by the GWAS efforts correspond to pathways that are currently targeted for the treatment of osteoporosis. Overall, tremendous progress in the field of the genetics of osteoporosis has been achieved with the discovery of WNT16, EN1, DAAM2, and GPC6 among others. Assessment of the function and biological mechanisms of the remaining genes may further untangle the complex genetic landscape of osteoporosis and fracture risk. With this review we aimed to provide a general overview of the existing GWAS studies on osteoporosis traits and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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36
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Farokhi M, Mottaghitalab F, Fatahi Y, Saeb MR, Zarrintaj P, Kundu SC, Khademhosseini A. Silk fibroin scaffolds for common cartilage injuries: Possibilities for future clinical applications. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES : CMLS 2019. [PMID: 30980110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐019‐03099‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Shen B, Vardy K, Hughes P, Tasdogan A, Zhao Z, Yue R, Crane GM, Morrison SJ. Integrin alpha11 is an Osteolectin receptor and is required for the maintenance of adult skeletal bone mass. eLife 2019; 8:42274. [PMID: 30632962 PMCID: PMC6349404 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered a new osteogenic growth factor that is required to maintain adult skeletal bone mass, Osteolectin/Clec11a. Osteolectin acts on Leptin Receptor+ (LepR+) skeletal stem cells and other osteogenic progenitors in bone marrow to promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. Here we identify a receptor for Osteolectin, integrin α11, which is expressed by LepR+ cells and osteoblasts. α11β1 integrin binds Osteolectin with nanomolar affinity and is required for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. Deletion of Itga11 (which encodes α11) from mouse and human bone marrow stromal cells impaired osteogenic differentiation and blocked their response to Osteolectin. Like Osteolectin deficient mice, Lepr-cre; Itga11fl/fl mice appeared grossly normal but exhibited reduced osteogenesis and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Osteolectin binding to α11β1 promoted Wnt pathway activation, which was necessary for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. This reveals a new mechanism for maintenance of adult bone mass: Wnt pathway activation by Osteolectin/α11β1 signaling. Throughout our lives, our bones undergo constant remodeling. Cells called osteoclasts break down old bone and cells called osteoblasts lay down new. Normally, the two cell types work in balance but if the rate of breakdown outpaces new bone formation the skeleton can become weak. This weakness leads to a condition called osteoporosis, in which people suffer from fragile bones. Osteoporosis is hard to reverse, in part because our ability to encourage new bone to form is limited. In 2016, researchers discovered a protein called osteolectin, which promotes new bone formation during adulthood by helping skeletal stem cells transform into bone cells. But so far, it has been unclear how osteolectin achieves this. To investigate this further, Shen et al. – including some researchers involved in the 2016 study – marked osteolectin with a molecular tag and tested what it bound on the surface of mouse and human bone marrow cells. The experiments revealed that osteolectin binds to a specific receptor protein called α11 integrin, which can only be found on skeletal stem cells and the osteoblasts they give rise to. Once osteolectin binds to the receptor, it activates a signaling pathway that induces the stem cells to develop into osteoblasts. Mice that lacked either osteolectin or α11 integrin produced less bone and lost bone tissue faster as adults. Osteolectin could potentially be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis or broken bones. Since only skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts cells produce α11 integrin, osteolectin would specifically target these cells without affecting cells that do not form bones. A next step will be to assess how well osteolectin compares to existing treatments for fragile bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kristy Vardy
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Payton Hughes
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rui Yue
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genevieve M Crane
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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39
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40
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付 洪. Research Advances of the Long Non-Coding RNA RMRP RNA Promoting the Osteoblastic Differentiation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.12677/biphy.2019.73005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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41
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Xu R, Khan SK, Zhou T, Gao B, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Yang Y. Gα s signaling controls intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development by regulating both Hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Bone Res 2018; 6:33. [PMID: 30479847 PMCID: PMC6242855 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia (FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαs regulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαs controls intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαs activation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Xu
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,2State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Khan
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,4Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- 2State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
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Jin Y, Cong Q, Gvozdenovic-Jeremic J, Hu J, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Yang Y. Enpp1 inhibits ectopic joint calcification and maintains articular chondrocytes by repressing hedgehog signaling. Development 2018; 145:dev.164830. [PMID: 30111653 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes of synovial joints needs to be maintained throughout life. Disruption of the articular cartilage, frequently associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and calcification, is a central feature in osteoarthritis (OA). However, the molecular mechanisms whereby phenotypes of articular chondrocytes are maintained and pathological calcification is inhibited remain poorly understood. Recently, the ecto-enzyme Enpp1, a suppressor of pathological calcification, was reported to be decreased in joint cartilage with OA in both human and mouse, and Enpp1 deficiency causes joint calcification. Here, we found that hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation contributes to ectopic joint calcification in the Enpp1-/- mice. In the Enpp1-/- joints, Hh signaling was upregulated. Further activation of Hh signaling by removing the patched 1 gene in the Enpp1-/- mice enhanced ectopic joint calcification, whereas removing Gli2 partially rescued the ectopic calcification phenotype. In addition, reduction of Gαs in the Enpp1-/- mice enhanced joint calcification, suggesting that Enpp1 inhibits Hh signaling and chondrocyte hypertrophy by activating Gαs-PKA signaling. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying Enpp1 regulation of joint integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jiajie Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bo X, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H. Transcriptome analyses reveal molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification in amphibian Bufo gargarizans during metamorphosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2632-2644. [PMID: 30076880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial existence is one of the most important events in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Amphibian metamorphosis is a classic model to study this transition. The development of the vertebrate skeleton can reflect its evolutionary history. Endochondral ossification serves a vital role in skeletal development. Thus, we sought to unravel molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification during Bufo gargarizans metamorphosis. METHODS The alizarin red-alcian blue double staining method was used to visualize the skeletal development of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to explore the transcriptome of B. gargarizans in four key developmental stages during metamorphosis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the expression patterns of endochondral ossification related genes. RESULTS Endochondral ossification increased gradually in skeletal system of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. A total of 137,264 unigenes were assembled and 44,035 unigenes were annotated. 10,352 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further extracted among four key developmental stages. In addition, 28 endochondral ossification related genes were found by searching for DEG libraries in B. gargarizans. Of the 28 genes, 10 genes were validated using RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The exquisite coordination of the 28 genes is essential for regulation of endochondral ossification during B. gargarizans metamorphosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study will not only provide an invaluable genomic resource and background for further research of endochondral ossification in amphibians but will also aid in enhancing our understanding of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Bo
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Piombo V, Jochmann K, Hoffmann D, Wuelling M, Vortkamp A. Signaling systems affecting the severity of multiple osteochondromas. Bone 2018; 111:71-81. [PMID: 29545125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) syndrome is a dominant autosomal bone disorder characterized by the formation of cartilage-capped bony outgrowths that develop at the juxtaposition of the growth plate of endochondral bones. MO has been linked to mutations in either EXT1 or EXT2, two glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS). The establishment of mouse mutants demonstrated that a clonal, homozygous loss of Ext1 in a wild type background leads to the development of osteochondromas. Here we investigate mechanisms that might contribute to the variation in the severity of the disease observed in human patients. Our results show that residual amounts of HS are sufficient to prevent the development of osteochondromas strongly supporting that loss of heterozygosity is required for osteochondroma formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that different signaling pathways affect size and frequency of the osteochondromas thereby modulating the severity of the disease. Reduced Fgfr3 signaling, which regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, increases osteochondroma number, while activated Fgfr3 signaling reduces osteochondroma size. Both, activation and reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decrease osteochondroma size and frequency by interfering with the chondrogenic fate of the mutant cells. Reduced Ihh signaling does not change the development of the osteochondromas, while elevated Ihh signaling increases the cellularity and inhibits chondrocyte differentiation in a subset of osteochondromas and might thus predispose osteochondromas to the transformation into chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Piombo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuela Wuelling
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Kan C, Chen L, Hu Y, Ding N, Lu H, Li Y, Kessler JA, Kan L. Conserved signaling pathways underlying heterotopic ossification. Bone 2018; 109:43-48. [PMID: 28455214 PMCID: PMC5801212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), a serious disorder of extra-skeletal bone formation, occurs as a common complication of trauma or in rare genetic disorders. Many conserved signaling pathways have been implicated in HO; however, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms for many forms of HO are still unclear. The emerging picture is that dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays a central role in the process, but that other conserved signaling pathways, such as Hedgehog (HH), Wnt/β-catenin and Fibroblast growth factors (FGF), are also involved, either through cross-talk with BMP signaling or through other independent mechanisms. Deep understanding of the conserved signaling pathways is necessary for the effective prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we update and integrate recent progress in this area. Hopefully, our discussion will point to novel promising, druggable loci for further translational research and successful clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Haimei Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lixin Kan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Hwang SH, White KA, Somatilaka BN, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Mukhopadhyay S. The G protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 regulates forelimb formation, limb patterning and skeletal morphogenesis in a primary cilium-dependent manner. Development 2018; 145:dev.154054. [PMID: 29222391 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of basal suppression of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway and its interaction with Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling during limb/skeletal morphogenesis is not well understood. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 localizes to primary cilia and functions as a negative regulator of Shh signaling by promoting Gli transcriptional repressor versus activator formation. Here, we show that forelimb buds are not formed in Gpr161 knockout mouse embryos despite establishment of prospective limb fields. Limb-specific deletion of Gpr161 resulted in prematurely expanded Shh signaling and ectopic Shh-dependent patterning defects resulting in polysyndactyly. In addition, endochondral bone formation in forearms, including formation of both trabecular bone and bone collar was prevented. Endochondral bone formation defects resulted from accumulation of proliferating round/periarticular-like chondrocytes, lack of differentiation into columnar chondrocytes, and corresponding absence of Ihh signaling. Gpr161 deficiency in craniofacial mesenchyme also prevented intramembranous bone formation in calvarium. Defects in limb patterning, endochondral and intramembranous skeletal morphogenesis were suppressed in the absence of cilia. Overall, Gpr161 promotes forelimb formation, regulates limb patterning, prevents periarticular chondrocyte proliferation and drives osteoblastogenesis in intramembranous bones in a cilium-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin A White
- Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - John M Shelton
- Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang H, Xia Y, Yao Y, Mak AFT, Yung PSH, Chan KM, Wang L, Zhang C, Huang Y, Mak KKL. Osteocalcin expressing cells from tendon sheaths in mice contribute to tendon repair by activating Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29244023 PMCID: PMC5731821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both extrinsic and intrinsic tissues contribute to tendon repair, but the origin and molecular functions of extrinsic tissues in tendon repair are not fully understood. Here we show that tendon sheath cells harbor stem/progenitor cell properties and contribute to tendon repair by activating Hedgehog signaling. We found that Osteocalcin (Bglap) can be used as an adult tendon-sheath-specific marker in mice. Lineage tracing experiments show that Bglap-expressing cells in adult sheath tissues possess clonogenic and multipotent properties comparable to those of stem/progenitor cells isolated from tendon fibers. Transplantation of sheath tissues improves tendon repair. Mechanistically, Hh signaling in sheath tissues is necessary and sufficient to promote the proliferation of Mkx-expressing cells in sheath tissues, and its action is mediated through TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Furthermore, co-localization of GLI1+ and MKX+ cells is also found in human tendinopathy specimens. Our work reveals the molecular function of Hh signaling in extrinsic sheath tissues for tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xu Zhang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Huihui Huang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yin Xia
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - YiFei Yao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Arthur Fuk-Tat Mak
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Li Wang
- Neural, Vascular and Metabolic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Neural, Vascular and Metabolic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Neural, Vascular and Metabolic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kingston King-Lun Mak
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Costa V, Raimondi L, Conigliaro A, Salamanna F, Carina V, De Luca A, Bellavia D, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1Α may regulate the commitment of mesenchymal stromal cells toward angio-osteogenesis by mirna-675-5P. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1412-1425. [PMID: 29111380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS During bone formation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis are regulated by hypoxia, which is able to induce blood vessel formation, as well as recruit and differentiate human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). The molecular mechanisms involved in HIF-1α response and hMSC differentiation during bone formation are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic role of hypoxia and hypoxia-mimetic microRNA miR-675-5p in angiogenesis response and osteo-chondroblast commitment of hMSCs. METHODS By using a suitable in vitro cell model of hMSCs (maintained in hypoxia or normoxia), the role of HIF-1α and miR-675-5p in angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling was investigated, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), gene expression and protein analysis. RESULTS Hypoxia induced miR-675-5p expression and a hypoxia-angiogenic response, as demonstrated by increase in vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and protein release. MiR-675-5p overexpression in normoxia promoted the down-regulation of MSC markers and the up-regulation of osteoblast and chondroblast markers, as demonstrated by FACS and protein analysis. Moreover, miR-675-5p depletion in a low-oxygen condition partially abolished the hypoxic response, including angiogenesis, and in particular restored the MSC phenotype, demonstrated by cytofluorimetric analysis. In addition, current preliminary data suggest that the expression of miR-675-5p during hypoxia plays an additive role in sustaining Wnt/β-catenin pathways and the related commitment of hMSCs during bone ossification. DISCUSSION MiR-675-5p may trigger complex molecular mechanisms that promote hMSC osteoblastic differentiation through a dual strategy: increasing HIF-1α response and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Conigliaro
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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Biology of Bone Formation, Fracture Healing, and Distraction Osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:1380-1389. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ahrens LAJ, Vonwil D, Christensen J, Shastri VP. Gelatin device for the delivery of growth factors involved in endochondral ossification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175095. [PMID: 28380024 PMCID: PMC5381949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled release drug delivery systems are well established as oral and implantable dosage forms. However, the controlled release paradigm can also be used to present complex soluble signals responsible for cellular organization during development. Endochondral ossification (EO), the developmental process of bone formation from a cartilage matrix is controlled by several soluble signals with distinct functions that vary in structure, molecular weight and stability. This makes delivering them from a single vehicle rather challenging. Herein, a gelatin-based delivery system suitable for the delivery of small molecules as well as recombinant human (rh) proteins (rhWNT3A, rhFGF2, rhVEGF, rhBMP4) is reported. The release behavior and biological activity of the released molecules was validated using analytical and biological assays, including cell reporter systems. The simplicity of fabrication of the gelatin device should foster its adaptation by the diverse scientific community interested in interrogating developmental processes, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. J. Ahrens
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Vonwil
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jon Christensen
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - V. Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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