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Viou L, Atkins M, Rousseau V, Launay P, Masson J, Pace C, Murakami F, Barnier JV, Métin C. PAK3 activation promotes the tangential to radial migration switch of cortical interneurons by increasing leading process dynamics and disrupting cell polarity. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02483-y. [PMID: 38454080 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations of PAK3, a p21-activated kinase, are associated in humans with cognitive deficits suggestive of defective cortical circuits and with frequent brain structural abnormalities. Most human variants no longer exhibit kinase activity. Since GABAergic interneurons express PAK3 as they migrate within the cortex, we here examined the role of PAK3 kinase activity in the regulation of cortical interneuron migration. During the embryonic development, cortical interneurons migrate a long distance tangentially and then re-orient radially to settle in the cortical plate, where they contribute to cortical circuits. We showed that interneurons expressing a constitutively kinase active PAK3 variant (PAK3-ca) extended shorter leading processes and exhibited unstable polarity. In the upper cortical layers, they entered the cortical plate and extended radially oriented processes. In the deep cortical layers, they exhibited erratic non-processive migration movements and accumulated in the deep pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of PAK3 kinase inhibited the radial migration switch of interneurons to the cortical plate and reduced their accumulation in the deep cortical layers. Interneurons expressing a kinase dead PAK3 variant (PAK3-kd) developed branched leading processes, maintained the same polarity during migration and exhibited processive and tangentially oriented movements in the cortex. These results reveal that PAK3 kinase activity, by promoting leading process shortening and cell polarity changes, inhibits the tangential processive migration of interneurons and favors their radial re- orientation and targeting to the cortical plate. They suggest that patients expressing PAK3 variants with impaired kinase activity likely present alterations in the cortical targeting of their GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Viou
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Melody Atkins
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Justine Masson
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Clarisse Pace
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fujio Murakami
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France.
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2
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De Fazio E, Pittarello M, Gans A, Ghosh B, Slika H, Alimonti P, Tyler B. Intrinsic and Microenvironmental Drivers of Glioblastoma Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2563. [PMID: 38473812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are diffusely infiltrating brain tumors whose prognosis is strongly influenced by their extent of invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. While lower-grade gliomas present more circumscribed borders, high-grade gliomas are aggressive tumors with widespread brain infiltration and dissemination. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known for its high invasiveness and association with poor prognosis. Its low survival rate is due to the certainty of its recurrence, caused by microscopic brain infiltration which makes surgical eradication unattainable. New insights into GBM biology at the single-cell level have enabled the identification of mechanisms exploited by glioma cells for brain invasion. In this review, we explore the current understanding of several molecular pathways and mechanisms used by tumor cells to invade normal brain tissue. We address the intrinsic biological drivers of tumor cell invasion, by tackling how tumor cells interact with each other and with the tumor microenvironment (TME). We focus on the recently discovered neuronal niche in the TME, including local as well as distant neurons, contributing to glioma growth and invasion. We then address the mechanisms of invasion promoted by astrocytes and immune cells. Finally, we review the current literature on the therapeutic targeting of the molecular mechanisms of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson De Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Pittarello
- Department of Medicine, Humanitas University School of Medicine, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gans
- Department of Neurology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Bikona Ghosh
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Slika
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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3
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Atkins M, Wurmser M, Darmon M, Roche F, Nicol X, Métin C. CXCL12 targets the primary cilium cAMP/cGMP ratio to regulate cell polarity during migration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8003. [PMID: 38049397 PMCID: PMC10695954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration requires sustained cell polarisation. In migrating cortical interneurons, nuclear movements are directed towards the centrosome that organises the primary cilium signalling hub. Primary cilium-elicited signalling, and how it affects migration, remain however ill characterised. Here, we show that altering cAMP/cGMP levels in the primary cilium by buffering cAMP, cGMP or by locally increasing cAMP, influences the polarity and directionality of migrating interneurons, whereas buffering cAMP or cGMP in the apposed centrosome compartment alters their motility. Remarkably, we identify CXCL12 as a trigger that targets the ciliary cAMP/cGMP ratio to promote sustained polarity and directed migration. We thereby uncover cAMP/cGMP levels in the primary cilium as a major target of extrinsic cues and as the steering wheel of neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Roche
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM UMR-S 1270; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France.
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4
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Heuer S, Winkler F. Glioblastoma revisited: from neuronal-like invasion to pacemaking. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:887-896. [PMID: 37586918 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two developments have helped us to better understand the fundamental biology of glioblastoma: the description of a striking intratumoral heterogeneity including gene expression-based cell states, and the discovery that neuro-cancer interactions and cancer-intrinsic neurodevelopmental mechanisms are fundamental features of glioblastoma. In this opinion article, we aim to integrate both developments. We explain how two key disease features are characterized by different neural mechanisms related to distinct but plastic cancer cell states: first, the single cell-dominated invasive parts and second, the more solid parts which are dominated by communicating cell networks constantly activated by pacemaker-like glioblastoma cells. The resulting integrative roadmap of molecular and functional heterogeneity contributes to the Cancer Neuroscience of glioblastoma and suggests novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Heuer
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Toudji I, Toumi A, Chamberland É, Rossignol E. Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1256455. [PMID: 37779671 PMCID: PMC10538647 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Toudji
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Asmaa Toumi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Chamberland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Liaci C, Camera M, Zamboni V, Sarò G, Ammoni A, Parmigiani E, Ponzoni L, Hidisoglu E, Chiantia G, Marcantoni A, Giustetto M, Tomagra G, Carabelli V, Torelli F, Sala M, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, Hirsch E, Merlo GR. Loss of ARHGAP15 affects the directional control of migrating interneurons in the embryonic cortex and increases susceptibility to epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:875468. [PMID: 36568982 PMCID: PMC9774038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.875468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GTPases of the Rho family are components of signaling pathways linking extracellular signals to the control of cytoskeleton dynamics. Among these, RAC1 plays key roles during brain development, ranging from neuronal migration to neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and plasticity. RAC1 activity is positively and negatively controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), but the specific role of each regulator in vivo is poorly known. ARHGAP15 is a RAC1-specific GAP expressed during development in a fraction of migrating cortical interneurons (CINs) and in the majority of adult CINs. During development, loss of ARHGAP15 causes altered directionality of the leading process of tangentially migrating CINs, along with altered morphology in vitro. Likewise, time-lapse imaging of embryonic CINs revealed a poorly coordinated directional control during radial migration, possibly due to a hyper-exploratory behavior. In the adult cortex, the observed defects lead to subtle alteration in the distribution of CALB2-, SST-, and VIP-positive interneurons. Adult Arhgap15-knock-out mice also show reduced CINs intrinsic excitability, spontaneous subclinical seizures, and increased susceptibility to the pro-epileptic drug pilocarpine. These results indicate that ARHGAP15 imposes a fine negative regulation on RAC1 that is required for morphological maturation and directional control during CIN migration, with consequences on their laminar distribution and inhibitory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Zamboni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sarò
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ammoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Ponzoni
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chiantia
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federico Torelli
- Institute for Physiology I, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariaelvina Sala
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,*Correspondence: Giorgio R. Merlo,
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7
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Yang Y, Schubert MC, Kuner T, Wick W, Winkler F, Venkataramani V. Brain Tumor Networks in Diffuse Glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1832-1843. [PMID: 36357661 PMCID: PMC9723066 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are primary brain tumors associated with a poor prognosis. Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the invasive growth patterns and therapeutic resistance are incompletely understood. The emerging field of cancer neuroscience offers a novel approach to study these brain tumors in the context of their intricate interactions with the nervous system employing and combining methodological toolsets from neuroscience and oncology. Increasing evidence has shown how neurodevelopmental and neuronal-like mechanisms are hijacked leading to the discovery of multicellular brain tumor networks. Here, we review how gap junction-coupled tumor-tumor-astrocyte networks, as well as synaptic and paracrine neuron-tumor networks drive glioma progression. Molecular mechanisms of these malignant, homo- and heterotypic networks, and their complex interplay are reviewed. Lastly, potential clinical-translational implications and resulting therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Yang
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc C Schubert
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Venkataramani V, Yang Y, Schubert MC, Reyhan E, Tetzlaff SK, Wißmann N, Botz M, Soyka SJ, Beretta CA, Pramatarov RL, Fankhauser L, Garofano L, Freudenberg A, Wagner J, Tanev DI, Ratliff M, Xie R, Kessler T, Hoffmann DC, Hai L, Dörflinger Y, Hoppe S, Yabo YA, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP, Sahm F, Lasorella A, Slowik M, Döring L, Iavarone A, Wick W, Kuner T, Winkler F. Glioblastoma hijacks neuronal mechanisms for brain invasion. Cell 2022; 185:2899-2917.e31. [PMID: 35914528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are incurable tumors infiltrating the brain. A subpopulation of glioblastoma cells forms a functional and therapy-resistant tumor cell network interconnected by tumor microtubes (TMs). Other subpopulations appear unconnected, and their biological role remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that whole-brain colonization is fueled by glioblastoma cells that lack connections with other tumor cells and astrocytes yet receive synaptic input from neurons. This subpopulation corresponds to neuronal and neural-progenitor-like tumor cell states, as defined by single-cell transcriptomics, both in mouse models and in the human disease. Tumor cell invasion resembled neuronal migration mechanisms and adopted a Lévy-like movement pattern of probing the environment. Neuronal activity induced complex calcium signals in glioblastoma cells followed by the de novo formation of TMs and increased invasion speed. Collectively, superimposing molecular and functional single-cell data revealed that neuronal mechanisms govern glioblastoma cell invasion on multiple levels. This explains how glioblastoma's dissemination and cellular heterogeneity are closely interlinked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Yang
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Cicero Schubert
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ekin Reyhan
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kristin Tetzlaff
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niklas Wißmann
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Botz
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stella Judith Soyka
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Antonio Beretta
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rangel Lyubomirov Pramatarov
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Fankhauser
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Julia Wagner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitar Ivanov Tanev
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Ratliff
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ruifan Xie
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kessler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk C Hoffmann
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ling Hai
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvette Dörflinger
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Hoppe
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yahaya A Yabo
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Martin Slowik
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leif Döring
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Llorca A, Deogracias R. Origin, Development, and Synaptogenesis of Cortical Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:929469. [PMID: 35833090 PMCID: PMC9272671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.929469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex represents one of the most recent and astonishing inventions of nature, responsible of a large diversity of functions that range from sensory processing to high-order cognitive abilities, such as logical reasoning or language. Decades of dedicated study have contributed to our current understanding of this structure, both at structural and functional levels. A key feature of the neocortex is its outstanding richness in cell diversity, composed by multiple types of long-range projecting neurons and locally connecting interneurons. In this review, we will describe the great diversity of interneurons that constitute local neocortical circuits and summarize the mechanisms underlying their development and their assembly into functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Llorca
| | - Ruben Deogracias
- Neuronal Circuits Formation and Brain Disorders Laboratory, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Ruben Deogracias
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10
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Shi Y, Wang M, Mi D, Lu T, Wang B, Dong H, Zhong S, Chen Y, Sun L, Zhou X, Ma Q, Liu Z, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu Q, Marín O, Wang X. Mouse and human share conserved transcriptional programs for interneuron development. Science 2021; 374:eabj6641. [PMID: 34882453 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Mi
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Youqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Le Sun
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BNU IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Guangdong 519031, China
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11
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Fleitas C, Marfull-Oromí P, Chauhan D, Del Toro D, Peguera B, Zammou B, Rocandio D, Klein R, Espinet C, Egea J. FLRT2 and FLRT3 Cooperate in Maintaining the Tangential Migratory Streams of Cortical Interneurons during Development. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7350-7362. [PMID: 34301831 PMCID: PMC8412983 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0380-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron migration is a hallmark of nervous system development that allows gathering of neurons from different origins for assembling of functional neuronal circuits. Cortical inhibitory interneurons arise in the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially forming three transient migratory streams in the cortex before reaching the final laminar destination. Although migration defects lead to the disruption of inhibitory circuits and are linked to aspects of psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, the molecular mechanisms controlling cortical interneuron development and final layer positioning are incompletely understood. Here, we show that mouse embryos with a double deletion of FLRT2 and FLRT3 genes encoding cell adhesion molecules exhibit an abnormal distribution of interneurons within the streams during development, which in turn, affect the layering of somatostatin+ interneurons postnatally. Mechanistically, FLRT2 and FLRT3 proteins act in a noncell-autonomous manner, possibly through a repulsive mechanism. In support of such a conclusion, double knockouts deficient in the repulsive receptors for FLRTs, Unc5B and Unc5D, also display interneuron defects during development, similar to the FLRT2/FLRT3 mutants. Moreover, FLRT proteins are chemorepellent ligands for developing interneurons in vitro, an effect that is in part dependent on FLRT-Unc5 interaction. Together, we propose that FLRTs act through Unc5 receptors to control cortical interneuron distribution in a mechanism that involves cell repulsion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Disruption of inhibitory cortical circuits is responsible for some aspects of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or autism. These defects include interneuron migration during development. A crucial step during this process is the formation of three transient migratory streams within the developing cortex that determine the timing of interneuron final positioning and the formation of functional cortical circuits in the adult. We report that FLRT proteins are required for the proper distribution of interneurons within the cortical migratory streams and for the final laminar allocation in the postnatal cortex. These results expand the multifunctional role of FLRTs during nervous system development in addition to the role of FLRTs in axon guidance and the migration of excitatory cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fleitas
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Pau Marfull-Oromí
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Disha Chauhan
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Blanca Peguera
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bahira Zammou
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Daniel Rocandio
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carme Espinet
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
- Serra Hunter Associate Professor, Government of Catalonia, 08007, Spain
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12
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Directional Persistence of Cell Migration in Schizophrenia Patient-Derived Olfactory Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179177. [PMID: 34502103 PMCID: PMC8430705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for brain development and linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. We have shown previously that cell migration is dysregulated in olfactory neural stem cells from people with schizophrenia. Although they moved faster than control cells on plastic substrates, patient cells were insensitive to regulation by extracellular matrix proteins, which increase the speeds of control cells. As well as speed, cell migration is also described by directional persistence, the straightness of movement. The aim of this study was to determine whether directional persistence is dysregulated in schizophrenia patient cells and whether it is modified on extracellular matrix proteins. Directional persistence in patient-derived and control-derived olfactory cells was quantified from automated live-cell imaging of migrating cells. On plastic substrates, patient cells were more persistent than control cells, with straighter trajectories and smaller turn angles. On most extracellular matrix proteins, persistence increased in patient and control cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but patient cells remained more persistent. Patient cells therefore have a subtle but complex phenotype in migration speed and persistence on most extracellular matrix protein substrates compared to control cells. If present in the developing brain, this could lead to altered brain development in schizophrenia.
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13
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Altered Cl - homeostasis hinders forebrain GABAergic interneuron migration in a mouse model of intellectual disability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016034118. [PMID: 33376209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016034118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments of inhibitory circuits are at the basis of most, if not all, cognitive deficits. The impact of OPHN1, a gene associate with intellectual disability (ID), on inhibitory neurons remains elusive. We addressed this issue by analyzing the postnatal migration of inhibitory interneurons derived from the subventricular zone in a validated mouse model of ID (OPHN1-/y mice). We found that the speed and directionality of migrating neuroblasts were deeply perturbed in OPHN1-/y mice. The significant reduction in speed was due to altered chloride (Cl-) homeostasis, while the overactivation of the OPHN1 downstream signaling pathway, RhoA kinase (ROCK), caused abnormalities in the directionality of the neuroblast progression in mutants. Blocking the cation-Cl- cotransporter KCC2 almost completely rescued the migration speed while proper directionality was restored upon ROCK inhibition. Our data unveil a strong impact of OPHN1 on GABAergic inhibitory interneurons and identify putative targets for successful therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Seo J, Lanara C, Choi JY, Kim J, Cho H, Chang Y, Kang K, Stratakis E, Choi IS. Neuronal Migration on Silicon Microcone Arrays with Different Pitches. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000583. [PMID: 32815647 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a complicated but fundamental process for proper construction and functioning of neural circuits in the brain. Many in vivo studies have suggested the involvement of environmental physical features of a neuron in its migration, but little effort has been made for the in vitro demonstration of topography-driven neuronal migration. This work investigates migratory behaviors of primary hippocampal neurons on a silicon microcone (SiMC) array that presents 14 different pitch domains (pitch: 2.5-7.3 µm). Neuronal migration becomes the maximum at the pitch of around 3 µm, with an upper migration threshold of about 4 µm. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that the speed and direction of migration, as well as its probability of occurrence, are correlated with the morphology of the neuron, which is dictated by the pitch and shape of underlying SiMC structures. In addition to the effects on neuronal migration, the real-time imaging of migrating neurons on the topographical substrate reveals new in vitro modes of neuronal migration, which have not been observed on the conventional flat culture plate, but been suggested by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyeon Seo
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Christina Lanara
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) Nikolaou Plastira 100 Heraklion Crete GR‐70013 Greece
| | - Ji Yu Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jungnam Kim
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hyeoncheol Cho
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Young‐Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry POSTECH Center for Self‐Assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyung Hee University Yongin Gyeonggi 17104 Korea
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) Nikolaou Plastira 100 Heraklion Crete GR‐70013 Greece
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
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15
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Mitsogiannis MD, Pancho A, Aerts T, Sachse SM, Vanlaer R, Noterdaeme L, Schmucker D, Seuntjens E. Subtle Roles of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules in Embryonic Forebrain Development and Neuronal Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624181. [PMID: 33585465 PMCID: PMC7876293 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) Cell Adhesion Molecules (DSCAMs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human DSCAM is located within the DS critical region of chromosome 21 (duplicated in Down Syndrome patients), and mutations or copy-number variations of this gene have also been associated to Fragile X syndrome, intellectual disability, autism, and bipolar disorder. The DSCAM paralogue DSCAM-like 1 (DSCAML1) maps to chromosome 11q23, implicated in the development of Jacobsen and Tourette syndromes. Additionally, a spontaneous mouse DSCAM deletion leads to motor coordination defects and seizures. Previous research has revealed roles for DSCAMs in several neurodevelopmental processes, including synaptogenesis, dendritic self-avoidance, cell sorting, axon growth and branching. However, their functions in embryonic mammalian forebrain development have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, we revealed highly dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of Dscam and Dscaml1 expression in definite cortical layers of the embryonic mouse brain, as well as in structures and ganglionic eminence-derived neural populations within the embryonic subpallium. However, an in-depth histological analysis of cortical development, ventral forebrain morphogenesis, cortical interneuron migration, and cortical-subcortical connectivity formation processes in Dscam and Dscaml1 knockout mice (Dscam del17 and Dscaml1 GT ) at several embryonic stages indicated that constitutive loss of Dscam and Dscaml1 does not affect these developmental events in a significant manner. Given that several Dscam- and Dscaml1-linked neurodevelopmental disorders are associated to chromosomal region duplication events, we furthermore sought to examine the neurodevelopmental effects of Dscam and Dscaml1 gain of function (GOF). In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo GOF negatively impacted neural migration processes important to cortical development, and affected the morphology of maturing neurons. Overall, these findings contribute to existing knowledge on the molecular etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders by elucidating how dosage variations of genes encoding adhesive cues can disrupt cell-cell or cell-environment interactions crucial for neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D. Mitsogiannis
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Pancho
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonja M. Sachse
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Noterdaeme
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neuronal Wiring Group, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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17
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PlexinA4-Semaphorin3A-mediated crosstalk between main cortical interneuron classes is required for superficial interneuron lamination. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108644. [PMID: 33503438 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cerebral cortex, the developmental events governing allocation of different classes of inhibitory interneurons (INs) to distinct cortical layers are poorly understood. Here we report that the guidance receptor PlexinA4 (PLXNA4) is upregulated in serotonin receptor 3a-expressing (HTR3A+) cortical INs (hINs) as they invade the cortical plate, and that it regulates their laminar allocation to superficial cortical layers. We find that the PLXNA4 ligand Semaphorin3A (SEMA3A) acts as a chemorepulsive factor on hINs migrating into the nascent cortex and demonstrate that SEMA3A specifically controls their laminar positioning through PLXNA4. We identify deep-layer INs as a major source of SEMA3A in the developing cortex and demonstrate that targeted genetic deletion of Sema3a in these INs specifically affects laminar allocation of hINs. These data show that, in the neocortex, deep-layer INs control laminar allocation of hINs into superficial layers.
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18
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Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of brain evolution, reaching its maximum complexity in terms of neuron number, diversity and functional circuitry. The emergence of this outstanding complexity begins during embryonic development, when a limited number of neural stem and progenitor cells manage to generate myriads of neurons in the appropriate numbers, types and proportions, in a process called neurogenesis. Here we review the current knowledge on the regulation of cortical neurogenesis, beginning with a description of the types of progenitor cells and their lineage relationships. This is followed by a review of the determinants of neuron fate, the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms, and considerations on the evolution of cortical neurogenesis in vertebrates leading to humans. We finish with an overview on how dysregulation of neurogenesis is a leading cause of human brain malformations and functional disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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19
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Zhang K, Wang Y, Fan T, Zeng C, Sun ZS. The p21-activated kinases in neural cytoskeletal remodeling and related neurological disorders. Protein Cell 2020; 13:6-25. [PMID: 33306168 PMCID: PMC8776968 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine p21-activated kinases (PAKs), as main effectors of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, represent a group of important molecular switches linking the complex cytoskeletal networks to broad neural activity. PAKs show wide expression in the brain, but they differ in specific cell types, brain regions, and developmental stages. PAKs play an essential and differential role in controlling neural cytoskeletal remodeling and are related to the development and fate of neurons as well as the structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. PAK-mediated actin signaling and interacting functional networks represent a common pathway frequently affected in multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Considering specific small-molecule agonists and inhibitors for PAKs have been developed in cancer treatment, comprehensive knowledge about the role of PAKs in neural cytoskeletal remodeling will promote our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying neurological diseases, which may also represent potential therapeutic targets of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tianda Fan
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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20
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How Have Leukocyte In Vitro Chemotaxis Assays Shaped Our Ideas about Macrophage Migration? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120439. [PMID: 33276594 PMCID: PMC7761587 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The migration of immune cells is vital during inflammatory responses. Macrophages, which are a subset of immune cells, are unique in the ways they migrate because they can switch between different mechanism of migration. This crucial feature of macrophage migration has been underappreciated in the literature because technologies used to study macrophage migration were not able to efficiently detect those subtle differences between macrophages and other immune cells. This review article describes popular technologies used to study macrophage migration and critically assesses their advantages and disadvantages in macrophage migration studies. Abstract Macrophage chemotaxis is crucial during both onset and resolution of inflammation and unique among all leukocytes. Macrophages are able to switch between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration to optimise their migration through 3D environments. This subtle migration phenotype has been underappreciated in the literature, with macrophages often being grouped and discussed together with other leukocytes, possibly due to the limitations of current chemotaxis assays. Transwell assays were originally designed in the 1960s but despite their long-known limitations, they are still one of the most popular methods of studying macrophage migration. This review aims to critically evaluate transwell assays, and other popular chemotaxis assays, comparing their advantages and limitations in macrophage migration studies.
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21
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JNK Signaling Regulates Cellular Mechanics of Cortical Interneuron Migration. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0132-20.2020. [PMID: 32737185 PMCID: PMC7642122 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0132-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant migration of inhibitory interneurons can alter the formation of cortical circuitry and lead to severe neurologic disorders including epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia. However, mechanisms involved in directing the migration of interneurons remain incompletely understood. Using a mouse model, we performed live-cell confocal microscopy to explore the mechanisms by which the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway coordinates leading process branching and nucleokinesis, two cell biological processes that are essential for the guided migration of cortical interneurons. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signaling disrupts the kinetics of leading process branching, rate and amplitude of nucleokinesis, and leads to the rearward mislocalization of the centrosome and primary cilium to the trailing process. Genetic loss of Jnk from interneurons also impairs leading process branching and nucleokinesis, suggesting that important mechanics of interneuron migration depend on the intrinsic activity of JNK. These findings highlight key roles for JNK signaling in leading process branching, nucleokinesis, and the trafficking of centrosomes and cilia during interneuron migration, and further implicates JNK signaling as an important mediator of cortical development.
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22
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Fazzari P, Mortimer N, Yabut O, Vogt D, Pla R. Cortical distribution of GABAergic interneurons is determined by migration time and brain size. Development 2020; 147:dev.185033. [PMID: 32586977 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (CINs) originate in the ganglionic eminences (GEs) and migrate tangentially to the cortex guided by different attractive and repulsive cues. Once inside the cortex, the cellular and molecular mechanisms determining the migration of CINs along the rostrocaudal axis are less well understood. Here, we investigated the cortical distribution of CINs originating in the medial and caudal GEs at different time points. Using molecular and genetic labeling, we showed that, in the mouse, early- and late-born CINs (E12 versus E15) are differentially distributed along the rostrocaudal axis. Specifically, late-born CINs are preferentially enriched in cortical areas closer to their respective sites of origin in the medial or caudal GE. Surprisingly, our in vitro experiments failed to show a preferential migration pattern along the rostrocaudal axis for medial- or caudal-born CINs. Moreover, in utero transplantation experiments suggested that the rostrocaudal dispersion of CINs depends on the developmental stage of the host brain and is limited by the migration time and the increasing size of the developing brain. These data suggest that the embryonic expansion of the cortex contributes to the rostrocaudal distribution of CINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Fazzari
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Niall Mortimer
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Odessa Yabut
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ramon Pla
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Instituto de investigación en discapacidades neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castile-la-Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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23
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Shen W, Ba R, Su Y, Ni Y, Chen D, Xie W, Pleasure SJ, Zhao C. Foxg1 Regulates the Postnatal Development of Cortical Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1547-1560. [PMID: 29912324 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in cortical interneurons are closely associated with neurological diseases. Most patients with Foxg1 syndrome experience seizures, suggesting a possible role of Foxg1 in the cortical interneuron development. Here, by conditional deletion of Foxg1, which was achieved by crossing Foxg1fl/fl with the Gad2-CreER line, we found the postnatal distributions of somatostatin-, calretinin-, and neuropeptide Y-positive interneurons in the cortex were impaired. Further investigations revealed an enhanced dendritic complexity and decreased migration capacity of Foxg1-deficient interneurons, accompanied by remarkable downregulation of Dlx1 and CXCR4. Overexpression of Dlx1 or knock down its downstream Pak3 rescued the differentiation detects, demonstrated that Foxg1 functioned upstream of Dlx1-Pak3 signal pathway to regulate the postnatal development of cortical interneurons. Due to the imbalanced neural circuit, Foxg1 mutants showed increased seizure susceptibility. These findings will improve our understanding of the postnatal development of interneurons and help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying seizure in patients carrying Foxg1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Stem Cell Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
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25
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Wei Y, Han X, Zhao C. PDK1 regulates the survival of the developing cortical interneurons. Mol Brain 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32366272 PMCID: PMC7197138 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are critical for maintaining the excitatory/inhibitory balance. During the development cortical interneurons originate from the ganglionic eminence and arrive at the dorsal cortex through two tangential migration routes. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of cortical interneurons remain unclear. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) has been shown to be involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation and migration, and plays an important role in the neurogenesis of cortical excitatory neurons. However, the function of PDK1 in interneurons is still unclear. Here, we reported that the disruption of Pdk1 in the subpallium achieved by crossing the Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP line with Pdk1fl/fl mice led to the severely increased apoptosis of immature interneurons, subsequently resulting in a remarkable reduction in cortical interneurons. However, the tangential migration, progenitor pools and cell proliferation were not affected by the disruption of Pdk1. We further found the activity of AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway was decreased after Pdk1 deletion, suggesting it might be involved in the regulation of the survival of cortical interneurons. These results provide new insights into the function of PDK1 in the development of the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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26
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Schuster UE, Rossdam C, Röckle I, Schiff M, Hildebrandt H. Cell-autonomous impact of polysialic acid-producing enzyme ST8SIA2 on developmental migration and distribution of cortical interneurons. J Neurochem 2019; 152:333-349. [PMID: 31608978 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, variations in the polysialic acid-producing enzyme ST8SIA2 and disturbances in the cortical inhibitory system are associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. In mice, the ST8SIA2-dependent formation of polysialic acid during embryonic development is crucial for the establishment of interneuron populations of the medial prefrontal cortex. However, the spatial pattern and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms of interneuron changes caused by loss of ST8SIA2 function have not been fully characterized. Here, we use immunohistochemical analysis to demonstrate that densities of parvalbumin-positive interneurons are not only reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex, but also in the adjacent motor and somatosensory cortices of St8sia2-deficient male mice. These reductions, however, were confined to the rostral parts of the analyzed region. Mice with conditional knockout of St8sia2 under the interneuron-specific Lhx6 promoter, but not mice with a deletion under the Emx1 promoter that targets cortical excitatory neurons and glia, largely recapitulated the area-specific changes of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cortex of St8sia2-/- mice. Live imaging of interneuron migration in slice cultures of the developing cortex revealed a comparable reduction of directional persistence accompanied by increased branching of leading processes in slice cultures obtained from St8sia2-/- embryos or from embryos with interneuron-specific ablation of St8sia2. Together, the data demonstrate a cell-autonomous impact of ST8SIA2 on cortical interneuron migration and the distribution of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cortex. This provides a neurodevelopmental mechanism for how dysregulation of ST8SIA2 may lead to disturbed inhibitory balance as observed in schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute E Schuster
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Rossdam
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Röckle
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Schiff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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27
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Topographical cues control the morphology and dynamics of migrating cortical interneurons. Biomaterials 2019; 214:119194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Wei S, Du H, Li Z, Tao G, Xu Z, Song X, Shang Z, Su Z, Chen H, Wen Y, Liu G, You Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z. Transcription factors
Sp8
and
Sp9
regulate the development of caudal ganglionic eminence‐derived cortical interneurons. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2860-2874. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Heng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Guangxu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zicong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Haotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai China
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29
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Cell migration promotes dynamic cellular interactions to control cerebral cortex morphogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:318-329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Vaswani AR, Weykopf B, Hagemann C, Fried HU, Brüstle O, Blaess S. Correct setup of the substantia nigra requires Reelin-mediated fast, laterally-directed migration of dopaminergic neurons. eLife 2019; 8:41623. [PMID: 30689541 PMCID: PMC6349407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons migrate to form the laterally-located substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular processes. Here we visualize the dynamic cell morphologies of tangentially migrating SN-mDA neurons in 3D and identify two distinct migration modes. Slow migration is the default mode in SN-mDA neurons, while fast, laterally-directed migration occurs infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology. Tangential migration of SN-mDA neurons is altered in absence of Reelin signaling, but it is unclear whether Reelin acts directly on migrating SN-mDA neurons and how it affects their cell morphology and migratory behavior. By specifically inactivating Reelin signaling in mDA neurons we demonstrate its direct role in SN-mDA tangential migration. Reelin promotes laterally-biased movements in mDA neurons during their slow migration mode, stabilizes leading process morphology and increases the probability of fast, laterally-directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ravi Vaswani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hagemann
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Fried
- Light Microscope Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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31
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Martínez-Martínez MÁ, Ciceri G, Espinós A, Fernández V, Marín O, Borrell V. Extensive branching of radially-migrating neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1558-1576. [PMID: 30520050 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory neurons of the cerebral cortex migrate radially from their place of birth to their final position in the cortical plate during development. Radially-migrating neurons display a single leading process that establishes the direction of movement. This leading process has been described as being unbranched, and the occurrence of branches proposed to impair radial migration. Here we have analyzed the detailed morphology of leading process in radially-migrating pyramidal neurons and its impact on radial migration. We have compared ferret and mouse to identify differences between cortices that undergo folding or not. In mouse, we find that half of radially-migrating neurons exhibit a branched leading process, this being even more frequent in ferret. Branched leading processes are less parallel to radial glia fibers than those unbranched, suggesting some independence from radial glia fibers. Two-photon videomicroscopy revealed that a vast majority of neurons branch their leading process at some point during radial migration, but this does not reduce their migration speed. We have tested the functional impact of exuberant leading process branching by expressing a dominant negative Cdk5. We confirm that loss of Cdk5 function significantly impairs radial migration, but this is independent from increased branching of the leading process. We propose that excitatory neurons may branch their leading process as an evolutionary mechanism to allow cells changing their trajectory of migration to disperse laterally, such that increased branching in gyrencephalic species favors the tangential dispersion of radially-migrating neurons, and cortical folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Á Martínez-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Alexandre Espinós
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Virginia Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Oscar Marín
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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32
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Razetti A, Medioni C, Malandain G, Besse F, Descombes X. A stochastic framework to model axon interactions within growing neuronal populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006627. [PMID: 30507939 PMCID: PMC6292646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The confined and crowded environment of developing brains imposes spatial constraints on neuronal cells that have evolved individual and collective strategies to optimize their growth. These include organizing neurons into populations extending their axons to common target territories. How individual axons interact with each other within such populations to optimize innervation is currently unclear and difficult to analyze experimentally in vivo. Here, we developed a stochastic model of 3D axon growth that takes into account spatial environmental constraints, physical interactions between neighboring axons, and branch formation. This general, predictive and robust model, when fed with parameters estimated on real neurons from the Drosophila brain, enabled the study of the mechanistic principles underlying the growth of axonal populations. First, it provided a novel explanation for the diversity of growth and branching patterns observed in vivo within populations of genetically identical neurons. Second, it uncovered that axon branching could be a strategy optimizing the overall growth of axons competing with others in contexts of high axonal density. The flexibility of this framework will make it possible to investigate the rules underlying axon growth and regeneration in the context of various neuronal populations. Understanding how neuronal cells establish complex circuits with specific functions within a developing brain is a major current challenge. Over the last past years, enormous progress has been done to precisely resolve brain anatomy and to dissect the mechanisms controlling the establishment of precise neuronal networks. However, due to the extreme complexity of the brain, it is still experimentally difficult to investigate in vivo how neurons interact with each other and with their physical environments to innervate target territories during development. Here, we have developed a framework that integrates a dynamic 3D mathematical model of single axonal growth with parameters estimated from neurons grown in vivo and simulations of entire populations of growing axons. The emergent properties of our model enable the study of the mechanistic principles underlying the growth of axonal population in developing brains. Specifically, our results highlight the impact of mechanical interactions on both individual and collective axon growth, and uncover how branching regulate this process.
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33
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Lim L, Mi D, Llorca A, Marín O. Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons. Neuron 2018; 100:294-313. [PMID: 30359598 PMCID: PMC6290988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons have evolved as a highly heterogeneous collection of cell types that are characterized by their unique spatial and temporal capabilities to influence neuronal circuits. Current estimates suggest that up to 50 different types of GABAergic neurons may populate the cerebral cortex, all derived from progenitor cells in the subpallium, the ventral aspect of the embryonic telencephalon. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the generation of the distinct types of interneurons and their integration in cortical circuits. Interneuron diversity seems to emerge through the implementation of cell-intrinsic genetic programs in progenitor cells, which unfold over a protracted period of time until interneurons acquire mature characteristics. The developmental trajectory of interneurons is also modulated by activity-dependent, non-cell-autonomous mechanisms that influence their ability to integrate in nascent circuits and sculpt their final distribution in the adult cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Lim
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Da Mi
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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34
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Watanabe Y, Sakuma C, Yaginuma H. Visualization of Tangential Cell Migration in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30417886 DOI: 10.3791/58506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture can be recorded under video microscopy. For analyzing cell migration in the developing brain, slice culture is commonly used to observe cell migration parallel to the slice section, such as radial cell migration. However, limited information can be obtained from the slice culture method to analyze cell migration perpendicular to the slice section, such as tangential cell migration. Here, we present the protocols for time-lapse imaging to visualize tangential cell migration in the developing chick optic tectum. A combination of cell labeling by electroporation in ovo and a subsequent flat-mount culture on the cell culture insert enables detection of migrating cell movement in the horizontal plane. Moreover, our method facilitates detection of both individual cell behavior and the collective action of a group of cells in the long term. This method can potentially be applied to detect the sequential change of the fluorescent-labeled micro-structure, including the axonal elongation in the neural tissue or cell displacement in the non-neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University;
| | - Chie Sakuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
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35
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Symmank J, Bayer C, Schmidt C, Hahn A, Pensold D, Zimmer-Bensch G. DNMT1 modulates interneuron morphology by regulating Pak6 expression through crosstalk with histone modifications. Epigenetics 2018; 13:536-556. [PMID: 29912614 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1475980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, call increasing attention in the context of development and human health. Thereby, interactions between DNA methylating enzymes and histone modifications tremendously multiply the spectrum of potential regulatory functions. Epigenetic networks are critically involved in the establishment and functionality of neuronal circuits that are composed of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive inhibitory interneurons and excitatory principal neurons in the cerebral cortex. We recently reported a crucial role of the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) during the migration of immature POA-derived cortical interneurons by promoting the migratory morphology through repression of Pak6. However, the DNMT1-dependent regulation of Pak6 expression appeared to occur independently of direct DNA methylation. Here, we show that in addition to its DNA methylating activity, DNMT1 can act on gene transcription by modulating permissive H3K4 and repressive H3K27 trimethylation in developing inhibitory interneurons, similar to what was found in other cell types. In particular, the transcriptional control of Pak6, interactions of DNMT1 with the Polycomb-repressor complex 2 (PCR2) core enzyme EZH2, mediating repressive H3K27 trimethylations at regulatory regions of the Pak6 gene locus. Similar to what was observed upon Dnmt1 depletion, inhibition of EZH2 caused elevated Pak6 expression levels accompanied by increased morphological complexity, which was rescued by siRNA-mediated downregulation of Pak6 expression. Together, our data emphasise the relevance of DNMT1-dependent crosstalk with histone tail methylation for transcriptional control of genes like Pak6 required for proper cortical interneuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Symmank
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Cathrin Bayer
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Christiane Schmidt
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Anne Hahn
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Daniel Pensold
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany.,b Institute for Biology II , Division of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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36
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Pensold D, Symmank J, Hahn A, Lingner T, Salinas-Riester G, Downie BR, Ludewig F, Rotzsch A, Haag N, Andreas N, Schubert K, Hübner CA, Pieler T, Zimmer G. The DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Controls the Shape and Dynamics of Migrating POA-Derived Interneurons Fated for the Murine Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5696-5714. [PMID: 29117290 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferative niches in the subpallium generate a rich cellular variety fated for diverse telencephalic regions. The embryonic preoptic area (POA) represents one of these domains giving rise to the pool of cortical GABAergic interneurons and glial cells, in addition to striatal and residual POA cells. The migration from sites of origin within the subpallium to the distant targets like the cerebral cortex, accomplished by the adoption and maintenance of a particular migratory morphology, is a critical step during interneuron development. To identify factors orchestrating this process, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and detected Dnmt1 expression in murine migratory GABAergic POA-derived cells. Deletion of Dnmt1 in postmitotic immature cells of the POA caused defective migration and severely diminished adult cortical interneuron numbers. We found that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) preserves the migratory shape in part through negative regulation of Pak6, which stimulates neuritogenesis at postmigratory stages. Our data underline the importance of DNMT1 for the migration of POA-derived cells including cortical interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bryan R Downie
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Ludewig
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anne Rotzsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Natja Haag
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- FACS Core Facility, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Schubert
- FACS Core Facility, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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37
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Ka M, Moffat JJ, Kim WY. MACF1 Controls Migration and Positioning of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5525-5538. [PMID: 27756764 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons develop in the ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon and tangentially migrate into the cortical plate during development. However, key molecules controlling interneuron migration remain poorly identified. Here, we show that microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) regulates GABAergic interneuron migration and positioning in the developing mouse brain. To investigate the role of MACF1 in developing interneurons, we conditionally deleted the MACF1 gene in mouse interneuron progenitors and their progeny using Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP and Nkx2.1-Cre drivers. We found that MACF1 deletion results in a marked reduction and defective positioning of interneurons in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus, suggesting abnormal interneuron migration. Indeed, the speed and mode of interneuron migration were abnormal in the MACF1-mutant brain, compared with controls. Additionally, MACF1-deleted interneurons showed a significant reduction in the length of their leading processes and dendrites in the mouse brain. Finally, loss of MACF1 decreased microtubule stability in cortical interneurons. Our findings suggest that MACF1 plays a critical role in cortical interneuron migration and positioning in the developing mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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38
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Lim L, Pakan JMP, Selten MM, Marques-Smith A, Llorca A, Bae SE, Rochefort NL, Marín O. Optimization of interneuron function by direct coupling of cell migration and axonal targeting. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:920-931. [PMID: 29915195 PMCID: PMC6061935 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit assembly relies on the precise synchronization of developmental processes, such as cell migration and axon targeting, but the cell-autonomous mechanisms coordinating these events remain largely unknown. Here we found that different classes of interneurons use distinct routes of migration to reach the embryonic cerebral cortex. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons that migrate through the marginal zone develop into Martinotti cells, one of the most distinctive classes of cortical interneurons. For these cells, migration through the marginal zone is linked to the development of their characteristic layer 1 axonal arborization. Altering the normal migratory route of Martinotti cells by conditional deletion of Mafb-a gene that is preferentially expressed by these cells-cell-autonomously disrupts axonal development and impairs the function of these cells in vivo. Our results suggest that migration and axon targeting programs are coupled to optimize the assembly of inhibitory circuits in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Lim
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martijn M Selten
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - André Marques-Smith
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sung Eun Bae
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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39
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Watanabe Y, Sakuma C, Yaginuma H. Dispersing movement of tangential neuronal migration in superficial layers of the developing chick optic tectum. Dev Biol 2018; 437:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Sawada M, Ohno N, Kawaguchi M, Huang SH, Hikita T, Sakurai Y, Bang Nguyen H, Quynh Thai T, Ishido Y, Yoshida Y, Nakagawa H, Uemura A, Sawamoto K. PlexinD1 signaling controls morphological changes and migration termination in newborn neurons. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797404. [PMID: 29348324 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons maintain a very simple, bipolar shape, while they migrate from their birthplace toward their destinations in the brain, where they differentiate into mature neurons with complex dendritic morphologies. Here, we report a mechanism by which the termination of neuronal migration is maintained in the postnatal olfactory bulb (OB). During neuronal deceleration in the OB, newborn neurons transiently extend a protrusion from the proximal part of their leading process in the resting phase, which we refer to as a filopodium-like lateral protrusion (FLP). The FLP formation is induced by PlexinD1 downregulation and local Rac1 activation, which coincide with microtubule reorganization and the pausing of somal translocation. The somal translocation of resting neurons is suppressed by microtubule polymerization within the FLP The timing of neuronal migration termination, controlled by Sema3E-PlexinD1-Rac1 signaling, influences the final positioning, dendritic patterns, and functions of the neurons in the OB These results suggest that PlexinD1 signaling controls FLP formation and the termination of neuronal migration through a precise control of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Hikita
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youmei Sakurai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishido
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan .,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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41
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Amini R, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Neuronal Migration and Lamination in the Vertebrate Retina. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:742. [PMID: 29375289 PMCID: PMC5767219 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the retina, like in most other brain regions, developing neurons are arranged into distinct layers giving the mature tissue its stratified appearance. This process needs to be highly controlled and orchestrated, as neuronal layering defects lead to impaired retinal function. To achieve successful neuronal layering and lamination in the retina and beyond, three main developmental steps need to be executed: First, the correct type of neuron has to be generated at a precise developmental time. Second, as most retinal neurons are born away from the position at which they later function, newborn neurons have to move to their final layer within the developing tissue, a process also termed neuronal lamination. Third, these neurons need to connect to their correct synaptic partners. Here, we discuss neuronal migration and lamination in the vertebrate retina and summarize our knowledge on these aspects of retinal development. We give an overview of how lamination emerges and discuss the different modes of neuronal translocation that occur during retinogenesis and what we know about the cell biological machineries driving them. In addition, retinal mosaics and their importance for correct retinal function are examined. We close by stating the open questions and future directions in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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42
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Abstract
In the developing brain, MGE-derived interneuron precursors migrate tangentially long distances to reach the cortex in which they later establish connections with the principal cortical cells to control the activity of adult cortical circuits. Interneuron precursors exhibit complex morphologies and migratory properties, which are difficult to study in the heterogeneous and uncontrolled in vivo environment. Here, we describe two in vitro models in which the migration environment of interneuron precursors is significantly simplified and where their migration can be observed for one to 3 days. In one model, MGE-derived interneuron precursors are cultured and migrate on a flat synthetic substrate. In the other model, fluorescent MGE-derived interneuron precursors migrate on a monolayer of dissociated cortical cells. In both models, cell movements can be recorded by time-lapse microscopy for dynamic analyses.
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43
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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44
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Ruiz-Reig N, Studer M. Rostro-Caudal and Caudo-Rostral Migrations in the Telencephalon: Going Forward or Backward? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:692. [PMID: 29311773 PMCID: PMC5742585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and differentiation of an appropriate number of neurons, as well as its distribution in different parts of the brain, is crucial for the proper establishment, maintenance and plasticity of neural circuitries. Newborn neurons travel along the brain in a process known as neuronal migration, to finalize their correct position in the nervous system. Defects in neuronal migration produce abnormalities in the brain that can generate neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. In this review, we present an overview of the developmental origin of the different telencephalic subdivisions and a description of migratory pathways taken by distinct neural populations traveling long distances before reaching their target position in the brain. In addition, we discuss some of the molecules implicated in the guidance of these migratory paths and transcription factors that contribute to the correct migration and integration of these neurons.
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45
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Ka M, Kim WY. ANKRD11 associated with intellectual disability and autism regulates dendrite differentiation via the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 111:138-152. [PMID: 29274743 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of ANKRD11 due to deletion or truncation mutations causes KBG syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and craniofacial abnormalities. However, little is known about the neurobiological role of ANKRD11 during brain development. Here we show that ANKRD11 regulates pyramidal neuron migration and dendritic differentiation in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Using an in utero manipulation approach, we found that Ankrd11 knockdown delayed radial migration of cortical neurons. ANKRD11-deficient neurons displayed markedly reduced dendrite growth and branching as well as abnormal dendritic spine morphology. Ankrd11 knockdown suppressed acetylation of epigenetic molecules such as p53 and Histone H3. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of Trkb, Bdnf, and neurite growth-related genes were downregulated in ANKRD11-deficient cortical neurons. The Trkb promoter region was largely devoid of acetylated Histone H3 and p53, and was instead occupied with MeCP2 and DNMT1. Overexpression of TrkB rescued abnormal dendrite growth in these cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for ANKRD11 in neuron differentiation during brain development and suggest an epigenetic modification as a potential key molecular feature underlying KBG syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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46
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Neuregulin 3 Mediates Cortical Plate Invasion and Laminar Allocation of GABAergic Interneurons. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1157-1170. [PMID: 28147272 PMCID: PMC5300889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. These two main classes of cortical neurons follow largely different genetic programs, yet they assemble into highly specialized circuits during development following a very precise choreography. Previous studies have shown that signals produced by pyramidal cells influence the migration of cortical interneurons, but the molecular nature of these factors has remained elusive. Here, we identified Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) as a chemoattractive factor expressed by developing pyramidal cells that guides the allocation of cortical interneurons in the developing cortical plate. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches reveal that Nrg3 modulates the migration of interneurons into the cortical plate in a process that is dependent on the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4. Perturbation of Nrg3 signaling in conditional mutants leads to abnormal lamination of cortical interneurons. Nrg3 is therefore a critical mediator in the assembly of cortical inhibitory circuits. Nrg3 acts a short-range chemoattractive molecule for cortical interneurons Nrg3 functions through ErbB4 to attract interneurons into the cortical plate Interneurons prefer Cxcl12 over Nrg3 during tangential migration Disruption of Nrg3 signaling causes abnormal interneuron lamination in the cortex
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47
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Fused cerebral organoids model interactions between brain regions. Nat Methods 2017; 14:743-751. [PMID: 28504681 PMCID: PMC5540177 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human brain development involves complex interactions between different areas, including long distance neuronal migration or formation of major axonal tracts. 3D cerebral organoids allow the growth of diverse brain regions in vitro, but the random arrangement of regional identities limits the reliable analysis of complex phenotypes. Here, we describe a co-culture method combining various brain regions of choice within one organoid tissue. By fusing organoids specified toward dorsal and ventral forebrain, we generate a dorsal-ventral axis. Using fluorescent reporters, we demonstrate robust directional GABAergic interneuron migration from ventral into dorsal forebrain. We describe methodology for time-lapse imaging of human interneuron migration that is inhibited by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Our results demonstrate that cerebral organoid fusion cultures can model complex interactions between different brain regions. Combined with reprogramming technology, fusions offer the possibility to analyze complex neurodevelopmental defects using cells from neurological disease patients, and to test potential therapeutic compounds.
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48
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Azzarelli R, Oleari R, Lettieri A, Andre' V, Cariboni A. In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7050048. [PMID: 28448448 PMCID: PMC5447930 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental biological process that underlies proper brain development and neuronal circuit formation. In the developing cerebral cortex, distinct neuronal populations, producing excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory neurotransmitters, are generated in different germinative areas and migrate along various routes to reach their final positions within the cortex. Different technical approaches and experimental models have been adopted to study the mechanisms regulating neuronal migration in the cortex. In this review, we will discuss the most common in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques to visualize and study cortical neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Valentina Andre'
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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49
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Kaneko N, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Mechanisms of neuronal migration in the adult brain. J Neurochem 2017; 141:835-847. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medial Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
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Paredes MF, James D, Gil-Perotin S, Kim H, Cotter JA, Ng C, Sandoval K, Rowitch DH, Xu D, McQuillen PS, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Huang EJ, Alvarez-Buylla A. Extensive migration of young neurons into the infant human frontal lobe. Science 2017; 354:354/6308/aaf7073. [PMID: 27846470 PMCID: PMC5436574 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first few months after birth, when a child begins to interact with the environment, are critical to human brain development. The human frontal lobe is important for social behavior and executive function; it has increased in size and complexity relative to other species, but the processes that have contributed to this expansion are unknown. Our studies of postmortem infant human brains revealed a collection of neurons that migrate and integrate widely into the frontal lobe during infancy. Chains of young neurons move tangentially close to the walls of the lateral ventricles and along blood vessels. These cells then individually disperse long distances to reach cortical tissue, where they differentiate and contribute to inhibitory circuits. Late-arriving interneurons could contribute to developmental plasticity, and the disruption of their postnatal migration or differentiation may underlie neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Paredes
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David James
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Gil-Perotin
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.,Multiple Sclerosis and Neural Regeneration Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Hosung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carissa Ng
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kadellyn Sandoval
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jose-Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric J Huang
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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