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Qiao J, Li K, Miao N, Xu F, Han P, Dai X, Abdelkarim OF, Zhu M, Zhao Y. Additive and Dominance Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal the Genetic Basis of Heterosis Related to Growth Traits of Duhua Hybrid Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1944. [PMID: 38998055 PMCID: PMC11240614 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterosis has been extensively used for pig genetic breeding and production, but the genetic basis of heterosis remains largely elusive. Crossbreeding between commercial and native breeds provides a good model to parse the genetic basis of heterosis. This study uses Duhua hybrid pigs, a crossbreed of Duroc and Liangguang small spotted pigs, as materials to explore the genetic basis underlying heterosis related to growth traits at the genomic level. The mid-parent heterosis (MPH) analysis showed heterosis of this Duhua offspring on growth traits. In this study, we examined the impact of additive and dominance effects on 100 AGE (age adjusted to 100 kg) and 100 BF (backfat thickness adjusted to 100 kg) of Duhua hybrid pigs. Meanwhile, we successfully identified SNPs associated with growth traits through both additive and dominance GWASs (genome-wide association studies). These findings will facilitate the subsequent in-depth studies of heterosis in the growth traits of Duhua pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Qiao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kebiao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Na Miao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangjun Xu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pingping Han
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Omnia Fathy Abdelkarim
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengjin Zhu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wang J, Yu H, Zhang X, Zhou X, Tan Y, Li Z, Gu Y, Lin L. Prenatal diagnosis of a skeletal disorder characterized by rhizomelic shortening of limbs caused by compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene: Case report and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2477. [PMID: 38860479 PMCID: PMC11165336 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein kinase domain containing cytoplasmic (PKDCC) gene (OMIM#618821) is associated with bone development. Biallelic variants in the PKDCC gene can cause rhizomelic limb shortening with dysmorphic features. CASE REPORT A fetus was found to be rhizomelic limb shortening at 16 weeks of gestation and amniocentesis was performed at 19 weeks of gestation. Genomic DNA extracted from the amniotic fluid was subjected to chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and Trio-total whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES). Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate pathogenic variants. CMA was normal, while Trio-WES identified two compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene, namely c.417_c.423delCGGCGCG insTCATGGGCTCAGTACAC(p.G140fs*35) and c.345G>A (p.W115*,379). Then the fetus was aborted and the development of its bone cells were compared with that of a normal fetus of similar gestational age by histopathological examination. Clinical findings of the fetus were shortening humerus and femur, synophrys, much hair on the side face, simian line on the right palm, etc. Histopathological examination showed that the affected fetus had increased proliferative chondrocytes, widened proliferative bands, and delayed bone mineralization. CONCLUSIONS We reported a prenatal case of rhizomelic shortening of limbs caused by compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene, which emphasized the important role of Trio-WES for diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Huijun Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of PathologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiuyun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ya Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
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3
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Mohammed J, Arora N, Matthews HS, Hansen K, Bader M, Walsh S, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM, Swigut T, Claes P, Selleri L, Wysocka J. A common cis-regulatory variant impacts normal-range and disease-associated human facial shape through regulation of PKDCC during chondrogenesis. eLife 2024; 13:e82564. [PMID: 38483448 PMCID: PMC10939500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified thousands of genetic variants linked to phenotypic traits and disease risk. However, mechanistic understanding of how GWAS variants influence complex morphological traits and can, in certain cases, simultaneously confer normal-range phenotypic variation and disease predisposition, is still largely lacking. Here, we focus on rs6740960, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 2p21 locus, which in GWAS studies has been associated both with normal-range variation in jaw shape and with an increased risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefting. Using in vitro derived embryonic cell types relevant for human facial morphogenesis, we show that this SNP resides in an enhancer that regulates chondrocytic expression of PKDCC - a gene encoding a tyrosine kinase involved in chondrogenesis and skeletal development. In agreement, we demonstrate that the rs6740960 SNP is sufficient to confer chondrocyte-specific differences in PKDCC expression. By deploying dense landmark morphometric analysis of skull elements in mice, we show that changes in Pkdcc dosage are associated with quantitative changes in the maxilla, mandible, and palatine bone shape that are concordant with the facial phenotypes and disease predisposition seen in humans. We further demonstrate that the frequency of the rs6740960 variant strongly deviated among different human populations, and that the activity of its cognate enhancer diverged in hominids. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of how a common SNP can mediate normal-range and disease-associated morphological variation, with implications for the evolution of human facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaaved Mohammed
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Neha Arora
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Karissa Hansen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Maram Bader
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University IndianapolisIndianapolisUnited States
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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4
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Yan L, Cao J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zou J, Lou B, Zhuang D, Li H. Prenatal diagnosis to identify compound heterozygous variants in PKDCC that causes rhizomelic limb shortening with dysmorphic features in a fetus from China. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:190. [PMID: 37592254 PMCID: PMC10433562 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizomelic limb shortening with dysmorphic features (RLSDF) has already been a disorder of the rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia, just having a few reported cases. RLSDF is caused by protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic(PKDCC)gene variants. In this study, we describe the clinical features and potential RLSDF molecular etiology in a fetus from China. METHODS Genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from the fetal muscle tissue and parents' peripheral blood was subjected to chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and trio-based whole exome sequencing (Trio-WES). The candidate pathogenic variants were verified by using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Trio-WES identified two compound heterozygous variants in PKDCC, c.346delC (p.Pro117Argfs*113) and c.994G > T (p.Glu332Ter), inherited from the father and mother, respectively. Both variants are classified as pathogenic according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. CONCLUSIONS We reported the first prenatal case of RLSDF caused by PKDCC in the Chinese population. Our findings extended the variation spectrum of PKDCC and emphasized the necessity of WES for the early diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia and other ultrasound structural abnormalities in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yan
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Juan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yingwen Liu
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Jinghui Zou
- Department of Obstetrics, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Biying Lou
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Danyan Zhuang
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China.
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5
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Brütsch SM, Madzharova E, Pantasis S, Wüstemann T, Gurri S, Steenbock H, Gazdhar A, Kuhn G, Angel P, Bellusci S, Brinckmann J, Auf dem Keller U, Werner S, Bordoli MR. Mesenchyme-derived vertebrate lonesome kinase controls lung organogenesis by altering the matrisome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:89. [PMID: 36920550 PMCID: PMC10017657 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) is the only known secreted tyrosine kinase and responsible for the phosphorylation of a broad range of secretory pathway-resident and extracellular matrix proteins. However, its cell-type specific functions in vivo are still largely unknown. Therefore, we generated mice lacking the VLK gene (protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic (Pkdcc)) in mesenchymal cells. Most of the homozygous mice died shortly after birth, most likely as a consequence of their lung abnormalities and consequent respiratory failure. E18.5 embryonic lungs showed a reduction of alveolar type II cells, smaller bronchi, and an increased lung tissue density. Global mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics identified 97 proteins with significantly and at least 1.5-fold differential abundance between genotypes. Twenty-five of these had been assigned to the extracellular region and 15 to the mouse matrisome. Specifically, fibromodulin and matrilin-4, which are involved in extracellular matrix organization, were significantly more abundant in lungs from Pkdcc knockout embryos. These results support a role for mesenchyme-derived VLK in lung development through regulation of matrix dynamics and the resulting modulation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome M Brütsch
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeta Madzharova
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophia Pantasis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Till Wüstemann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Gurri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Kuhn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- German Lung Research Center (DCL), Giessen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mattia R Bordoli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Du S, Zhu C, Ren X, Chen X, Cui X, Guan S. Regulation of secretory pathway kinase or kinase-like proteins in human cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:942849. [PMID: 36825005 PMCID: PMC9941534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.942849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory pathway kinase or kinase-like proteins (SPKKPs) are effective in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus (GA), and extracellular space. These proteins are involved in secretory signaling pathways and are distinctive from typical protein kinases. Various reports have shown that SPKKPs regulate the tumorigenesis and progression of human cancer via the phosphorylation of various substrates, which is essential in physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence has revealed that the expression of SPKKPs in human cancers is regulated by multiple factors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contribution of SPKKPs in tumorigenesis and the progression of immunity. With the epidemic trend of immunotherapy, targeting SPKKPs may be a novel approach to anticancer therapy. This study briefly discusses the recent advances regarding SPKKPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenyang Red Cross Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Zeng J, Schmitz F, Isaksson S, Glas J, Arbab O, Andersson M, Sundell K, Eriksson LA, Swaminathan K, Törnroth-Horsefield S, Hedfalk K. High-resolution structure of a fish aquaporin reveals a novel extracellular fold. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201491. [PMID: 36229063 PMCID: PMC9559756 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional characterization of a fish AQP reveals a water-specific AQP with unique structural features that may have implications for channel gating in response to osmotic changes. Aquaporins are protein channels embedded in the lipid bilayer in cells from all organisms on earth that are crucial for water homeostasis. In fish, aquaporins are believed to be important for osmoregulation; however, the molecular mechanism behind this is poorly understood. Here, we present the first structural and functional characterization of a fish aquaporin; cpAQP1aa from the fresh water fish climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), a species that is of high osmoregulatory interest because of its ability to spend time in seawater and on land. These studies show that cpAQP1aa is a water-specific aquaporin with a unique fold on the extracellular side that results in a constriction region. Functional analysis combined with molecular dynamic simulations suggests that phosphorylation at two sites causes structural perturbations in this region that may have implications for channel gating from the extracellular side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - Florian Schmitz
- Department and Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simon Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Glas
- Department and Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olivia Arbab
- Department and Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department and Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Susanna Törnroth-Horsefield
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hedfalk
- Department and Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Maridas DE, Gamer L, Moore ER, Doedens AM, Yu Y, Ionescu A, Revollo L, Whitman M, Rosen V. Loss of Vlk in Prx1 + Cells Delays the Initial Steps of Endochondral Bone Formation and Fracture Repair in the Limb. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:764-775. [PMID: 35080046 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate lonesome kinase (Vlk) is a secreted tyrosine kinase important for normal skeletogenesis during embryonic development. Vlk null mice (Vlk-/- ) are born with severe craniofacial and limb skeletal defects and die shortly after birth. We used a conditional deletion model to remove Vlk in limb bud mesenchyme (Vlk-Prx1 cKO) to assess the specific requirement for Vlk expression by skeletal progenitor cells during endochondral ossification, and an inducible global deletion model (Vlk-Ubq iKO) to address the role of Vlk during fracture repair. Deletion of Vlk with Prx1-Cre recapitulated the limb skeletal phenotype of the Vlk-/- mice and enabled us to study the postnatal skeleton as Vlk-Prx1 cKO mice survived to adulthood. In Vlk-Prx1 cKO adult mice, limbs remained shorter with decreased trabecular and cortical bone volumes. Both Vlk-Prx1 cKO and Vlk-Ubq iKO mice had a delayed fracture repair response but eventually formed bridging calluses. Furthermore, levels of phosphorylated osteopontin (OPN) were decreased in tibias of Vlk-Ubq iKO, establishing OPN as a Vlk substrate in bone. In summary, our data indicate that Vlk produced by skeletal progenitor cells influences the timing and extent of chondrogenesis during endochondral bone formation and fracture repair. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Maridas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily R Moore
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annemiek M Doedens
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Leila Revollo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Pantasis S, Friemel J, Brütsch SM, Hu Z, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Dengjel J, Weber A, Werner S, Bordoli MR. Vertebrate lonesome kinase modulates the hepatocyte secretome to prevent perivascular liver fibrosis and inflammation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275016. [PMID: 35293576 PMCID: PMC9016620 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) is the only known extracellular tyrosine kinase, but its physiological functions are largely unknown. We show that VLK is highly expressed in hepatocytes of neonatal mice, but downregulated during adulthood. To determine the role of VLK in liver homeostasis and regeneration, we generated mice with a hepatocyte-specific knockout of the VLK gene (Pkdcc). Cultured progenitor cells established from primary hepatocytes of Pkdcc knockout mice produced a secretome, which promoted their own proliferation in 3D spheroids and proliferation of cultured fibroblasts. In vivo, Pkdcc knockout mice developed liver steatosis with signs of inflammation and perivascular fibrosis upon aging, combined with expansion of liver progenitor cells. In response to chronic CCl4-induced liver injury, the pattern of deposited collagen was significantly altered in these mice. The liver injury marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was increased in the secretome of VLK-deficient cultured progenitor cells and in liver tissues of aged or CCl4-treated knockout mice. These results support a key role for VLK and extracellular protein phosphorylation in liver homeostasis and repair through paracrine control of liver cell function and regulation of appropriate collagen deposition. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The secreted protein kinase VLK is released from hepatocytes and protects the liver from perivascular fibrosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Pantasis
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Otto-Stern Weg 7, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Friemel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Mirjam Brütsch
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Otto-Stern Weg 7, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joern Dengjel
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Otto-Stern Weg 7, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Renato Bordoli
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Otto-Stern Weg 7, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Revollo L, Merrill-Skoloff G, De Ceunynck K, Dilks JR, Guo S, Bordoli MR, Peters CG, Noetzli L, Ionescu A, Rosen V, Italiano JE, Whitman M, Flaumenhaft R. The secreted tyrosine kinase VLK is essential for normal platelet activation and thrombus formation. Blood 2022; 139:104-117. [PMID: 34329392 PMCID: PMC8718620 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins is observed in cell cultures and in vivo, but little is known about the functional roles of tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins. Vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) is a broadly expressed secretory pathway tyrosine kinase present in platelet α-granules. It is released from platelets upon activation and phosphorylates substrates extracellularly. Its role in platelet function, however, has not been previously studied. In human platelets, we identified phosphorylated tyrosines mapped to luminal or extracellular domains of transmembrane and secreted proteins implicated in the regulation of platelet activation. To determine the role of VLK in extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet function, we generated mice with a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deficiency of VLK. Platelets from these mice are normal in abundance and morphology but have significant changes in function both in vitro and in vivo. Resting and thrombin-stimulated VLK-deficient platelets exhibit a significant decrease in several tyrosine phosphobands. Results of functional testing of VLK-deficient platelets show decreased protease-activated receptor 4-mediated and collagen-mediated platelet aggregation but normal responses to adenosine 5'-diphosphate. Dense granule and α-granule release are reduced in these platelets. Furthermore, VLK-deficient platelets exhibit decreased protease-activated receptor 4-mediated Akt (S473) and Erk1/2 (T202/Y204) phosphorylation, indicating altered proximal signaling. In vivo, mice lacking VLK in megakaryocytes/platelets display strongly reduced platelet accumulation and fibrin formation after laser-induced injury of cremaster arterioles compared with control mice but with normal bleeding times. These studies show that the secretory pathway tyrosine kinase VLK is critical for stimulus-dependent platelet activation and thrombus formation, providing the first evidence that a secreted protein kinase is required for normal platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Revollo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Glenn Merrill-Skoloff
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James R Dilks
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shihui Guo
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mattia R Bordoli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Christian G Peters
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leila Noetzli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | | | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph E Italiano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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11
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A not so lonesome kinase secreted by platelets. Blood 2022; 139:8-9. [PMID: 34989772 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Ma J, Gao X, Li J, Gao H, Wang Z, Zhang L, Xu L, Gao H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhu B, Cai W, Wang C, Chen Y. Assessing the Genetic Background and Selection Signatures of Huaxi Cattle Using High-Density SNP Array. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123469. [PMID: 34944246 PMCID: PMC8698132 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huaxi cattle, a specialized beef cattle breed in China, has the characteristics of fast growth, high slaughter rate, and net meat rate, good reproductive performance, strong stress resistance, and wide adaptability. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic relationships of Huaxi cattle and its ancestor populations at the genome-wide level, as well as detecting the selection signatures of Huaxi cattle. Principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Huaxi cattle were obviously separated from other cattle populations. The admixture analysis showed that Huaxi cattle has distinct genetic structures among all populations at K = 4. It can be concluded that Huaxi cattle has formed its own unique genetic features. Using integrated haplotype score (iHS) and composite likelihood ratio (CLR) methods, we identified 143 and 199 potentially selected genes in Huaxi cattle, respectively, among which nine selected genes (KCNK1, PDLIM5, CPXM2, CAPN14, MIR2285D, MYOF, PKDCC, FOXN3, and EHD3) related to ion binding, muscle growth and differentiation, and immunity were detected by both methods. Our study sheds light on the unique genetic feature and phylogenetic relationship of Huaxi cattle, provides a basis for the genetic mechanism analysis of important economic traits, and guides further intensive breeding improvement of Huaxi cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Zezhao Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Han Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Hongwei Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Yahui Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Wentao Cai
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Congyong Wang
- Beijing Lianyu Beef Cattle Breeding Technology Limited Company, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.M.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (Z.W.); (L.Z.); (L.X.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (B.Z.); (W.C.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Secreted tyrosine kinase Vlk negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling by inducing lysosomal degradation of Smoothened. Biochem J 2020; 477:121-136. [PMID: 31845979 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vlk is a secreted tyrosine kinase that plays crucial roles during vertebrate embryonic development including skeletal formation. Genetic studies suggest that Vlk can modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway during skeletal development. Despite its potential roles as an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways, little is known regarding the molecular functions of Vlk. Here we show that Vlk can negatively regulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We found that Vlk can induce lysosomal degradation of Smoothened, a crucial transmembrane signal transducer of the Hedgehog pathway, through the interaction with the extracellular domain of Smoothened (Smo-ECD). In addition, we observed that Vlk can attenuate Hedgehog signaling-induced ciliary localization of Smoothened. Furthermore, Vlk-mediated suppression of Hedgehog signaling can be diminished by tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitutions in Smo-ECD. Taken together, these results suggest that Vlk may function as a signaling regulator in extracellular space to modulate the Hedgehog pathway.
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15
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Eriksson O, Mohlin C, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. The Human Platelet as an Innate Immune Cell: Interactions Between Activated Platelets and the Complement System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1590. [PMID: 31354729 PMCID: PMC6635567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in the circulatory system after an injury by forming a platelet thrombus, but they also occupy a central node in the intravascular innate immune system. This concept is supported by their extensive interactions with immune cells and the cascade systems of the blood. In this review we discuss the close relationship between platelets and the complement system and the role of these interactions during thromboinflammation. Platelets are protected from complement-mediated damage by soluble and membrane-expressed complement regulators, but they bind several complement components on their surfaces and trigger complement activation in the fluid phase. Furthermore, localized complement activation may enhance the procoagulant responses of platelets through the generation of procoagulant microparticles by insertion of sublytic amounts of C5b9 into the platelet membrane. We also highlight the role of post-translational protein modifications in regulating the complement system and the critical role of platelets in driving these reactions. In particular, modification of disulfide bonds by thiol isomerases and protein phosphorylation by extracellular kinases have emerged as important mechanisms to fine-tune complement activity in the platelet microenvironment. Lastly, we describe disorders with perturbed complement activation where part of the clinical presentation includes uncontrolled platelet activation that results in thrombocytopenia, and illustrate how complement-targeting drugs are alleviating the prothrombotic phenotype in these patients. Based on these clinical observations, we discuss the role of limited complement activation in enhancing platelet activation and consider how these drugs may provide opportunities for further dissecting the complex interactions between complement and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Mohlin
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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16
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Park BC, Reese M, Tagliabracci VS. Thinking outside of the cell: Secreted protein kinases in bacteria, parasites, and mammals. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:749-759. [PMID: 30941842 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous decades have seen an explosion in our understanding of protein kinase function in human health and disease. Hundreds of unique kinase structures have been solved, allowing us to create generalized rules for catalysis, assign roles of communities within the catalytic core, and develop specific drugs for targeting various pathways. Although our understanding of intracellular kinases has developed at a fast rate, our exploration into extracellular kinases has just begun. In this review, we will cover the secreted protein kinase families found in humans, bacteria, and parasites. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):749-759, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden C Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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17
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Sajan SA, Ganesh J, Shinde DN, Powis Z, Scarano MI, Stone J, Winter S, Tang S. Biallelic disruption of PKDCC is associated with a skeletal disorder characterised by rhizomelic shortening of extremities and dysmorphic features. J Med Genet 2018; 56:850-854. [PMID: 30478137 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During mouse embryonic development the protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic (Pkdcc) gene, also known as Vlk, is expressed in several tissues including the ventral midbrain, with particularly strong expression in branchial arches and limb buds. Homozygous Pkdcc knockout mice have dysmorphic features and shortened long bones as the most obvious morphological abnormalities. The human PKDCC gene has currently not been associated with any disorders. OBJECTIVE To use clinical diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) for providing genetic diagnoses to two apparently unrelated patients with similar skeletal abnormalities comprising rhizomelic shortening of limbs and dysmorphic features. METHODS Patient-parents trio DES was carried out and the identified candidate variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Each patient had a homozygous gene disrupting variant in PKDCC considered to explain the skeletal phenotypes shared by both. The first patient was homozygous for the nonsense variant p.(Tyr217*) (NM_1 38 370 c.651C>A) expected to result in nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant transcripts, whereas the second patient was homozygous for the splice donor variant c.639+1G>T predicted to abolish the donor splice site by three in silico splice prediction algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Biallelic gene disrupting variants in PKDCC in humans, just like in mice, cause dysmorphic features and rhizomelic shortening of limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin A Sajan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Jaya Ganesh
- Division of Genetics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deepali N Shinde
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Zöe Powis
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Maria I Scarano
- Division of Genetics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Division of Genetics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Susan Winter
- Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California, USA
| | - Sha Tang
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
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18
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Zhang H, Zhu Q, Cui J, Wang Y, Chen MJ, Guo X, Tagliabracci VS, Dixon JE, Xiao J. Structure and evolution of the Fam20 kinases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1218. [PMID: 29572475 PMCID: PMC5865150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fam20 proteins are novel kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins and proteoglycans. Fam20C phosphorylates hundreds of secreted proteins and is activated by the pseudokinase Fam20A. Fam20B phosphorylates a xylose residue to regulate proteoglycan synthesis. Despite these wide-ranging and important functions, the molecular and structural basis for the regulation and substrate specificity of these kinases are unknown. Here we report molecular characterizations of all three Fam20 kinases, and show that Fam20C is activated by the formation of an evolutionarily conserved homodimer or heterodimer with Fam20A. Fam20B has a unique active site for recognizing Galβ1-4Xylβ1, the initiator disaccharide within the tetrasaccharide linker region of proteoglycans. We further show that in animals the monomeric Fam20B preceded the appearance of the dimeric Fam20C, and the dimerization trait of Fam20C emerged concomitantly with a change in substrate specificity. Our results provide comprehensive structural, biochemical, and evolutionary insights into the function of the Fam20 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jixin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Mark J Chen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38015, USA
| | - Xing Guo
- The Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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19
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Maddala R, Skiba NP, Rao PV. Vertebrate Lonesome Kinase Regulated Extracellular Matrix Protein Phosphorylation, Cell Shape, and Adhesion in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2447-2460. [PMID: 27591737 PMCID: PMC5462548 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, is commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the trabecular meshwork (TM). Although dysregulated production and organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) is presumed to increase resistance to AH outflow and elevate IOP by altering TM cell contractile and adhesive properties, it is not known whether regulation of ECM protein phosphorylation via the secretory vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) influences TM cellular characteristics. Here, we tested this possibility. Experiments carried out in this study reveal that the 32 kDa protein is a prominent VLK isoform detectable in lysates and conditioned media (CM) of human TM cells. Increased levels of VLK were observed in CM of TM cells subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch, or treated with dexamethasone, TGF-β2, and TM cells expressing constitutively active RhoA GTPase. Downregulation of VLK expression in TM cells using siRNA decreased tyrosine phosphorylation (TyrP) of ECM proteins and focal adhesions, and induced changes in cell shape in association with reduced levels of actin stress fibers and phospho-paxillin. VLK was also demonstrated to regulate TGF-β2-induced TyrP of ECM proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that VLK secretion can be regulated by external cues, intracellular signal proteins, and mechanical stretch, and VLK can in turn regulate TyrP of ECM proteins secreted by TM cells and control cell shape, actin stress fibers, and focal adhesions. These observations indicate a potential role for VLK in homeostasis of AH outflow and IOP, and in the pathobiology of glaucoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2447-2460, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC. USA. 27710
| | - Nikolai P. Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC. USA. 27710
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC. USA. 27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC. USA. 27710
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20
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Hanamura K, Washburn HR, Sheffler-Collins SI, Xia NL, Henderson N, Tillu DV, Hassler S, Spellman DS, Zhang G, Neubert TA, Price TJ, Dalva MB. Extracellular phosphorylation of a receptor tyrosine kinase controls synaptic localization of NMDA receptors and regulates pathological pain. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002457. [PMID: 28719605 PMCID: PMC5515392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular phosphorylation of proteins was suggested in the late 1800s when it was demonstrated that casein contains phosphate. More recently, extracellular kinases that phosphorylate extracellular serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues of numerous proteins have been identified. However, the functional significance of extracellular phosphorylation of specific residues in the nervous system is poorly understood. Here we show that synaptic accumulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and pathological pain are controlled by ephrin-B-induced extracellular phosphorylation of a single tyrosine (p*Y504) in a highly conserved region of the fibronectin type III (FN3) domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2. Ligand-dependent Y504 phosphorylation modulates the EphB-NMDAR interaction in cortical and spinal cord neurons. Furthermore, Y504 phosphorylation enhances NMDAR localization and injury-induced pain behavior. By mediating inducible extracellular interactions that are capable of modulating animal behavior, extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation of EphBs may represent a previously unknown class of mechanism mediating protein interaction and function. The activity of proteins can be finely and reversibly tuned by post-translational modifications. The attachment of phosphate groups to tyrosine residues is one of such modifications. While the existence of extracellular phosphoproteins has been known, the functional significance of extracellular phosphorylation is poorly understood. Here we describe a single extracellular tyrosine whose inducible phosphorylation may represent an archetype for a new class of mechanism mediating protein—protein interaction and regulating protein function. We show that the interaction between EphB2—which occurs upon receptor activation by its ligand ephrin-B—and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) depends on extracellular phosphorylation of EphB2. This interaction regulates the localization of the NMDA receptor to synaptic sites in neurons. In vivo, EphB2 is phosphorylated in response to injury, and the subsequent up-regulation of the interaction between EphB2 and NMDA receptors enhances injury-induced pain behavior and mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. Importantly, our study defines a specific extracellular phosphorylation event as a mechanism driving protein interaction and suggests that extracellular phosphorylation of proteins is an underappreciated mechanism contributing to the development and function of the nervous system and synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hanamura
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Halley R. Washburn
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sean I. Sheffler-Collins
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nan L. Xia
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Henderson
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dipti V. Tillu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shayne Hassler
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Spellman
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Price
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Calabrò M, Porcelli S, Crisafulli C, Wang SM, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Albani D, Raimondi I, Forloni G, Bin S, Mattiaccio A, Mantovani V, Jun TY, Pae CU, Serretti A. Genetic Variants Within Key Nodes of the Cascade of Antipsychotic Mechanisms: Effects on Antipsychotic Response and Schizophrenia Psychopathology in a Naturalistic Treatment Setting in Two Independent Korean and Italian Samples. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1482-1497. [PMID: 28508933 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders. Genetic factors play an important role in both SCZ liability and its treatment outcome. In the present paper, we investigated the effects of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ten strong candidate genes involved with antipsychotics (APs) mechanisms of action. METHODS Two independent samples were investigated in the present study. Totals of 176 SCZ subjects and 326 controls of Korean ancestry, and 83 SCZ subjects and 194 controls of Italian ancestry were recruited and genotyped. SCZ risk and other parameters were also investigated. RESULTS Concerning APs response, only a nominal association with HOMER1 rs3822568 in the Korean sample was found. In the haplotype analysis, rs9801117 C-rs12668837 C-rs4621754 A haplotype within ESYT2 and NCAPG2 genes was associated with APs response in the same sample. As for secondary outcomes, rs7439 within PKDCC and rs12668837 within NCAPG2 were associated with SCZ risk in the Italian sample. In the haplotype analysis, rs2788478 G-rs2657375 T-rs1039621 A within the region between WDR60 and ESYT genes and rs2013 C (ESYT2)-rs6459896 A (NCAPG2) haplotypes were associated with SCZ in the same sample. No association was found in the Korean sample. Finally, our exploratory data suggest a possible modulation of HOMER1, ARC, BDNF, TXNRD2, WDR60, and ESYT2 genes in the APs response to specific symptom clusters. CONCLUSION Our results did not support a primary role for the genes investigated in the APs response. On the other hand, our secondary results suggest a possible involvement of NACPG2 and PKDCC in SCZ liability. Finally, our exploratory findings may deserve further investigations in specific studies.
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22
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Blank B, von Blume J. Cab45-Unraveling key features of a novel secretory cargo sorter at the trans-Golgi network. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:383-390. [PMID: 28372832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate and efficient delivery of proteins to specific domains of the plasma membrane or to the extracellular space is critical for the ordered function of surface receptors and proteins such as insulin, collagens, antibodies, extracellular proteases. The trans-Golgi network is responsible for sorting proteins onto specific carriers for transport to their final destination. The role of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the sorting of hydrolases destined for lysosomes has been studied extensively, but the sorting mechanisms for secreted proteins remains poorly understood. We recently described a novel process that links the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton to the membrane-anchored Ca2+ ATPase SPCA1 and the lumenal Ca2+-binding protein Cab45, which mediates sorting of a subset of secretory proteins at the TGN. In response to Ca2+ influx, Cab45 forms oligomers, enabling it to bind a variety of specific cargo molecules. Thus, we suggest that this represents a novel way to export cargo molecules without the need for a bona fide transmembrane cargo receptor. This review focuses on Cab45's molecular function and highlights its possible role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Blank
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julia von Blume
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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23
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Keira Y, Wada M, Ishikawa HO. Regulation of Drosophila Development by the Golgi Kinase Four-Jointed. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:143-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Zhu Q, Venzke D, Walimbe AS, Anderson ME, Fu Q, Kinch LN, Wang W, Chen X, Grishin NV, Huang N, Yu L, Dixon JE, Campbell KP, Xiao J. Structure of protein O-mannose kinase reveals a unique active site architecture. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27879205 PMCID: PMC5142810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘pseudokinase’ SgK196 is a protein O-mannose kinase (POMK) that catalyzes an essential phosphorylation step during biosynthesis of the laminin-binding glycan on α-dystroglycan. However, the catalytic mechanism underlying this activity remains elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of Danio rerio POMK in complex with Mg2+ ions, ADP, aluminum fluoride, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man trisaccharide substrate, thereby providing a snapshot of the catalytic transition state of this unusual kinase. The active site of POMK is established by residues located in non-canonical positions and is stabilized by a disulfide bridge. GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man is recognized by a surface groove, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc moiety mediates the majority of interactions with POMK. Expression of various POMK mutants in POMK knockout cells further validated the functional requirements of critical residues. Our results provide important insights into the ability of POMK to function specifically as a glycan kinase, and highlight the structural diversity of the human kinome. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22238.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Venzke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Ameya S Walimbe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Qiuyu Fu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yu
- Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, United States
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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25
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Klement E, Medzihradszky KF. Extracellular Protein Phosphorylation, the Neglected Side of the Modification. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:1-7. [PMID: 27834735 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o116.064188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The very existence of extracellular phosphorylation has been questioned for a long time, although casein phosphorylation was discovered a century ago. In addition, several modification sites localized on secreted proteins or on extracellular or lumenal domains of transmembrane proteins have been catalogued in large scale phosphorylation analyses, though in most such studies this aspect of cellular localization was not considered. Our review presents examples when additional analyses were performed on already public data sets that revealed a wealth of information about this "neglected side" of the modification. We also sum up accumulated knowledge about extracellular phosphorylation, including the discovery of Golgi-residing kinases and the special difficulties encountered in targeted analyses. We hope future phosphorylation studies will not ignore the existence of phosphorylation outside of the cell, and further discoveries will shed more light on its biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klement
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary, and
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary, and .,the §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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26
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Identification of new regulators of embryonic patterning and morphogenesis in Xenopus gastrulae by RNA sequencing. Dev Biol 2016; 426:429-441. [PMID: 27209239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During early vertebrate embryogenesis, cell fate specification is often coupled with cell acquisition of specific adhesive, polar and/or motile behaviors. In Xenopus gastrulae, tissues fated to form different axial structures display distinct motility. The cells in the early organizer move collectively and directionally toward the animal pole and contribute to anterior mesendoderm, whereas the dorsal and the ventral-posterior trunk tissues surrounding the blastopore of mid-gastrula embryos undergo convergent extension and convergent thickening movements, respectively. While factors regulating cell lineage specification have been described in some detail, the molecular machinery that controls cell motility is not understood in depth. To gain insight into the gene battery that regulates both cell fates and motility in particular embryonic tissues, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate differentially expressed genes in the early organizer, the dorsal and the ventral marginal zone of Xenopus gastrulae. We uncovered many known signaling and transcription factors that have been reported to play roles in embryonic patterning during gastrulation. We also identified many uncharacterized genes as well as genes that encoded extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins or potential regulators of actin cytoskeleton. Co-expression of a selected subset of the differentially expressed genes with activin in animal caps revealed that they had distinct ability to block activin-induced animal cap elongation. Most of these factors did not interfere with mesodermal induction by activin, but an ECM protein, EFEMP2, inhibited activin signaling and acted downstream of the activated type I receptor. By focusing on a secreted protein kinase PKDCC1, we showed with overexpression and knockdown experiments that PKDCC1 regulated gastrulation movements as well as anterior neural patterning during early Xenopus development. Overall, our studies identify many differentially expressed signaling and cytoskeleton regulators in different embryonic regions of Xenopus gastrulae and imply their functions in regulating cell fates and/or behaviors during gastrulation.
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27
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Ding Y, Colozza G, Zhang K, Moriyama Y, Ploper D, Sosa EA, Benitez MDJ, De Robertis EM. Genome-wide analysis of dorsal and ventral transcriptomes of the Xenopus laevis gastrula. Dev Biol 2016; 426:176-187. [PMID: 27016259 PMCID: PMC5033668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA sequencing has allowed high-throughput screening of differential gene expression in many tissues and organisms. Xenopus laevis is a classical embryological and cell-free extract model system, but its genomic sequence had been lacking due to difficulties arising from allotetraploidy. There is currently much excitement surrounding the release of the completed X. laevis genome (version 9.1) by the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), which provides a platform for genome-wide studies. Here we present a deep RNA-seq dataset of transcripts expressed in dorsal and ventral lips of the early Xenopus gastrula embryo using the new genomic information, which was further annotated by blast searches against the human proteome. Overall, our findings confirm previous results from differential screenings using other methods that uncovered classical dorsal genes such as Chordin, Noggin and Cerberus, as well as ventral genes such as Sizzled, Ventx, Wnt8 and Bambi. Complete transcriptome-wide tables of mRNAs suitable for data mining are presented, which include many novel dorsal- and ventral-specific genes. RNA-seq was very quantitative and reproducible, and allowed us to define dorsal and ventral signatures useful for gene set expression analyses (GSEA). As an example of a new gene, we present here data on an organizer-specific secreted protein tyrosine kinase known as Pkdcc (protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic) or Vlk (vertebrate lonesome kinase). Overexpression experiments indicate that Pkdcc can act as a negative regulator of Wnt/ β-catenin signaling independently of its kinase activity. We conclude that RNA-Seq in combination with the X. laevis complete genome now available provides a powerful tool for unraveling cell-cell signaling pathways during embryonic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Kelvin Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Diego Ploper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Eric A Sosa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Maria D J Benitez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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28
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Funato N, Nakamura M, Yanagisawa H. Molecular basis of cleft palates in mice. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:121-138. [PMID: 26322171 PMCID: PMC4549757 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, including complete or incomplete cleft palates, soft palate clefts, and submucosal cleft palates, is the most frequent congenital craniofacial anomaly in humans. Multifactorial conditions, including genetic and environmental factors, induce the formation of cleft palates. The process of palatogenesis is temporospatially regulated by transcription factors, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and membranous molecules; a single ablation of these molecules can result in a cleft palate in vivo. Studies on knockout mice were reviewed in order to identify genetic errors that lead to cleft palates. In this review, we systematically describe these mutant mice and discuss the molecular mechanisms of palatogenesis.
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29
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Vitorino M, Silva AC, Inácio JM, Ramalho JS, Gur M, Fainsod A, Steinbeisser H, Belo JA. Xenopus Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 Are Two New Tyrosine Kinases Involved in the Regulation of JNK Dependent Wnt/PCP Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135504. [PMID: 26270962 PMCID: PMC4536202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase Domain Containing, Cytoplasmic (PKDCC) is a protein kinase which has been implicated in longitudinal bone growth through regulation of chondrocytes formation. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Here, we identified two new members of the PKDCC family, Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 from Xenopus laevis. Interestingly, our knockdown experiments revealed that these two proteins are both involved on blastopore and neural tube closure during gastrula and neurula stages, respectively. In vertebrates, tissue polarity and cell movement observed during gastrulation and neural tube closure are controlled by Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) molecular pathway. Our results showed that Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 promote the recruitment of Dvl to the plasma membrane. But surprisingly, they revealed different roles in the induction of a luciferase reporter under the control of Atf2 promoter. While Pkdcc1 induces Atf2 expression, Pkdcc2 does not, and furthermore inhibits its normal induction by Wnt11 and Wnt5a. Altogether our data show, for the first time, that members of the PKDCC family are involved in the regulation of JNK dependent Wnt/PCP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vitorino
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Silva
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Inácio
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Silva Ramalho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michal Gur
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | | | - José António Belo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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30
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Yalak G, Olsen BR. Proteomic database mining opens up avenues utilizing extracellular protein phosphorylation for novel therapeutic applications. J Transl Med 2015; 13:125. [PMID: 25927841 PMCID: PMC4427915 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in extracellular signaling suggest that extracellular protein phosphorylation is a regulatory mechanism outside the cell. The list of reported active extracellular protein kinases and phosphatases is growing, and phosphorylation of an increasing number of extracellular matrix molecules and extracellular domains of trans-membrane proteins is being documented. Here, we use public proteomic databases, collagens – the major components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular signaling molecules and proteolytic enzymes as examples to assess what the roles of extracellular protein phosphorylation may be in health and disease. We propose that novel tools be developed to help assess the role of extracellular protein phosphorylation and translate the findings for biomedical applications. Furthermore, we suggest that the phosphorylation state of extracellular matrix components as well as the presence of extracellular kinases be taken into account when designing translational medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garif Yalak
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School/Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School/Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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31
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Sreelatha A, Kinch LN, Tagliabracci VS. The secretory pathway kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1687-93. [PMID: 25862977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a nearly universal post-translation modification involved in a plethora of cellular events. Even though phosphorylation of extracellular proteins had been observed, the identity of the kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins remained a mystery until only recently. Advances in genome sequencing and genetic studies have paved the way for the discovery of a new class of kinases that localize within the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the extracellular space. These novel kinases phosphorylate proteins and proteoglycans in the secretory pathway and appear to regulate various extracellular processes. Mutations in these kinases cause human disease, thus underscoring the biological importance of phosphorylation within the secretory pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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32
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Bordoli MR, Yum J, Breitkopf SB, Thon JN, Italiano JE, Xiao J, Worby C, Wong SK, Lin G, Edenius M, Keller TL, Asara JM, Dixon JE, Yeo CY, Whitman M. A secreted tyrosine kinase acts in the extracellular environment. Cell 2014; 158:1033-1044. [PMID: 25171405 PMCID: PMC4149754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins has been reported to occur extensively in vivo, no secreted protein tyrosine kinase has been identified. As a result, investigation of the potential role of extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation in physiological and pathological tissue regulation has not been possible. Here, we show that VLK, a putative protein kinase previously shown to be essential in embryonic development, is a secreted protein kinase, with preference for tyrosine, that phosphorylates a broad range of secreted and ER-resident substrate proteins. We find that VLK is rapidly and quantitatively secreted from platelets in response to stimuli and can tyrosine phosphorylate coreleased proteins utilizing endogenous as well as exogenous ATP sources. We propose that discovery of VLK activity provides an explanation for the extensive and conserved pattern of extracellular tyrosine phosphophorylation seen in vivo, and extends the importance of regulated tyrosine phosphorylation into the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia R Bordoli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jina Yum
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Susanne B Breitkopf
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Thon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph E Italiano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Carolyn Worby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Swee-Kee Wong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maja Edenius
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Keller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92031, USA
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Comes S, Gagliardi M, Laprano N, Fico A, Cimmino A, Palamidessi A, De Cesare D, De Falco S, Angelini C, Scita G, Patriarca EJ, Matarazzo MR, Minchiotti G. L-Proline induces a mesenchymal-like invasive program in embryonic stem cells by remodeling H3K9 and H3K36 methylation. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:307-21. [PMID: 24319666 PMCID: PMC3849245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as key mediators of crosstalk between metabolic flux, cellular signaling, and epigenetic regulation of cell fate. We found that the nonessential amino acid L-proline (L-Pro) acts as a signaling molecule that promotes the conversion of embryonic stem cells into mesenchymal-like, spindle-shaped, highly motile, invasive pluripotent stem cells. This embryonic-stem-cell-to-mesenchymal-like transition (esMT) is accompanied by a genome-wide remodeling of the H3K9 and H3K36 methylation status. Consistently, L-Pro-induced esMT is fully reversible either after L-Pro withdrawal or by addition of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which in turn reduces H3K9 and H3K36 methylation, promoting a mesenchymal-like-to-embryonic-stem-cell transition (MesT). These findings suggest that L-Pro, which is produced by proteolytic remodeling of the extracellular matrix, may act as a microenvironmental cue to control stem cell behavior. L-Pro induces a reversible embryonic-stem-to-mesenchymal-like transition (esMT) The esMT is characterized by a dynamic redistribution of E-cadherin L-Pro acts as an epigenetic modifier remodeling H3K9 and H3K36 methylation L-Pro and vitamin C regulate esMT-MesT plasticity modulating H3K9/H3K36 methylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Comes
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
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A novel predicted calcium-regulated kinase family implicated in neurological disorders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66427. [PMID: 23840464 PMCID: PMC3696010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalogues of protein kinases, the essential effectors of cellular signaling, have been charted in Metazoan genomes for a decade now. Yet, surprisingly, using bioinformatics tools, we predicted protein kinase structure for proteins coded by five related human genes and their Metazoan homologues, the FAM69 family. Analysis of three-dimensional structure models and conservation of the classic catalytic motifs of protein kinases present in four out of five human FAM69 proteins suggests they might have retained catalytic phosphotransferase activity. An EF-hand Ca2+-binding domain in FAM69A and FAM69B proteins, inserted within the structure of the kinase domain, suggests they may function as Ca2+-dependent kinases. The FAM69 genes, FAM69A, FAM69B, FAM69C, C3ORF58 (DIA1) and CXORF36 (DIA1R), are by large uncharacterised molecularly, yet linked to several neurological disorders in genetics studies. The C3ORF58 gene is found deleted in autism, and resides in the Golgi. Unusually high cysteine content and presence of signal peptides in some of the family members suggest that FAM69 proteins may be involved in phosphorylation of proteins in the secretory pathway and/or of extracellular proteins.
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Probst S, Zeller R, Zuniga A. The hedgehog target Vlk genetically interacts with Gli3 to regulate chondrocyte differentiation during mouse long bone development. Differentiation 2013; 85:121-30. [PMID: 23792766 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone development is orchestrated by the spatially and temporally coordinated differentiation of chondrocytes along the longitudinal axis of the cartilage anlage. Initially, the slowly proliferating, periarticular chondrocytes give rise to the pool of rapidly dividing columnar chondrocytes, whose expansion determines the length of the long bones. The Indian hedgehog (IHH) ligand regulates both the proliferation of columnar chondrocytes and their differentiation into post-mitotic hypertrophic chondrocytes in concert with GLI3, one of the main transcriptional effectors of HH signal transduction. In the absence of Hh signalling, the expression of Vlk (vertebrate lonesome kinase, also called Pkdcc) is increased. We now show that the shortening of limb long bones in Vlk-deficient mouse embryos is aggravated by additional inactivation of Gli3. Our analysis establishes that Vlk and Gli3 synergize to control the temporal kinetics of chondrocyte differentiation during long bone development. Whereas differentiation of limb mesenchymal progenitors into chondrocytes and the initial formation of the cartilage anlagen of the limb skeleton are not altered, Vlk and Gli3 are required for the temporally coordinated differentiation of periarticular into columnar and ultimately hypertrophic chondrocytes in long bones. In limbs lacking both Vlk and Gli3, the appearance of columnar and hypertrophic chondrocytes is severely delayed and zones of morphologically distinct chondrocytes are not established until E16.5. At the molecular level, these morphological alterations are reflected by delayed activation and lowered expression of Ihh, Pth1r and Col10a1 in long bone rudiments of double mutant limbs. In summary, our genetic analysis establishes that VLK plays a role in the IHH/GLI3 interactions and that Vlk and Gli3 cooperate to regulate long bone development by modulating the temporal kinetics of establishing columnar and hypertrophic chondrocyte domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Probst
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Melvin VS, Feng W, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Artinger KB, Williams T. A morpholino-based screen to identify novel genes involved in craniofacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:817-31. [PMID: 23559552 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory mechanisms underpinning facial development are conserved between diverse species. Therefore, results from model systems provide insight into the genetic causes of human craniofacial defects. Previously, we generated a comprehensive dataset examining gene expression during development and fusion of the mouse facial prominences. Here, we used this resource to identify genes that have dynamic expression patterns in the facial prominences, but for which only limited information exists concerning developmental function. RESULTS This set of ∼80 genes was used for a high-throughput functional analysis in the zebrafish system using Morpholino gene knockdown technology. This screen revealed three classes of cranial cartilage phenotypes depending upon whether knockdown of the gene affected the neurocranium, viscerocranium, or both. The targeted genes that produced consistent phenotypes encoded proteins linked to transcription (meis1, meis2a, tshz2, vgll4l), signaling (pkdcc, vlk, macc1, wu:fb16h09), and extracellular matrix function (smoc2). The majority of these phenotypes were not altered by reduction of p53 levels, demonstrating that both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms were involved in the craniofacial abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS This Morpholino-based screen highlights new genes involved in development of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton with wider relevance to formation of the face in other species, particularly mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Senkus Melvin
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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