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Le Pennec J, Makshakova O, Nevola P, Fouladkar F, Gout E, Machillot P, Friedel-Arboleas M, Picart C, Perez S, Vortkamp A, Vivès RR, Migliorini E. Glycosaminoglycans exhibit distinct interactions and signaling with BMP2 according to their nature and localization. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122294. [PMID: 38876708 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in modulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling represents a recent and underexplored area. Conflicting reports suggest a dual effect: some indicate a positive influence, while others demonstrate a negative impact. This duality suggests that the localization of GAGs (either at the cell surface or within the extracellular matrix) or the specific type of GAG may dictate their signaling role. The precise sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate (HS) responsible for BMP2 binding remain elusive. BMP2 exhibits a preference for binding to HS over other GAGs. Using well-characterized biomaterials mimicking the extracellular matrix, our research reveals that HS promotes BMP2 signaling in the extracellular space, contrary to chondroitin sulfate (CS), which enhances BMP2 bioactivity at the cell surface. Further observations indicate that a central IdoA (2S)-GlcNS (6S) tri-sulfated motif within HS hexasaccharides enhances binding. Nevertheless, BMP2 exhibits a degree of adaptability to various HS sulfation types and sequences. Molecular dynamic simulations attribute this adaptability to the BMP2 N-terminal end flexibility. Our findings illustrate the complex interplay between GAGs and BMP signaling, highlighting the importance of localization and specific sulfation patterns. This understanding has implications for the development of biomaterials with tailored properties for therapeutic applications targeting BMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Le Pennec
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes Lab, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paola Nevola
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Farah Fouladkar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Catherine Picart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Perez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Developmental Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Migliorini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Li H, Chen G. Potential therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:339-367. [PMID: 38055160 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incapacitating and one of the most common physically degenerative conditions with an assorted etiology and a highly complicated molecular mechanism that to date lacks an efficient treatment. The capacity to design biological networks and accurately modify existing genomic sites holds an apt potential for applications across medical and biotechnological sciences. One of these highly specific genomes editing technologies is the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, referred to as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which is a defense mechanism constituted by CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) directed by small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) that bind to target DNA through Watson-Crick base pairing rules where subsequent repair of the target DNA is initiated. Up-to-date research has established the effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism in targeting the genetic and epigenetic alterations in OA by suppressing or deleting gene expressions and eventually distributing distinctive anti-arthritic properties in both in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritic models. This review aims to epitomize the role of this high-throughput and multiplexed gene editing method as an analogous therapeutic strategy that could greatly facilitate the clinical development of OA-related treatments since it's reportedly an easy, minimally invasive technique, and a comparatively less painful method for osteoarthritic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Embryogenic Diseases, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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3
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Xue H, Jiang J, Gao J, Guo M, Tang Q, Li X, Lu H, Sun X, Wu J, Zhang Y. Correlation of TGF-β signaling pathway gene polymorphisms with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35697. [PMID: 37904417 PMCID: PMC10615491 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of key genes in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway and their gene polymorphisms with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of gene polymorphisms related to the TGF-β signaling pathway in URSA women. METHODS The study population consisted of 80 women with URSA and 90 normal control women, of which 10 women with URSA and 10 normal control women underwent high-throughput sequencing to select loci, and the remaining 70 women with URSA and 80 normal control women underwent flight mass spectrometry experiments to verify gene loci polymorphism. A total of 7 polymorphic loci in interleukin-6 (IL-6), TGF-β1, TNF-α, SMAD1, and TNFRSF4 genes were screened by high-throughput sequencing combined with a review of databases. An SNP flight mass spectrometer (Mass ARRAY detection system) was applied to detect the polymorphisms and their frequencies in 70 women with URSA and 80 normal control women at the 7 gene loci. RESULTS Among the 7 loci of IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α, SMAD1, and TNFRSF4 genes, 2 loci were found to have significantly different allele and genotype frequency distributions between the 70 URSA and 80 normal controls, one was the IL-6 gene -174G/C locus (rs1800795), the risk of disease was 2.636 and 3.231 times higher in individuals carrying the C allele and CC genotype than in those carrying the G allele and GG genotype, respectively; the other was the TGF-β1 gene -509T/C locus (rs1800469), and the risk of disease was 1.959 and 3.609 times higher in individuals carrying the T allele and TT genotype than in those carrying the C allele and CC genotype, respectively. The remaining 5 genetic loci have no statistically significant. CONCLUSION IL-6 gene -174G/C locus (rs1800795) genotype CC and allele C may be the causative factor of URSA, TGF-β1 gene -509T/C locus (rs1800469) genotype TT and allele T may be the causative factor of URSA, and polymorphisms of the 2 loci may be associated with URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Xue
- Department of Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Jiang
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Gao
- Department of Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyin Tang
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Lu
- Department of Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiayu Sun
- Department of Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianrui Wu
- Department of Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Sun YH, Wu YL, Liao BY. Phenotypic heterogeneity in human genetic diseases: ultrasensitivity-mediated threshold effects as a unifying molecular mechanism. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:58. [PMID: 37525275 PMCID: PMC10388531 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is very common in genetic systems and in human diseases and has important consequences for disease diagnosis and treatment. In addition to the many genetic and non-genetic (e.g., epigenetic, environmental) factors reported to account for part of the heterogeneity, we stress the importance of stochastic fluctuation and regulatory network topology in contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity. We argue that a threshold effect is a unifying principle to explain the phenomenon; that ultrasensitivity is the molecular mechanism for this threshold effect; and discuss the three conditions for phenotypic heterogeneity to occur. We suggest that threshold effects occur not only at the cellular level, but also at the organ level. We stress the importance of context-dependence and its relationship to pleiotropy and edgetic mutations. Based on this model, we provide practical strategies to study human genetic diseases. By understanding the network mechanism for ultrasensitivity and identifying the critical factor, we may manipulate the weak spot to gently nudge the system from an ultrasensitive state to a stable non-disease state. Our analysis provides a new insight into the prevention and treatment of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Henry Sun
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Lin Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wei-Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Yang Liao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Zhu R, Santat LA, Markson JS, Nandagopal N, Gregrowicz J, Elowitz MB. Reconstitution of morphogen shuttling circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9336. [PMID: 37436981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing tissues form spatial patterns by establishing concentration gradients of diffusible signaling proteins called morphogens. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) morphogen pathway uses a family of extracellular modulators to reshape signaling gradients by actively "shuttling" ligands to different locations. It has remained unclear what circuits are sufficient to enable shuttling, what other patterns they can generate, and whether shuttling is evolutionarily conserved. Here, using a synthetic, bottom-up approach, we compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of different extracellular circuits. Three proteins-Chordin, Twsg, and the BMP-1 protease-successfully displaced gradients by shuttling ligands away from the site of production. A mathematical model explained the different spatial dynamics of this and other circuits. Last, combining mammalian and Drosophila components in the same system suggests that shuttling is a conserved capability. Together, these results reveal principles through which extracellular circuits control the spatiotemporal dynamics of morphogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Leah A Santat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph S Markson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Gregrowicz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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6
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Thompson MJ, Young CA, Munnamalai V, Umulis DM. Early radial positional information in the cochlea is optimized by a precise linear BMP gradient and enhanced by SOX2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8567. [PMID: 37237002 PMCID: PMC10219982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Positional information encoded in signaling molecules is essential for early patterning in the prosensory domain of the developing cochlea. The sensory epithelium, the organ of Corti, contains an exquisite repeating pattern of hair cells and supporting cells. This requires precision in the morphogen signals that set the initial radial compartment boundaries, but this has not been investigated. To measure gradient formation and morphogenetic precision in developing cochlea, we developed a quantitative image analysis procedure measuring SOX2 and pSMAD1/5/9 profiles in mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)12.5, E13.5, and E14.5. Intriguingly, we found that the pSMAD1/5/9 profile forms a linear gradient up to the medial ~ 75% of the PSD from the pSMAD1/5/9 peak in the lateral edge during E12.5 and E13.5. This is a surprising activity readout for a diffusive BMP4 ligand secreted from a tightly constrained lateral region since morphogens typically form exponential or power-law gradient shapes. This is meaningful for gradient interpretation because while linear profiles offer the theoretically highest information content and distributed precision for patterning, a linear morphogen gradient has not yet been observed. Furthermore, this is unique to the cochlear epithelium as the pSMAD1/5/9 gradient is exponential in the surrounding mesenchyme. In addition to the information-optimized linear profile, we found that while pSMAD1/5/9 is stable during this timeframe, an accompanying gradient of SOX2 shifts dynamically. Last, through joint decoding maps of pSMAD1/5/9 and SOX2, we see that there is a high-fidelity mapping between signaling activity and position in the regions that will become Kölliker's organ and the organ of Corti. Mapping is ambiguous in the prosensory domain precursory to the outer sulcus. Altogether, this research provides new insights into the precision of early morphogenetic patterning cues in the radial cochlea prosensory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Thompson
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Caryl A Young
- University of Maine, 168 College Ave, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Vidhya Munnamalai
- University of Maine, 168 College Ave, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - David M Umulis
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Spanou CES, Wohl AP, Doherr S, Correns A, Sonntag N, Lütke S, Mörgelin M, Imhof T, Gebauer JM, Baumann U, Grobe K, Koch M, Sengle G. Targeting of bone morphogenetic protein complexes to heparin/heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in bioactive conformation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22717. [PMID: 36563024 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200904r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are powerful regulators of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the specific molecular requirements controlling the bioavailability of BMPs in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are not yet fully understood. Our previous work showed that BMPs are targeted to the ECM as growth factor-prodomain (GF-PD) complexes (CPLXs) via specific interactions of their PDs. We showed that BMP-7 PD binding to the extracellular microfibril component fibrillin-1 renders the CPLXs from an open, bioactive V-shape into a closed, latent ring shape. Here, we show that specific PD interactions with heparin/heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) allow to target and spatially concentrate BMP-7 and BMP-9 CPLXs in bioactive V-shape conformation. However, targeting to GAGs may be BMP specific, since BMP-10 GF and CPLX do not interact with heparin. Bioactivity assays on solid phase in combination with interaction studies showed that the BMP-7 PD protects the BMP-7 GF from inactivation by heparin. By using transmission electron microscopy, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis, we determined the BMP-7 PD-binding site for heparin. Further, fine-mapping of the fibrillin-1-binding site within the BMP-7 PD and molecular modeling showed that both binding sites are mutually exclusive in the open V- versus closed ring-shape conformation. Together, our data suggest that targeting exquisite BMP PD-binding sites by extracellular protein and GAG scaffolds integrates BMP GF bioavailability in a contextual manner in development, postnatal life, and connective tissue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara E S Spanou
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander P Wohl
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Doherr
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annkatrin Correns
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Sonntag
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Lütke
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Colzyx AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan M Gebauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany
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Pokhrel N, Genin O, Sela-Donenfeld D, Cinnamon Y. Storage temperature dictates the ability of chicken embryos to successfully resume development by regulating expression of blastulation and gastrulation genes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:960061. [PMID: 36589431 PMCID: PMC9800875 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.960061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian embryo has a remarkable ability that allows it to suspend its development during blastulation for a long time at low temperatures, and to resume normal development when incubated. This ability is used by poultry hatcheries to store eggs prior to incubation. We have previously found that this ability correlates with the temperature during storage; embryos recover much better following prolonged storage at 12°C rather than at 18°C. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. To successfully resume development following storage, the embryo has to shift from the blastulation phase to gastrulation. Several genes are known to partake in the blastulation-to-gastrulation transition under normal conditions, such as the pluripotency-related genes Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) and NANOG that are expressed during blastulation, and the gastrulation-regulating genes NODAL and Brachyury (TBXT). However, their expression and activity following storage is unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that initiate the ability to successfully transit from blastulation to gastrulation following storage, embryos were stored for 28 days at 12°C or 18°C, and were assessed either prior to incubation, 12, or 18 h of incubation at 37.8°C. Immediately following storage at 18°C group showed remarkable impaired morphology compared to the blastoderm of the 12°C group and of non-stored control embryos. Concurrently with these, expression of ID2 and NANOG was maintained following storage at 12°C similar to the control group, but was significantly reduced upon storage at 18°C. Nevertheless, when the 18°C-stored embryos were incubated, the morphology and the reduced genes were reverted to resemble those of the 12°C group. At variance, key gastrulation genes, NODAL and its downstream effector Brachyury (TBXT), which were similarly expressed in the control and the 12°C group, were not restored in the 18°C embryos following incubation. Notably, ectopic administration of Activin rescued NODAL and TBXT expression in the 18°C group, indicating that these embryos maintain the potential to initiate. Collectively, this study suggests a temperature-dependent mechanisms that direct the transition from blastulation to gastrulation. These mechanisms promote a successful developmental resumption following prolonged storage at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pokhrel
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel,*Correspondence: Dalit Sela-Donenfeld, ; Yuval Cinnamon,
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel,*Correspondence: Dalit Sela-Donenfeld, ; Yuval Cinnamon,
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9
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Schmidt-Ott U, Kwan CW. How two extraembryonic epithelia became one: serosa and amnion features and functions of Drosophila's amnioserosa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210265. [PMID: 36252222 PMCID: PMC9574642 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conservation of gene networks that specify and differentiate distinct tissues has long been a subject of great interest to evolutionary developmental biologists, but the question of how pre-existing tissue-specific developmental trajectories merge is rarely asked. During the radiation of flies, two extraembryonic epithelia, known as serosa and amnion, evolved into one, called amnioserosa. This unique extraembryonic epithelium is found in fly species of the group Schizophora, including the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, and has been studied in depth. Close relatives of this group develop a serosa and a rudimentary amnion. The scuttle fly Megaselia abdita has emerged as an excellent model organism to study this extraembryonic tissue organization. In this review, development and functions of the extraembryonic tissue complements of Drosophila and Megaselia are compared. It is concluded that the amnioserosa combines cells, genetic pathway components and functions that were previously associated either with serosa development or amnion development. The composite developmental trajectory of the amnioserosa raises the question of whether merging tissue-specific gene networks is a common evolutionary process. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schmidt-Ott
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun Wai Kwan
- Laboratory for Epithelial Morphogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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10
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Frampton SL, Sutcliffe C, Baldock C, Ashe HL. Modelling the structure of Short Gastrulation and generation of a toolkit for studying its function in Drosophila. Biol Open 2022; 11:275491. [PMID: 35603711 PMCID: PMC9194680 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A BMP gradient is essential for patterning the dorsal-ventral axis of invertebrate and vertebrate embryos. The extracellular BMP binding protein Short Gastrulation (Sog) in Drosophila plays a key role in BMP gradient formation. In this study, we combine genome editing, structural and developmental approaches to study Sog function in Drosophila. We generate a sog knockout fly stock, which allows simple reintegration of altered versions of the sog coding sequence. As proof-of-principle, we test the requirement for two cysteine residues that were previously identified as targets for palmitoylation, which has been proposed to enhance Sog secretion. However, we show that the sogC27,28S mutant is viable with only very mild phenotypes, indicating that these residues and their potential modification are not critical for Sog secretion in vivo. Additionally, we use experimental negative stain EM imaging and hydrodynamic data to validate the AlphaFold structure prediction for Sog. The model suggests a more compact shape than the vertebrate ortholog Chordin and conformational flexibility between the C-terminal von Willebrand C domains. We discuss how this altered compactness may contribute to mechanistic differences in Sog and Chordin function during BMP gradient formation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Frampton
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Catherine Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,Authors for correspondence (, )
| | - Hilary L. Ashe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,Authors for correspondence (, )
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11
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Bordukalo-Nikšić T, Kufner V, Vukičević S. The Role Of BMPs in the Regulation of Osteoclasts Resorption and Bone Remodeling: From Experimental Models to Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869422. [PMID: 35558080 PMCID: PMC9086899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to mechanical forces and the aging process, bone in the adult skeleton is continuously remodeled by a process in which old and damaged bone is removed by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and subsequently is replaced by new bone by bone-forming cells, osteoblasts. During this essential process of bone remodeling, osteoclastic resorption is tightly coupled to osteoblastic bone formation. Bone-resorbing cells, multinuclear giant osteoclasts, derive from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage and their differentiation is driven by distinct signaling molecules and transcription factors. Critical factors for this process are Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) and Receptor Activator Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). Besides their resorption activity, osteoclasts secrete coupling factors which promote recruitment of osteoblast precursors to the bone surface, regulating thus the whole process of bone remodeling. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of multi-functional growth factors involved in numerous molecular and signaling pathways, have significant role in osteoblast-osteoclast communication and significantly impact bone remodeling. It is well known that BMPs help to maintain healthy bone by stimulating osteoblast mineralization, differentiation and survival. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that BMPs not only help in the anabolic part of bone remodeling process but also significantly influence bone catabolism. The deletion of the BMP receptor type 1A (BMPRIA) in osteoclasts increased osteoblastic bone formation, suggesting that BMPR1A signaling in osteoclasts regulates coupling to osteoblasts by reducing bone-formation activity during bone remodeling. The dual effect of BMPs on bone mineralization and resorption highlights the essential role of BMP signaling in bone homeostasis and they also appear to be involved in pathological processes in inflammatory disorders affecting bones and joints. Certain BMPs (BMP2 and -7) were approved for clinical use; however, increased bone resorption rather than formation were observed in clinical applications, suggesting the role BMPs have in osteoclast activation and subsequent osteolysis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of BMP signaling in osteoclasts, its role in osteoclast resorption, bone remodeling, and osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. Furthermore, discussion of clinical application of recombinant BMP therapy is based on recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Nikšić
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Kufner
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Vukičević
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family includes cytokines controlling cell behavior, differentiation and homeostasis of various tissues including components of the immune system. Despite well recognized importance of TGF-β in controlling T cell functions, the immunomodulatory roles of many other members of the TGF-β cytokine family, especially bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), start to emerge. Bone Morphogenic Protein Receptor 1α (BMPR1α) is upregulated by activated effector and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg cells) and modulates functions of both of these cell types. BMPR1α inhibits generation of proinflammatory Th17 cells and sustains peripheral Treg cells. This finding underscores the importance of the BMPs in controlling Treg cell plasticity and transition between Treg and Th cells. BMPR1α deficiency in in vitro induced and peripheral Treg cells led to upregulation of Kdm6b (Jmjd3) demethylase, an antagonist of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a (p21Cip1) promoting cell senescence. This indicates that BMPs and BMPR1α may represent regulatory modules shaping epigenetic landscape and controlling proinflammatory reprogramming of Th and Treg cells. Revealing functions of other BMP receptors and their crosstalk with receptors for TGF-β will contribute to our understanding of peripheral immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
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13
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Mo YQ, Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Odani T, Perez P, Ji Y, French BN, Pranzatelli TJ, Michael DG, Yin H, Chow SS, Khalaj M, Afione SA, Zheng C, Oliveira FR, Motta ACF, Ribeiro-Silva A, Rocha EM, Nguyen CQ, Noguchi M, Atsumi T, Warner BM, Chiorini JA. Lysosomal exocytosis of HSP70 stimulates monocytic BMP6 expression in Sjögren's syndrome. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e152780. [PMID: 35113815 PMCID: PMC8920330 DOI: 10.1172/jci152780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP6 is a central cytokine in the induction of Sjögren's syndrome-associated (SS-associated) secretory hypofunction. However, the upstream initiation leading to the production of this cytokine in SS is unknown. In this study, RNA ISH on salivary gland sections taken from patients with SS indicated monocytic lineage cells as a cellular source of BMP6. RNA-Seq data on human salivary glands suggested that TLR4 signaling was an upstream regulator of BMP6, which was confirmed by in vitro cell assays and single-cell transcriptomics of human PBMCs. Further investigation showed that HSP70 was an endogenous natural TLR4 ligand that stimulated BMP6 expression in SS. Release of HSP70 from epithelial cells could be triggered by overexpression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3), a protein also associated with SS in several transcriptome studies. In vitro studies supported the idea that HSP70 was released as a result of lysosomal exocytosis initiated by LAMP3 expression, and reverse transcription PCR on RNA from minor salivary glands of patients with SS confirmed a positive correlation between BMP6 and LAMP3 expression. BMP6 expression could be experimentally induced in mice by overexpression of LAMP3, which developed an SS-like phenotype. The newly identified LAMP3/HSP70/BMP6 axis provided an etiological model for SS gland dysfunction and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paola Perez
- AAV Biology Section and
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina F. Motta
- Department of Stomatology, Public Health and Forensic Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto
| | | | - Eduardo M. Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Blake M. Warner
- AAV Biology Section and
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Yang S, Wu X, Daoutidou EI, Zhang Y, Shimell M, Chuang KH, Peterson AJ, O'Connor MB, Zheng X. The NDNF-like factor Nord is a Hedgehog-induced extracellular BMP modulator that regulates Drosophila wing patterning and growth. eLife 2022; 11:73357. [PMID: 35037619 PMCID: PMC8856659 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) pattern the developing Drosophila wing by functioning as short- and long-range morphogens, respectively. Here, we show that a previously unknown Hh-dependent mechanism fine-tunes the activity of BMPs. Through genome-wide expression profiling of the Drosophila wing imaginal discs, we identify nord as a novel target gene of the Hh signaling pathway. Nord is related to the vertebrate Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (NDNF) involved in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and several types of cancer. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses implicate Nord in the regulation of wing growth and proper crossvein patterning. At the molecular level, we present biochemical evidence that Nord is a secreted BMP-binding protein and localizes to the extracellular matrix. Nord binds to Decapentaplegic (Dpp) or the heterodimer Dpp-Glass-bottom boat (Gbb) to modulate their release and activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nord is a dosage-dependent BMP modulator, where low levels of Nord promote and high levels inhibit BMP signaling. Taken together, we propose that Hh-induced Nord expression fine-tunes both the range and strength of BMP signaling in the developing Drosophila wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Euphrosyne I Daoutidou
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - MaryJane Shimell
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Kun-Han Chuang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Aidan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
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15
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Chang WC, Lee CH, Chiou SH, Liao CC, Cheng CW. Proteomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor Proteins in Association with Cataract Risks: Diabetes and Smoking. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245731. [PMID: 34945026 PMCID: PMC8703435 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts are one of the most common eye diseases that can cause blindness. Discovering susceptibility factors in the proteome that contribute to cataract development would be helpful in gaining new insights in the molecular mechanisms of the cataract process. We used label-free nanoflow ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to compare aqueous humor protein expressions in cataract patients with different cataract risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking and in controls (with cataract) without risk exposure. Eight patients with diabetes and who smoked (with double risk factors), five patients with diabetes and five patients who smoked (both with a single risk factor), and nine aged-matched cataract controls patients (non-risk exposure) were enrolled. In total, 136 aqueous humor proteins were identified, of which only alpha-2-Heremans–Schmid (HS)-glycoprotein was considered to be significantly risk-associated because it was differentially expressed in these three groups and exhibited increased expression with increasing risk factors. Significant changes in the aqueous humor level of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein between DM and control samples and between smoking and control samples were confirmed using ELISA. The alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, called fetuin-a, could be a potential aqueous biomarker associated with DM and smoking, which were cataract risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Hao Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Metabolomics-Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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16
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Ling Z, Yang C, Tan J, Dou C, Chen Y. Beyond immunosuppressive effects: dual roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in bone-related diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7161-7183. [PMID: 34635950 PMCID: PMC11072300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells (IMCs) with immunosuppressive functions, whereas IMCs originally differentiate into granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) to participate in innate immunity under steady-state conditions. At present, difficulties remain in identifying MDSCs due to lacking of specific biomarkers. To make identification of MDSCs accurately, it also needs to be determined whether having immunosuppressive functions. MDSCs play crucial roles in anti-tumor, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Meanwhile, MDSCs could make close interaction with osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and other stromal cells within microenvironment of bone and joint, and thereby contributing to poor prognosis of bone-related diseases such as cancer-related bone metastasis, osteosarcoma (OS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and orthopedic trauma. In addition, MDSCs have been shown to participate in the procedure of bone repair. In this review, we have summarized the function of MDSCs in cancer-related bone metastasis, the interaction with stromal cells within the bone microenvironment as well as joint microenvironment, and the critical role of MDSCs in bone repair. Besides, the promising value of MDSCs in the treatment for bone-related diseases is also well discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Ling
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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17
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Sepúlveda V, Maurelia F, González M, Aguayo J, Caprile T. SCO-spondin, a giant matricellular protein that regulates cerebrospinal fluid activity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 34600566 PMCID: PMC8487547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that occupies the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces within and around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is a dynamic signaling milieu that transports nutrients, waste materials and neuroactive substances that are crucial for the development, homeostasis and functionality of the central nervous system. The mechanisms that enable cerebrospinal fluid to simultaneously exert these homeostatic/dynamic functions are not fully understood. SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted since the early stages of development into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its domain architecture resembles a combination of a matricellular protein and the ligand-binding region of LDL receptor family. The matricellular proteins are a group of extracellular proteins with the capacity to interact with different molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines and cellular receptors; enabling the integration of information to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. In the same way, the LDL receptor family interacts with many ligands, including β-amyloid peptide and different growth factors. The domains similarity suggests that SCO-spondin is a matricellular protein enabled to bind, modulate, and transport different cerebrospinal fluid molecules. SCO-spondin can be found soluble or polymerized into a dynamic threadlike structure called the Reissner fiber, which extends from the diencephalon to the caudal tip of the spinal cord. Reissner fiber continuously moves caudally as new SCO-spondin molecules are added at the cephalic end and are disaggregated at the caudal end. This movement, like a conveyor belt, allows the transport of the bound molecules, thereby increasing their lifespan and action radius. The binding of SCO-spondin to some relevant molecules has already been reported; however, in this review we suggest more than 30 possible binding partners, including peptide β-amyloid and several growth factors. This new perspective characterizes SCO-spondin as a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid activity, explaining its high evolutionary conservation, its apparent multifunctionality, and the lethality or severe malformations, such as hydrocephalus and curved body axis, of knockout embryos. Understanding the regulation and identifying binding partners of SCO-spondin are crucial for better comprehension of cerebrospinal fluid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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18
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Karim MS, Madamanchi A, Dutko JA, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Heterodimer-heterotetramer formation mediates enhanced sensor activity in a biophysical model for BMP signaling. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009422. [PMID: 34591841 PMCID: PMC8509922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous stages of organismal development rely on the cellular interpretation of gradients of secreted morphogens including members of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family through transmembrane receptors. Early gradients of BMPs drive dorsal/ventral patterning throughout the animal kingdom in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Growing evidence in Drosophila, zebrafish, murine and other systems suggests that BMP ligand heterodimers are the primary BMP signaling ligand, even in systems in which mixtures of BMP homodimers and heterodimers are present. Signaling by heterodimers occurs through a hetero-tetrameric receptor complex comprising of two distinct type one BMP receptors and two type II receptors. To understand the system dynamics and determine whether kinetic assembly of heterodimer-heterotetramer BMP complexes is favored, as compared to other plausible BMP ligand-receptor configurations, we developed a kinetic model for BMP tetramer formation based on current measurements for binding rates and affinities. We find that contrary to a common hypothesis, heterodimer-heterotetramer formation is not kinetically favored over the formation of homodimer-tetramer complexes under physiological conditions of receptor and ligand concentrations and therefore other mechanisms, potentially including differential kinase activities of the formed heterotetramer complexes, must be the cause of heterodimer-heterotetramer signaling primacy. Further, although BMP complex assembly favors homodimer and homomeric complex formation over a wide range of parameters, ignoring these signals and instead relying on the heterodimer improves the range of morphogen interpretation in a broad set of conditions, suggesting a performance advantage for heterodimer signaling in patterning multiple cell types in a gradient. TGF-β signaling is an important cell signaling system through which cells respond to external information. In the TGF-β system, signaling is initiated when a ligand dimer pair binds to a receptor tetramer. Interestingly, in numerous developmental contexts, TGF-β signaling has a greater response to heterodimeric ligands (dimers of multiple ligands), as compared to homomeric ligands (dimers made of two molecules of a single ligand). However, neither the cause of heterodimer signaling primacy, nor the systemic effects of heterodimeric vs homomeric signaling are understood. We use a biophysically-informed computational modeling approach to investigate the system dynamics of heterodimer-heterotetramer BMP signaling, to understand the cause and consequence of the requirement for Bmp2/7-mediated signaling in dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish development. Using our model, we demonstrate that BMP heterodimer signaling complex formation is not kinetically favored over homodimer signaling complexes, suggesting subfunctionalization of BMP receptors may be required to explain heterodimer signaling. Additionally, we show that heterodimer signaling provides a performance advantage via increased range of morphogen interpretation. Our findings provide insight into the systems principles involved in developmental signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahriar Karim
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James A. Dutko
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David M. Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Correns A, Zimmermann LMA, Baldock C, Sengle G. BMP antagonists in tissue development and disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100071. [PMID: 34435185 PMCID: PMC8377005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important growth regulators in embryogenesis and postnatal homeostasis. Their tight regulation is crucial for successful embryonic development as well as tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. BMP inhibition by natural extracellular biologic antagonists represents the most intensively studied mechanistic concept of BMP growth factor regulation. It was shown to be critical for numerous developmental programs, including germ layer specification and spatiotemporal gradients required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis and organ formation. The importance of BMP antagonists for extracellular matrix homeostasis is illustrated by the numerous human connective tissue disorders caused by their mutational inactivation. Here, we will focus on the known functional interactions targeting BMP antagonists to the ECM and discuss how these interactions influence BMP antagonist activity. Moreover, we will provide an overview about the current concepts and investigated molecular mechanisms modulating BMP inhibitor function in the context of development and disease.
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Key Words
- ALK3, anaplastic lymphoma kinase 3
- ATF2, activating transcription factor 2
- ActR, activin receptor
- BDB2, brachydactyly type B2
- BISC, BMP-induced signalling complex
- BMP antagonists
- BMPER, BMP binding endothelial regulator
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
- CAN, cerberus and DAN
- CDD, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
- CHRD domain, chordin specific domain
- CUB domain, for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 domain
- Connective tissue disorder
- Cv2, crossveinless-2
- DAN, differential screening selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma
- DSD, diaphanospondylodysostosis
- Dpp, decapentaplegic
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- Extracellular matrix (ECM)
- FMF, fibrillin microfibrils
- HS, heparan sulphate
- HSPGs, heparan sulphate proteoglycans
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MGC1, megalocornea 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PRDC, protein related to DAN and Cerberus
- SOST, sclerostin
- SYNS1, multiple synostoses syndrome 1
- Scw, screw
- Sog, short gastrulation
- TCC, tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor- β
- Tld, tolloid
- Tsg, twisted gastrulation
- VBCH, Van Buchem disease
- Xlr/Tll, xolloid-related metalloprotease
- vWC, von Willebrand factor type C
- vWD, von Willebrand factor type D
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Correns
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie A. Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, B.3016 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Centre for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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20
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Controlling BMP growth factor bioavailability: The extracellular matrix as multi skilled platform. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110071. [PMID: 34217834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily of signaling ligands which comprise a family of pluripotent cytokines regulating a multitude of cellular events. Although BMPs were originally discovered as potent factors extractable from bone matrix that are capable to induce ectopic bone formation in soft tissues, their mode of action has been mostly studied as soluble ligands in absence of the physiologically relevant cellular microenvironment. This micro milieu is defined by supramolecular networks of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that specifically target BMP ligands, present them to their cellular receptors, and allow their controlled release. Here we focus on functional interactions and mechanisms that were described to control BMP bioavailability in a spatio-temporal manner within the respective tissue context. Structural disturbance of the ECM architecture due to mutations in ECM proteins leads to dysregulated BMP signaling as underlying cause for connective tissue disease pathways. We will provide an overview about current mechanistic concepts of how aberrant BMP signaling drives connective tissue destruction in inherited and chronic diseases.
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21
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Sader F, Roy S. Tgf-β superfamily and limb regeneration: Tgf-β to start and Bmp to end. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:973-987. [PMID: 34096672 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls represent a popular model to study how nature solved the problem of regenerating lost appendages in tetrapods. Our work over many years focused on trying to understand how these animals can achieve such a feat and not end up with a scarred up stump. The Tgf-β superfamily represents an interesting family to target since they are involved in wound healing in adults and pattern formation during development. This family is large and comprises Tgf-β, Bmps, activins and GDFs. In this review, we present work from us and others on Tgf-β & Bmps and highlight interesting observations between these two sub-families. Tgf-β is important for the preparation phase of regeneration and Bmps for the redevelopment phase and they do not overlap with one another. We present novel data showing that the Tgf-β non-canonical pathway is also not active during redevelopment. Finally, we propose a molecular model to explain how Tgf-β and Bmps maintain distinct windows of expression during regeneration in axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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22
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Tuazon FB, Wang X, Andrade JL, Umulis D, Mullins MC. Proteolytic Restriction of Chordin Range Underlies BMP Gradient Formation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108039. [PMID: 32814043 PMCID: PMC7731995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), form precise signaling gradients to impart positional and functional identity to the cells of the early embryo. We combine rigorous mutant analyses with quantitative immunofluorescence to determine that the proteases Bmp1a and Tolloid spatially restrict the BMP antagonist Chordin in dorsoventral (DV) axial patterning of the early zebrafish gastrula. We show that maternally deposited Bmp1a plays an unexpected and non-redundant role in establishing the BMP signaling gradient, while the Bmp1a/Tolloid antagonist Sizzled is surprisingly dispensable. Combining computational modeling and in vivo analyses with an immobile Chordin construct, we demonstrate that long-range Chordin diffusion is not necessary for BMP gradient formation and DV patterning. Our data do not support a counter-gradient of Chordin and instead favor a Chordin sink, established by Bmp1a and Tolloid, as the primary mechanism that drives BMP gradient formation. The BMP morphogen generates a precise signaling gradient during axial patterning. In the zebrafish embryo, Tuazon et al. find that proteases Bmp1a/Tolloid are key to this process, preventing the long-range diffusion of the BMP antagonist, Chordin. By regionally restricting Chordin, Bmp1a/Tolloid establish the signaling sink that drives BMP gradient formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee Andrade
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Umulis
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling and Melanoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:48. [PMID: 33866453 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Malignant melanoma is a deadly form of skin cancer caused by neoplastic transformation of melanocytic cells. Despite recent progress in melanoma therapy, by inhibition of activated oncogenes or immunotherapy, survival rate for metastatic melanoma patients remains low. The remarkable phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells allows for rapid development of invasive properties and metastatic tumors, the main cause of mortality in melanoma patients. Phenotypic and molecular analyses of developing tumors revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cellular and molecular mechanism, controls transition from mature melanocyte to less differentiated melanocyte lineage progenitor cells forming melanoma tumors. This transition is facilitated by persistence of transcriptional regulatory circuit characteristic of embryonic stage in mature melanocytes. Switching of the developmental program of mature melanocyte to EMT is induced by accumulated mutations, especially targeting BRAF, N-RAS, or MEK1/2 signaling pathways, and further promoted by dynamic stimuli from local environment including hypoxia, interactions with extracellular matrix and growth factors or cytokines. Recent reports demonstrate that signaling mediated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play critical roles in inducing EMT by controlling expression of critical transcription factors. BMPs are essential modulators of differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, and metastases in developing melanoma tumors. They control transcription and epigenetic landscape of melanoma cells. Better understanding of the role of BMPs may lead to new strategies to control EMT processes in melanocyte cell lineage and to achieve clinical benefits for the patients.
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24
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Pompili S, Latella G, Gaudio E, Sferra R, Vetuschi A. The Charming World of the Extracellular Matrix: A Dynamic and Protective Network of the Intestinal Wall. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:610189. [PMID: 33937276 PMCID: PMC8085262 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.610189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex network of proteins that not only forms a support structure for resident cells but also interacts closely with them by modulating their phenotypes and functions. More than 300 molecules have been identified, each of them with unique biochemical properties and exclusive biological functions. ECM components not only provide a scaffold for the tissue but also afford tensile strength and limit overstretch of the organ. The ECM holds water, ensures suitable hydration of the tissue, and participates in a selective barrier to the external environment. ECM-to-cells interaction is crucial for morphogenesis and cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The ECM is a dynamic and multifunctional structure. The ECM is constantly renewed and remodeled by coordinated action among ECM-producing cells, degrading enzymes, and their specific inhibitors. During this process, several growth factors are released in the ECM, and they, in turn, modulate the deposition of new ECM. In this review, we describe the main components and functions of intestinal ECM and we discuss their role in maintaining the structure and function of the intestinal barrier. Achieving complete knowledge of the ECM world is an important goal to understand the mechanisms leading to the onset and the progression of several intestinal diseases related to alterations in ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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25
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Abstract
TGF-β family heterodimeric ligands show increased or exclusive signaling compared to homodimeric ligands in both vertebrate and insect development as well as in therapeutically relevant processes, like osteogenesis. However, the mechanisms that differentiate heterodimer and homodimer signaling remain uncharacterized. We show that BMP antagonists do not account for the exclusive signaling of Bmp2/7 heterodimers in zebrafish development. We found that overexpressed homodimers can signal but surprisingly require two distinct type I receptors, like heterodimers, indicating a required activity of the heteromeric type I receptor complex. We further demonstrate that a canonical type I receptor function has been delegated to only one of these receptors, Acvr1. Our findings should inform both basic and translational research in multiple TGF-β family signaling contexts. Heterodimeric TGF-β ligands outperform homodimers in a variety of developmental, cell culture, and therapeutic contexts; however, the mechanisms underlying this increased potency remain uncharacterized. Here, we use dorsal–ventral axial patterning of the zebrafish embryo to interrogate the BMP2/7 heterodimer signaling mechanism. We demonstrate that differential interactions with BMP antagonists do not account for the reduced signaling ability of homodimers. Instead, we find that while overexpressed BMP2 homodimers can signal, they require two nonredundant type I receptors, one from the Acvr1 subfamily and one from the Bmpr1 subfamily. This implies that all BMP signaling within the zebrafish gastrula, even BMP2 homodimer signaling, requires Acvr1. This is particularly surprising as BMP2 homodimers do not bind Acvr1 in vitro. Furthermore, we find that the roles of the two type I receptors are subfunctionalized within the heterodimer signaling complex, with the kinase activity of Acvr1 being essential, while that of Bmpr1 is not. These results suggest that the potency of the Bmp2/7 heterodimer arises from the ability to recruit both Acvr1 and Bmpr1 into the same signaling complex.
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26
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Madamanchi A, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation. Development 2021; 148:dev192344. [PMID: 33795238 PMCID: PMC8034876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Stapornwongkul KS, Vincent JP. Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:393-411. [PMID: 33767424 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells within developing tissues rely on morphogens to assess positional information. Passive diffusion is the most parsimonious transport model for long-range morphogen gradient formation but does not, on its own, readily explain scaling, robustness and planar transport. Here, we argue that diffusion is sufficient to ensure robust morphogen gradient formation in a variety of tissues if the interactions between morphogens and their extracellular binders are considered. A current challenge is to assess how the affinity for extracellular binders, as well as other biophysical and cell biological parameters, determines gradient dynamics and shape in a diffusion-based transport system. Technological advances in genome editing, tissue engineering, live imaging and in vivo biophysics are now facilitating measurement of these parameters, paving the way for mathematical modelling and a quantitative understanding of morphogen gradient formation and modulation.
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28
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Migliorini E, Guevara-Garcia A, Albiges-Rizo C, Picart C. Learning from BMPs and their biophysical extracellular matrix microenvironment for biomaterial design. Bone 2020; 141:115540. [PMID: 32730925 PMCID: PMC7614069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is nowadays well-accepted that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is not a simple reservoir for growth factors but is an organization center of their biological activity. In this review, we focus on the ability of the ECM to regulate the biological activity of BMPs. In particular, we survey the role of the ECM components, notably the glycosaminoglycans and fibrillary ECM proteins, which can be promoters or repressors of the biological activities mediated by the BMPs. We examine how a process called mechano-transduction induced by the ECM can affect BMP signaling, including BMP internalization by the cells. We also focus on the spatio-temporal regulation of the BMPs, including their release from the ECM, which enables to modulate their spatial localization as well as their local concentration. We highlight how biomaterials can recapitulate some aspects of the BMPs/ECM interactions and help to answer fundamental questions to reveal previously unknown molecular mechanisms. Finally, the design of new biomaterials inspired by the ECM to better present BMPs is discussed, and their use for a more efficient bone regeneration in vivo is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Migliorini
- CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine Lab, ERL 5000, Université Grenoble-Alpes (UGA)/CEA/CNRS, Grenoble France.
| | - Amaris Guevara-Garcia
- CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine Lab, ERL 5000, Université Grenoble-Alpes (UGA)/CEA/CNRS, Grenoble France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut for Advances Biosciences, Institute Albert Bonniot, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut for Advances Biosciences, Institute Albert Bonniot, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France; CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine Lab, ERL 5000, Université Grenoble-Alpes (UGA)/CEA/CNRS, Grenoble France.
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29
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Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Is a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of IL-6 Mediated Hepatic BMP6 Gene Expression in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197148. [PMID: 32998264 PMCID: PMC7582774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) is a multifunctional growth factor involved in organ development and homeostasis. BMP6 controls expression of the liver hormone, hepcidin, and thereby plays a crucial role in regulating iron homeostasis. BMP6 gene transcriptional regulation in liver is largely unknown, but would be of great help to externally modulate iron load in pathologic conditions. Here, we describe a detailed molecular mechanism of hepatic BMP6 gene expression by an orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ), in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Recombinant IL-6 treatment increases hepatic ERRγ and BMP6 expression. Overexpression of ERRγ is sufficient to increase BMP6 gene expression in hepatocytes, suggesting that IL-6 is upstream of ERRγ. In line, knock-down of ERRγ in cell lines or a hepatocyte specific knock-out of ERRγ in mice significantly decreases IL-6 mediated BMP6 expression. Promoter studies show that ERRγ directly binds to the ERR response element (ERRE) in the mouse BMP6 gene promoter and positively regulates BMP6 gene transcription in IL-6 treatment conditions, which is further confirmed by ERRE mutated mBMP6-luciferase reporter assays. Finally, an inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182, markedly inhibits IL-6 induced hepatic BMP6 expression in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results reveal a novel molecular mechanism on ERRγ mediated transcriptional regulation of hepatic BMP6 gene expression in response to IL-6.
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30
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Halloran D, Durbano HW, Nohe A. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030019. [PMID: 32933207 PMCID: PMC7557435 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many developmental processes, including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. Specifically, within the BMP family, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was the first BMP to be characterized and has been well-studied. BMP-2 has important roles during embryonic development, as well as bone remodeling and homeostasis in adulthood. Some of its specific functions include digit formation and activating osteogenic genes, such as Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Because of its diverse functions and osteogenic potential, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved usage of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) during spinal fusion surgery, tibial shaft repair, and maxillary sinus reconstructive surgery. However, shortly after initial injections of rhBMP-2, several adverse complications were reported, and alternative therapeutics have been developed to limit these side-effects. As the clinical application of BMP-2 is largely implicated in bone, we focus primarily on its role in bone. However, we also describe briefly the role of BMP-2 in development. We then focus on the structure of BMP-2, its activation and regulation signaling pathways, BMP-2 clinical applications, and limitations of using BMP-2 as a therapeutic. Further, this review explores other potential treatments that may be useful in treating bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Nohe
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-6977
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31
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Vonica A, Bhat N, Phan K, Guo J, Iancu L, Weber JA, Karger A, Cain JW, Wang ECE, DeStefano GM, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Christiano AM, Riley B, Butler SJ, Luria V. Apcdd1 is a dual BMP/Wnt inhibitor in the developing nervous system and skin. Dev Biol 2020; 464:71-87. [PMID: 32320685 PMCID: PMC7307705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal development and homeostasis depend on precise temporal and spatial intercellular signaling. Components shared between signaling pathways, generally thought to decrease specificity, paradoxically can also provide a solution to pathway coordination. Here we show that the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways share Apcdd1 as a common inhibitor and that Apcdd1 is a taxon-restricted gene with novel domains and signaling functions. Previously, we showed that Apcdd1 inhibits Wnt signaling (Shimomura et al., 2010), here we find that Apcdd1 potently inhibits BMP signaling in body axis formation and neural differentiation in chicken, frog, zebrafish. Furthermore, we find that Apcdd1 has an evolutionarily novel protein domain. Our results from experiments and modeling suggest that Apcdd1 may coordinate the outputs of two signaling pathways that are central to animal development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Vonica
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Biology, The Nazareth College, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Neha Bhat
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Keith Phan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Jinbai Guo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA
| | - Lăcrimioara Iancu
- Institut für Algebra und Zahlentheorie, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica A Weber
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amir Karger
- IT-Research Computing, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John W Cain
- Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Etienne C E Wang
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gina M DeStefano
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Bruce Riley
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA.
| | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.
| | - Victor Luria
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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32
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Wang L, Yao J, Yu T, Zhang D, Qiao X, Yao Z, Wu X, Zhang L, Boström KI, Yao Y. Homeobox D3, A Novel Link Between Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2030-2041. [PMID: 32061928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several signaling pathways contribute to endothelial-mesenchymal transitions and vascular calcification, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling. The transcription factor homeobox D3 (Hoxd3) is known to regulate an invasive endothelial phenotype, and the aim of the study is to determine if HOXD3 modulates BMP and TGFβ signaling in the endothelium. METHODS AND RESEARCH We report that the endothelium with high BMP activity due to the loss of BMP inhibitor matrix Gla protein (MGP) shows induction of Hoxd3. HOXD3 is part of a BMP-triggered cascade. When activated by BMP9, activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 1 induces HOXD3 expression. Hoxd3 promoter is a direct target of phosphorylated (p) SMAD1, a mediator of BMP signaling. High BMP activity further results in enhanced TGFβ signaling due to induction of TGFβ1 and its receptor, ALK5. This is mediated by HOXD3, which directly targets the Tgfb1 promoter. Finally, TGFβ1 and BMP9 stimulate the expression of MGP, which limits the enhanced ALK1 induction by counteracting BMP4. The cascade of BMP9-HOXD3-TGFβ also affects Notch signaling and angiogenesis through induction of Notch ligand Jagged 2 and suppression of Notch ligand delta-like 4 (Dll4). CONCLUSION The results suggest that HOXD3 is a novel link between BMP9/ALK1 and TGFβ1/ALK5 signaling. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE BMP and TGFβ signaling are instrumental in vascular disease such as vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. This study demonstrated a novel type of cross talk between endothelial BMP and TGFβ signaling as mediated by HOXD3. The results provide a possible therapeutic approach to control dysfunctional BMP and TGFβ signaling by regulating HOXD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Tongtong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Xiaojing Qiao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Zehao Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA; The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.
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33
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Li L, Wang X, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Evaluation of BMP-mediated patterning in a 3D mathematical model of the zebrafish blastula embryo. J Math Biol 2020; 80:505-520. [PMID: 31773243 PMCID: PMC7203969 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) play an important role in dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of the early zebrafish embryo. BMP signaling is regulated by a network of extracellular and intracellular factors that impact the range and signaling of BMP ligands. Recent advances in understanding the mechanism of pattern formation support a source-sink mechanism, however it is not clear how the source-sink mechanism shapes patterns in 3D, nor how sensitive the pattern is to biophysical rates and boundary conditions along both the anteroposterior (AP) and DV axes of the embryo. We propose a new three-dimensional growing Partial Differential Equation (PDE)-based model to simulate the BMP patterning process during the blastula stage. This model provides a starting point to elucidate how different mechanisms and components work together in 3D to create and maintain the BMP gradient in the embryo. We also show how the 3D model fits the BMP signaling gradient data at multiple time points along both axes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that the spatiotemporal patterns of Chordin and BMP ligand gene expression are dominant drivers of shape in 3D and more work is needed to quantify the spatiotemporal profiles of gene and protein expression to further refine the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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Robles-Murguia M, Rao D, Finkelstein D, Xu B, Fan Y, Demontis F. Muscle-derived Dpp regulates feeding initiation via endocrine modulation of brain dopamine biosynthesis. Genes Dev 2019; 34:37-52. [PMID: 31831628 PMCID: PMC6938663 DOI: 10.1101/gad.329110.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Robles-Murguia et al. set out to examine whether muscle-secreted hormones regulate feeding. Using Drosophila as a model system combined with several in vivo and in vitro experiments, the authors identify Decapentaplegic (Dpp) as a myokine that can signal from the muscle to the brain to control feeding by altering dopamine synthesis through transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In animals, the brain regulates feeding behavior in response to local energy demands of peripheral tissues, which secrete orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Although skeletal muscle is a key peripheral tissue, it remains unknown whether muscle-secreted hormones regulate feeding. In Drosophila, we found that decapentaplegic (dpp), the homolog of human bone morphogenetic proteins BMP2 and BMP4, is a muscle-secreted factor (a myokine) that is induced by nutrient sensing and that circulates and signals to the brain. Muscle-restricted dpp RNAi promotes foraging and feeding initiation, whereas dpp overexpression reduces it. This regulation of feeding by muscle-derived Dpp stems from modulation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and dopamine biosynthesis. Consistently, Dpp receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons regulates TH expression and feeding initiation via the downstream transcriptional repressor Schnurri. Moreover, pharmacologic modulation of TH activity rescues the changes in feeding initiation due to modulation of dpp expression in muscle. These findings indicate that muscle-to-brain endocrine signaling mediated by the myokine Dpp regulates feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Robles-Murguia
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Deepti Rao
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Hoover KM, Gratz SJ, Qi N, Herrmann KA, Liu Y, Perry-Richardson JJ, Vanderzalm PJ, O'Connor-Giles KM, Broihier HT. The calcium channel subunit α 2δ-3 organizes synapses via an activity-dependent and autocrine BMP signaling pathway. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5575. [PMID: 31811118 PMCID: PMC6898181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are highly specialized for neurotransmitter signaling, yet activity-dependent growth factor release also plays critical roles at synapses. While efficient neurotransmitter signaling relies on precise apposition of release sites and neurotransmitter receptors, molecular mechanisms enabling high-fidelity growth factor signaling within the synaptic microenvironment remain obscure. Here we show that the auxiliary calcium channel subunit α2δ-3 promotes the function of an activity-dependent autocrine Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). α2δ proteins have conserved synaptogenic activity, although how they execute this function has remained elusive. We find that α2δ-3 provides an extracellular scaffold for an autocrine BMP signal, suggesting a mechanistic framework for understanding α2δ's conserved role in synapse organization. We further establish a transcriptional requirement for activity-dependent, autocrine BMP signaling in determining synapse density, structure, and function. We propose that activity-dependent, autocrine signals provide neurons with continuous feedback on their activity state for modulating both synapse structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall M Hoover
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Scott J Gratz
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Nova Qi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kelsey A Herrmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jahci J Perry-Richardson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Pamela J Vanderzalm
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA
| | | | - Heather T Broihier
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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36
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Guinea fowl eggshell quantitative proteomics yield new findings related to its unique structural characteristics and superior mechanical properties. J Proteomics 2019; 209:103511. [PMID: 31493547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Guinea fowl eggshell is a bioceramic material with the remarkable mechanical property of being twice as strong as the chicken eggshell. Both eggshells are composed of 95% calcite and 3.5% organic matrix, which control its structural organization. Chicken eggshell is made of columnar calcite crystals arranged vertically. In the Guinea fowl, the same structure is observed in its inner half, followed by a dramatic change in crystal size and orientation in the outer region. Guinea fowl eggshell is thicker than chicken eggshell. Both structure and shell thickness confer a superior resistance to breakage compared to eggshells of other bird species. To understand the underlying mechanisms controlling the structural organization of this highly resistant material, we used quantitative proteomics to analyze the protein composition of the Guinea fowl eggshell organic matrix at key stages of the biomineralization process. We identified 149 proteins, which were compared to other bird eggshell proteomes and analyzed their potential functions. Among the 149 proteins, 9 are unique to Guinea fowl, some are involved in the control of the calcite precipitation (Lysozyme, Ovocleidin-17-like, Ovocleidin-116 and Ovalbumin), 61 are only found in the zone of microstructure shift and 17 are more abundant in this zone. SIGNIFICANCE: The avian eggshell is a critical physical barrier to protect the contents of this autonomous reproductive enclosure from physical and microbial assault. The Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) eggshell exhibits a unique microstructure (texture), which confers exceptional mechanical properties compared to eggshells of other species. In order to understand the mechanisms that regulate formation of this texture in the Guinea fowl eggshell, we performed comparative quantitative proteomics at key stages of shell mineralization and particularly during the dramatic shift in shell microstructure. We demonstrate that the Guinea fowl eggshell proteome comprises 149 proteins, of which 61 were specifically associated with the change in size and orientation of calcite crystals. Comparative proteomics analysis with eggshell of other bird species leads to new insights into the biomineralization process. Moreover, our data represents a list of organic compounds as potential additives to regulate material design for industrial fabrication of ceramics. This information also provides molecular markers for efficient genomic selection of chicken strains to lay eggs with improved shell mechanical properties for enhanced food safety.
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Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Rajbhandari P, Sallam T, Guo Y, Yao J, Vergnes L, Reue K, Zhang L, Yao Y, Fogelman AM, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Wu X, Boström KI. Noggin depletion in adipocytes promotes obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 25:50-63. [PMID: 31027994 PMCID: PMC6600080 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has increased to pandemic levels and enhanced understanding of adipose regulation is required for new treatment strategies. Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) influence adipogenesis, the effect of BMP antagonists such as Noggin is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to define the role of Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, in adipogenesis. METHODS We generated adipose-derived progenitor cells and a mouse model with adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion using the AdiponectinCre transgenic mouse, and determined the adipose phenotype of Noggin-deficiency. RESULTS Our studies showed that Noggin is expressed in progenitor cells but declines in adipocytes, possibly allowing for lipid accumulation. Correspondingly, adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion in vivo promoted age-related obesity in both genders with no change in food intake. Although the loss of Noggin caused white adipose tissue hypertrophy, and whitening and impaired function in brown adipose tissue in both genders, there were clear gender differences with the females being most affected. The females had suppressed expression of brown adipose markers and thermogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) as well as genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The males, on the other hand, had early changes in a few BAT markers and thermogenic genes, but the main changes were in the genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Further characterization revealed that both genders had reductions in VO2, VCO2, and RER, whereas females also had reduced heat production. Noggin was also reduced in diet-induced obesity in inbred mice consistent with the obesity phenotype of the Noggin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling regulates female and male adipogenesis through different metabolic pathways. Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by select BMP antagonists may be a strategy for long-term regulation of age-related weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blázquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yina Guo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, USA.
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Lovato CV, Lovato TL, Cripps RM. Crossveinless is a direct transcriptional target of Trachealess and Tango in Drosophila tracheal precursor cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217906. [PMID: 31158257 PMCID: PMC6546244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transcriptional pathways controlling tissue-specific gene expression is critical to unraveling the complex regulatory networks that underlie developmental mechanisms. Here, we assessed how the Drosophila crossveinless (cv) gene, that encodes a BMP-binding factor, is transcriptionally regulated in the developing embryonic tracheal system. We identify an upstream regulatory region of cv that promotes reporter gene expression in the tracheal precursors. We further demonstrate that this promoter region is directly responsive to the basic, helix-loop-helix-PAS domain factors Trachealess (Trh) and Tango (Tgo), that function to specify tracheal fate. Moreover, cv expression in embryos is lost in trh mutants, and the integrity of the Trh/Tgo binding sites are required for promoter-lacZ expression. These findings for the first time elucidate the transcriptional regulation of one member of a family of BMP binding proteins, that have diverse functions in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice V. Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - TyAnna L. Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li M, Cao H, Lai L, Liu Z. Disordered linkers in multidomain allosteric proteins: Entropic effect to favor the open state or enhanced local concentration to favor the closed state? Protein Sci 2019; 27:1600-1610. [PMID: 30019371 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many multidomain allosteric proteins where an allosteric signal at the allosteric domain modifies the activity of the functional domain. Intrinsically disordered regions (linkers) are widely involved in this kind of regulation process, but the essential role they play therein is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of linkers in stabilizing the open or the closed states of multidomain proteins using combined thermodynamic deduction and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We revealed that the influence of linker can be fully characterized by an effective local concentration [B]0 . When Kd is smaller than [B]0 , the closed state would be favored; while the open state would be preferred when Kd is larger than [B]0 . We used four protein systems with markedly different domain-domain binding affinity and structural order/disorder as model systems to understand the relationship between [B]0 and the linker length as well as its flexibility. The linker length is the main practical determinant of [B]0 . [B]0 of a flexible linker with 40-60 residues was determined to be in a narrow range of 0.2-0.6 mM, while a too short or too long length would dramatically decrease [B]0 . With the revealed [B]0 range, the introduction of a flexible linker makes the regulation of weakly interacting partners possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Li
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huaiqing Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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40
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Trucillo E, Bisceglia B, Valdrè G, Giordano E, Reverchon E, Maffulli N, Della Porta G. Growth factor sustained delivery from poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid microcarriers and its mass transfer modeling by finite element in a dynamic and static three-dimensional environment bioengineered with stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1777-1794. [PMID: 30905072 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microcarriers (0.8 ± 0.2 μm) have been fabricated with a load of 20 μg/gPLGA by an emulsion-based-proprietary technology to sustained deliver human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2), a growth factor largely used for osteogenic induction. hBMP2 release profile, measured in vitro, showed a moderate "burst" release of 20% of the load in first 3 days, followed by a sustained release of 3% of the load along the following 21 days. PLGA microbeads loaded with fluorescent marker (8 mg/gPLGA ) and hydroxyapatite (30 mg/gPLGA ) were also fabricated and successfully dispersed within three-dimensional (3D) alginate scaffold (Ca-alginate 2% wt/wt) in a range between 50 and 200 mg/cm3 ; the presence of microcarriers within the scaffold induced a variation of its stiffness between 0.03 and 0.06 MPa; whereas the scaffold surface area was monitored always in the range of 190-200 m2 /g. Uniform microcarriers dispersion was obtained up to 200 mg/cm3 ; higher loading values in the 3D scaffold produced large aggregates. The release data and the surface area were, then, used to simulate by finite element modeling the hBMP2 mass transfer within the 3D hydrogel bioengineered with stem cells, in dynamic and static cultivations. The simulation was developed with COMSOL Multiphysics® giving a good representation of hBMP2 mass balances along microbeads (bulk eroded) and on cell surface (cell binding). hBMP2 degradation rate was also taken into account in the simulations. hBMP2 concentration of 20 ng/cm3 was set as a target because it has been described as the minimum effective value for stem cells stimulation versus the osteogenic phenotype. The sensitivity analysis suggested the best microbeads/cells ratio in the 3D microenvironment, along 21 days of cultivations in both static and dynamic cultivation (perfusion) conditions. The simulated formulation was so assembled experimentally using human mesenchymal stem cells and an improved scaffold stiffness up to 0.09 MPa (n = 3; p ≤ 0.01) was monitored after 21 days of cultivation; moreover a uniform extracellular matrix deposition within the 3D system was detected by Von Kossa staining, especially in dynamic conditions. The results indicated that the described tool can be useful for the design of 3D bioengineered microarchitecture by quantitative understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Trucillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Bruno Bisceglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valdrè
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Ernesto Reverchon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
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Microcapsule Technology for Controlled Growth Factor Release in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2018; 26:e2-e9. [PMID: 29722766 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies have relied on engineered 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide architectural templates that can mimic the native cell environment. Among the several technologies proposed for the fabrication of 3D scaffold, that can be attractive for stem cell cultivation and differentiation, moulding or bioplotting of hydrogels allow the stratification of layers loaded with cells and with specific additives to obtain a predefined microstructural organization. Particularly with bioplotting technology, living cells, named bio-ink, and additives, such as biopolymer microdevices/nanodevices for the controlled delivery of growth factors or biosignals, can be organized spatially into a predesigned 3D pattern by automated fabrication with computer-aided digital files. The technologies for biopolymer microcarrier/nanocarrier fabrication can be strategic to provide a controlled spatiotemporal delivery of specific biosignals within a microenvironment that can better or faster address the stem cells loaded within it. In this review, some examples of growth factor-controlled delivery by biopolymer microdevices/nanodevices embedded within 3D hydrogel scaffolds will be described, to achieve a bioengineered 3D interactive microenvironment for stem cell differentiation. Conventional and recently proposed technologies for biopolymer microcapsule fabrication for controlled delivery over several days will also be illustrated and critically discussed.
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42
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Pham MN, Schuweiler M, Ismat A. The extracellular protease AdamTS-B inhibits vein formation in the Drosophila wing. Genesis 2018; 56:e23255. [PMID: 30296002 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vein patterning in the Drosophila wing provides a powerful tool to study regulation of various signaling pathways. Here we show that the ADAMTS extracellular protease AdamTS-B (CG4096) is expressed in the embryonic wing imaginal disc precursor cells and the wing imaginal disc, and functions to inhibit wing vein formation. Knock-down of AdamTS-B displayed posterior crossveins (PCVs) with either extra branches or deltas, or wider PCVs, and a wandering distal tip of the L5 longitudinal vein. Conversely, over-expression of AdamTS-B resulted in a complete absence of the PCV, an incomplete anterior crossvein, and missing distal end of the L5 longitudinal vein. We conclude that AdamTS-B inhibits wing vein formation through negative regulation of signaling pathways, possibly BMP as well as Egfr, displaying the complexity of roles for this family of extracellular proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ngoc Pham
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Schuweiler
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Afshan Ismat
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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43
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Browning LM, Pietrzak M, Kuczma M, Simms CP, Kurczewska A, Refugia JM, Lowery DJ, Rempala G, Gutkin D, Ignatowicz L, Muranski P, Kraj P. TGF-β-mediated enhancement of T H17 cell generation is inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α signaling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaar2125. [PMID: 30154100 PMCID: PMC8713300 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family promote the growth and differentiation of multiple tissues, but the role of only the founding member, TGF-β, in regulating the immune responses has been extensively studied. TGF-β is critical to prevent the spontaneous activation of self-reactive T cells and sustain immune homeostasis. In contrast, in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, TGF-β promotes the differentiation of effector T helper 17 (TH17) cells. Abrogating TGF-β receptor signaling prevents the development of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting cells and protects mice from TH17 cell-mediated autoimmunity. We found that the receptor of another member of TGF-β family, bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α (BMPR1α), regulates T helper cell activation. We found that the differentiation of TH17 cells from naive CD4+ T cells was inhibited in the presence of BMPs. Abrogation of BMPR1α signaling during CD4+ T cell activation induced a developmental program that led to the generation of inflammatory effector cells expressing large amounts of IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF family cytokines and transcription factors defining the TH17 cell lineage. We found that TGF-β and BMPs cooperated to establish effector cell functions and the cytokine profile of activated CD4+ T cells. Together, our data provide insight into the immunoregulatory function of BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Browning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Colin P Simms
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Agnieszka Kurczewska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Justin M Refugia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Dustin J Lowery
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rempala
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dmitriy Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Leszek Ignatowicz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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44
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Nodal and BMP dispersal during early zebrafish development. Dev Biol 2018; 447:14-23. [PMID: 29653088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secreted TGF-β superfamily signals Nodal and BMP coordinate the patterning of vertebrate embryos. Nodal specifies endoderm and mesoderm during germ layer formation, and BMP specifies ventral fates and patterns the dorsal/ventral axis. Five major models have been proposed to explain how the correct distributions of Nodal and BMP are achieved within tissues to orchestrate embryogenesis: source/sink, transcriptional determination, relay, self-regulation, and shuttling. Here, we discuss recent experiments probing these signal dispersal models, focusing on early zebrafish development.
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45
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Esser JS, Steiner RE, Deckler M, Schmitt H, Engert B, Link S, Charlet A, Patterson C, Bode C, Zhou Q, Moser M. Extracellular bone morphogenetic protein modulator BMPER and twisted gastrulation homolog 1 preserve arterial-venous specification in zebrafish blood vessel development and regulate Notch signaling in endothelial cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:1419-1436. [PMID: 29473997 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway plays a central role during vasculature development. Mutations or dysregulation of the BMP pathway members have been linked to arteriovenous malformations. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the BMP modulators bone morphogenetic protein endothelial precursor-derived regulator (BMPER) and twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1 (TWSG1) on arteriovenous specification during zebrafish development and analyzed downstream Notch signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. Silencing of bmper and twsg1b in zebrafish embryos by morpholinos resulted in a pronounced enhancement of venous ephrinB4a marker expression and concomitant dysregulated arterial ephrinb2a marker expression detected by in situ hybridization. As arteriovenous specification was disturbed, we assessed the impact of BMPER and TWSG1 protein stimulation on the Notch signaling pathway on endothelial cells from different origin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis showed increased expression of Notch target gene hairy and enhancer of split, HEY1/2 and EPHRINB2. Consistently, silencing of BMPER in endothelial cells by siRNAs decreased Notch signaling and downstream effectors. BMP receptor antagonist DMH1 abolished BMPER and BMP4 induced Notch signaling pathway activation. In conclusion, we found that in endothelial cells, BMPER and TWSG1 are necessary for regular Notch signaling activity and in zebrafish embryos BMPER and TWSG1 preserve arteriovenous specification to prevent malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Susanne Esser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rahel Elisabeth Steiner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Deckler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Schmitt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Engert
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Link
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Charlet
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cam Patterson
- Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Moser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Wojdasiewicz P, Poniatowski ŁA, Nauman P, Mandat T, Paradowska-Gorycka A, Romanowska-Próchnicka K, Szukiewicz D, Kotela A, Kubaszewski Ł, Kotela I, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I, Gasik R. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of hemophilic arthropathy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:71-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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47
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Goumans MJ, Zwijsen A, Ten Dijke P, Bailly S. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Vascular Homeostasis and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031989. [PMID: 28348038 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that control of vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Delta-like 4 (Dll4), angiopoietin, and ephrin signaling. It has become clear that signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which have a long history of studies in bone and early heart development, are also essential for regulating vascular function. Indeed, mutations that cause deregulated BMP signaling are linked to two human vascular diseases, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension. These observations are corroborated by data obtained with vascular cells in cell culture and in mouse models. BMPs are required for normal endothelial cell differentiation and for venous/arterial and lymphatic specification. In adult life, BMP signaling orchestrates neo-angiogenesis as well as vascular inflammation, remodeling, and calcification responses to shear and oxidative stress. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of BMPs in the vascular system, based on studies of mouse models and human vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Mécale (INSERM), U1036, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
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48
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Mencio CP, My Tran V, Quintero MV, Koketsu M, Goller F, Kuberan B. Regulation of glycosaminoglycan biogenesis is critical for sensitive-period-dependent vocal ontogeny. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1401-1412. [PMID: 29055099 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role during neural development and thus modulates critical-period regulated behavioral ontogeny. The major components of the ECM are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the specific roles of GAGs in behavioral development are largely unknown. It has been shown that xylosides affect the biological functions of GAGs through modulating GAG biosynthesis. Particularly, xylosides affect GAG biosynthesis through priming of GAG chains (priming activity), competing with endogenous core proteins that carry GAG initiation sites (decoy activity), or both. Using birdsong as our model, we investigated, for the first time, how xyloside-mediated modulation of GAG biogenesis affects song development. Xylosides infused into motor cortex of juvenile birds alter song development by specifically affecting ontogeny of the stereotyped sequence rather than the acoustic structure of syllables. Further analyses reveal that observed changes can be attributed to the priming activity rather than the decoy activity of xylosides. Collectively, these results suggest that regulation of GAG biogenesis through chemical biology approaches may allow promising therapeutic interventions of critical-period-dependent central nervous system plasticity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1401-1412, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Vy My Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Maritza V Quintero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Franz Goller
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
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49
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Identification of a p53 target, CD137L, that mediates growth suppression and immune response of osteosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10739. [PMID: 28878391 PMCID: PMC5587585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 encodes a transcription factor that transactivates downstream target genes involved in tumour suppression. Although osteosarcoma frequently has p53 mutations, the role of p53 in osteosarcomagenesis is not fully understood. To explore p53-target genes comprehensively in calvarial bone and find out novel druggable p53 target genes for osteosarcoma, we performed RNA sequencing using the calvarial bone and 23 other tissues from p53+/+ and p53−/− mice after radiation exposure. Of 23,813 genes, 69 genes were induced more than two-fold in irradiated p53+/+ calvarial bone, and 127 genes were repressed. Pathway analysis of the p53-induced genes showed that genes associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were enriched. Three genes, CD137L, CDC42 binding protein kinase gamma and Follistatin, were identified as novel direct p53 target genes that exhibited growth-suppressive effects on osteosarcoma cell lines. Of the three genes, costimulatory molecule Cd137l was induced only in calvarial bone among the 24 tissues tested. CD137L-expressing cells exhibited growth-suppressive effects in vivo. In addition, recombinant Fc-fusion Cd137l protein activated the immune response in vitro and suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth in vivo. We clarified the role of CD137L in osteosarcomagenesis and its potential therapeutic application. Our transcriptome analysis also indicated the regulation of the immune response through p53.
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50
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Upadhyay A, Moss-Taylor L, Kim MJ, Ghosh AC, O'Connor MB. TGF-β Family Signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022152. [PMID: 28130362 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling pathway is conserved and ubiquitous in animals. In Drosophila, fewer representatives of each signaling component are present compared with vertebrates, simplifying mechanistic study of the pathway. Although there are fewer family members, the TGF-β family pathway still regulates multiple and diverse functions in Drosophila. In this review, we focus our attention on several of the classic and best-studied functions for TGF-β family signaling in regulating Drosophila developmental processes such as embryonic and imaginal disc patterning, but we also describe several recently discovered roles in regulating hormonal, physiological, neuronal, innate immunity, and tissue homeostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lindsay Moss-Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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