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Drake DM, Afsharian K, Or B, Shapiro AM, Lai ML, Miller L, Wells PG. BRCA1 protein dose-dependent risk for embryonic oxidative DNA damage, embryopathies and neurodevelopmental disorders with and without ethanol exposure. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103070. [PMID: 38359745 PMCID: PMC10877410 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although widely known as a tumor suppressor, the breast cancer 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) is also important in development, where it regulates fetal DNA repair pathways that protect against DNA damage caused by physiological and drug-enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously showed that conditional heterozygous (+/-) knockout (cKO) mouse embryos with a minor 28% BRCA1 deficiency developed normally in culture, but when exposed to the ROS-initiating drug, alcohol (ethanol, EtOH), exhibited embryopathies not evident in wild-type (+/+) littermates. Herein, we characterized a directBrca1 +/- knockout (KO) model with a 2-fold greater (58%) reduction in BRCA1 protein vs. the cKO model. We also characterized and compared learning & memory deficits in both the cKO and KO models. Even saline-exposed Brca1 +/- vs. +/+ KO progeny exhibited enhanced oxidative DNA damage and embryopathies in embryo culture and learning & memory deficits in females in vivo, which were not observed in the cKO model, revealing the potential pathogenicity of physiological ROS levels. The embryopathic EtOH concentration for cultured direct KO embryos was half that for cKO embryos, and EtOH affected Brca1 +/+ embryos only in the direct KO model. The spectrum and severity of EtOH embryopathies in culture were greater in both Brca1 +/- vs. +/+ embryos, and direct KO vs. cKO +/- embryos. Motor coordination deficits were evident in both male and female Brca1 +/- KO progeny exposed in utero to EtOH. The results in our direct KO model with a greater BRCA1 deficiency vs. cKO mice provide the first evidence for BRCA1 protein dose-dependent susceptibility to developmental disorders caused by physiological and drug-enhanced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Drake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kian Afsharian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Or
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron M Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle L Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lutfiya Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Wang YJ, Cao JB, Yang J, Liu T, Yu HL, He ZX, Bao SL, He XX, Zhu XJ. PRMT5-mediated homologous recombination repair is essential to maintain genomic integrity of neural progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:123. [PMID: 38459149 PMCID: PMC10923982 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining genomic stability is a prerequisite for proliferating NPCs to ensure genetic fidelity. Though histone arginine methylation has been shown to play important roles in safeguarding genomic stability, the underlying mechanism during brain development is not fully understood. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase that plays a role in transcriptional regulation. Here, we identify PRMT5 as a key regulator of DNA repair in response to double-strand breaks (DSBs) during NPC proliferation. Prmt5F/F; Emx1-Cre (cKO-Emx1) mice show a distinctive microcephaly phenotype, with partial loss of the dorsal medial cerebral cortex and complete loss of the corpus callosum and hippocampus. This phenotype is resulted from DSBs accumulation in the medial dorsal cortex followed by cell apoptosis. Both RNA sequencing and in vitro DNA repair analyses reveal that PRMT5 is required for DNA homologous recombination (HR) repair. PRMT5 specifically catalyzes H3R2me2s in proliferating NPCs in the developing mouse brain to enhance HR-related gene expression during DNA repair. Finally, overexpression of BRCA1 significantly rescues DSBs accumulation and cell apoptosis in PRMT5-deficient NSCs. Taken together, our results show that PRMT5 maintains genomic stability by regulating histone arginine methylation in proliferating NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jian-Bo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Shi-Lai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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3
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Huang LC, McKeown CR, He HY, Ta AC, Cline HT. BRCA1 and ELK-1 regulate neural progenitor cell fate in the optic tectum in response to visual experience in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316542121. [PMID: 38198524 PMCID: PMC10801852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316542121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing Xenopus tadpoles, the optic tectum begins to receive patterned visual input while visuomotor circuits are still undergoing neurogenesis and circuit assembly. This visual input regulates neural progenitor cell fate decisions such that maintaining tadpoles in the dark increases proliferation, expanding the progenitor pool, while visual stimulation promotes neuronal differentiation. To identify regulators of activity-dependent neural progenitor cell fate, we profiled the transcriptomes of proliferating neural progenitor cells and newly differentiated neurons using RNA-Seq. We used advanced bioinformatic analysis of 1,130 differentially expressed transcripts to identify six differentially regulated transcriptional regulators, including Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) and the ETS-family transcription factor, ELK-1, which are predicted to regulate the majority of the other differentially expressed transcripts. BRCA1 is known for its role in cancers, but relatively little is known about its potential role in regulating neural progenitor cell fate. ELK-1 is a multifunctional transcription factor which regulates immediate early gene expression. We investigated the potential functions of BRCA1 and ELK-1 in activity-regulated neurogenesis in the tadpole visual system using in vivo time-lapse imaging to monitor the fate of GFP-expressing SOX2+ neural progenitor cells in the optic tectum. Our longitudinal in vivo imaging analysis showed that knockdown of either BRCA1 or ELK-1 altered the fates of neural progenitor cells and furthermore that the effects of visual experience on neurogenesis depend on BRCA1 and ELK-1 expression. These studies provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which neural activity affects neural progenitor cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Chien Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Caroline R. McKeown
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Aaron C. Ta
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Hollis T. Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
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4
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Drake DM, Zhen D, Kerrebijn I, Or B, Gao S, Afsharian K, Tran J, Bhatia S, Cheng A, Wells PG. Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) protection in altered gene expression and neurodevelopmental disorders due to physiological and ethanol-enhanced reactive oxygen species formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:272-284. [PMID: 37541454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer 1 (Brca1) susceptibility gene regulates the repair of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage, which is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) exposure during pregnancy causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), including abnormal brain function, associated with enhanced ROS-initiated DNA damage. Herein, oxidative DNA damage in fetal brains and neurodevelopmental disorders were enhanced in saline-exposed +/- vs. +/+ Brca1 littermates. A single EtOH exposure during gestation further enhanced oxidative DNA damage, altered the expression of developmental/DNA damage response genes in fetal brains, and resulted in neurodevelopmental disorders, all of which were BRCA1-dependent. Pretreatment with the ROS inhibitor phenylbutylnitrone (PBN) blocked DNA damage and some neurodevelopmental disorders in both saline- and EtOH-exposed progeny, corroborating a ROS-dependent mechanism. Fetal BRCA1 protects against altered gene expression and neurodevelopmental disorders caused by both physiological and EtOH-enhanced levels of ROS formation. BRCA1 deficiencies may enhance the risk for FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Drake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danlin Zhen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabel Kerrebijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Or
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Gao
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kian Afsharian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shama Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Zhuang J, Chen P, Wu Y, Luo Q, Wang Q, Chen S, Chen X, Jiang Z, Qiu J, Li Y, Yuan Z, Zhuang J. Brca1 Is Regulated by the Transcription Factor Gata3, and Its Silencing Promotes Neural Differentiation in Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213860. [PMID: 36430332 PMCID: PMC9694312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that Brca1 (Breast cancer suppressor gene 1) plays an important role in neural development and degenerative diseases. However, the bioactivity and regulatory mechanism of Brca1 expression in retinal neurocytes remain unclear. In the present study, our data indicated that Brca1 maintains the state of neuronal precursor cells. Brca1 silencing induces differentiation in 661W cells. Nestin, a marker of precursor cells, was significantly decreased in parallel with Brca1 silencing in 661W cells, whereas Map2 (Microtubule associated protein 2), a marker of differentiated neurons, was significantly increased. Neurite outgrowth was increased by ~4.0-fold in Brca1-silenced cells. Moreover, DNA affinity purification assays and ChIP assays demonstrated that Gata3 (GATA binding protein 3) regulates Brca1 transcription in 661W cells. Silencing or overexpressing Gata3 could significantly regulate the expression of Brca1 and affect its promoter inducibility. Furthermore, the expression of Gata3 generally occurred in parallel with that of Brca1 in developing mouse retinas. Both Gata3 and Brca1 are expressed in the neonatal mouse retina but are developmentally silenced with age. Exogenous Gata3 significantly inhibited neural activity by decreasing synaptophysin and neurite outgrowth. Thus, this study demonstrated that Brca1 is transcriptionally regulated by Gata3. Brca1/Gata3 silencing is involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaohui Yuan
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-6667-8735 (J.Z.); Fax: +86-20-8733-3271 (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-6667-8735 (J.Z.); Fax: +86-20-8733-3271 (J.Z.)
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6
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Guo Y, Chomiak A, Hong Y, Lowe CC, Kopsidas CA, Chan WC, Andrade J, Pan H, Zhou X, Monuki ES, Feng Y. Histone H2A ubiquitination resulting from Brap loss of function connects multiple aging hallmarks and accelerates neurodegeneration. iScience 2022; 25:104519. [PMID: 35754718 PMCID: PMC9213774 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an intricate process characterized by multiple hallmarks including stem cell exhaustion, genome instability, epigenome alteration, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence. Whereas each of these traits is detrimental at the cellular level, it remains unclear how they are interconnected to cause systemic organ deterioration. Here we show that abrogating Brap, a BRCA1-associated protein essential for neurogenesis, results in persistent DNA double-strand breaks and elevation of histone H2A mono- and poly-ubiquitination (H2Aub). These defects extend to cellular senescence and proteasome-mediated histone H2A proteolysis with alterations in cells' proteomic and epigenetic states. Brap deletion in the mouse brain causes neuroinflammation, impaired proteostasis, accelerated neurodegeneration, and substantially shortened the lifespan. We further show the elevation of H2Aub also occurs in human brain tissues with Alzheimer's disease. These data together suggest that chromatin aberrations mediated by H2Aub may act as a nexus of multiple aging hallmarks and promote tissue-wide degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alison.A. Chomiak
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ye Hong
- University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Clara C. Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Caroline A. Kopsidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hongna Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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7
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Deng M, Chen B, Liu Z, Wan Y, Li D, Yang Y, Wang F. YBX1 mediates alternative splicing and maternal mRNA decay during pre-implantation development. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:12. [PMID: 35109938 PMCID: PMC8812265 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, maternal gene products decay and zygotic genome activation (ZGA) during maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) is critical for the early embryogenesis. Y-box binding protein YBX1 plays vital roles in RNA stabilization and transcriptional regulation, but its roles remain to be elucidated during pre-implantation development. Methods In the present study, we re-analyzed transcriptional level of YBX1 in mice, human, bovine, and goat embryos using public RNA-seq datasets. We further performed siRNA microinjection to knock down the expression of YBX1, and RNA sequencing of the 8-cell stage embryos in the control and YBX1 knockdown group. To reveal the regulation mechanisms of YBX1, we conducted differentially expression analysis, alternative splicing (AS) analysis, enrichment analysis, and 5-EU staining using DESeq2, rMATs, clusterProfiler, and immunofluorescence technique, respectively. Results The expression of YBX1 was increased during MZT in goat, bovine, human, and mice, but significantly decreased in YBX1 knockdown embryos compared with the controls, suggesting successfully knockdown of YBX1. The percentage of blastocyst was decreased, while embryos blocked at the 2- and 4-cell stage were increased in YBX1 knockdown embryos compared to the controls. Using RNA-seq, we identified 1623 up-regulated and 3531 down-regulated genes in the 8-cell stage YBX1 knockdown embryos. Of note, the down-regulated genes were enriched in regulation of RNA/mRNA stability and spliceosome, suggesting that YBX1 might medicate RNA stability and AS. To this end, we identified 3284 differential AS events and 1322 differentially expressed maternal mRNAs at the 8-cell stage YBX1 knockdown embryos. Meanwhile, the splicing factors and mRNA decay-related genes showed aberrant expression, and the transcriptional activity during ZGA in goat and mice was compromised when YBX1 was knocked down. Conclusion YBX1 serves an important role in maternal mRNA decay, alternative splicing, and the transcriptional activity required for early embryogenesis, which will broaden the current understanding of YBX1 functions during the stochastic reprogramming events. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00743-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtian Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baobao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zifei Liu
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Wan
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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8
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Akagawa R, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Alternative Functions of Cell Cycle-Related and DNA Repair Proteins in Post-mitotic Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753175. [PMID: 34746147 PMCID: PMC8564117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of neuronal morphological changes is essential for neuronal migration, maturation, synapse formation, and high-order function. Many cytoplasmic proteins involved in the regulation of neuronal microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton have been identified. In addition, some nuclear proteins have alternative functions in neurons. While cell cycle-related proteins basically control the progression of the cell cycle in the nucleus, some of them have an extra-cell cycle-regulatory function (EXCERF), such as regulating cytoskeletal organization, after exit from the cell cycle. Our expression analyses showed that not only cell cycle regulators, including cyclin A1, cyclin D2, Cdk4/6, p21cip1, p27kip1, Ink4 family, and RAD21, but also DNA repair proteins, including BRCA2, p53, ATM, ATR, RAD17, MRE11, RAD9, and Hus1, were expressed after neurogenesis, suggesting that these proteins have alternative functions in post-mitotic neurons. In this perspective paper, we discuss the alternative functions of the nuclear proteins in neuronal development, focusing on possible cytoplasmic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Akagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Xu S, Wu X, Wang P, Cao SL, Peng B, Xu X. ASPM promotes homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair by safeguarding BRCA1 stability. iScience 2021; 24:102534. [PMID: 34142045 PMCID: PMC8184511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) is essential for ensuring genome stability. Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene encodes a spindle protein that is commonly implicated in primary microcephaly. We found that ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM interacts with BRCA1 and its E3 ligase HERC2, preventing HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM expression promotes HERC2-mediated BRCA1 degradation, compromises HR repair efficiency and chromosome stability, and sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Moreover, we observed a synergistic effect between ASPM and PARP inhibition in killing cancer cells. This research has uncovered a novel function for ASPM in facilitating HR-mediated repair of DSBs by ensuring BRCA1 stability. ASPM might constitute a promising target for synthetic lethality-based cancer therapy. ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM promotes DSB-end resection to facilitate HR repair. ASPM prevents HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation and PARP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingxuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Sheng-Li Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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10
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Yamaguchi H, Kitami K, Wu X, He L, Wang J, Wang B, Komatsu Y. Alteration of DNA Damage Response Causes Cleft Palate. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649492. [PMID: 33854442 PMCID: PMC8039291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, however, little is known about how changes in the DNA damage response (DDR) cause cleft palate. To determine the role of DDR during palatogenesis, the DDR process was altered using a pharmacological intervention approach. A compromised DDR caused by a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitor resulted in cleft palate in wild-type mouse embryos, with increased DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition, a mouse genetic approach was employed to disrupt breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2), known as key players in DDR. An ectomesenchymal-specific deletion of Brca1 or Brca2 resulted in cleft palate due to attenuation of cell survival. This was supported by the phenotypes of the ectomesenchymal-specific Brca1/Brca2 double-knockout mice. The cleft palate phenotype was rescued by superimposing p53 null alleles, demonstrating that the BRCA1/2-p53 DDR pathway is critical for palatogenesis. Our study highlights the importance of DDR in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kohei Kitami
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Dumas G, Malesys S, Bourgeron T. Systematic detection of brain protein-coding genes under positive selection during primate evolution and their roles in cognition. Genome Res 2021; 31:484-496. [PMID: 33441416 PMCID: PMC7919455 DOI: 10.1101/gr.262113.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human brain differs from that of other primates, but the genetic basis of these differences remains unclear. We investigated the evolutionary pressures acting on almost all human protein-coding genes (N = 11,667; 1:1 orthologs in primates) based on their divergence from those of early hominins, such as Neanderthals, and non-human primates. We confirm that genes encoding brain-related proteins are among the most strongly conserved protein-coding genes in the human genome. Combining our evolutionary pressure metrics for the protein-coding genome with recent data sets, we found that this conservation applied to genes functionally associated with the synapse and expressed in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. Conversely, several genes presenting signatures commonly associated with positive selection appear as causing brain diseases or conditions, such as micro/macrocephaly, Joubert syndrome, dyslexia, and autism. Among those, a number of DNA damage response genes associated with microcephaly in humans such as BRCA1, NHEJ1, TOP3A, and RNF168 show strong signs of positive selection and might have played a role in human brain size expansion during primate evolution. We also showed that cerebellum granule neurons express a set of genes also presenting signatures of positive selection and that may have contributed to the emergence of fine motor skills and social cognition in humans. This resource is available online and can be used to estimate evolutionary constraints acting on a set of genes and to explore their relative contributions to human traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dumas
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Malesys
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
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12
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Symmetric neural progenitor divisions require chromatin-mediated homologous recombination DNA repair by Ino80. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3839. [PMID: 32737294 PMCID: PMC7395731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin regulates spatiotemporal gene expression during neurodevelopment, but it also mediates DNA damage repair essential to proliferating neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Here, we uncover molecularly dissociable roles for nucleosome remodeler Ino80 in chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation and genome maintenance in corticogenesis. We find that conditional Ino80 deletion from cortical NPCs impairs DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, triggering p53-dependent apoptosis and microcephaly. Using an in vivo DSB repair pathway assay, we find that Ino80 is selectively required for homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, which is mechanistically distinct from Ino80 function in YY1-associated transcription. Unexpectedly, sensitivity to loss of Ino80-mediated HR is dependent on NPC division mode: Ino80 deletion leads to unrepaired DNA breaks and apoptosis in symmetric NPC-NPC divisions, but not in asymmetric neurogenic divisions. This division mode dependence is phenocopied following conditional deletion of HR gene Brca2. Thus, distinct modes of NPC division have divergent requirements for Ino80-dependent HR DNA repair.
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13
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Luo Z, Mu L, Zheng Y, Shen W, Li J, Xu L, Zhong B, Liu Y, Zhou Y. NUMB enhances Notch signaling by repressing ubiquitination of NOTCH1 intracellular domain. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:345-358. [PMID: 31504682 PMCID: PMC7288735 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The release and nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain of Notch receptor (NICD) is the prerequisite for Notch signaling-mediated transcriptional activation. NICD is subjected to various posttranslational modifications including ubiquitination. Here, we surprisingly found that NUMB proteins stabilize the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 receptor (N1ICD) by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery, which is independent of NUMB's role in modulating endocytosis. BAP1, a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), was further identified as a positive N1ICD regulator, and NUMB facilitates the association between N1ICD and BAP1 to stabilize N1ICD. Intriguingly, BAP1 stabilizes N1ICD independent of its DUB activity but relying on the BRCA1-inhibiting function. BAP1 strengthens Notch signaling and maintains stem-like properties of cortical neural progenitor cells. Thus, NUMB enhances Notch signaling by regulating the ubiquitinating activity of the BAP1-BRCA1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lili Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenchen Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lichao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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14
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Leaman R, Wei CH, Allot A, Lu Z. Ten tips for a text-mining-ready article: How to improve automated discoverability and interpretability. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000716. [PMID: 32479517 PMCID: PMC7289435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data-driven research in biomedical science requires structured, computable data. Increasingly, these data are created with support from automated text mining. Text-mining tools have rapidly matured: although not perfect, they now frequently provide outstanding results. We describe 10 straightforward writing tips—and a web tool, PubReCheck—guiding authors to help address the most common cases that remain difficult for text-mining tools. We anticipate these guides will help authors’ work be found more readily and used more widely, ultimately increasing the impact of their work and the overall benefit to both authors and readers. PubReCheck is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/pubrecheck. Your published research is already being processed with automated tools, and text mining will become more common; this Community Page article describes how you can help these tools process your work more accurately, including a web tool, PubReCheck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Leaman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wei
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexis Allot
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Early dorsomedial tissue interactions regulate gyrification of distal neocortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5192. [PMID: 31729356 PMCID: PMC6858446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of neocortical gyrification is an important determinant of a species’ cognitive abilities, yet the mechanisms regulating cortical gyrification are poorly understood. We uncover long-range regulation of this process originating at the telencephalic dorsal midline, where levels of secreted Bmps are maintained by factors in both the neuroepithelium and the overlying mesenchyme. In the mouse, the combined loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, selectively expressed in the midline neuroepithelium and the mesenchyme respectively, causes dorsal midline Bmp signaling to drop at early neural tube stages. This alters the spatial and temporal Wnt signaling profile of the dorsal midline cortical hem, which in turn causes gyrification of the distal neocortex. Our study uncovers early mesenchymal-neuroepithelial interactions that have long-range effects on neocortical gyrification and shows that lissencephaly in mice is actively maintained via redundant genetic regulation of dorsal midline development and signaling. The contribution of long-range signaling to cortical gyrification remains poorly understood. In this study, authors demonstrate that the combined genetic loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, expressed in the telencephalic dorsal midline neuroepithelium and head mesenchyme, respectively, induces gyrification in the mouse neocortex
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16
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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17
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Overexpression of BRCA1 in Neural Stem Cells Enhances Cell Survival and Functional Recovery after Transplantation into Experimental Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8739730. [PMID: 31073355 PMCID: PMC6470423 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8739730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising therapy for ischemic stroke. However, the effectiveness of this approach is limited by grafted cell death. Breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1) could suppress apoptosis in neural progenitors and modulate oxidative stress in neurons. In this study, we found that BRCA1 was upregulated by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Overexpression of BRCA1 in NSCs reduced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress after OGD/R insult. The molecule overexpression also stimulated cellular proliferation in OGD/R NSCs and increased the survival rate of grafted cells. Further, the transplantation of BRCA1-transfected NSCs into mice with ischemic stroke increased brain-derived neurotropic factor and nerve growth factor expression in the brain and elicited neurological function improvement. In addition, we found that RING finger domain and BRCT domain of BRCA1 could physically interact with p53 in NSCs. The cross talk between BRCA1 RING finger domain and p53 was responsible for p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Our findings indicate that modification with BRCA1 could enhance the efficacy of NSCs transplantation in ischemic stroke.
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18
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Xu P, Liu Q, Xie Y, Shi X, Li Y, Peng M, Guo H, Sun R, Li J, Hong Y, Liu X, Xu G. Breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1) rescues neurons from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathway. Redox Biol 2018; 18:158-172. [PMID: 30014904 PMCID: PMC6068089 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathological process of neural damage in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1), a tumor suppressor, can modulate cellular antioxidant response and DNA repair. Yet the role of BRCA1 in cerebral I/R injury has not been explored. In this study, we observed that BRCA1 was mainly expressed in neurons and was up-regulated in response to I/R insult. Overexpression of BRCA1 attenuated reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. Enhanced BRCA1 expression promoted DNA double strand break repair through non-homologous end joining pathway. These effects consequently led to neuronal cell survival and neurological recovery. Mechanically, BRCA1 can interact with the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) through BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domain. The cross-talk between BRCT and NRF2 activated the NRF2/Antioxidant Response Element signaling pathway and thus protected injured neurons during cerebral I/R. In conclusion, enhanced BRCA1 after cerebral I/R injury may attenuate or prevent neural damage from I/R via NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathway. The finding may provide a potential therapeutic target against ischemic stroke. BRCA1 was up-regulated after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Up-regulated BRCA1 attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and cognitive impairment. BRCA1 binding to NRF2 via BRCT domain triggered NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. BRCA1 promoted DSBs repair via non-homologous end joining-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Yunzi Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Hongquan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.
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19
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BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressors in neural crest cells are essential for craniofacial bone development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007340. [PMID: 29718910 PMCID: PMC5951594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial abnormalities, including facial skeletal defects, comprise approximately one-third of all birth defects in humans. Since most bones in the face derive from cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), which are multipotent stem cells, craniofacial bone disorders are largely attributed to defects in CNCCs. However, it remains unclear how the niche of CNCCs is coordinated by multiple gene regulatory networks essential for craniofacial bone development. Here we report that tumor suppressors breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) are required for craniofacial bone development in mice. Disruption of Brca1 in CNCC-derived mesenchymal cells, but not in epithelial-derived cells, resulted in craniofacial skeletal defects. Whereas osteogenic differentiation was normal, both osteogenic proliferation and survival were severely attenuated in Brca1 mutants. Brca1-deficient craniofacial skeletogenic precursors displayed increased DNA damage and enhanced cell apoptosis. Importantly, the craniofacial skeletal defects were sufficiently rescued by superimposing p53 null alleles in a neural crest-specific manner in vivo, indicating that BRCA1 deficiency induced DNA damage, cell apoptosis, and that the pathogenesis of craniofacial bone defects can be compensated by inactivation of p53. Mice lacking Brca2 in CNCCs, but not in epithelial-derived cells, also displayed abnormalities resembling the craniofacial skeletal malformations observed in Brca1 mutants. Our data shed light on the importance of BRCA1/BRCA2 function in CNCCs during craniofacial skeletal formation. Craniofacial abnormalities, including facial skeletal defects, comprise approximately one-third of all birth defects in humans. Since most bones in the face derive from neural crest cells, which are multipotent stem cells, craniofacial bone disorders are largely attributed to defects in neural crest cells. However, it remains unclear how the niche of neural crest cells is coordinated by multiple gene regulatory networks essential for craniofacial bone development. Here, we show that tumor suppressor breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) are required for craniofacial bone development in mice. Our data shed light on the importance of the DNA damage response/repair machinery in neural crest cells via BRCA1/BRCA2, providing novel insights into the mechanisms of craniofacial bone development.
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20
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Wang Q, Xu L, Chen P, Xu Z, Qiu J, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Brca1 Is Upregulated by 5-Aza-CdR and Promotes DNA Repair and Cell Survival, and Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth in Rat Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041214. [PMID: 29673145 PMCID: PMC5979323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that Brca1 acts as a “hinge” in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the precise role of Brca1 in rat retinal neurons remains unclear. Here, we found that Brca1 is developmentally downregulated and silenced in adult retina. Brca1 was upregulated in rat primary retinal neurons by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) treatment. Moreover, the upregulation of Brca1 by both 5-Aza-CdR and transgenic Brca1 promoted genomic stability and improved cell viability following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Furthermore, transgenic Brca1 significantly inhibited neurite outgrowth of retinal neurons, which implicates that Brca1 silencing promotes cell differentiation and determines neuronal morphology. Taken together, our results reveal a biological function of Brca1 in retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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21
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Neuron-specific methylome analysis reveals epigenetic regulation and tau-related dysfunction of BRCA1 in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9645-E9654. [PMID: 29042514 PMCID: PMC5692545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707151114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To extract critical information from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) postmortem brains that may otherwise be lost, we chose to screen epigenetic signatures. Epigenome analysis is a robust methodology in terms of its cell type and gene specificity, suitability for high-throughput analysis, and resistance to postmortem degradation. Analysis of the neuron-specific methylome revealed a variety of differentially methylated genes, including BRCA1. We demonstrate the pathogenic relevance of compromised genomic integrity by analyzing the neuroprotective function of BRCA1 against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, insolubility of BRCA1 under the presence of aggregated tau suggested the reason for its dysfunction despite enhanced expression. We provide insight into the pathomechanism of AD and demonstrate the potential of screening neuron-specific methylome to reveal new pathogenic contributors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by pathology of accumulated amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau proteins in the brain. Postmortem degradation and cellular complexity within the brain have limited approaches to molecularly define the causal relationship between pathological features and neuronal dysfunction in AD. To overcome these limitations, we analyzed the neuron-specific DNA methylome of postmortem brain samples from AD patients, which allowed differentially hypomethylated region of the BRCA1 promoter to be identified. Expression of BRCA1 was significantly up-regulated in AD brains, consistent with its hypomethylation. BRCA1 protein levels were also elevated in response to DNA damage induced by Aβ. BRCA1 became mislocalized to the cytoplasm and highly insoluble in a tau-dependent manner, resulting in DNA fragmentation in both in vitro cellular and in vivo mouse models. BRCA1 dysfunction under Aβ burden is consistent with concomitant deterioration of genomic integrity and synaptic plasticity. The Brca1 promoter region of AD model mice brain was similarly hypomethylated, indicating an epigenetic mechanism underlying BRCA1 regulation in AD. Our results suggest deterioration of DNA integrity as a central contributing factor in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, these data demonstrate the technical feasibility of using neuron-specific DNA methylome analysis to facilitate discovery of etiological candidates in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases.
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22
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Tsiarli MA, Rudine A, Kendall N, Pratt MO, Krall R, Thiels E, DeFranco DB, Monaghan AP. Antenatal dexamethasone exposure differentially affects distinct cortical neural progenitor cells and triggers long-term changes in murine cerebral architecture and behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1153. [PMID: 28608856 PMCID: PMC5537650 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal administration of synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) is the standard of care for women at risk for preterm labor before 34 gestational weeks. Despite their widespread use, the type of sGC used and their dose or the dosing regimens are not standardized in the United States of America or worldwide. Several studies have identified neural deficits and the increased risk for cognitive and psychiatric disease later in life for children administered sGC prenatally. However, the precise molecular and cellular targets of GC action in the developing brain remain largely undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of glucocorticoid during mid-gestation in mice leads to enhanced proliferation in select cerebral cortical neural stem/progenitor cell populations. These alterations are mediated by dose-dependent changes in the expression of cell cycle inhibitors and in genes that promote cell cycle re-entry. This leads to changes in neuronal number and density in the cerebral cortex at birth, coupled to long-term alterations in neurite complexity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in adolescents, and changes in anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tsiarli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Rudine
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N Kendall
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M O Pratt
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Krall
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Thiels
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B DeFranco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A P Monaghan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. E-mail:
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Laporte MH, Chatellard C, Vauchez V, Hemming FJ, Deloulme JC, Vossier F, Blot B, Fraboulet S, Sadoul R. Alix is required during development for normal growth of the mouse brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44767. [PMID: 28322231 PMCID: PMC5359572 DOI: 10.1038/srep44767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alix (ALG-2 interacting protein X) drives deformation and fission of endosomal and cell surface membranes and thereby intervenes in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. Using embryonic fibroblasts of Alix knock-out mice, we recently demonstrated that Alix is required for clathrin-independent endocytosis. Here we show that mice lacking Alix suffer from severe reduction in the volume of the brain which affects equally all regions examined. The cerebral cortex of adult animals shows normal layering but is reduced in both medio-lateral length and thickness. Alix controls brain size by regulating its expansion during two distinct developmental stages. Indeed, embryonic surface expansion of the Alix ko cortex is reduced because of the loss of neural progenitors during a transient phase of apoptosis occurring between E11.5 and E12.5. Subsequent development of the Alix ko cortex occurs normally until birth, when Alix is again required for the post-natal radial expansion of the cortex through its capacity to allow proper neurite outgrowth. The need of Alix for both survival of neural progenitor cells and neurite outgrowth is correlated with its role in clathrin-independent endocytosis in neural progenitors and at growth cones. Thus Alix-dependent, clathrin independent endocytosis is essential for controlling brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine H. Laporte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Victoria Vauchez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J. Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Deloulme
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Vossier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Fraboulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, F-38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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BRCA1-regulated RRM2 expression protects glioblastoma cells from endogenous replication stress and promotes tumorigenicity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13398. [PMID: 27845331 PMCID: PMC5116074 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-evoked replication stress (RS) fuels genomic instability in diverse cancer types. Here we report that BRCA1, traditionally regarded a tumour suppressor, plays an unexpected tumour-promoting role in glioblastoma (GBM), safeguarding a protective response to supraphysiological RS levels. Higher BRCA1 positivity is associated with shorter survival of glioma patients and the abrogation of BRCA1 function in GBM enhances RS, DNA damage (DD) accumulation and impairs tumour growth. Mechanistically, we identify a novel role of BRCA1 as a transcriptional co-activator of RRM2 (catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase), whereby BRCA1-mediated RRM2 expression protects GBM cells from endogenous RS, DD and apoptosis. Notably, we show that treatment with a RRM2 inhibitor triapine reproduces the BRCA1-depletion GBM-repressive phenotypes and sensitizes GBM cells to PARP inhibition. We propose that GBM cells are addicted to the RS-protective role of the BRCA1-RRM2 axis, targeting of which may represent a novel paradigm for therapeutic intervention in GBM. BRCA1 loss can result in collapse of replication forks into DNA double strand breaks that can contribute to malignant transformation. Here, the authors find that BRCA1 promotes the expression of RRM2 protecting glioblastoma cells from replication stress, DNA damage and apoptosis.
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25
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Shimada M, Matsuzaki F, Kato A, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto T, Komatsu K. Induction of Excess Centrosomes in Neural Progenitor Cells during the Development of Radiation-Induced Microcephaly. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158236. [PMID: 27367050 PMCID: PMC4930206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic brain is one of the tissues most vulnerable to ionizing radiation. In this study, we showed that ionizing radiation induces apoptosis in the neural progenitors of the mouse cerebral cortex, and that the surviving progenitor cells subsequently develop a considerable amount of supernumerary centrosomes. When mouse embryos at Day 13.5 were exposed to γ-rays, brains sizes were reduced markedly in a dose-dependent manner, and these size reductions persisted until birth. Immunostaining with caspase-3 antibodies showed that apoptosis occurred in 35% and 40% of neural progenitor cells at 4 h after exposure to 1 and 2 Gy, respectively, and this was accompanied by a disruption of the apical layer in which mitotic spindles were positioned in unirradiated mice. At 24 h after 1 Gy irradiation, the apoptotic cells were completely eliminated and proliferation was restored to a level similar to that of unirradiated cells, but numerous spindles were localized outside the apical layer. Similarly, abnormal cytokinesis, which included multipolar division and centrosome clustering, was observed in 19% and 24% of the surviving neural progenitor cells at 48 h after irradiation with 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Because these cytokinesis aberrations derived from excess centrosomes result in growth delay and mitotic catastrophe-mediated cell elimination, our findings suggest that, in addition to apoptosis at an early stage of radiation exposure, radiation-induced centrosome overduplication could contribute to the depletion of neural progenitors and thereby lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shimada
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kato
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation System Biology, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gygli PE, Chang JC, Gokozan HN, Catacutan FP, Schmidt TA, Kaya B, Goksel M, Baig FS, Chen S, Griveau A, Michowski W, Wong M, Palanichamy K, Sicinski P, Nelson RJ, Czeisler C, Otero JJ. Cyclin A2 promotes DNA repair in the brain during both development and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:1540-70. [PMID: 27425845 PMCID: PMC4993346 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various stem cell niches of the brain have differential requirements for Cyclin A2. Cyclin A2 loss results in marked cerebellar dysmorphia, whereas forebrain growth is retarded during early embryonic development yet achieves normal size at birth. To understand the differential requirements of distinct brain regions for Cyclin A2, we utilized neuroanatomical, transgenic mouse, and mathematical modeling techniques to generate testable hypotheses that provide insight into how Cyclin A2 loss results in compensatory forebrain growth during late embryonic development. Using unbiased measurements of the forebrain stem cell niche, we parameterized a mathematical model whereby logistic growth instructs progenitor cells as to the cell-types of their progeny. Our data was consistent with prior findings that progenitors proliferate along an auto-inhibitory growth curve. The growth retardation inCCNA2-null brains corresponded to cell cycle lengthening, imposing a developmental delay. We hypothesized that Cyclin A2 regulates DNA repair and that CCNA2-null progenitors thus experienced lengthened cell cycle. We demonstrate that CCNA2-null progenitors suffer abnormal DNA repair, and implicate Cyclin A2 in double-strand break repair. Cyclin A2's DNA repair functions are conserved among cell lines, neural progenitors, and hippocampal neurons. We further demonstrate that neuronal CCNA2 ablation results in learning and memory deficits in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Gygli
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joshua C. Chang
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hamza N. Gokozan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fay P. Catacutan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theresa A. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Behiye Kaya
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mustafa Goksel
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Faisal S. Baig
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amelie Griveau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Palanichamy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - José J. Otero
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Sakai D, Dixon J, Achilleos A, Dixon M, Trainor PA. Prevention of Treacher Collins syndrome craniofacial anomalies in mouse models via maternal antioxidant supplementation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10328. [PMID: 26792133 PMCID: PMC4735750 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies account for approximately one-third of all birth defects and are a significant cause of infant mortality. Since the majority of the bones, cartilage and connective tissues that comprise the head and face are derived from a multipotent migratory progenitor cell population called the neural crest, craniofacial disorders are typically attributed to defects in neural crest cell development. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a disorder of craniofacial development and although TCS arises primarily through autosomal dominant mutations in TCOF1, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been documented. Here we show that Tcof1 haploinsufficiency results in oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and neuroepithelial cell death. Consistent with this discovery, maternal treatment with antioxidants minimizes cell death in the neuroepithelium and substantially ameliorates or prevents the pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies in Tcof1(+/-) mice. Thus maternal antioxidant dietary supplementation may provide an avenue for protection against the pathogenesis of TCS and similar neurocristopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakai
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Karasuma Higashi-iru, Imadegawa-dori, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8580, Japan
| | - Jill Dixon
- Dental School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Michael Dixon
- Dental School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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28
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DNA repair factor BRCA1 depletion occurs in Alzheimer brains and impairs cognitive function in mice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8897. [PMID: 26615780 PMCID: PMC4674776 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining DNA integrity is vital for all cells and organisms. Defective DNA repair may contribute to neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found reduced levels of BRCA1, but not of other DNA repair factors, in the brains of AD patients and human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice. Amyloid-β oligomers reduced BRCA1 levels in primary neuronal cultures. In wild-type mice, knocking down neuronal BRCA1 in the dentate gyrus caused increased DNA double-strand breaks, neuronal shrinkage, synaptic plasticity impairments, and learning and memory deficits, but not apoptosis. Low levels of hAPP/Amyloid-β overexpression exacerbated these effects. Physiological neuronal activation increased BRCA1 levels, whereas stimulating predominantly extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors promoted the proteasomal degradation of BRCA1. We conclude that BRCA1 is regulated by neuronal activity, protects the neuronal genome, and critically supports neuronal integrity and cognitive functions. Pathological accumulation of Aβ depletes neuronal BRCA1, which may contribute to cognitive deficits in AD.
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29
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Trans effects of chromosome aneuploidies on DNA methylation patterns in human Down syndrome and mouse models. Genome Biol 2015; 16:263. [PMID: 26607552 PMCID: PMC4659173 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome (DS), but the mechanisms by which the extra chromosome leads to deficient intellectual and immune function are not well understood. Results Here, we profile CpG methylation in DS and control cerebral and cerebellar cortex of adults and cerebrum of fetuses. We purify neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and T lymphocytes and find biologically relevant genes with DS-specific methylation (DS-DM) in each of these cell types. Some genes show brain-specific DS-DM, while others show stronger DS-DM in T cells. Both 5-methyl-cytosine and 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine contribute to the DS-DM. Thirty percent of genes with DS-DM in adult brain cells also show DS-DM in fetal brains, indicating early onset of these epigenetic changes, and we find early maturation of methylation patterns in DS brain and lymphocytes. Some, but not all, of the DS-DM genes show differential expression. DS-DM preferentially affected CpGs in or near specific transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), implicating a mechanism involving altered TFBS occupancy. Methyl-seq of brain DNA from mouse models with sub-chromosomal duplications mimicking DS reveals partial but significant overlaps with human DS-DM and shows that multiple chromosome 21 genes contribute to the downstream epigenetic effects. Conclusions These data point to novel biological mechanisms in DS and have general implications for trans effects of chromosomal duplications and aneuploidies on epigenetic patterning. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0827-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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30
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Shapiro AM, Miller-Pinsler L, Wells PG. Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1)-deficient embryos develop normally but are more susceptible to ethanol-initiated DNA damage and embryopathies. Redox Biol 2015; 7:30-38. [PMID: 26629949 PMCID: PMC4683388 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer 1 (brca1) gene is associated with breast and ovarian cancers, and heterozygous (+/−) brca1 knockout progeny develop normally, suggesting a negligible developmental impact. However, our results show BRCA1 plays a broader biological role in protecting the embryo from oxidative stress. Sox2-promoted Cre-expressing hemizygous males were mated with floxed brca1 females, and gestational day 8 +/− brca1 conditional knockout embryos with a 28% reduction in protein expression were exposed in culture to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-initiating drug ethanol (EtOH). Untreated +/− brca1-deficient embryos developed normally, but when exposed to EtOH exhibited increased levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, measured as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, γH2AX, which is a marker of DNA double strand breaks that can result from 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, formation, and embryopathies at EtOH concentrations that did not affect their brca1-normal littermates. These results reveal that even modest BRCA1 deficiencies render the embryo more susceptible to drug-enhanced ROS formation, and corroborate a role for DNA oxidation in the mechanism of EtOH teratogenesis. Heterozygous (+/−) brca1 conditional knockout (cKO) embryos develop normally. +/− brca1 cKO embryos have 28% less BRCA1 protein than wild-type (WT) littermates. Ethanol-exposed BRCA1-deficient mice have more oxidatively damaged DNA than WTs. Ethanol-exposed BRCA1 cKO embryos exhibit more embryopathies than WT littermates. BRCA1 protects the embryo from ethanol-enhanced oxidative stress—a novel role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lutfiya Miller-Pinsler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Boysen G, Barbieri CE, Prandi D, Blattner M, Chae SS, Dahija A, Nataraj S, Huang D, Marotz C, Xu L, Huang J, Lecca P, Chhangawala S, Liu D, Zhou P, Sboner A, de Bono JS, Demichelis F, Houvras Y, Rubin MA. SPOP mutation leads to genomic instability in prostate cancer. eLife 2015; 4:e09207. [PMID: 26374986 PMCID: PMC4621745 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a fundamental feature of human cancer often resulting from impaired genome maintenance. In prostate cancer, structural genomic rearrangements are a common mechanism driving tumorigenesis. However, somatic alterations predisposing to chromosomal rearrangements in prostate cancer remain largely undefined. Here, we show that SPOP, the most commonly mutated gene in primary prostate cancer modulates DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, and that SPOP mutation is associated with genomic instability. In vivo, SPOP mutation results in a transcriptional response consistent with BRCA1 inactivation resulting in impaired homology-directed repair (HDR) of DSB. Furthermore, we found that SPOP mutation sensitizes to DNA damaging therapeutic agents such as PARP inhibitors. These results implicate SPOP as a novel participant in DSB repair, suggest that SPOP mutation drives prostate tumorigenesis in part through genomic instability, and indicate that mutant SPOP may increase response to DNA-damaging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Boysen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Davide Prandi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mirjam Blattner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Sung-Suk Chae
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Arun Dahija
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Srilakshmi Nataraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Dennis Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Clarisse Marotz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Paola Lecca
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Deli Liu
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
- Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
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Breuss M, Morandell J, Nimpf S, Gstrein T, Lauwers M, Hochstoeger T, Braun A, Chan K, Sánchez Guajardo ER, Zhang L, Suplata M, Heinze KG, Elsayad K, Keays DA. The Expression of Tubb2b Undergoes a Developmental Transition in Murine Cortical Neurons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2161-86. [PMID: 26105993 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian brain requires the generation, migration, and differentiation of neurons, cellular processes that are dependent on a dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton. Mutations in tubulin genes, which encode for the structural subunits of microtubules, cause detrimental neurological disorders known as the tubulinopathies. The disease spectra associated with different tubulin genes are overlapping but distinct, an observation believed to reflect functional specification of this multigene family. Perturbation of the β-tubulin TUBB2B is known to cause polymicrogyria, pachygyria, microcephaly, and axon guidance defects. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the expression pattern of its murine homolog Tubb2b. The generation and characterization of BAC-transgenic eGFP reporter mouse lines has revealed that it is highly expressed in progenitors and postmitotic neurons during cortical development. This contrasts with the 8-week-old cortex, in which Tubb2b expression is restricted to macroglia, and expression is almost completely absent in mature neurons. This developmental transition in neurons is mirrored in the adult hippocampus and the cerebellum but is not a universal feature of Tubb2b; its expression persists in a population of postmitotic neurons in the 8-week-old retina. We propose that the dynamic spatial and temporal expression of Tubb2b reflects specific functional requirements of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breuss
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jasmin Morandell
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Simon Nimpf
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Mattias Lauwers
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Tobias Hochstoeger
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Andreas Braun
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Lijuan Zhang
- Advanced Microscopy, Campus Science Support Facilities (CSF), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Marek Suplata
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Kareem Elsayad
- Advanced Microscopy, Campus Science Support Facilities (CSF), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
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Wong FK, Fei JF, Mora-Bermúdez F, Taverna E, Haffner C, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Huttner WB. Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002217. [PMID: 26252244 PMCID: PMC4529158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in mammals has been linked to enlargement of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), notably basal radial glia (bRG). The transcription factor Pax6 is known to be highly expressed in primate, but not mouse, BPs. Here, we demonstrate that sustaining Pax6 expression selectively in BP-genic apical radial glia (aRG) and their BP progeny of embryonic mouse neocortex suffices to induce primate-like progenitor behaviour. Specifically, we conditionally expressed Pax6 by in utero electroporation using a novel, Tis21–CreERT2 mouse line. This expression altered aRG cleavage plane orientation to promote bRG generation, increased cell-cycle re-entry of BPs, and ultimately increased upper-layer neuron production. Upper-layer neuron production was also increased in double-transgenic mouse embryos with sustained Pax6 expression in the neurogenic lineage. Strikingly, increased BPs existed not only in the SVZ but also in the intermediate zone of the neocortex of these double-transgenic mouse embryos. In mutant mouse embryos lacking functional Pax6, the proportion of bRG among BPs was reduced. Our data identify specific Pax6 effects in BPs and imply that sustaining this Pax6 function in BPs could be a key aspect of SVZ enlargement and, consequently, the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. "Humanizing" the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in cortical progenitors in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to endow these progenitors with a primate-like proliferative capacity. During development, neural progenitors generate all cells that make up the mammalian brain. Differences in brain size among the various mammalian species are attributed to differences in the abundance and proliferative capacity of a specific class of neural progenitors called basal progenitors. Among these, a specific progenitor type called basal radial glia is thought to have played an important role during evolution in the expansion of the neocortex, the part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions like conscious thought and language. In the neocortex, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in basal progenitors is low in rodents, but high in primates, including humans. In this study, we aimed to mimic the elevated expression pattern of Pax6 seen in humans in basal progenitors of the embryonic mouse neocortex. To this end, we generated a novel, transgenic mouse line that allows sustained expression of the Pax6 gene in basal progenitors. This elevated expression resulted in an increase in the generation of basal radial glia, in the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors, and, ultimately, in the number of neurons produced. Our findings demonstrate that altering the expression of a single transcription factor from a mouse to a human-like pattern suffices to induce a primate-like proliferative behaviour in neural progenitors, which is thought to underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Noristani HN, Sabourin JC, Gerber YN, Teigell M, Sommacal A, Vivanco MDM, Weber M, Perrin FE. Brca1 is expressed in human microglia and is dysregulated in human and animal model of ALS. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:34. [PMID: 26227626 PMCID: PMC4521418 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that microglia are key players in the pathological process of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is suggested that microglia have a dual role in motoneurone degeneration through the release of both neuroprotective and neurotoxic factors. Results To identify candidate genes that may be involved in ALS pathology we have analysed at early symptomatic age (P90), the molecular signature of microglia from the lumbar region of the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice, the most widely used animal model of ALS. We first identified unique hSOD1G93A microglia transcriptomic profile that, in addition to more classical processes such as chemotaxis and immune response, pointed toward the potential involvement of the tumour suppressor gene breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (Brca1). Secondly, comparison with our previous data on hSOD1G93A motoneurone gene profile substantiated the putative contribution of Brca1 in ALS. Finally, we established that Brca1 protein is specifically expressed in human spinal microglia and is up-regulated in ALS patients. Conclusions Overall, our data provide new insights into the pathogenic concept of a non-cell-autonomous disease and the involvement of microglia in ALS. Importantly, the identification of Brca1 as a novel microglial marker and as possible contributor in both human and animal model of ALS may represent a valid therapeutic target. Moreover, our data points toward novel research strategies such as investigating the role of oncogenic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0023-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Najib Noristani
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, 80, rue Augustin Fliche, 34091, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Jean Charles Sabourin
- "Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, 80, rue Augustin Fliche, 34091, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. .,"Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Marisa Teigell
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, 80, rue Augustin Fliche, 34091, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Andreas Sommacal
- Kantonspital St. Gallen. FachMuskelzentrum/ALS clinic, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Maria dM Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Cell Biology & Stem Cells Unit, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.
| | - Markus Weber
- Kantonspital St. Gallen. FachMuskelzentrum/ALS clinic, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, 80, rue Augustin Fliche, 34091, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. .,"Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department "Biologie-Mécanismes du Vivant" Faculty of Science, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Pulvers JN, Journiac N, Arai Y, Nardelli J. MCPH1: a window into brain development and evolution. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:92. [PMID: 25870538 PMCID: PMC4376118 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebral cortex involves a series of mechanisms: from patterning, progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, to neuronal migration. Many factors influence the development of the cerebral cortex to its normal size and neuronal composition. Of these, the mechanisms that influence the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are of particular interest, as they may have the greatest consequence on brain size, not only during development but also in evolution. In this context, causative genes of human autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, such as ASPM and MCPH1, are attractive candidates, as many of them show positive selection during primate evolution. MCPH1 causes microcephaly in mice and humans and is involved in a diverse array of molecular functions beyond brain development, including DNA repair and chromosome condensation. Positive selection of MCPH1 in the primate lineage has led to much insight and discussion of its role in brain size evolution. In this review, we will present an overview of MCPH1 from these multiple angles, and whilst its specific role in brain size regulation during development and evolution remain elusive, the pieces of the puzzle will be discussed with the aim of putting together the full picture of this fascinating gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Journiac
- U1141 Inserm Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141 Paris, France
| | - Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Jeannette Nardelli
- U1141 Inserm Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141 Paris, France
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Wang G, Li Y, Wang XY, Chuai M, Yeuk-Hon Chan J, Lei J, Münsterberg A, Lee KKH, Yang X. Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:978-92. [PMID: 25568339 PMCID: PMC4342032 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development. The brain and reproductive expression (BRE) gene is expressed in numerous adult tissues and especially in the nervous and reproductive systems. However, little is known about BRE expression in the developing embryo or about its role in embryonic development. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to reveal the spatiotemporal expression pattern for BRE in chick embryo during development. To determine the importance of BRE in neurogenesis, we overexpressed BRE and also silenced BRE expression specifically in the neural tube. We established that overexpressing BRE in the neural tube indirectly accelerated Pax7+ somite development and directly increased HNK-1+ neural crest cell (NCC) migration and TuJ-1+ neurite outgrowth. These altered morphogenetic processes were associated with changes in the cell cycle of NCCs and neural tube cells. The inverse effect was obtained when BRE expression was silenced in the neural tube. We also determined that BMP4 and Shh expression in the neural tube was affected by misexpression of BRE. This provides a possible mechanism for how altering BRE expression was able to affect somitogenesis, neurogenesis, and NCC migration. In summary, our results demonstrate that BRE plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somite differentiation during early chick embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Yeuk-Hon Chan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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37
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Houlihan SL, Feng Y. The scaffold protein Nde1 safeguards the brain genome during S phase of early neural progenitor differentiation. eLife 2014; 3:e03297. [PMID: 25245017 PMCID: PMC4170211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Successfully completing the S phase of each cell cycle ensures genome integrity. Impediment of DNA replication can lead to DNA damage and genomic disorders. In this study, we show a novel function for NDE1, whose mutations cause brain developmental disorders, in safeguarding the genome through S phase during early steps of neural progenitor fate restrictive differentiation. Nde1 mutant neural progenitors showed catastrophic DNA double strand breaks concurrent with the DNA replication. This evoked DNA damage responses, led to the activation of p53-dependent apoptosis, and resulted in the reduction of neurons in cortical layer II/III. We discovered a nuclear pool of Nde1, identified the interaction of Nde1 with cohesin and its associated chromatin remodeler, and showed that stalled DNA replication in Nde1 mutants specifically occurred in mid-late S phase at heterochromatin domains. These findings suggest that NDE1-mediated heterochromatin replication is indispensible for neuronal differentiation, and that the loss of NDE1 function may lead to genomic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L Houlihan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
- Driskill Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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38
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Sun T, Hevner RF. Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: from molecules to malformations. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:217-32. [PMID: 24646670 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size and extent of folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex are important factors that influence a species' cognitive abilities and sensorimotor skills. Studies in various animal models and in humans have provided insight into the mechanisms that regulate cortical growth and folding. Both protein-coding genes and microRNAs control cortical size, and recent progress in characterizing basal progenitor cells and the genes that regulate their proliferation has contributed to our understanding of cortical folding. Neurological disorders linked to disruptions in cortical growth and folding have been associated with novel neurogenetic mechanisms and aberrant signalling pathways, and these findings have changed concepts of brain evolution and may lead to new medical treatments for certain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, BOX 60, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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39
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Microinjection of membrane-impermeable molecules into single neural stem cells in brain tissue. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1170-82. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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40
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Pao GM, Zhu Q, Perez-Garcia CG, Chou SJ, Suh H, Gage FH, O’Leary DDM, Verma IM. Role of BRCA1 in brain development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1240-8. [PMID: 24639535 PMCID: PMC3977248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400783111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a breast and ovarian cancer tumor suppressor whose loss leads to DNA damage and defective centrosome functions. Despite its tumor suppression functions, BRCA1 is most highly expressed in the embryonic neuroepithelium when the neural progenitors are highly proliferative. To determine its functional significance, we deleted BRCA1 in the developing brain using a neural progenitor-specific driver. The phenotype is characterized by severe agenesis of multiple laminated cerebral structures affecting most notably the neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulbs. Major phenotypes are caused by excess apoptosis, as these could be significantly suppressed by the concomitant deletion of p53. Certain phenotypes attributable to centrosomal and cell polarity functions could not be rescued by p53 deletion. A double KO with the DNA damage sensor kinase ATM was able to rescue BRCA1 loss to a greater extent than p53. Our results suggest distinct apoptotic and centrosomal functions of BRCA1 in neural progenitors, with important implications to understand the sensitivity of the embryonic brain to DNA damage, as well as the developmental regulation of brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos G. Perez-Garcia
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | - Dennis D. M. O’Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Abstract
Germline mutations of human breast cancer-associated gene 1 (BRCA1) predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. In mice, over 20 distinct mutations, including null, hypomorphic, isoform, conditional, and point mutations, have been created to study functions of Brca1 in mammary development and tumorigenesis. Analyses using these mutant mice have yielded an enormous amount of information that greatly facilitates our understanding of the gender- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor functions of BRCA1, as well as enriches our insights into applying these preclinical models of disease to breast cancer research. Here, we review features of these mutant mice and their applications to cancer prevention and therapeutic treatment.
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42
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Tsiarli MA, Monaghan AP, DeFranco DB. Differential subcellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor in distinct neural stem and progenitor populations of the mouse telencephalon in vivo. Brain Res 2013; 1523:10-27. [PMID: 23751362 PMCID: PMC3749785 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are given to pregnant women at risk for premature delivery to promote lung maturation. Despite reports of detrimental effects of glucocorticoids on telencephalic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), the regional and cellular expressions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in various NSPC populations in the intact brain have not been thoroughly assessed. Therefore in this study we performed a detailed analysis of GR protein expression in the developing mouse ventral and dorsal telencephalon in vivo. At embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), the majority of Pax6-positive radial glial cells (RGCs) and Tbr2-positive intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) expressed nuclear GR, while a small number of RGCs on the apical ventricular zone (aVZ), expressed cytoplasmic GR. However, on E13.5, the latter population of RGCs increased in size, whereas abventricular NSPCs and especially neurons of the cortical plate, expressed nuclear GR. In IPCs, GR was always nuclear. A similar expression profile was observed throughout the ventral telencephalon, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, with NSPCs of the aVZ primarily expressing cytoplasmic GR, while abventricular NSPCs and mature cells primarily expressed nuclear GR. Close to birth, nuclear GR accumulated within specific cortical areas such as layer V, the subplate and CA1 area of the hippocampus. In summary, our data show that GR protein is present in early NSPCs of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon at E11.5 and primarily occupies the nucleus. Moreover, our study suggests that the subcellular localization of the receptor may be subjected to region and neurodevelopmental stage-specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Tsiarli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - A. Paula Monaghan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Ma S, Kwon HJ, Johng H, Zang K, Huang Z. Radial glial neural progenitors regulate nascent brain vascular network stabilization via inhibition of Wnt signaling. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001469. [PMID: 23349620 PMCID: PMC3551952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells, which are neural stem cells well known for their role in neurogenesis, also play an unexpected role in stabilizing nascent blood vessels in the brain. The cerebral cortex performs complex cognitive functions at the expense of tremendous energy consumption. Blood vessels in the brain are known to form stereotypic patterns that facilitate efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery. Yet little is known about how vessel development in the brain is normally regulated. Radial glial neural progenitors are well known for their central role in orchestrating brain neurogenesis. Here we show that, in the late embryonic cortex, radial glial neural progenitors also play a key role in brain angiogenesis, by interacting with nascent blood vessels and regulating vessel stabilization via modulation of canonical Wnt signaling. We find that ablation of radial glia results in vessel regression, concomitant with ectopic activation of Wnt signaling in endothelial cells. Direct activation of Wnt signaling also results in similar vessel regression, while attenuation of Wnt signaling substantially suppresses regression. Radial glial ablation and ectopic Wnt pathway activation leads to elevated endothelial expression of matrix metalloproteinases, while inhibition of metalloproteinase activity significantly suppresses vessel regression. These results thus reveal a previously unrecognized role of radial glial progenitors in stabilizing nascent brain vascular network and provide novel insights into the molecular cascades through which target neural tissues regulate vessel stabilization and patterning during development and throughout life. The brain is an energy-intensive organ that consumes about 10 times as much energy per unit volume as the rest of the body. It therefore requires a highly efficient vascular network for oxygen and nutrient delivery, and as a result compromises in blood vessel networks influence a wide array of brain diseases. Our current understanding is that brain-specific neural cell types are involved in shaping its vascular network, but unfortunately little is known about the cellular or molecular mechanisms involved. Using a mouse genetic model, we have found that radial glial cells, a stem cell type well known for its fundamental role in neural circuit formation, also play an unexpected role in brain vessel development. We find that radial glial cells are essential for the stabilization of newly formed blood vessels in the late embryonic brain, and do so in large part through down-regulating canonical Wnt signaling in endothelial cells (which line the interior surface of blood vessels). These findings provide new insight into how new vessels in the brain are normally stabilized and how this process may be compromised and contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ma
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hyo Jun Kwon
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heidi Johng
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Keling Zang
- Department of Physiology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nerve growth factor scales endocannabinoid signaling by regulating monoacylglycerol lipase turnover in developing cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1935-40. [PMID: 23319656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212563110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid, particularly 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), signaling has recently emerged as a molecular determinant of neuronal migration and synapse formation during cortical development. However, the cell type specificity and molecular regulation of spatially and temporally confined morphogenic 2-AG signals remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that genetic and pharmacological manipulation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors permanently alters cholinergic projection neuron identity and hippocampal innervation. We show that nerve growth factor (NGF), implicated in the morphogenesis and survival of cholinergic projection neurons, dose-dependently and coordinately regulates the molecular machinery for 2-AG signaling via tropomyosine kinase A receptors in vitro. In doing so, NGF limits the sorting of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), rate limiting 2-AG bioavailability, to proximal neurites, allowing cell-autonomous 2-AG signaling at CB(1) cannabinoid receptors to persist at atypical locations to induce superfluous neurite extension. We find that NGF controls MGL degradation in vitro and in vivo and identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) as a candidate facilitating MGL's elimination from motile neurite segments, including growth cones. BRCA1 inactivation by cisplatin or genetically can rescue and reposition MGL, arresting NGF-induced growth responses. These data indicate that NGF can orchestrate endocannabinoid signaling to promote cholinergic differentiation and implicate BRCA1 in determining neuronal morphology.
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Sotiropoulou PA, Karambelas AE, Debaugnies M, Candi A, Bouwman P, Moers V, Revenco T, Rocha AS, Sekiguchi K, Jonkers J, Blanpain C. BRCA1 deficiency in skin epidermis leads to selective loss of hair follicle stem cells and their progeny. Genes Dev 2012; 27:39-51. [PMID: 23271346 DOI: 10.1101/gad.206573.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The accurate maintenance of genomic integrity is essential for tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of this process leads to cancer and aging. BRCA1 is a critical mediator of this process. Here, we performed conditional deletion of Brca1 during epidermal development and found that BRCA1 is specifically required for hair follicle (HF) formation and for development of adult HF stem cells (SCs). Mice deficient for Brca1 in the epidermis are hairless and display a reduced number of HFs that degenerate progressively. Surprisingly, the interfollicular epidermis and the sebaceous glands remain unaffected by Brca1 deletion. Interestingly, HF matrix transient amplifying progenitors present increased DNA damage, p53 stabilization, and caspase-dependent apoptosis compared with the interfollicular and sebaceous progenitors, leading to hyperproliferation, apoptosis, and subsequent depletion of the prospective adult HF SCs. Concomitant deletion of p53 and Brca1 rescues the defect of HF morphogenesis and loss of HF SCs. During adult homeostasis, BRCA1 is dispensable for quiescent bulge SCs, but upon their activation during HF regeneration, Brca1 deletion causes apoptosis and depletion of Brca1-deficient bulge SCs. Our data reveal a major difference in the requirement of BRCA1 between different types of epidermal SCs and progenitors and during the different activation stages of adult HF SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota A Sotiropoulou
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moleculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Kishi Y, Kondo S, Gotoh Y. Transcriptional activation of mouse major satellite regions during neuronal differentiation. Cell Struct Funct 2012; 37:101-10. [PMID: 22976370 DOI: 10.1247/csf.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed various biological functions for repetitive sequences, which make up about half of the human genome. One such sequence, major satellites, which are tandem repetitive sequences adjacent to the centromere, have been shown to be a kinetochore component that plays a role in the formation and function of the pericentric heterochromatin necessary for mitosis. However, it is unknown whether these regions also play a role in post-mitotic cells. Here, we show that, during neuronal differentiation, the heterochromatin domains that include major satellite regions become both enriched with the active histone modification lysine-4 trimethylation of histone H3, and more sensitive to nuclease, both of which suggest increased activation of this area. Further supporting this notion, we also found that transcription from major satellite regions is significantly increased during neuronal differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. These results together suggest that the structural and transcriptional state of major satellite regions changes dramatically during neuronal differentiation, implying that this region might play a role in differentiating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kishi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Lee Y, Katyal S, Downing SM, Zhao J, Russell HR, McKinnon PJ. Neurogenesis requires TopBP1 to prevent catastrophic replicative DNA damage in early progenitors. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:819-26. [PMID: 22522401 PMCID: PMC3404252 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of progenitors during neurogenesis requires a stringent genomic maintenance program to ensure transmission of genetic fidelity. However the essential factors that govern neural progenitor genome integrity are unknown. Here we report that conditional inactivation of mouse TopBP1, a protein linked to DNA replication, and a key activator of the DNA damage response kinase ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related) is critical for maintenance of early-born neural progenitors. During cortical development TopBP1 prevented replication-associated DNA damage in Emx1-progenitors which otherwise resulted in profound tissue ablation. Notably, disrupted neurogenesis in TopBP1-depleted tissues was substantially rescued by inactivation of p53 but not of ATM. Our data establish that TopBP1 is essential for preventing replication-associated DNA strand breaks, but is not essential per se for DNA replication. Thus, TopBP1 is crucial for maintaining genome integrity in the early progenitors that drive neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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48
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Taverna E, Haffner C, Pepperkok R, Huttner WB. A new approach to manipulate the fate of single neural stem cells in tissue. Nat Neurosci 2011; 15:329-37. [PMID: 22179113 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in the field of neural stem cell biology is the mechanistic dissection of single stem cell behavior in tissue. Although such behavior can be tracked by sophisticated imaging techniques, current methods of genetic manipulation do not allow researchers to change the level of a defined gene product on a truly acute time scale and are limited to very few genes at a time. To overcome these limitations, we established microinjection of neuroepithelial/radial glial cells (apical progenitors) in organotypic slice culture of embryonic mouse brain. Microinjected apical progenitors showed cell cycle parameters that were indistinguishable to apical progenitors in utero, underwent self-renewing divisions and generated neurons. Microinjection of single genes, recombinant proteins or complex mixtures of RNA was found to elicit acute and defined changes in apical progenitor behavior and progeny fate. Thus, apical progenitor microinjection provides a new approach to acutely manipulating single neural stem and progenitor cells in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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49
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Kelava I, Reillo I, Murayama AY, Kalinka AT, Stenzel D, Tomancak P, Matsuzaki F, Lebrand C, Sasaki E, Schwamborn JC, Okano H, Huttner WB, Borrell V. Abundant occurrence of basal radial glia in the subventricular zone of embryonic neocortex of a lissencephalic primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:469-81. [PMID: 22114084 PMCID: PMC3256412 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors are a hallmark of the developing neocortex. Recent studies described a novel type of SVZ progenitor that retains a basal process at mitosis, sustains expression of radial glial markers, and is capable of self-renewal. These progenitors, referred to here as basal radial glia (bRG), occur at high relative abundance in the SVZ of gyrencephalic primates (human) and nonprimates (ferret) but not lissencephalic rodents (mouse). Here, we analyzed the occurrence of bRG cells in the embryonic neocortex of the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus, a near-lissencephalic primate. bRG cells, expressing Pax6, Sox2 (but not Tbr2), glutamate aspartate transporter, and glial fibrillary acidic protein and retaining a basal process at mitosis, occur at similar relative abundance in the marmoset SVZ as in human and ferret. The proportion of progenitors in M-phase was lower in embryonic marmoset than developing ferret neocortex, raising the possibility of a longer cell cycle. Fitting the gyrification indices of 26 anthropoid species to an evolutionary model suggested that the marmoset evolved from a gyrencephalic ancestor. Our results suggest that a high relative abundance of bRG cells may be necessary, but is not sufficient, for gyrencephaly and that the marmoset's lissencephaly evolved secondarily by changing progenitor parameters other than progenitor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kelava
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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50
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Mouton-Liger F, Thomas S, Rattenbach R, Magnol L, Larigaldie V, Ledru A, Herault Y, Verney C, Créau N. PCP4 (PEP19) overexpression induces premature neuronal differentiation associated with Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase II-δ activation in mouse models of Down syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2779-802. [PMID: 21491429 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pcp4/pep19 is a modulator of Ca(2+) -CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. The PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21 and is present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of three copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous system, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model and in the Ts1Cje, a mouse model of DS. During embryogenesis, we analyzed 1) the level of pcp4 transcript and protein in the two models; 2) the extent of colabeling for markers of neuronal differentiation (βIII-tubulin, Map2c, calbindin, and calretinin) and pcp4 by immunofluorescence analysis and overall protein levels of these markers by Western blotting; and 3) the rate of activation of CaMKII, a Ca(2+) -CaM target, to evaluate the impact of pcp4 overexpression on the Ca(2+) -CaM signaling pathway. We showed that three copies of the pcp4 gene induced the overexpression of transcripts and proteins during embryogenesis. Pcp4 overexpression 1) induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers; and 2) was associated with an increase in CaMKIIδ activation, confirming involvement in neuronal differentiation in vivo via a Pcp4-Ca(2+) -CaM pathway. TgPCP4 and Ts1Cje mice developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Functional Adaptive Biology (BFA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EAC4413, Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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