1
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Dash S, Biswas J, Goswami S, Mukherjee S, Ganguli N, Duraivelan K, Mondal S, Mukhopadhyay R, Samanta D. Molecular Crosstalk Between Adherens Junction Proteins, E-cadherin and Nectin-4. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168709. [PMID: 39009071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions formed by the association of cell adhesion molecules facilitate physiological events necessary for growth and development of multicellular organisms. Among them, cadherins and nectins organize and assemble to form adherens junction, which thereby mechanically couples interacting cells. A detailed understanding of the crosstalk involving these cell adhesion molecules is fundamental to the study of the various developmental processes. Although, cadherins and nectins can recruit each other in the adherens junction through an interplay of cytoplasmic adaptor molecules, here, we report a direct interaction between N-terminal extracellular domains of E-cadherin and nectin-4 as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Kinetic studies using SPR demonstrate the binding between the ectodomains of E-cadherin and nectin-4 with a KD of 3.7 ± 0.7 µM and KD of 5.4 ± 0.2 µM (reciprocal experiment). AFM-based SMFS experiments also support interaction between the ectodomains of E-cadherin and nectin-4 with the koff value of 31.48 ± 1.53 s-1 and the lifetime of the complex of 0.036 ± 0.0026 s. We thus propose a cell adhesion mechanism mediated by E-cadherin and nectin-4, which can have functional significance in early embryogenesis as evident from the expression pattern of both the proteins during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Dash
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayita Biswas
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saumyadeep Goswami
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarbartha Mukherjee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Namrata Ganguli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Kheerthana Duraivelan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Mondal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupa Mukhopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Mangeol P, Massey-Harroche D, Sebbagh M, Richard F, Le Bivic A, Lenne PF. The zonula adherens matura redefines the apical junction of intestinal epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316722121. [PMID: 38377188 PMCID: PMC10907237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316722121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell apical junctions of epithelia consist of multiprotein complexes that organize as belts regulating cell-cell adhesion, permeability, and mechanical tension: the tight junction (zonula occludens), the zonula adherens (ZA), and the macula adherens. The prevailing dogma is that at the ZA, E-cadherin and catenins are lined with F-actin bundles that support and transmit mechanical tension between cells. Using super-resolution microscopy on human intestinal biopsies and Caco-2 cells, we show that two distinct multiprotein belts are basal of the tight junctions as the intestinal epithelia mature. The most apical is populated with nectins/afadin and lined with F-actin; the second is populated with E-cad/catenins. We name this dual-belt architecture the zonula adherens matura. We find that the apical contraction apparatus and the dual-belt organization rely on afadin expression. Our study provides a revised description of epithelial cell-cell junctions and identifies a module regulating the mechanics of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mangeol
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Dominique Massey-Harroche
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Michael Sebbagh
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Dynamics and Nanoenvironment of Biological Membrane, DyNaMo, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Fabrice Richard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Marseille13009, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, IBDM–UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille13009, France
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3
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Bennison SA, Liu X, Toyo-Oka K. Nuak kinase signaling in development and disease of the central nervous system. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110472. [PMID: 36122883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases represent important signaling hubs for a variety of biological functions. Many kinases are traditionally studied for their roles in cancer cell biology, but recent advances in neuroscience research show repurposed kinase function to be important for nervous system development and function. Two members of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) related family, NUAK1 and NUAK2, have drawn attention in neuroscience due to their mutations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, Nuak kinases have also been implicated in tauopathy and other disorders of aging. This review highlights what is known about the Nuak kinases in nervous system development and disease and explores the possibility of Nuak kinases as targets for therapeutic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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4
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Zhang XZ, Huo HQ, Zhu YQ, Feng HY, Jiao J, Tan JX, Wang Y, Hu P, Xu ZF. Folic Acid Rescues Valproic Acid-Induced Morphogenesis Inhibition in Neural Rosettes Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:888152. [PMID: 35651759 PMCID: PMC9148965 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.888152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to specialize in neuroepithelial tissue makes them ideal candidates for use in the disease models of neural tube defects. In this study, we cultured hPSCs in suspension with modified neural induction method, and immunostaining was applied to detect important markers associated with cell fate and morphogenesis to verify the establishment of the neural tube model in vitro. We carried out the drug experiments to further investigate the toxicity of valproic acid (VPA) exposure and the potential protective effect of folic acid (FA). The results demonstrated that neural rosette undergoes cell fate speciation and lumen formation accompanied by a spatiotemporal shift in the expression patterns of cadherin, indicating the model was successfully established. The results showed that VPA caused morphogenesis inhibition of lumen formation by altering cytoskeletal function and cell polarization, which could be rescued by FA supplement.
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5
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Matsuda M, Chu CW, Sokol SY. Lmo7 recruits myosin II heavy chain to regulate actomyosin contractility and apical domain size in Xenopus ectoderm. Development 2022; 149:275389. [PMID: 35451459 PMCID: PMC9188752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Apical constriction, or a reduction in size of the apical domain, underlies many morphogenetic events during development. Actomyosin complexes play an essential role in apical constriction; however, the detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms is still pending. Here, we show that Lim domain only protein 7 (Lmo7), a multidomain adaptor at apical junctions, promotes apical constriction in the Xenopus superficial ectoderm, whereas apical domain size increases in Lmo7-depleted cells. Lmo7 is primarily localized at apical junctions and promotes the formation of the dense circumferential actomyosin belt. Strikingly, Lmo7 binds non-muscle myosin II (NMII) and recruits it to apical junctions and the apical cortex. This NMII recruitment is essential for Lmo7-mediated apical constriction. Lmo7 knockdown decreases NMIIA localization at apical junctions and delays neural tube closure in Xenopus embryos. Our findings suggest that Lmo7 serves as a scaffold that regulates actomyosin contractility and apical domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Matsuda
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Baldwin AT, Kim JH, Seo H, Wallingford JB. Global analysis of cell behavior and protein dynamics reveals region-specific roles for Shroom3 and N-cadherin during neural tube closure. eLife 2022; 11:e66704. [PMID: 35244026 PMCID: PMC9010020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Failures of neural tube closure are common and serious birth defects, yet we have a poor understanding of the interaction of genetics and cell biology during neural tube closure. Additionally, mutations that cause neural tube defects (NTDs) tend to affect anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube but rarely both, indicating a regional specificity to NTD genetics. To better understand the regional specificity of cell behaviors during neural tube closure, we analyzed the dynamic localization of actin and N-cadherin via high-resolution tissue-level time-lapse microscopy during Xenopus neural tube closure. To investigate the regionality of gene function, we generated mosaic mutations in shroom3, a key regulator or neural tube closure. This new analytical approach elucidates several differences between cell behaviors during cranial/anterior and spinal/posterior neural tube closure, provides mechanistic insight into the function of shroom3, and demonstrates the ability of tissue-level imaging and analysis to generate cell biological mechanistic insights into neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Juliana H Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Hyemin Seo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
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7
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Long D, Liu M, Li H, Song J, Jiang X, Wang G, Yang X. Dysbacteriosis induces abnormal neurogenesis via LPS in a pathway requiring NF-κB/IL-6. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105543. [PMID: 33711435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified elevated levels of LPS and suppressed neurogenesis in a successfully established mouse model of gut microbiota dysbiosis. We mimicked these phenotypes using mouse and chicken embryos exposed to LPS and found that dramatic variation in gene expression was due to changes in the dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube. Cell survival and excess ROS were also involved in this process. Antioxidant administration alleviated LPS-activated NF-κB signaling, while directly blocking NF-κB signaling altered the LPS-induced inhibition of neurogenesis. Furthermore, IL-6 was proven to play a vital role in the expression of crucial neurogenesis-related genes and NF-κB. In summary, we found that the suppression of neurogenesis induced by dysbacteriosis-derived LPS was significantly reversed in mice with fecal microbiota transplantation. This study reveals that gut dysbacteriosis-derived LPS impairs embryonic neurogenesis, and that the NF-κB/IL-6 pathway could be one of the main factors triggering the downstream signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinhuan Song
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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8
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Dash S, Duraivelan K, Samanta D. Cadherin-mediated host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13316. [PMID: 33543826 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesions and play an immense role in a myriad of physiological processes during the growth and development of a multicellular organism. Cadherins belong to a major group of membrane-bound cell surface proteins that, in coordination with nectins, drive the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions for mediating cell to cell adhesion, cellular communication and signalling. Alongside adhesive function, the involvement of cadherins in mediating host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored in recent years. In this review, we provide an in-depth understanding of microbial pathogens and their virulence factors that exploit cadherins for their strategical invasion into the host cell. Furthermore, macromolecular interactions involving cadherins and various microbial factors such as secretory toxins and adhesins lead to the disintegration of host cell junctions followed by the entry of the pathogen or triggering downstream signalling pathways responsible for successful invasion of the pathogenic microbes are discussed. Besides providing a comprehensive insight into some of the structural complexes involving cadherins and microbial factors to offer the mechanistic details of host-pathogen interactions, the current review also highlights novel constituents of various cell signalling events such as endocytosis machinery elicited upon microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Dash
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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9
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Wang C, Qi X, Zhou X, Sun J, Cai D, Lu G, Chen X, Jiang Z, Yao YG, Chan WY, Zhao H. RNA-Seq analysis on ets1 mutant embryos of Xenopus tropicalis identifies microseminoprotein beta gene 3 as an essential regulator of neural crest migration. FASEB J 2020; 34:12726-12738. [PMID: 32713114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000603r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene ets1 is highly expressed in the pre-migratory and migratory neural crest (NC), and has been implicated in the delamination and migration of the NC cells. To identify the downstream target genes of Ets1 in this process, we did RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on wild-type and ets1 mutant X. tropicalis embryos. A list of genes with significantly differential expression was obtained by analyzing the RNA-Seq data. We validated the RNA-Seq data by quantitative PCR, and examined the expression pattern of the genes identified from this assay with whole mount in situ hybridization. A majority of the identified genes showed expression in migrating NC. Among them, the expression of microseminoprotein beta gene 3 (msmb3) was positively regulated by Ets1 in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Knockdown of msmb3 with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides or disruption of msmb3 by CRISPR/Cas9 both impaired the migratory streams of NC. Our study identified msmb3 as an Ets1 target gene and uncovered its function in maintaining neural crest migration pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xufeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dongqing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiongfong Chen
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases.,Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases.,Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Duraivelan K, Samanta D. Tracing the evolution of nectin and nectin-like cell adhesion molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9434. [PMID: 32523039 PMCID: PMC7286890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin and nectin-like cell adhesion molecules (collectively referred as nectin family henceforth) are known to mediate cell-cell adhesion and related functions. While current literature suggests that nectins are prevalent in vertebrates, there are no in-depth analyses regarding the evolution of nectin family as a whole. In this work, we examine the evolutionary origin of the nectin family, using selected multicellular metazoans representing diverse clades whose whole genome sequencing data is available. Our results show that this family may have appeared earlier during metazoan evolution than previously believed. Systematic analyses indicate the order in which various members of nectin family seem to have evolved, with some nectin-like molecules appearing first, followed by the evolution of other members. Furthermore, we also found a few possible ancient homologues of nectins. While our study confirms the previous grouping of the nectin family into nectins and nectin-like molecules, it also shows poliovirus receptor (PVR/nectin-like-5) to possess characteristics that are intermediate between these two groups. Interestingly, except for PVR, the other nectins show surprising sequence conservations across species, suggesting evolutionary constraints due to critical roles played by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheerthana Duraivelan
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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11
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Erturk K, Karaman S, Dagoglu N, Serilmez M, Duranyildiz D, Tas F. Serum nectin-2 and nectin-4 are diagnostic in lung cancer: which is superior? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 131:419-426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-01537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Araya C, Häkkinen HM, Carcamo L, Cerda M, Savy T, Rookyard C, Peyriéras N, Clarke JDW. Cdh2 coordinates Myosin-II dependent internalisation of the zebrafish neural plate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1835. [PMID: 30755665 PMCID: PMC6372647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue internalisation is a key morphogenetic mechanism by which embryonic tissues generate complex internal organs and a number of studies of epithelia have outlined a general view of tissue internalisation. Here we have used quantitative live imaging and mutant analysis to determine whether similar mechanisms are responsible for internalisation in a tissue that apparently does not have a typical epithelial organisation - the zebrafish neural plate. We found that although zebrafish embryos begin neurulation without a conventional epithelium, medially located neural plate cells adopt strategies typical of epithelia in order to constrict their dorsal surface membrane during cell internalisation. Furthermore, we show that Myosin-II activity is a significant driver of this transient cell remodeling which also depends on Cdh2 (N-cadherin). Abrogation of Cdh2 results in defective Myosin-II distribution, mislocalised internalisation events and defective neural plate morphogenesis. Our work suggests Cdh2 coordinates Myosin-II dependent internalisation of the zebrafish neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Araya
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile. .,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), UACh, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Hanna-Maria Häkkinen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Carcamo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia, 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thierry Savy
- UPS3611 Complex Systems Institute Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), CNRS, Paris, France.,USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
| | - Christopher Rookyard
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Peyriéras
- UPS3611 Complex Systems Institute Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), CNRS, Paris, France.,USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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13
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Visetsouk MR, Falat EJ, Garde RJ, Wendlick JL, Gutzman JH. Basal epithelial tissue folding is mediated by differential regulation of microtubules. Development 2018; 145:dev.167031. [PMID: 30333212 PMCID: PMC6262788 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The folding of epithelial tissues is crucial for development of three-dimensional structure and function. Understanding this process can assist in determining the etiology of developmental disease and engineering of tissues for the future of regenerative medicine. Folding of epithelial tissues towards the apical surface has long been studied, but the molecular mechanisms that mediate epithelial folding towards the basal surface are just emerging. Here, we utilize zebrafish neuroepithelium to identify mechanisms that mediate basal tissue folding to form the highly conserved embryonic midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Live imaging revealed Wnt5b as a mediator of anisotropic epithelial cell shape, both apically and basally. In addition, we uncovered a Wnt5b-mediated mechanism for specific regulation of basal anisotropic cell shape that is microtubule dependent and likely to involve JNK signaling. We propose a model in which a single morphogen can differentially regulate apical versus basal cell shape during tissue morphogenesis. Summary: Examination of cell shape changes during zebrafish neuroepithelium tissue folding reveals that Wnt5b specifically regulates basal anisotropic cell shape via a microtubule-dependent mechanism, likely involving JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike R Visetsouk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Falat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Ryan J Garde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wendlick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Jennifer H Gutzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
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14
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Labernadie A, Trepat X. Sticking, steering, squeezing and shearing: cell movements driven by heterotypic mechanical forces. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Duraivelan K, Basak AJ, Ghosh A, Samanta D. Molecular and structural bases of interaction between extracellular domains of nectin-2 and N
-cadherin. Proteins 2018; 86:1157-1164. [PMID: 30183103 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kheerthana Duraivelan
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Aditya J. Basak
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
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16
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López-Escobar B, Caro-Vega JM, Vijayraghavan DS, Plageman TF, Sanchez-Alcazar JA, Moreno RC, Savery D, Márquez-Rivas J, Davidson LA, Ybot-González P. The non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway shapes the mouse caudal neural plate. Development 2018; 145:dev.157487. [PMID: 29636380 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The last stage of neural tube (NT) formation involves closure of the caudal neural plate (NP), an embryonic structure formed by neuromesodermal progenitors and newly differentiated cells that becomes incorporated into the NT. Here, we show in mouse that, as cell specification progresses, neuromesodermal progenitors and their progeny undergo significant changes in shape prior to their incorporation into the NT. The caudo-rostral progression towards differentiation is coupled to a gradual reliance on a unique combination of complex mechanisms that drive tissue folding, involving pulses of apical actomyosin contraction and planar polarised cell rearrangements, all of which are regulated by the Wnt-PCP pathway. Indeed, when this pathway is disrupted, either chemically or genetically, the polarisation and morphology of cells within the entire caudal NP is disturbed, producing delays in NT closure. The most severe disruptions of this pathway prevent caudal NT closure and result in spina bifida. In addition, a decrease in Vangl2 gene dosage also appears to promote more rapid progression towards a neural fate, but not the specification of more neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Escobar
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José Manuel Caro-Vega
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | | | | | - José A Sanchez-Alcazar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Moreno
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Dawn Savery
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Javier Márquez-Rivas
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain .,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla 41009, Spain
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17
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Oshima T, Miyashita H, Ishimura Y, Ito Y, Tanaka Y, Hori A, Kokubo T, Kurokawa T. Fc engineering of anti-Nectin-2 antibody improved thrombocytopenic adverse event in monkey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196422. [PMID: 29723247 PMCID: PMC5933732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein which is involved in the process of Ca2+-independent cell-cell adhesion. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that Nectin-2 is over-expressed in breast and ovarian cancer tissues by using gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we discovered multiple anti-Nectin-2 fully human monoclonal antibodies which inhibited tumor growth in in vivo subcutaneous xenograft models with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as the principal mechanism of action. In this report, we assessed the toxicity of Y-443, a fully human IgG1/kappa anti-Nectin-2 monoclonal antibody exhibiting strong in vitro ADCC and in vivo anti-tumor activity in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis (Cynos)). Unexpectedly, upon administration, Y-443 induced strong thrombocytopenia through Nectin-2 expressed on Cyno platelets, presumably followed by phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocytic system. To mitigate the adverse safety profile, we mutated the Fc region of Y-443 to reduce the Fc binding activity to Fcγ receptor I, which is the primary receptor for phagocytosis on macrophages. Moreover, we further engineered the Fc through defucosylation to maintain ADCC activity. The resultant Fc engineered antibody, termed Y-634, demonstrated diminished thrombocytopenia in Cyno toxicological studies and maintained anti-tumor activity in a mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that Y-634 may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of Nectin-2 positive cancers, and moreover, Fc engineering is a potential mitigation strategy to ameliorate safety liabilities in antibody induced thrombocytopenia while maintaining antibody potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Oshima
- Immunobiologics, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideaki Miyashita
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Hikari, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ishimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Hikari, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Hori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Kokubo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kurokawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Murakami F, Ando Y, Miyagi A, Sugita S, Ueno N, Matsumoto T. Measurement of surface topography and stiffness distribution on cross-section of Xenopus laevis tailbud for estimation of mechanical environment in embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2017. [PMID: 28627765 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stress distribution inside a Xenopus laevis tailbud embryo was estimated to examine the cause of the straightening and elongation. The embryos were cut in the middle, yielding a cross-section perpendicular to the body axis. The section was not flat, owing to the residual stress relief. The stress needed to restore the flatness corresponded to the stress inside the embryo and was calculated using the surface topography and Young's-moduli in the section. We found the areas of the notochord (Nc), neural tube (NT), and abdominal tissue (AT) bulged in the cross-section, which revealed that compressive forces acted in these tissues. The moduli of the Nc, NT, and AT were in the order of several thousand, hundred, and tens of pascals, respectively. In the Nc, the compressive force was largest and increased with the development, suggesting Nc playing a central role in the elongation. The bending moment generated by the AT was 10 times higher than that by the Nc in the early stages of the tailbud formation, and the two were similar in the latter stages, suggesting that the compressive force in the AT was the major cause of the straightening during the early stage. The straightening and elongation could be orchestrated by changes in the compressive forces acting on the Nc, NT, and AT over time. For the sake of simplicity, we calculated the compressive force only and neglected the tensile force. Thus, it should be noted that the amount of the compressive force was somewhat overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Murakami
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yoriko Ando
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Asuka Miyagi
- Division for Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shukei Sugita
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division for Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsumoto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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19
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Balashova OA, Visina O, Borodinsky LN. Folate receptor 1 is necessary for neural plate cell apical constriction during Xenopus neural tube formation. Development 2017; 144:1518-1530. [PMID: 28255006 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Folate supplementation prevents up to 70% of neural tube defects (NTDs), which result from a failure of neural tube closure during embryogenesis. The elucidation of the mechanisms underlying folate action has been challenging. This study introduces Xenopus laevis as a model to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in folate action during neural tube formation. We show that knockdown of folate receptor 1 (Folr1; also known as FRα) impairs neural tube formation and leads to NTDs. Folr1 knockdown in neural plate cells only is necessary and sufficient to induce NTDs. Folr1-deficient neural plate cells fail to constrict, resulting in widening of the neural plate midline and defective neural tube closure. Pharmacological inhibition of folate action by methotrexate during neurulation induces NTDs by inhibiting folate interaction with its uptake systems. Our findings support a model in which the folate receptor interacts with cell adhesion molecules, thus regulating the apical cell membrane remodeling and cytoskeletal dynamics necessary for neural plate folding. Further studies in this organism could unveil novel cellular and molecular events mediated by folate and lead to new ways of preventing NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Balashova
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Olesya Visina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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20
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Suzuki M, Sato M, Koyama H, Hara Y, Hayashi K, Yasue N, Imamura H, Fujimori T, Nagai T, Campbell RE, Ueno N. Distinct intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics regulate apical constriction and differentially contribute to neural tube closure. Development 2017; 144:1307-1316. [PMID: 28219946 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Early in the development of the central nervous system, progenitor cells undergo a shape change, called apical constriction, that triggers the neural plate to form a tubular structure. How apical constriction in the neural plate is controlled and how it contributes to tissue morphogenesis are not fully understood. In this study, we show that intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) are required for Xenopus neural tube formation and that there are two types of Ca2+-concentration changes, a single-cell and a multicellular wave-like fluctuation, in the developing neural plate. Quantitative imaging analyses revealed that transient increases in Ca2+ concentration induced cortical F-actin remodeling, apical constriction and accelerations of the closing movement of the neural plate. We also show that extracellular ATP and N-cadherin (cdh2) participate in the Ca2+-induced apical constriction. Furthermore, our mathematical model suggests that the effect of Ca2+ fluctuations on tissue morphogenesis is independent of fluctuation frequency and that fluctuations affecting individual cells are more efficient than those at the multicellular level. We propose that distinct Ca2+ signaling patterns differentially modulate apical constriction for efficient epithelial folding and that this mechanism has a broad range of physiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
| | - Masanao Sato
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan.,Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Biodesign Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan.,Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
| | - Naoko Yasue
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Department of Functional Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan.,Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
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21
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Tokue M, Ikami K, Mizuno S, Takagi C, Miyagi A, Takada R, Noda C, Kitadate Y, Hara K, Mizuguchi H, Sato T, Taketo MM, Sugiyama F, Ogawa T, Kobayashi S, Ueno N, Takahashi S, Takada S, Yoshida S. SHISA6 Confers Resistance to Differentiation-Promoting Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Mouse Spermatogenic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:561-575. [PMID: 28196692 PMCID: PMC5355566 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the seminiferous tubules of mouse testes, a population of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha 1 (GFRα1)-positive spermatogonia harbors the stem cell functionality and supports continual spermatogenesis, likely independent of asymmetric division or definitive niche control. Here, we show that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes spermatogonial differentiation and reduces the GFRα1+ cell pool. We further discovered that SHISA6 is a cell-autonomous Wnt inhibitor that is expressed in a restricted subset of GFRα1+ cells and confers resistance to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Shisa6+ cells appear to show stem cell-related characteristics, conjectured from the morphology and long-term fates of T (Brachyury)+ cells that are found largely overlapped with Shisa6+ cells. This study proposes a generic mechanism of stem cell regulation in a facultative (or open) niche environment, with which different levels of a cell-autonomous inhibitor (SHISA6, in this case) generates heterogeneous resistance to widely distributed differentiation-promoting extracellular signaling, such as WNTs. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the differentiation of GFRα1+ spermatogonia SHISA6 is a cell-autonomous Wnt inhibitor expressed in subset GFRα1+ cells SHISA6 confers resistance to differentiation induction by Wnt/β-catenin signaling SHISA6+ spermatogonia show stem cell-related properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Tokue
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kanako Ikami
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Miyagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chiyo Noda
- Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yu Kitadate
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mizuguchi
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laborarory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshida
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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22
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Liu M, Wang G, Zhang SY, Zhong S, Qi GL, Wang CJ, Chuai M, Lee KKH, Lu DX, Yang X. From the Cover: Exposing Imidacloprid Interferes With Neurogenesis Through Impacting on Chick Neural Tube Cell Survival. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:137-148. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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23
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Karabulut M, Gunaldi M, Alis H, Afsar CU, Karabulut S, Serilmez M, Akarsu C, Seyit H, Aykan NF. Serum nectin-2 levels are diagnostic and prognostic in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:160-71. [PMID: 26184725 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nectins are a family of integral protein and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules involved in the formation of functioning adherence and tight junctions. Aberrant expression is associated with cancer progression, apoptosis and cell proliferation but little is known how these effects change in cell behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of nectin-2 with regard to diagnostic, predictive and prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred and forty CRC patients were enrolled in this study. Serum nectin-2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Age- and sex-matched 40 healthy controls were included in the analysis. RESULTS Median age of patients was 60 years old, range 24-84 years. The localization of tumor in majority of the patients was colon (n = 81, 58 %). Non-metastatic (stage II and III) and metastatic patients' baseline serum nectin-2 levels were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (p < 0.001; for two group). However, known clinical variables including response to CTx (chemotherapy) were not found to be correlated with serum nectin-2 concentrations (p > 0.05). While non-metastatic group patients with elevated serum nectin-2 levels showed significant adverse effect on PFS, metastatic group patients with elevated serum nectin-2 levels showed no significant adverse effect on PFS (p = 0.05 and p = 0.29, respectively). On the other hand, our study results did not show statistically significant serum nectin-2 concentrations regarding overall survival rates. CONCLUSION Serum levels of nectin-2 may have diagnostic roles for CRC patients. Moreover, our study results show the prognostic role of nectin-2 in non-metastatic group patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karabulut
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Gunaldi
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Alis
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C U Afsar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ministry of Health, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - S Karabulut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Serilmez
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Akarsu
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Seyit
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N F Aykan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Vitorino M, Silva AC, Inácio JM, Ramalho JS, Gur M, Fainsod A, Steinbeisser H, Belo JA. Xenopus Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 Are Two New Tyrosine Kinases Involved in the Regulation of JNK Dependent Wnt/PCP Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135504. [PMID: 26270962 PMCID: PMC4536202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase Domain Containing, Cytoplasmic (PKDCC) is a protein kinase which has been implicated in longitudinal bone growth through regulation of chondrocytes formation. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Here, we identified two new members of the PKDCC family, Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 from Xenopus laevis. Interestingly, our knockdown experiments revealed that these two proteins are both involved on blastopore and neural tube closure during gastrula and neurula stages, respectively. In vertebrates, tissue polarity and cell movement observed during gastrulation and neural tube closure are controlled by Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) molecular pathway. Our results showed that Pkdcc1 and Pkdcc2 promote the recruitment of Dvl to the plasma membrane. But surprisingly, they revealed different roles in the induction of a luciferase reporter under the control of Atf2 promoter. While Pkdcc1 induces Atf2 expression, Pkdcc2 does not, and furthermore inhibits its normal induction by Wnt11 and Wnt5a. Altogether our data show, for the first time, that members of the PKDCC family are involved in the regulation of JNK dependent Wnt/PCP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vitorino
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Silva
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Inácio
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Silva Ramalho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michal Gur
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | | | - José António Belo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Miyagi A, Negishi T, Yamamoto TS, Ueno N. G protein-coupled receptors Flop1 and Flop2 inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling and are essential for head formation in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2015; 407:131-44. [PMID: 26244992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the vertebrate anterior-posterior axis is regulated by the coordinated action of growth factors whose effects can be further modulated by upstream and downstream mediators and the cross-talk of different intracellular pathways. In particular, the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by various factors is critically required for anterior specification. Here, we report that Flop1 and Flop2 (Flop1/2), G protein-coupled receptors related to Gpr4, contribute to the regulation of head formation by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in Xenopus embryos. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we showed that flop1 and flop2 mRNAs were expressed in the neural ectoderm during early gastrulation. Both the overexpression and knockdown of Flop1/2 resulted in altered embryonic head phenotypes, while the overexpression of either Flop1/2 or the small GTPase RhoA in the absence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling resulted in ectopic head induction. Examination of the Flops' function in Xenopus embryo animal cap cells showed that they inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting β-catenin degradation through both RhoA-dependent and -independent pathways in a cell-autonomous manner. These results suggest that Flop1 and Flop2 are essential regulators of Xenopus head formation that act as novel inhibitory components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Miyagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takefumi Negishi
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takamasa S Yamamoto
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Miyamoto Y, Sakane F, Hashimoto K. N-cadherin-based adherens junction regulates the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells during development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:183-92. [PMID: 25869655 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism by which N-cadherin, a classical cadherin, affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development. N-cadherin is responsible for the integrity of adherens junctions (AJs), which develop in the sub-apical region of NPCs in the neural tube and brain cortex. The apical domain, which contains the sub-apical region, is involved in the switching from symmetric proliferative division to asymmetric neurogenic division of NPCs. In addition, N-cadherin-based AJ is deeply involved in the apico-basal polarity of NPCs and the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin, hedgehog (Hh), and Notch signaling. In this review, we discuss the roles of N-cadherin in the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of NPCs through components of AJ, β-catenin and αE-catenin.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- EC, extracellular
- Fox, forkhead box
- Frz, frizzled
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hes, hairly/enhancer of split
- Hh, hedgehog
- IP, intermediate progenitor
- KO, knockout
- LEF, lymphocyte enhancer factor
- N-cadherin
- NPC, neural progenitor cell
- Par, partition defective complex protein
- Ptc, Pached
- Smo, smoothened
- Sox2, sry (sex determining region Y)-box containing gene 2
- TA cell, transient amplifying cell; ZO-1, Zonula Occludens-1.
- TCF, T-cell factor
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- adherens junction
- apico-basal polarity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- neural progenitor cells
- ngn2, neurogenin 2
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyamoto
- a The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences; Ochanomizu University ; Tokyo , Japan
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Samanta D, Almo SC. Nectin family of cell-adhesion molecules: structural and molecular aspects of function and specificity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:645-58. [PMID: 25326769 PMCID: PMC11113404 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesive processes are central to the physiology of multicellular organisms. A number of cell surface molecules contribute to cell-cell adhesion, and the dysfunction of adhesive processes underlies numerous developmental defects and inherited diseases. The nectins, a family of four immunoglobulin superfamily members (nectin-1 to -4), interact through their extracellular domains to support cell-cell adhesion. While both homophilic and heterophilic interactions among the nectins are implicated in cell-cell adhesion, cell-based and biochemical studies suggest heterophilic interactions are stronger than homophilic interactions and control a range of physiological processes. In addition to interactions within the nectin family, heterophilic associations with nectin-like molecules, immune receptors, and viral glycoproteins support a wide range of biological functions, including immune modulation, cancer progression, host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion. We review current structural and molecular knowledge of nectin recognition processes, with a focus on the biochemical and biophysical determinants of affinity and selectivity that drive distinct nectin associations. These proteins and interactions are discussed as potential targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Samanta
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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Duan X, Krishnaswamy A, De la Huerta I, Sanes JR. Type II cadherins guide assembly of a direction-selective retinal circuit. Cell 2014; 158:793-807. [PMID: 25126785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex retinal circuits process visual information and deliver it to the brain. Few molecular determinants of synaptic specificity in this system are known. Using genetic and optogenetic methods, we identified two types of bipolar interneurons that convey visual input from photoreceptors to a circuit that computes the direction in which objects are moving. We then sought recognition molecules that promote selective connections of these cells with previously characterized components of the circuit. We found that the type II cadherins, cdh8 and cdh9, are each expressed selectively by one of the two bipolar cell types. Using loss- and gain-of-function methods, we showed that they are critical determinants of connectivity in this circuit and that perturbation of their expression leads to distinct defects in visually evoked responses. Our results reveal cellular components of a retinal circuit and demonstrate roles of type II cadherins in synaptic choice and circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Duan
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Arjun Krishnaswamy
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Irina De la Huerta
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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29
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Abstract
A compelling amount of data is accumulating about the polyphonic role of neuronal cadherins during brain development throughout all developmental stages, starting from the involvement of cadherins in the organization of neurulation up to synapse development and plasticity. Recent work has confirmed that specifically N-cadherins play an important role in asymmetrical cellular processes in developing neurons that are at the basis of polarity. In this review we will summarize recent data, which demonstrate how N-cadherin orchestrates distinct processes of polarity establishment in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Gärtner
- a VIB Center for the Biology of Disease; KULeuven Center for Human Genetics ; Leuven ; Belgium and KULeuven; Department of Development and Regeneration ; Leuven , Belgium
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30
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Abstract
An exciting frontier in biology is understanding the functions of basic cell biological machinery in complex tissues. This approach is expected to uncover novel modes of regulation as well as reveal how core machinery is repurposed by different tissues to accomplish different physiological outputs. F-actin plays roles in cell shape, adhesion, migration and signaling – diverse functions that require a specific organization established by a myriad of regulators. Here, we discuss the role of the actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex and the unexpected roles that it plays in a stratified epithelial tissue, the epidermis. While many expected phenotypes such as defects in architecture and cell adhesion were lacking, loss of the Arp2/3 complex activity resulted in epidermal barrier and differentiation defects. This teaches us that, while informative, cell culture approaches are limiting and that studies of the Arp2/3 complex in diverse tissues are expected to yield many more surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lechler
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University ; Durham, NC USA
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31
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Lang RA, Herman K, Reynolds AB, Hildebrand JD, Plageman TF. p120-catenin-dependent junctional recruitment of Shroom3 is required for apical constriction during lens pit morphogenesis. Development 2014; 141:3177-87. [PMID: 25038041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction (AC) is a widely utilized mechanism of cell shape change whereby epithelial cells transform from a cylindrical to conical shape, which can facilitate morphogenetic movements during embryonic development. Invertebrate epithelial cells undergoing AC depend on the contraction of apical cortex-spanning actomyosin filaments that generate force on the apical junctions and pull them toward the middle of the cell, effectively reducing the apical circumference. A current challenge is to determine whether these mechanisms are conserved in vertebrates and to identify the molecules responsible for linking apical junctions with the AC machinery. Utilizing the developing mouse eye as a model, we have uncovered evidence that lens placode AC may be partially dependent on apically positioned myosin-containing filaments associated with the zonula adherens. In addition we found that, among several junctional components, p120-catenin genetically interacts with Shroom3, a protein required for AC during embryonic morphogenesis. Further analysis revealed that, similar to Shroom3, p120-catenin is required for AC of lens cells. Finally, we determined that p120-catenin functions by recruiting Shroom3 to adherens junctions. Together, these data identify a novel role for p120-catenin during AC and further define the mechanisms required for vertebrate AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lang
- The Visual System Group, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ken Herman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Albert B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Martin AC, Goldstein B. Apical constriction: themes and variations on a cellular mechanism driving morphogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1987-98. [PMID: 24803648 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction is a cell shape change that promotes tissue remodeling in a variety of homeostatic and developmental contexts, including gastrulation in many organisms and neural tube formation in vertebrates. In recent years, progress has been made towards understanding how the distinct cell biological processes that together drive apical constriction are coordinated. These processes include the contraction of actin-myosin networks, which generates force, and the attachment of actin networks to cell-cell junctions, which allows forces to be transmitted between cells. Different cell types regulate contractility and adhesion in unique ways, resulting in apical constriction with varying dynamics and subcellular organizations, as well as a variety of resulting tissue shape changes. Understanding both the common themes and the variations in apical constriction mechanisms promises to provide insight into the mechanics that underlie tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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33
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Yamashita S, Michiue T. Quantitative analysis of cell arrangement indicates early differentiation of the neural region during Xenopus gastrulation. J Theor Biol 2014; 346:1-7. [PMID: 24412624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion properties change with the state of cell differentiation, causing specific rearrangements of cells within the tissue during morphogenesis. Any such differing cell arrangements must be a result of change of the adhesion properties. Thus, cell arrangement is expected to be an indication of differentiation and phenotype. However, there is no established system, theoretical or experimental, to describe general cell arrangements. In order to evaluate cell arrangement quantitatively, we used a mathematical graph model in which cell arrangement is simplified to an adjacency relationship. We introduce a new index of cell arrangement defined in terms of how much of different particular small graphs are included in the graph of cells. The index, represented by vectors, enables the comparison of areal cell arrangements. In an analysis of Xenopus ectoderm, the site where the vector changed was detected in an area between the dorsal and ventral regions at late gastrula, and this site moved toward the dorsal midline at early neurula, similar to the behavior of a prospective neural region. Interestingly, the border between areas with different cell arrangements corresponded to the neural-epithelial boundary. The graph model of cell arrangement was shown to be able to distinguish difference in cell arrangements which are hard to tell by intuitive analysis of microscopic images. The behavior of cell arrangement border suggests that it corresponds to a neural-epithelial border, and the neural differentiation at late gastrula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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34
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Indra I, Troyanovsky R, Troyanovsky SM. Afadin controls cadherin cluster stability using clathrin-independent mechanism. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28687. [PMID: 25045601 PMCID: PMC4092309 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin is an actin-binding protein that interacts with the intracellular region of the transmembrane proteins, nectins. In collaboration with other transmembrane proteins, cadherins, nectins form adherens junctions, a major type of cell-cell adhesive structures in the multicellular organisms. To elucidate the afadin function, we studied adherens junction defects induced by afadin depletion in epithelial A431 cells. We have found that the cells lacking afadin exhibit no abnormalities in morphology or in general dynamics of adherens junctions in the confluent cell cultures. The only observed difference is a slight increase in the rate of cadherin turnover in these junctions. However, afadin depletion strongly affects the assembly of new adherens junctions immediately after two cells touch one another: initiation of new junctions is significantly delayed, the growth of the nascent junctions stagnates, and their lifetime shortens. As a result, the afadin-depleted cells need much more time to establish the mature junctional structures. This defect is not caused by the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of cadherin clusters that was monitored using live-cell imaging of A431 cells co-expressing GFP-tagged E-cadherin and mCherry-tagged clathrin light chain. Taken together our data show that afadin reinforces adherens junctions and that this process is crucial for the fast formation of adherens junctions at the sites of new cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Regina Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, Illinois
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35
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Ji YJ, Hwang YS, Mood K, Cho HJ, Lee HS, Winterbottom E, Cousin H, Daar IO. EphrinB2 affects apical constriction in Xenopus embryos and is regulated by ADAM10 and flotillin-1. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3516. [PMID: 24662724 PMCID: PMC4120273 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eph/ephrin signalling pathways have a critical function in cell adhesion and repulsion, and thus play key roles in various morphogenetic events during development. Here we show that a decrease in ephrinB2 protein causes neural tube closure defects during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. Such a decrease in ephrinB2 protein levels is observed on the loss of flotillin-1 scaffold protein, a newly identified ephrinB2-binding partner. This dramatic decline in ephrinB2 protein levels on the absence of flotillin-1 expression is specific, and is partly the result of an increased susceptibility to cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAM10. These findings indicate that flotillin-1 regulates ephrinB2 protein levels through ADAM10, and is required for appropriate neural tube morphogenesis in the Xenopus embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Ju Ji
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Yoo-Seok Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Kathleen Mood
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Hee-Jun Cho
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- ABRC, CMRI School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Emily Winterbottom
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Hèléne Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ira O. Daar
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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36
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Tang VW, Brieher WM. FSGS3/CD2AP is a barbed-end capping protein that stabilizes actin and strengthens adherens junctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:815-33. [PMID: 24322428 PMCID: PMC3857477 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By combining in vitro reconstitution biochemistry with a cross-linking approach, we have identified focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 3/CD2-associated protein (FSGS3/CD2AP) as a novel actin barbed-end capping protein responsible for actin stability at the adherens junction. FSGS3/CD2AP colocalizes with E-cadherin and α-actinin-4 at the apical junction in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Knockdown of FSGS3/CD2AP compromised actin stability and decreased actin accumulation at the adherens junction. Using a novel apparatus to apply mechanical stress to cell-cell junctions, we showed that knockdown of FSGS3/CD2AP compromised adhesive strength, resulting in tearing between cells and disruption of barrier function. Our results reveal a novel function of FSGS3/CD2AP and a previously unrecognized role of barbed-end capping in junctional actin dynamics. Our study underscores the complexity of actin regulation at cell-cell contacts that involves actin activators, inhibitors, and stabilizers to control adhesive strength, epithelial behavior, and permeability barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820
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37
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Gheldof A, Berx G. Cadherins and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:317-36. [PMID: 23481201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process whereby epithelial cells are transcriptionally reprogrammed, resulting in decreased adhesion and enhanced migration or invasion. EMT occurs during different stages of embryonic development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell delamination, and is induced by a panel of specific transcription factors. These factors comprise, among others, members of the Snail, ZEB, and Twist families, and are all known to modulate cadherin expression and, in particular, E-cadherin. By regulating expression of the cadherin family of proteins, EMT-inducing transcription factors dynamically modulate cell adhesion, allowing many developmental processes to take place. However, during cancer progression EMT can be utilized by cancer cells to contribute to malignancy. This is also reflected at the level of the cadherins, where the cadherin switch between E- and N-cadherins is a classical example seen in cancer-related EMT. In this chapter, we give a detailed overview of the entanglement between EMT-inducing transcription factors and cadherin modulation during embryonic development and cancer progression. We describe how classical cadherins such as E- and N-cadherins are regulated during EMT, as well as cadherin 7, -6B, and -11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gheldof
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Ivanov AI, Naydenov NG. Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:27-99. [PMID: 23445808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are evolutionarily conserved plasma-membrane structures that mediate cell-cell adhesions in multicellular organisms. They are organized by several types of adhesive integral membrane proteins, most notably cadherins and nectins that are clustered and stabilized by a number of cytoplasmic scaffolds. AJs are key regulators of tissue architecture and dynamics via control of cell proliferation, polarity, shape, motility, and survival. They are absolutely critical for normal tissue morphogenesis and their disruption results in pathological abnormalities in different tissues. Although the field of adherens-junction research dramatically progressed in recent years, a number of important questions remain controversial and poorly understood. This review outlines basic principles that regulate organization of AJs in mammalian epithelia and discusses recent advances and standing controversies in the field. A special attention is paid to the regulation of AJs by vesicle trafficking and the intracellular cytoskeleton as well as roles and mechanisms of adherens-junction disruption during tumor progression and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Hara Y, Nagayama K, Yamamoto TS, Matsumoto T, Suzuki M, Ueno N. Directional migration of leading-edge mesoderm generates physical forces: Implication in Xenopus notochord formation during gastrulation. Dev Biol 2013; 382:482-95. [PMID: 23933171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a dynamic tissue-remodeling process occurring during early development and fundamental to the later organogenesis. It involves both chemical signals and physical factors. Although much is known about the molecular pathways involved, the roles of physical forces in regulating cellular behavior and tissue remodeling during gastrulation have just begun to be explored. Here, we characterized the force generated by the leading edge mesoderm (LEM) that migrates preceding axial mesoderm (AM), and investigated the contribution of LEM during Xenopus gastrulation. First, we constructed an assay system using micro-needle which could measure physical forces generated by the anterior migration of LEM, and estimated the absolute magnitude of the force to be 20-80nN. Second, laser ablation experiments showed that LEM could affect the force distribution in the AM (i.e. LEM adds stretch force on axial mesoderm along anterior-posterior axis). Third, migrating LEM was found to be necessary for the proper gastrulation cell movements and the establishment of organized notochord structure; a reduction of LEM migratory activity resulted in the disruption of mediolateral cell orientation and convergence in AM. Finally, we found that LEM migration cooperates with Wnt/PCP to form proper notochord. These results suggest that the force generated by the directional migration of LEM is transmitted to AM and assists the tissue organization of notochord in vivo independently of the regulation by Wnt/PCP. We propose that the LEM may have a mechanical role in aiding the AM elongation through the rearrangement of force distribution in the dorsal marginal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Division for Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Oshima T, Sato S, Kato J, Ito Y, Watanabe T, Tsuji I, Hori A, Kurokawa T, Kokubo T. Nectin-2 is a potential target for antibody therapy of breast and ovarian cancers. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:60. [PMID: 23758976 PMCID: PMC3698035 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nectin-2 is a Ca2+-independent cell-cell adhesion molecule that is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. However, little has been reported about the involvement of Nectin-2 in cancer. Methods To determine the expression of Nectin-2 in cancer tissues and cancer cell lines, we performed gene expression profile analysis, immunohistochemistry studies, and flow cytometry analysis. We also investigated the potential of this molecule as a target for antibody therapeutics to treat cancers by generating and characterizing an anti-Nectin-2 rabbit polyclonal antibody (poAb) and 256 fully human anti-Nectin-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In addition, we tested anti-Nectin-2 mAbs in several in vivo tumor growth inhibition models to investigate the primary mechanisms of action of the mAbs. Results In the present study, we found that Nectin-2 was over-expressed in clinical breast and ovarian cancer tissues by using gene expression profile analysis and immunohistochemistry studies. Nectin-2 was over-expressed in various cancer cell lines as well. Furthermore, the polyclonal antibody specific to Nectin-2 suppressed the in vitro proliferation of OV-90 ovarian cancer cells, which express endogenous Nectin-2 on the cell surface. The anti-Nectin-2 mAbs we generated were classified into 7 epitope bins. The anti-Nectin-2 mAbs demonstrated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and epitope bin-dependent features such as the inhibition of Nectin-2-Nectin-2 interaction, Nectin-2-Nectin-3 interaction, and in vitro cancer cell proliferation. A representative anti-Nectin-2 mAb in epitope bin VII, Y-443, showed anti-tumor effects against OV-90 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in mouse therapeutic models, and its main mechanism of action appeared to be ADCC. Conclusions We observed the over-expression of Nectin-2 in breast and ovarian cancers and anti-tumor activity of anti-Nectin-2 mAbs via strong ADCC. These findings suggest that Nectin-2 is a potential target for antibody therapy against breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Oshima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Rikitake Y, Mandai K, Takai Y. The role of nectins in different types of cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:3713-22. [PMID: 23027581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian tissues and organs are composed of different types of cells that adhere to each other homotypically (i.e. interactions between cells of the same cell type) or heterotypically (i.e. interactions between different cell types), forming a variety of cellular patterns, including mosaic patterns. At least three types of cell-cell adhesion have been observed: symmetric homotypic, asymmetric homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesions. Cadherins and nectins, which are known cell-cell adhesion molecules, mediate these cell adhesions. Cadherins comprise a family of more than 100 members, but they are primarily involved in homophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same cadherin members) between opposing cells. By contrast, the nectin family comprises only four members, and these proteins form both homophilic and heterophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same and different nectin members on opposing cells). In addition, heterophilic trans-interactions between nectins are much stronger than homophilic trans-interactions. Because of these unique properties, nectins have crucial roles in asymmetric homotypic cell-cell adhesion at neuronal synapses and in various types of heterotypic cell-cell adhesions. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the biology of nectins and discuss their roles in heterotypic cell-cell adhesions, whose formation cannot be solely explained by the action of cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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The adherens junction: a mosaic of cadherin and nectin clusters bundled by actin filaments. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2546-2554. [PMID: 23639974 PMCID: PMC3778168 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin and nectin are distinct transmembrane proteins of adherens junctions. Their ectodomains mediate adhesion while their cytosolic regions couple the adhesive contact to the cytoskeleton. Both these proteins are essential for adherens junction formation and maintenance. However, some basic aspects of these proteins, such as their organization in adherence junctions, have remained open. Therefore, using super-resolution microscopy and live-imaging, we focused on the subjunctional distribution of these proteins. We showed that cadherin and nectin in the junctions of A431 cells and human keratinocytes are located in separate clusters. The size of each cluster is independent of that of the adjacent clusters and can significantly fluctuate over time. Several nectin and cadherin clusters that constitute an individual adherens junction are united by the same actin filament bundle. Surprisingly, interactions between each cluster and F-actin are not uniform since neither vinculin nor LIM domain actin-binding proteins match the boundaries of cadherin or nectin clusters. Thus, the adherens junction is not a uniform structure but a mosaic of different adhesive units with very diverse modes of interaction with the cytoskeleton. We propose that such a mosaic architecture of adherence junctions is important for the fast regulation of their dynamics.
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Takagi C, Sakamaki K, Morita H, Hara Y, Suzuki M, Kinoshita N, Ueno N. Transgenic Xenopus laevis for live imaging in cell and developmental biology. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:422-33. [PMID: 23480392 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The stable transgenesis of genes encoding functional or spatially localized proteins, fused to fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP), is an extremely important research tool in cell and developmental biology. Transgenic organisms constructed with fluorescent labels for cell membranes, subcellular organelles, and functional proteins have been used to investigate cell cycles, lineages, shapes, and polarity, in live animals and in cells or tissues derived from these animals. Genes of interest have been integrated and maintained in generations of transgenic animals, which have become a valuable resource for the cell and developmental biology communities. Although the use of Xenopus laevis as a transgenic model organism has been hampered by its relatively long reproduction time (compared to Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans), its large embryonic cells and the ease of manipulation in early embryos have made it a historically valuable preparation that continues to have tremendous research potential. Here, we report on the Xenopus laevis transgenic lines our lab has generated and discuss their potential use in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Takagi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Weiner JA, Jontes JD. Protocadherins, not prototypical: a complex tale of their interactions, expression, and functions. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23515683 PMCID: PMC3601302 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of functional neural circuits requires the precise and coordinated control of cell-cell interactions at nearly all stages of development, including neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization, and synapse formation and stabilization. This coordination is brought about by the concerted action of a large number of cell surface receptors, whose dynamic regulation enables neurons (and astrocytes) to adopt their proper roles within developing neural circuits. The protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise a major family of cell surface receptors expressed in the developing vertebrate nervous system whose cellular and developmental roles are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight selected recent results in several key areas of Pcdh biology and discuss their implications for our understanding of neural circuit formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
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Harrison OJ, Vendome J, Brasch J, Jin X, Hong S, Katsamba PS, Ahlsen G, Troyanovsky RB, Troyanovsky SM, Honig B, Shapiro L. Nectin ectodomain structures reveal a canonical adhesive interface. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:906-15. [PMID: 22902367 PMCID: PMC3443293 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin superfamily glycoproteins that mediate intercellular adhesion in many vertebrate tissues. Homophilic and heterophilic interactions between nectin family members help to mediate tissue patterning. We determined homophilic binding affinities and heterophilic specificities of all four nectins and the related protein nectin-like 5 from human and mouse, revealing a range of homophilic strengths and a defined heterophilic specificity pattern. To understand the molecular basis of adhesion and specificity, we determined crystal structures of natively glycosylated full ectodomains or adhesive fragments of nectins 1–4 and nectin-like 5. All crystal structures reveal dimeric nectins bound through a stereotyped interface previously proposed to represent a cis dimer. However, conservation of this interface and results of targeted cross-linking experiments show that this dimer likely represents the adhesive trans interaction. Its structure provides a simple molecular explanation for the adhesive binding specificity of nectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules that play critical roles in animal morphogenesis. Various cadherin-related molecules have also been identified, which show diverse functions, not only for the regulation of cell adhesion but also for that of cell proliferation and planar cell polarity. During the past decade, understanding of the roles of these molecules in the nervous system has significantly progressed. They are important not only for the development of the nervous system but also for its functions and, in turn, for neural disorders. In this review, we discuss the roles of cadherins and related molecules in neural development and function in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho Kohasu, Nankoku-City 783–8505, Japan.
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Ohmura T, Shioi G, Hirano M, Aizawa S. Neural tube defects by NUAK1 and NUAK2 double mutation. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1350-64. [PMID: 22689267 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NUAK1 and NUAK2, members of the AMP-activated protein kinase family of serine/threonine kinases, are prominently expressed in neuroectoderm, but their functions in neurulation have not been elucidated. RESULTS NUAK1 and NUAK2 double mutants exhibited exencephaly, facial clefting, and spina bifida. Median hinge point was formed, but dorsolateral hinge point formation was not apparent in cranial neural plate; neither apical constriction nor apico-basal elongation took place efficiently in the double mutants during the 5-10-somite stages. Concomitantly, the apical concentration of phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, F-actin, and cortactin was insignificant, and development of acetylated α-tubulin-positive microtubules was poor. However, the distribution of F-actin, cortactin, Shroom3, Rho, myosin heavy chain IIB, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, α-tubulin, γ-tubulin, or acetylated α-tubulin was apparently normal in the double mutant neuroepithelia at the 5-somite stage. CONCLUSIONS NUAK1 and NUAK2 complementarily function in the apical constriction and apico-basal elongation that associate with the dorsolateral hinge point formation in cephalic neural plate during the 5- to 10-somite stages. In the double mutant neural plate, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, F-actin, and cortactin did not concentrate efficiently in apical surfaces, and acetylated α-tubulin-positive microtubules did not develop significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ohmura
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Kobe, Japan
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Nandadasa S, Tao Q, Shoemaker A, Cha SW, Wylie C. Regulation of classical cadherin membrane expression and F-actin assembly by alpha-catenins, during Xenopus embryogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38756. [PMID: 22719936 PMCID: PMC3374811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha (α)-E-catenin is a component of the cadherin complex, and has long been thought to provide a link between cell surface cadherins and the actin skeleton. More recently, it has also been implicated in mechano-sensing, and in the control of tissue size. Here we use the early Xenopus embryos to explore functional differences between two α-catenin family members, α-E- and α-N-catenin, and their interactions with the different classical cadherins that appear as tissues of the embryo become segregated from each other. We show that they play both cadherin-specific and context-specific roles in the emerging tissues of the embryo. α-E-catenin interacts with both C- and E-cadherin. It is specifically required for junctional localization of C-cadherin, but not of E-cadherin or N-cadherin at the neurula stage. α-N-cadherin interacts only with, and is specifically required for junctional localization of, N-cadherin. In addition, α -E-catenin is essential for normal tissue size control in the non-neural ectoderm, but not in the neural ectoderm or the blastula. We also show context specificity in cadherin/ α-catenin interactions. E-cadherin requires α-E-catenin for junctional localization in some tissues, but not in others, during early development. These specific functional cadherin/alpha-catenin interactions may explain the basis of cadherin specificity of actin assembly and morphogenetic movements seen previously in the neural and non-neural ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeda Nandadasa
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Tao
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda Shoemaker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sang-wook Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher Wylie
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Suzuki M, Morita H, Ueno N. Molecular mechanisms of cell shape changes that contribute to vertebrate neural tube closure. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:266-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoshi Morita
- Division of Morphogenesis; Department of Developmental Biology; National Institute for Basic Biology; Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji; Okazaki; 444-8585; Aichi; Japan
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Key B, Lah GJ. Repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa): a molecule for all seasons. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:85-90. [PMID: 22568948 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RGMa (repulsive guidance molecule a) was the first identified molecule that possessed the necessary functional activity to repulse and steer growth cones to their target in the brain. By binding to its neogenin receptor, RGMa caused the collapse of growth cones and encouraged axons to grow along specific trajectories in vitro. Although originally characterized in 1990, RGMa was not conclusively shown to mediate axon guidance in vivo for another 12 years. Loss-of-function analysis in mice revealed that RGMa may play a more important role in neural tube morphogenesis. RGMa has now emerged as a molecule with pleiotropic roles involving cell adhesion, cell migration, cell polarity and cell differentiation which together strongly influence early morphogenetic events as well as immune responses. RGMa can be regarded as a molecule for all seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Key
- Brain Growth and Regeneration Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia.
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