1
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Knyazeva A, Dyachuk V. Neural crest and sons: role of neural crest cells and Schwann cell precursors in development and gland embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1406199. [PMID: 38989061 PMCID: PMC11233730 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1406199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we consider the multipotency of neural crest cells (NCCs), Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), and their role in embryogenesis base on genetic tracing and knock out model animals and single cell transcriptomic analysis. In particular, we summarize and analyze data on the contribution of NCCs and SCPs to the gland development and functions.
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2
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Ambekar YS, Caiaffa CD, Wlodarczyk BJ, Singh M, Schill AW, Steele JW, Zhang J, Aglyamov SR, Scarcelli G, Finnell RH, Larin KV. Optical coherence tomography-guided Brillouin microscopy highlights regional tissue stiffness differences during anterior neural tube closure in the Mthfd1l murine mutant. Development 2024; 151:dev202475. [PMID: 38682273 PMCID: PMC11165724 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurulation is a highly synchronized biomechanical process leading to the formation of the brain and spinal cord, and its failure leads to neural tube defects (NTDs). Although we are rapidly learning the genetic mechanisms underlying NTDs, the biomechanical aspects are largely unknown. To understand the correlation between NTDs and tissue stiffness during neural tube closure (NTC), we imaged an NTD murine model using optical coherence tomography (OCT), Brillouin microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here, we associate structural information from OCT with local stiffness from the Brillouin signal of embryos undergoing neurulation. The stiffness of neuroepithelial tissues in Mthfd1l null embryos was significantly lower than that of wild-type embryos. Additionally, exogenous formate supplementation improved tissue stiffness and gross embryonic morphology in nullizygous and heterozygous embryos. Our results demonstrate the significance of proper tissue stiffness in normal NTC and pave the way for future studies on the mechanobiology of normal and abnormal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Donato Caiaffa
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Alexander W. Schill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - John W. Steele
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jitao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Salavat R. Aglyamov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Shah JJ, Jimenez-Jaramillo CA, Lybrand ZR, Yuan TT, Erbele ID. Modern In Vitro Techniques for Modeling Hearing Loss. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:425. [PMID: 38790292 PMCID: PMC11118046 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a prevalent and growing global health concern, especially within operational medicine, with limited therapeutic options available. This review article explores the emerging field of in vitro otic organoids as a promising platform for modeling hearing loss and developing novel therapeutic strategies. SNHL primarily results from the irreversible loss or dysfunction of cochlear mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), emphasizing the need for innovative solutions. Current interventions offer symptomatic relief but do not address the root causes. Otic organoids, three-dimensional multicellular constructs that mimic the inner ear's architecture, have shown immense potential in several critical areas. They enable the testing of gene therapies, drug discovery for sensory cell regeneration, and the study of inner ear development and pathology. Unlike traditional animal models, otic organoids closely replicate human inner ear pathophysiology, making them invaluable for translational research. This review discusses methodological advances in otic organoid generation, emphasizing the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to replicate inner ear development. Cellular and molecular characterization efforts have identified key markers and pathways essential for otic organoid development, shedding light on their potential in modeling inner ear disorders. Technological innovations, such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, have further enhanced the fidelity of these models. Despite challenges and limitations, including the need for standardized protocols and ethical considerations, otic organoids offer a transformative approach to understanding and treating auditory dysfunctions. As this field matures, it holds the potential to revolutionize the treatment landscape for hearing and balance disorders, moving us closer to personalized medicine for inner ear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Shah
- Department of Pathology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Couger A. Jimenez-Jaramillo
- Department of Pathology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Zane R. Lybrand
- Division of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA;
| | - Tony T. Yuan
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.T.Y.); (I.D.E.)
| | - Isaac D. Erbele
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.T.Y.); (I.D.E.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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4
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Hayashi Y. Signaling pathways regulating the immune function of cochlear supporting cells and their involvement in cochlear pathophysiology. Glia 2024; 72:665-676. [PMID: 37933494 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear, including the cochlea, used to be regarded as an immune-privileged site because of its immunologically isolated environment caused by the blood-labyrinthine barrier. Cochlear resident macrophages, which originate from the yolk sac or fetal liver during the embryonic stage and are maintained after birth, are distributed throughout various regions of the cochlear duct. Intriguingly, these cells are absent in the organ of Corti, where hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) are located, except for a limited number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells. Instead, SCs exert glial functions varying from a quiescent to an emergency state. Notably, SCs acquire the nature of macrophages and begin to secrete inflammatory cytokines during viral infection in the organ of Corti, which is ostensibly unprotected owing to the lack of general resident macrophages. This review provides an overview of both positive and negative functions of SCs enabled to acquire macrophage phenotypes upon viral infection focusing on the signaling pathways that regulate these functions. The former function protects HCs from viral infection by inducting type I interferons, and the latter function induces HC death by necroptosis, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, SCs play contradictory roles as immune cells with acquired macrophage phenotypes; thereby, they are favorable and unfavorable to HCs, which play a pivotal role in hearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Li S, He C, Mei L, Wu X, Feng Y, Song J. PAX3 mutation suppress otic progenitors proliferation and induce apoptosis by inhibiting WNT1/β-catenin signaling pathway in WS1 patient iPSC-derived inner ear organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 698:149510. [PMID: 38278051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome type 1 (WS1) is a hereditary disease mainly characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, dystopia canthorum, and pigmentary defects. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying PAX3-associated hearing loss, we developed inner ear organoids model using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from WS1 patient and healthy individual. Our results revealed a significant reduction in the size of inner ear organoids, accompanied by an increased level of apoptosis in organoids derived from WS1 patient-iPSCs carrying PAX3 c.214A > G. Transcriptome profiling analysis by RNA-seq indicated that inner ear organoids from WS1 patients were associated with suppression of inner ear development and WNT signaling pathway. Furthermore, the upregulation of the WNT1/β-catenin pathway which was achieved through the correction of PAX3 isogenic mutant iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9, contributed to an increased size of inner ear organoids and a reduction in apoptosis. Together, our results provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of hearing loss in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJun Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Chufeng He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuewen Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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6
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Edens BM, Bronner ME. Making developmental sense of the senses, their origin and function. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:132-167. [PMID: 38729675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The primary senses-touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing-connect animals with their environments and with one another. Aside from the eyes, the primary sense organs of vertebrates and the peripheral sensory pathways that relay their inputs arise from two transient stem cell populations: the neural crest and the cranial placodes. In this chapter we consider the senses from historical and cultural perspectives, and discuss the senses as biological faculties. We begin with the embryonic origin of the neural crest and cranial placodes from within the neural plate border of the ectodermal germ layer. Then, we describe the major chemical (i.e. olfactory and gustatory) and mechanical (i.e. vestibulo-auditory and somatosensory) senses, with an emphasis on the developmental interactions between neural crest and cranial placodes that shape their structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Edens
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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7
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang X, Meng Y, Chen F, Zhuang J, Han Y, Wang H, Liu W. A basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional culture system promotes the neuronal differentiation of cochlear Sox10-positive glial cells in vitro. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100937. [PMID: 38269057 PMCID: PMC10805941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the mammalian cochleae are essential for the delivery of acoustic information, and damage to SGNs can lead to permanent sensorineural hearing loss as SGNs are not capable of regeneration. Cochlear glial cells (GCs) might be a potential source for SGN regeneration, but the neuronal differentiation ability of GCs is limited and its properties are not clear yet. Here, we characterized the cochlear Sox10-positive (Sox10+) GCs as a neural progenitor population and developed a basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional (BME-3D) culture system to promote its neuronal generation capacity in vitro. Firstly, the purified Sox10+ GCs, isolated from Sox10-creER/tdTomato mice via flow cytometry, were able to form neurospheres after being cultured in the traditional suspension culture system, while significantly more neurospheres were found and the expression of stem cell-related genes was upregulated in the BME-3D culture group. Next, the BME-3D culture system promoted the neuronal differentiation ability of Sox10+ GCs, as evidenced by the increased number, neurite outgrowth, area of growth cones, and synapse density as well as the promoted excitability of newly induced neurons. Notably, the BME-3D culture system also intensified the reinnervation of newly generated neurons with HCs and protected the neurospheres and derived-neurons against cisplatin-induced damage. Finally, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the differentiated neurons. These findings suggest that the BME-3D culture system considerably promotes the proliferation capacity and neuronal differentiation efficiency of Sox10+ GCs in vitro, thus providing a possible strategy for the SGN regeneration study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junze Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhuang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
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8
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Udagawa T, Takahashi E, Tatsumi N, Mutai H, Saijo H, Kondo Y, Atkinson PJ, Matsunaga T, Yoshikawa M, Kojima H, Okabe M, Cheng AG. Loss of Pax3 causes reduction of melanocytes in the developing mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2210. [PMID: 38278860 PMCID: PMC10817906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cochlear melanocytes are intermediate cells in the stria vascularis that generate endocochlear potentials required for auditory function. Human PAX3 mutations cause Waardenburg syndrome and abnormalities of skin and retinal melanocytes, manifested as congenital hearing loss (~ 70%) and hypopigmentation of skin, hair and eyes. However, the underlying mechanism of hearing loss remains unclear. Cochlear melanocytes in the stria vascularis originated from Pax3-traced melanoblasts and Plp1-traced Schwann cell precursors, both of which derive from neural crest cells. Here, using a Pax3-Cre knock-in mouse that allows lineage tracing of Pax3-expressing cells and disruption of Pax3, we found that Pax3 deficiency causes foreshortened cochlea, malformed vestibular apparatus, and neural tube defects. Lineage tracing and in situ hybridization show that Pax3+ derivatives contribute to S100+, Kir4.1+ and Dct+ melanocytes (intermediate cells) in the developing stria vascularis, all of which are significantly diminished in Pax3 mutant animals. Taken together, these results suggest that Pax3 is required for the development of neural crest cell-derived cochlear melanocytes, whose absence may contribute to congenital hearing loss of Waardenburg syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokatsu Udagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Erisa Takahashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mutai
- Division Hearing and Balance Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saijo
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Patrick J Atkinson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tatsuo Matsunaga
- Division Hearing and Balance Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoshikawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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9
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Kulkarni S, Saha M, Slosberg J, Singh A, Nagaraj S, Becker L, Zhang C, Bukowski A, Wang Z, Liu G, Leser JM, Kumar M, Bakhshi S, Anderson MJ, Lewandoski M, Vincent E, Goff LA, Pasricha PJ. Age-associated changes in lineage composition of the enteric nervous system regulate gut health and disease. eLife 2023; 12:RP88051. [PMID: 38108810 PMCID: PMC10727506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), a collection of neural cells contained in the wall of the gut, is of fundamental importance to gastrointestinal and systemic health. According to the prevailing paradigm, the ENS arises from progenitor cells migrating from the neural crest and remains largely unchanged thereafter. Here, we show that the lineage composition of maturing ENS changes with time, with a decline in the canonical lineage of neural-crest derived neurons and their replacement by a newly identified lineage of mesoderm-derived neurons. Single cell transcriptomics and immunochemical approaches establish a distinct expression profile of mesoderm-derived neurons. The dynamic balance between the proportions of neurons from these two different lineages in the post-natal gut is dependent on the availability of their respective trophic signals, GDNF-RET and HGF-MET. With increasing age, the mesoderm-derived neurons become the dominant form of neurons in the ENS, a change associated with significant functional effects on intestinal motility which can be reversed by GDNF supplementation. Transcriptomic analyses of human gut tissues show reduced GDNF-RET signaling in patients with intestinal dysmotility which is associated with reduction in neural crest-derived neuronal markers and concomitant increase in transcriptional patterns specific to mesoderm-derived neurons. Normal intestinal function in the adult gastrointestinal tract therefore appears to require an optimal balance between these two distinct lineages within the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jared Slosberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alpana Singh
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sushma Nagaraj
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University – School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Chengxiu Zhang
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alicia Bukowski
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Zhuolun Wang
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Guosheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Mithra Kumar
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shriya Bakhshi
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Vincent
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Loyal A Goff
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Kavli Neurodiscovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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10
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Filson MJ, Davis DC, Yother C. Clinical Presentation of Usher Syndrome Type 1B (USH1B) in a 10-Month-Old: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e43934. [PMID: 37746462 PMCID: PMC10513348 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher Syndrome (USH) is a genetically inherited condition characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss and progressive vision loss secondary to retinitis pigmentosa. Patients may also display vestibular areflexia and balance issues secondary to inner ear damage. Usher Syndrome is the most commonly diagnosed syndrome within the blind-deaf community, and it accounts for a significant portion of the hearing and visual deficit cases among patients younger than 65 years of age. Due to the reported prevalence of Usher Syndrome in the United States, it appears there is chronic underdiagnosis in clinical settings throughout the country. A possible explanation for this is the visual deficits of Usher syndrome do not appear until later in life and thus inappropriately lower the index of suspicion for this diagnosis in young children with hearing deficits. This case study highlights a healthy newborn who failed the universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) bilaterally and a follow-up hearing screening in a pediatrician's office. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) later confirmed bilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Upon genetic testing, an abnormality in the Unconventional Myosin VII-A (MYO7) gene was discovered and consistent with Usher syndrome Type 1B (USH1B). Usher Syndrome should be considered on the differential for patients with congenital hearing loss. Genetic counseling should be used if no other cause of sensorineural hearing loss is identified. Due to the progressive nature of this condition and the physical and developmental deficits that will transpire without treatment, a genetic panel for hearing loss should be prioritized to determine the presence of genetic mutations suggesting Usher syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Filson
- Medicine, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, USA
| | - Dakota C Davis
- Medicine, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Claire Yother
- Pediatrics, Gadsden Pediatric Clinic, P.A., Gadsden, USA
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12
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Matern MS, Durruthy-Durruthy R, Birol O, Darmanis S, Scheibinger M, Groves AK, Heller S. Transcriptional dynamics of delaminating neuroblasts in the mouse otic vesicle. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112545. [PMID: 37227818 PMCID: PMC10592509 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundance of research has recently highlighted the susceptibility of cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) neurons to noise damage and aging in the adult cochlea, resulting in hearing deficits. Furthering our understanding of the transcriptional cascades that contribute to CVG development may provide insight into how these cells can be regenerated to treat inner ear dysfunction. Here we perform a high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the E10.5 otic vesicle and its surrounding tissues, including CVG precursor neuroblasts and emerging CVG neurons. Clustering and trajectory analysis of otic-lineage cells reveals otic markers and the changes in gene expression that occur from neuroblast delamination toward the development of the CVG. This dataset provides a valuable resource for further identifying the mechanisms associated with CVG development from neurosensory competent cells within the otic vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Matern
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Durruthy-Durruthy
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Onur Birol
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Udagawa T, Takahashi E, Tatsumi N, Mutai H, Kondo Y, Atkinson PJ, Matsunaga T, Yoshikawa M, Kojima H, Okabe M, Cheng AG. Pax3 deficiency diminishes melanocytes in the developing mouse cochlea. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2990436. [PMID: 37333245 PMCID: PMC10274955 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2990436/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cochlear melanocytes are intermediate cells in the stria vascularis that generate endocochlear potentials required for auditory function. Human PAX3 mutations cause Waardenburg syndrome and abnormalities of melanocytes, manifested as congenital hearing loss and hypopigmentation of skin, hair and eyes. However, the underlying mechanism of hearing loss remains unclear. During development, cochlear melanocytes in the stria vascularis are dually derived from Pax3-Cre+ melanoblasts migrating from neuroepithelial cells including neural crest cells and Plp1+ Schwann cell precursors originated from also neural crest cells, differentiating in a basal-apical manner. Here, using a Pax3-Cre mouse line, we found that Pax3 deficiency causes foreshortened cochlea, malformed vestibular apparatus, and neural tube defects. Lineage tracing and in situ hybridization show that Pax3-Cre derivatives contribute to S100+ , Kir4.1+ and Dct+ melanocytes (intermediate cells) in the developing stria vascularis, all significantly diminished in Pax3 mutant animals. Taken together, these results suggest that Pax3 is required for the development of neural crest cell-derived cochlear melanocytes, whose absence may contribute to congenital hearing loss of Waardenburg syndrome in human.
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14
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Origin of Neuroblasts in the Avian Otic Placode and Their Distributions in the Acoustic and Vestibular Ganglia. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030453. [PMID: 36979145 PMCID: PMC10045822 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear is a complex three-dimensional sensorial structure with auditory and vestibular functions. This intricate sensory organ originates from the otic placode, which generates the sensory elements of the membranous labyrinth, as well as all the ganglionic neuronal precursors. How auditory and vestibular neurons establish their fate identities remains to be determined. Their topological origin in the incipient otic placode could provide positional information before they migrate, to later segregate in specific portions of the acoustic and vestibular ganglia. To address this question, transplants of small portions of the avian otic placode were performed according to our previous fate map study, using the quail/chick chimeric graft model. All grafts taking small areas of the neurogenic placodal domain contributed neuroblasts to both acoustic and vestibular ganglia. A differential distribution of otic neurons in the anterior and posterior lobes of the vestibular ganglion, as well as in the proximal, intermediate, and distal portions of the acoustic ganglion, was found. Our results clearly show that, in birds, there does not seem to be a strict segregation of acoustic and vestibular neurons in the incipient otic placode.
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15
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Bordeynik-Cohen M, Sperber M, Ebbers L, Messika-Gold N, Krohs C, Koffler-Brill T, Noy Y, Elkon R, Nothwang HG, Avraham KB. Shared and organ-specific gene-expression programs during the development of the cochlea and the superior olivary complex. RNA Biol 2023; 20:629-640. [PMID: 37602850 PMCID: PMC10443965 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2247628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral and central auditory subsystems together form a complex sensory network that allows an organism to hear. The genetic programs of the two subsystems must therefore be tightly coordinated during development. Yet, their interactions and common expression pathways have never been systematically explored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are essential for normal development of the auditory system. We performed mRNA and small-RNA sequencing of organs from both auditory subsystems at three critical developmental timepoints (E16, P0, P16) to obtain a comprehensive and unbiased insight of their expression profiles. Our analysis reveals common and organ-specific expression patterns for differentially regulated mRNAs and miRNAs, which could be clustered with a particular selection of functions such as inner ear development, Wnt signalling, K+ transport, and axon guidance, based on gene ontology. Bioinformatics detected enrichment of predicted targets of specific miRNAs in the clusters and predicted regulatory interactions by monitoring opposite trends of expression of miRNAs and their targets. This approach identified six miRNAs as strong regulatory candidates for both subsystems. Among them was miR-96, an established critical factor for proper development in both subsystems, demonstrating the strength of our approach. We suggest that other miRNAs identified by this analysis are also common effectors of proper hearing acquirement. This first combined comprehensive analysis of the developmental program of the peripheral and central auditory systems provides important data and bioinformatics insights into the shared genetic program of the two sensory subsystems and their regulation by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Bordeynik-Cohen
- Laboratory of Neural and Sensory Genomics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Sperber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lena Ebbers
- Neurogenetics group and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Naama Messika-Gold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Constanze Krohs
- Neurogenetics group and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tal Koffler-Brill
- Laboratory of Neural and Sensory Genomics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Noy
- Laboratory of Neural and Sensory Genomics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics group and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karen B. Avraham
- Laboratory of Neural and Sensory Genomics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Genetic insights, disease mechanisms, and biological therapeutics for Waardenburg syndrome. Gene Ther 2022; 29:479-497. [PMID: 33633356 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS), also known as auditory-pigmentary syndrome, is the most common cause of syndromic hearing loss (HL), which accounts for approximately 2-5% of all patients with congenital hearing loss. WS is classified into four subtypes depending on the clinical phenotypes. Currently, pathogenic mutations of PAX3, MITF, SOX10, EDN3, EDNRB or SNAI2 are associated with different subtypes of WS. Although supportive techniques like hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices can alleviate the HL symptom, there is no cure for WS to date. Recently major progress has been achieved in preclinical studies of genetic HL in animal models, including gene delivery and stem cell replacement therapies. This review focuses on the current understandings of pathogenic mechanisms and potential biological therapeutic approaches for HL in WS, providing strategies and directions for implementing WS biological therapies, as well as possible problems to be faced, in the future.
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17
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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18
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Renauld JM, Khan V, Basch ML. Intermediate Cells of Dual Embryonic Origin Follow a Basal to Apical Gradient of Ingression Into the Lateral Wall of the Cochlea. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867153. [PMID: 35372344 PMCID: PMC8964366 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate cells of the stria vascularis are neural crest derived melanocytes. They are essential for the establishment of the endocochlear potential in the inner ear, which allows mechanosensory hair cells to transduce sound into nerve impulses. Despite their importance for normal hearing, how these cells develop and migrate to their position in the lateral wall of the cochlea has not been studied. We find that as early as E10.5 some Schwann cell precursors in the VIIIth ganglion begin to express melanocyte specific markers while neural crest derived melanoblasts migrate into the otic vesicle. Intermediate cells of both melanoblast and Schwann cell precursor origin ingress into the lateral wall of the cochlea starting at around E15.5 following a basal to apical gradient during embryonic development, and continue to proliferate postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vibhuti Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Martín L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
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19
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Single-cell transcriptomic landscapes of the otic neuronal lineage at multiple early embryonic ages. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110542. [PMID: 35320729 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner ear vestibular and spiral ganglion neurons (VGNs and SGNs) are known to play pivotal roles in balance control and sound detection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying otic neurogenesis at early embryonic ages have remained unclear. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal the transcriptomes of mouse otic tissues at three embryonic ages, embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5), E11.5, and E13.5, covering proliferating and undifferentiated otic neuroblasts and differentiating VGNs and SGNs. We validate the high quality of our studies by using multiple assays, including genetic fate mapping analysis, and we uncover several genes upregulated in neuroblasts or differentiating VGNs and SGNs, such as Shox2, Myt1, Casz1, and Sall3. Notably, our findings suggest a general cascaded differentiation trajectory during early otic neurogenesis. The comprehensive understanding of early otic neurogenesis provided by our study holds critical implications for both basic and translational research.
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20
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The Interplay of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Panx1 in Inner-Ear Development of Yotari (dab1−/−) Mice and Humans. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030589. [PMID: 35327391 PMCID: PMC8945117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated DAB1-protein deficiency in the inner-ear development of yotari in comparison to humans and wild-type (wt) mice by immunofluorescence for the expression of connexins (Cxs) and the pannexin Panx1. The spatial and temporal dynamics of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Panx1 were determined in the sixth and eighth weeks of human development and at the corresponding mouse embryonic E13.5 and E15.5, in order to examine gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and hemichannel formation. The quantification of the area percentage covered by positive signal was performed for the epithelium and mesenchyme of the cochlear and semicircular ducts and is expressed as the mean ± SD. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. Almost all of the examined Cxs were significantly decreased in the cochlear and semicircular ducts of yotari compared to wt and humans, except for Cx32, which was significantly higher in yotari. Cx40 dominated in human inner-ear development, while yotari and wt had decreased expression. The Panx1 expression in yotari was significantly lower than that in the wt and human inner ear, except at E13.5 in the mesenchyme of the wt and epithelium and mesenchyme of humans. Our results emphasize the relevance of GJIC during the development of vestibular and cochlear functions, where they can serve as potential therapeutic targets in inner-ear impairments.
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21
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Langlie J, Finberg A, Bencie NB, Mittal J, Omidian H, Omidi Y, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Recent advancements in cell-based models for auditory disorders. BIOIMPACTS 2022; 12:155-169. [PMID: 35411298 PMCID: PMC8905588 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Cell-based models play an important role in understanding the pathophysiology and etiology of auditory disorders. For the auditory system, models have primarily focused on restoring inner and outer hair cells. However, they have largely underrepresented the surrounding structures and cells that support the function of the hair cells.
Methods: In this article, we will review recent advancements in the evolution of cell-based models of auditory disorders in their progression towards three dimensional (3D) models and organoids that more closely mimic the pathophysiology in vivo.
Results: With the elucidation of the molecular targets and transcription factors required to generate diverse cell lines of the components of inner ear, research is starting to progress from two dimensional (2D) models to a greater 3D approach. Of note, the 3D models of the inner ear, including organoids, are relatively new and emerging in the field. As 3D models of the inner ear continue to evolve in complexity, their role in modeling disease will grow as they bridge the gap between cell culture and in vivo models.
Conclusion: Using 3D cell models to understand the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying auditory disorders holds great potential for developing more targeted and effective novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Langlie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ariel Finberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nathalie B. Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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22
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Wen J, Song J, Bai Y, Liu Y, Cai X, Mei L, Ma L, He C, Feng Y. A Model of Waardenburg Syndrome Using Patient-Derived iPSCs With a SOX10 Mutation Displays Compromised Maturation and Function of the Neural Crest That Involves Inner Ear Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720858. [PMID: 34426786 PMCID: PMC8379019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation. SOX10 is one of its main pathogenicity genes. The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is an efficient means to investigate the mechanisms of inherited human disease. In our work, we set up an iPSC line derived from a WS patient with SOX10 mutation and differentiated into neural crest cells (NCCs), a key cell type involved in inner ear development. Compared with control-derived iPSCs, the SOX10 mutant iPSCs showed significantly decreased efficiency of development and differentiation potential at the stage of NCCs. After that, we carried out high-throughput RNA-seq and evaluated the transcriptional misregulation at every stage. Transcriptome analysis of differentiated NCCs showed widespread gene expression alterations, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in gene ontology terms of neuron migration, skeletal system development, and multicellular organism development, indicating that SOX10 has a pivotal part in the differentiation of NCCs. It's worth noting that, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in inner ear development was found, as well as several genes connected to the inner ear morphogenesis. Based on the protein-protein interaction network, we chose four candidate genes that could be regulated by SOX10 in inner ear development, namely, BMP2, LGR5, GBX2, and GATA3. In conclusion, SOX10 deficiency in this WS subject had a significant impact on the gene expression patterns throughout NCC development in the iPSC model. The DEGs most significantly enriched in inner ear development and morphogenesis may assist in identifying the underlying basis for the inner ear malformation in subjects with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijiang Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinzhang Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Chufeng He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
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23
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Fritzsch B. An Integrated Perspective of Evolution and Development: From Genes to Function to Ear, Lateral Line and Electroreception. DIVERSITY 2021; 13:364. [PMID: 35505776 PMCID: PMC9060560 DOI: 10.3390/d13080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four sensory systems (vestibular, lateral line, electroreception, auditory) are unique and project exclusively to the brainstem of vertebrates. All sensory neurons depend on a common set of genes (Eya1, Sox2, Neurog1, Neurod1) that project to a dorsal nucleus and an intermediate nucleus, which differentiate into the vestibular ear, lateral line and electroreception in vertebrates. In tetrapods, a loss of two sensory systems (lateral line, electroreception) leads to the development of a unique ear and auditory system in amniotes. Lmx1a/b, Gdf7, Wnt1/3a, BMP4/7 and Atoh1 define the lateral line, electroreception and auditory nuclei. In contrast, vestibular nuclei depend on Neurog1/2, Ascl1, Ptf1a and Olig3, among others, to develop an independent origin of the vestibular nuclei. A common origin of hair cells depends on Eya1, Sox2 and Atoh1, which generate the mechanosensory cells. Several proteins define the polarity of hair cells in the ear and lateral line. A unique connection of stereocilia requires CDH23 and PCDH15 for connections and TMC1/2 proteins to perceive mechanosensory input. Electroreception has no polarity, and a different system is used to drive electroreceptors. All hair cells function by excitation via ribbons to activate neurons that innervate the distinct target areas. An integrated perspective is presented to understand the gain and loss of different sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology & Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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24
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Billings SE, Myers NM, Quiruz L, Cheng AG. Opposing effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on epithelial and mesenchymal cell fate in the developing cochlea. Development 2021; 148:268974. [PMID: 34061174 PMCID: PMC8217710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the otic epithelium and surrounding periotic mesenchymal cells originate from distinct lineages and coordinate to form the mammalian cochlea. Epithelial sensory precursors within the cochlear duct first undergo terminal mitosis before differentiating into sensory and non-sensory cells. In parallel, periotic mesenchymal cells differentiate to shape the lateral wall, modiolus and pericochlear spaces. Previously, Wnt activation was shown to promote proliferation and differentiation of both otic epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Here, we fate-mapped Wnt-responsive epithelial and mesenchymal cells in mice and found that Wnt activation resulted in opposing cell fates. In the post-mitotic cochlear epithelium, Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization induced clusters of proliferative cells that dedifferentiated and lost epithelial characteristics. In contrast, Wnt-activated periotic mesenchyme formed ectopic pericochlear spaces and cell clusters showing a loss of mesenchymal and gain of epithelial features. Finally, clonal analyses via multi-colored fate-mapping showed that Wnt-activated epithelial cells proliferated and formed clonal colonies, whereas Wnt-activated mesenchymal cells assembled as aggregates of mitotically quiescent cells. Together, we show that Wnt activation drives transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states in a cell type-dependent manner. Summary: The developing cochlea comprises spatially and lineally distinct populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This study shows the opposing effects of aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling on cell fates of cochlear epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Billings
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina M Myers
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lee Quiruz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Zhang T, Xu J, Xu PX. Eya2 expression during mouse embryonic development revealed by Eya2 lacZ knockin reporter and homozygous mice show mild hearing loss. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1450-1462. [PMID: 33715274 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eya2 expression during mouse development has been studied by in situ hybridization and it has been shown to be involved skeletal muscle development and limb formation. Here, we generated Eya2 knockout (Eya2- ) and a lacZ knockin reporter (Eya2lacZ ) mice and performed a detailed expression analysis for Eya2lacZ at different developmental stages to trace Eya2lacZ -positive cells in Eya2-null mice. We describe that Eya2 is not only expressed in cranial sensory and dorsal root ganglia, retina and olfactory epithelium, and somites as previously reported, but also Eya2 is specifically detected in other organs during mouse development. RESULTS We found that Eya2 is expressed in ocular and trochlear motor neurons. In the inner ear, Eya2lacZ is specifically expressed in differentiating hair cells in both vestibular and cochlear sensory epithelia of the inner ear and Eya2-/- or Eya2lacZ/lacZ mice displayed mild hearing loss. Furthermore, we detected Eya2 expression during both salivary gland and thymus development and Eya2-null mice had a smaller thymus. CONCLUSIONS As Eya2 is coexpressed with other members of the Eya family genes, these results together highlight that Eya2 as a potential regulator may act synergistically with other Eya genes to regulate the differentiation of the inner ear sensory hair cells and the formation of the salivary gland and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Stojkovic M, Han D, Jeong M, Stojkovic P, Stankovic KM. Human induced pluripotent stem cells and CRISPR/Cas-mediated targeted genome editing: Platforms to tackle sensorineural hearing loss. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:673-696. [PMID: 33586253 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is a major global health problem of pandemic proportions. The most common type of HL is sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) which typically occurs when cells within the inner ear are damaged. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be generated from any individual including those who suffer from different types of HL. The development of new differentiation protocols to obtain cells of the inner ear including hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) promises to expedite cell-based therapy and screening of potential pharmacologic and genetic therapies using human models. Considering age-related, acoustic, ototoxic, and genetic insults which are the most frequent causes of irreversible damage of HCs and SGNs, new methods of genome editing (GE), especially the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, could bring additional opportunities to understand the pathogenesis of human SNHL and identify novel therapies. However, important challenges associated with both hiPSCs and GE need to be overcome before scientific discoveries are correctly translated to effective and patient-safe applications. The purpose of the present review is (a) to summarize the findings from published reports utilizing hiPSCs for studies of SNHL, hence complementing recent reviews focused on animal studies, and (b) to outline promising future directions for deciphering SNHL using disruptive molecular and genomic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Stojkovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongjun Han
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minjin Jeong
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petra Stojkovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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van der Valk WH, Steinhart MR, Zhang J, Koehler KR. Building inner ears: recent advances and future challenges for in vitro organoid systems. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:24-34. [PMID: 33318601 PMCID: PMC7853146 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While inner ear disorders are common, our ability to intervene and recover their sensory function is limited. In vitro models of the inner ear, like the organoid system, could aid in identifying new regenerative drugs and gene therapies. Here, we provide a perspective on the status of in vitro inner ear models and guidance on how to improve their applicability in translational research. We highlight the generation of inner ear cell types from pluripotent stem cells as a particularly promising focus of research. Several exciting recent studies have shown how the developmental signaling cues of embryonic and fetal development can be mimicked to differentiate stem cells into “inner ear organoids” containing otic progenitor cells, hair cells, and neurons. However, current differentiation protocols and our knowledge of embryonic and fetal inner ear development in general, have a bias toward the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. We propose that a more holistic view is needed to better model the inner ear in vitro. Moving forward, attention should be made to the broader diversity of neuroglial and mesenchymal cell types of the inner ear, and how they interact in space or time during development. With improved control of epithelial, neuroglial, and mesenchymal cell fate specification, inner ear organoids would have the ability to truly recapitulate neurosensory function and dysfunction. We conclude by discussing how single-cell atlases of the developing inner ear and technical innovations will be critical tools to advance inner ear organoid platforms for future pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H van der Valk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew R Steinhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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28
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LaMantia AS. Why Does the Face Predict the Brain? Neural Crest Induction, Craniofacial Morphogenesis, and Neural Circuit Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:610970. [PMID: 33362582 PMCID: PMC7759552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchephalic and rhombencephalic neural crest cells generate the craniofacial skeleton, special sensory organs, and subsets of cranial sensory receptor neurons. They do so while preserving the anterior-posterior (A-P) identity of their neural tube origins. This organizational principle is paralleled by central nervous system circuits that receive and process information from facial structures whose A-P identity is in register with that in the brain. Prior to morphogenesis of the face and its circuits, however, neural crest cells act as "inductive ambassadors" from distinct regions of the neural tube to induce differentiation of target craniofacial domains and establish an initial interface between the brain and face. At every site of bilateral, non-axial secondary induction, neural crest constitutes all or some of the mesenchymal compartment for non-axial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) interactions. Thus, for epithelial domains in the craniofacial primordia, aortic arches, limbs, the spinal cord, and the forebrain (Fb), neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells establish local sources of inductive signaling molecules that drive morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. This common mechanism for building brains, faces, limbs, and hearts, A-P axis specified, neural crest-mediated M/E induction, coordinates differentiation of distal structures, peripheral neurons that provide their sensory or autonomic innervation in some cases, and central neural circuits that regulate their behavioral functions. The essential role of this neural crest-mediated mechanism identifies it as a prime target for pathogenesis in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, the face and the brain "predict" one another, and this mutual developmental relationship provides a key target for disruption by developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics and Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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29
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van Beelen ESA, van der Valk WH, de Groot JCMJ, Hensen EF, Locher H, van Benthem PPG. Migration and fate of vestibular melanocytes during the development of the human inner ear. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:411-432. [PMID: 33075185 PMCID: PMC7894185 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are present in various parts of the inner ear, including the stria vascularis in the cochlea and the dark cell areas in the vestibular organs, where they contribute to endolymph homeostasis. Developmental studies describing the distribution of vestibular melanocytes are scarce, especially in humans. In this study, we investigated the distribution and maturation of the vestibular melanocytes in relation to the developing dark cell epithelium in inner ear specimens from week 5 to week 14 of development and in surgical specimens of the adult ampulla. Vestibular melanocytes were located around the utricle and the ampullae of the semicircular canals before week 7 and were first seen underneath the transitional zones and dark cell areas between week 8 and week 10. At week 10, melanocytes made intimate contact with epithelial cells, interrupting the local basement membrane with their dendritic processes. At week 11, most melanocytes were positioned under the dark cell epithelia. No melanocytes were seen around or in the saccule during all investigated developmental stages. The dark cell areas gradually matured and showed an adult immunohistochemical profile of the characteristic ion transporter protein Na+/K+‐ATPase α1 by week 14. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of the migration‐related proteins ECAD, PCAD, KIT, and KITLG in melanocytes and dark cell epithelium. This is the first study to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of vestibular melanocytes during the human development and thereby contributes to understanding normal vestibular function and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S A van Beelen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H van der Valk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John C M J de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F Hensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Heiko Locher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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30
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Vermeiren S, Bellefroid EJ, Desiderio S. Vertebrate Sensory Ganglia: Common and Divergent Features of the Transcriptional Programs Generating Their Functional Specialization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587699. [PMID: 33195244 PMCID: PMC7649826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system carry sensation from specific sense structures or use different tissues and organs as receptive fields, and convey this information to the central nervous system. In the head of vertebrates, each cranial sensory ganglia and associated nerves perform specific functions. Sensory ganglia are composed of different types of specialized neurons in which two broad categories can be distinguished, somatosensory neurons relaying all sensations that are felt and visceral sensory neurons sensing the internal milieu and controlling body homeostasis. While in the trunk somatosensory neurons composing the dorsal root ganglia are derived exclusively from neural crest cells, somato- and visceral sensory neurons of cranial sensory ganglia have a dual origin, with contributions from both neural crest and placodes. As most studies on sensory neurogenesis have focused on dorsal root ganglia, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the embryonic development of the different cranial sensory ganglia remains today rudimentary. However, using single-cell RNA sequencing, recent studies have made significant advances in the characterization of the neuronal diversity of most sensory ganglia. Here we summarize the general anatomy, function and neuronal diversity of cranial sensory ganglia. We then provide an overview of our current knowledge of the transcriptional networks controlling neurogenesis and neuronal diversification in the developing sensory system, focusing on cranial sensory ganglia, highlighting specific aspects of their development and comparing it to that of trunk sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vermeiren
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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31
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Patiyal RS, Mir MI, Pandey N, Rajesh M, Sarma D, Chandra S. Study on embryonic and larval developmental stages of Sucker head Garra gotyla (Gray 1830; Teleostei; Cyprinidae). ZYGOTE 2020; 28:1-11. [PMID: 32772943 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199419000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Garra gotyla is an indigenous coldwater fish of the cyprinid family and has wide geographical distribution in India as well as in other countries of Asia and Africa. Induced breeding in G. gotyla was carried out successfully for the first time and an attempt has been made to document developmental stages chronologically from the first minute of fertilization, through all stages of embryonic development until the fifth day post hatching. This experiment was carried out at 22-24°C water temperature at the Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, India. During the breeding trial, the fertilization rate was observed as 70-75% and hatching rate was 85-90%. The mature fertilized ova were measured as 0.8-1.0 mm in diameter and the perivitelline membrane became thick soon after fertilization and formation of the germ pole. The periods taken for complete developmental stages were recorded; cleavage stage 111 min (min post fertilization (pf)), blastulation stage 580 min (pf), neurulation and segmentation 1250 min (pf) and hatching was completed after 1420 min. The sac fry was measured as 3 mm in length and took almost 3 days for complete absorption of the yolk content. The major structural and differential changes observed are in head, tail, fins, alimentary canal, rudiments of each organ and appearance of melanophore pigmentation in the whole body. The 5-day-old larvae were measured as 6 mm in length with almost every organ fully differentiated. The present study will be utilized for large-scale production of fingerlings for stock enhancement in rivers, lakes and possibilities of genetic improvement and manipulation at the embryonic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindar Singh Patiyal
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Mir
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Nityanand Pandey
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - M Rajesh
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Debajit Sarma
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- ICAR, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nanital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
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Yamazaki H, Nakamura T, Hosono K, Yamaguchi T, Hiratsuka Y, Hotta Y, Takahashi M. Sensorineural hearing loss and hypoplastic cochlea in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with FOXC1 mutation. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 48:1204-1208. [PMID: 32741584 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) type 3 is a rare autosomal dominant disease, characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis of the eye, hearing loss, and cardiac defects. ARS type 3 is highly associated with FOXC1 mutations, which induces developmental disorders of neural crest cells. Most studies about ARS patients focused on ophthalmologic findings, but details in their hearing loss have not yet been revealed. In this report, we investigated audiological and otological manifestations in the ARS type 3 patient who had the novel heterozygous FOXC1 mutation leading deletion at the forkhead DNA-binding domain. METHODS AND RESULTS Pure tone audiometry showed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and audiological examinations confirmed that major dysfunctions existed in the cochlea, rather than the spiral ganglion neurons and the cochlear nerve. CT and MRI revealed the hypoplastic cochlea at both sides. Given that the 6p25 deletion syndrome, lacking one allele of the FOXC1 gene, shows similar, but more severe cochlear malformations than the present case, the FOXC1 mutations might contribute to the hypoplasia and dysfunctions in the cochlea. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that the ARS type 3 patient with the FOXC1 mutation has the hypoplasia and dysfunctions in the cochlea, which results in bilateral SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan; Hearing Research Division, Center for Clinical Research and Innovation, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kyoto Takeda Hospital, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8884, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hosono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hiratsuka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Makio Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan
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33
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Sánchez-Guardado LÓ, Puelles L, Hidalgo-Sánchez M. Origin of acoustic-vestibular ganglionic neuroblasts in chick embryos and their sensory connections. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2757-2774. [PMID: 31396696 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear is a complex three-dimensional sensory structure with auditory and vestibular functions. It originates from the otic placode, which generates the sensory elements of the membranous labyrinth and all the ganglionic neuronal precursors. Neuroblast specification is the first cell differentiation event. In the chick, it takes place over a long embryonic period from the early otic cup stage to at least stage HH25. The differentiating ganglionic neurons attain a precise innervation pattern with sensory patches, a process presumably governed by a network of dendritic guidance cues which vary with the local micro-environment. To study the otic neurogenesis and topographically-ordered innervation pattern in birds, a quail-chick chimaeric graft technique was used in accordance with a previously determined fate-map of the otic placode. Each type of graft containing the presumptive domain of topologically-arranged placodal sensory areas was shown to generate neuroblasts. The differentiated grafted neuroblasts established dendritic contacts with a variety of sensory patches. These results strongly suggest that, rather than reverse-pathfinding, the relevant role in otic dendritic process guidance is played by long-range diffusing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, E30100, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias (IMIB-Arrixaca), E30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Science, University of Extremadura, E06071, Badajoz, Spain.
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34
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Xia M, Ma J, Sun S, Li W, Li H. The biological strategies for hearing re-establishment based on the stem/progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134406. [PMID: 31377244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cochlea is the essential organ for hearing and includes both auditory sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. The discovery of inner ear stem cell brings hope to the regeneration of hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron as well as the followed hearing re-establishment. Thus the investigation on characteristics of inner ear stem/progenitor cells and related regulating clue is important to make such regeneration a reality. In addition, attempts have also been made to transplant exogenous stem cells into the inner ear to restore hearing function. In this review, we describe recent advances in the characterization of mammalian inner ear progenitor/stem cells and the mechanisms of regulating their proliferation and differentiation, and summarize studies that have used exogenous stem cells to repair damaged hair cells and neurons in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaoyao Ma
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, 200031, China; The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bademci G, Abad C, Incesulu A, Elian F, Reyahi A, Diaz-Horta O, Cengiz FB, Sineni CJ, Seyhan S, Atli EI, Basmak H, Demir S, Nik AM, Footz T, Guo S, Duman D, Fitoz S, Gurkan H, Blanton SH, Walter MA, Carlsson P, Walz K, Tekin M. FOXF2 is required for cochlear development in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1286-1297. [PMID: 30561639 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms governing the development of the human cochlea remain largely unknown. Through genome sequencing, we identified a homozygous FOXF2 variant c.325A>T (p.I109F) in a child with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea. This variant is not found in public databases or in over 1000 ethnicity-matched control individuals. I109 is a highly conserved residue in the forkhead box (Fox) domain of FOXF2, a member of the Fox protein family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in embryogenic development as well as adult life. Our in vitro studies show that the half-life of mutant FOXF2 is reduced compared to that of wild type. Foxf2 is expressed in the cochlea of developing and adult mice. The mouse knockout of Foxf2 shows shortened and malformed cochleae, in addition to altered shape of hair cells with innervation and planar cell polarity defects. Expressions of Eya1 and Pax3, genes essential for cochlear development, are reduced in the cochleae of Foxf2 knockout mice. We conclude that FOXF2 plays a major role in cochlear development and its dysfunction leads to SNHL and developmental anomalies of the cochlea in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guney Bademci
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Clemer Abad
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Armagan Incesulu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fahed Elian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Diaz-Horta
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Filiz B Cengiz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Claire J Sineni
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Serhat Seyhan
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Ikbal Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Basmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Selma Demir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ali Moussavi Nik
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tim Footz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shengru Guo
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Duygu Duman
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suat Fitoz
- Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Susan H Blanton
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katherina Walz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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36
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Open chromatin dynamics in prosensory cells of the embryonic mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9060. [PMID: 31227770 PMCID: PMC6588700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is often due to the absence or the degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the generation of hair cells may therefore lead to better treatments for hearing disorders. To elucidate the transcriptional control mechanisms specifying the progenitor cells (i.e. prosensory cells) that generate the hair cells and support cells critical for hearing function, we compared chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq in sorted prosensory cells (Sox2-EGFP+) and surrounding cells (Sox2-EGFP−) from E12, E14.5 and E16 cochlear ducts. In Sox2-EGFP+, we find greater accessibility in and near genes restricted in expression to the prosensory region of the cochlear duct including Sox2, Isl1, Eya1 and Pou4f3. Furthermore, we find significant enrichment for the consensus binding sites of Sox2, Six1 and Gata3—transcription factors required for prosensory development—in the open chromatin regions. Over 2,200 regions displayed differential accessibility with developmental time in Sox2-EGFP+ cells, with most changes in the E12-14.5 window. Open chromatin regions detected in Sox2-EGFP+ cells map to over 48,000 orthologous regions in the human genome that include regions in genes linked to deafness. Our results reveal a dynamic landscape of open chromatin in prosensory cells with potential implications for cochlear development and disease.
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37
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de Groot SC, Sliedregt K, van Benthem PPG, Rivolta MN, Huisman MA. Building an Artificial Stem Cell Niche: Prerequisites for Future 3D-Formation of Inner Ear Structures-Toward 3D Inner Ear Biotechnology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:408-426. [PMID: 30635991 PMCID: PMC7065153 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in stem cells for the purpose of regenerative medicine to deliver a wide range of therapies to treat many diseases. However, two‐dimensional cultures of stem cells are of limited use when studying the mechanism of pathogenesis of diseases and the feasibility of a treatment. Therefore, research is focusing on the strengths of stem cells in the three‐dimensional (3D) structures mimicking organs, that is, organoids, or organ‐on‐chip, for modeling human biology and disease. As 3D technology advances, it is necessary to know which signals stem cells need to multiply and differentiate into complex structures. This holds especially true for the complex 3D structure of the inner ear. Recent work suggests that although other factors play a role, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its topography, is crucial to mimic a stem cell niche in vitro and to drive stem cells toward the formation of the tissue of interest. Technological developments have led to the investigation of biomaterials that closely resemble the native ECM. In the fast forward moving research of organoids and organs‐on‐chip, the inner ear has hardly received attention. This review aims to provide an overview, by describing the general context in which cells, matrix and morphogens cooperate in order to build a tissue, to facilitate research in 3D inner ear technology. Anat Rec, 303:408–426, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Sliedregt
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo N Rivolta
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margriet A Huisman
- Hair Science Institute, Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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38
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Ritter KE, Martin DM. Neural crest contributions to the ear: Implications for congenital hearing disorders. Hear Res 2018; 376:22-32. [PMID: 30455064 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elaine Ritter
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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39
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Boudjadi S, Chatterjee B, Sun W, Vemu P, Barr FG. The expression and function of PAX3 in development and disease. Gene 2018; 666:145-157. [PMID: 29730428 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The PAX3 gene encodes a member of the PAX family of transcription factors that is characterized by a highly conserved paired box motif. The PAX3 protein is a transcription factor consisting of an N-terminal DNA binding domain (containing a paired box and homeodomain) and a C-terminal transcriptional activation domain. This protein is expressed during development of skeletal muscle, central nervous system and neural crest derivatives, and regulates expression of target genes that impact on proliferation, survival, differentiation and motility in these lineages. Germline mutations of the murine Pax3 and human PAX3 genes cause deficiencies in these developmental lineages and result in the Splotch phenotype and Waardenburg syndrome, respectively. Somatic genetic rearrangements that juxtapose the PAX3 DNA binding domain to the transcriptional activation domain of other transcription factors deregulate PAX3 function and contribute to the pathogenesis of the soft tissue cancers alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma. The wild-type PAX3 protein is also expressed in other cancers related to developmental lineages that normally express this protein and exerts phenotypic effects related to its normal developmental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Boudjadi
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Wenyue Sun
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prasantha Vemu
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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Macchiarulo S, Morrow BE. Tbx1 and Jag1 act in concert to modulate the fate of neurosensory cells of the mouse otic vesicle. Biol Open 2017; 6:1472-1482. [PMID: 28838968 PMCID: PMC5665468 DOI: 10.1242/bio.027359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The domain within the otic vesicle (OV) known as the neurosensory domain (NSD), contains cells that will give rise to the hair and support cells of the otic sensory organs, as well as the neurons that form the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG). The molecular dynamics that occur at the NSD boundary relative to adjacent OV cells is not well defined. The Tbx1 transcription factor gene expression pattern is complementary to the NSD, and inactivation results in expansion of the NSD and expression of the Notch ligand, Jag1 mapping, in part of the NSD. To shed light on the role of Jag1 in NSD development, as well as to test whether Tbx1 and Jag1 might genetically interact to regulate this process, we inactivated Jag1 within the Tbx1 expression domain using a knock-in Tbx1Cre allele. We observed an enlarged neurogenic domain marked by a synergistic increase in expression of NeuroD and other proneural transcription factor genes in double Tbx1 and Jag1 conditional loss-of-function embryos. We noted that neuroblasts preferentially expanded across the medial-lateral axis and that an increase in cell proliferation could not account for this expansion, suggesting that there was a change in cell fate. We also found that inactivation of Jag1 with Tbx1Cre resulted in failed development of the cristae and semicircular canals, as well as notably fewer hair cells in the ventral epithelium of the inner ear rudiment when inactivated on a Tbx1 null background, compared to Tbx1Cre/− mutant embryos. We propose that loss of expression of Tbx1 and Jag1 within the Tbx1 expression domain tips the balance of cell fates in the NSD, resulting in an overproduction of neuroblasts at the expense of non-neural cells within the OV. Summary: Normal dosages of Tbx1 and Jag1 are required to maintain a proper balance of cell types within the neurosensory domain of the otic vesicle to form the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Macchiarulo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA .,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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41
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Chagnaud BP, Engelmann J, Fritzsch B, Glover JC, Straka H. Sensing External and Self-Motion with Hair Cells: A Comparison of the Lateral Line and Vestibular Systems from a Developmental and Evolutionary Perspective. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2017; 90:98-116. [PMID: 28988233 DOI: 10.1159/000456646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Detection of motion is a feature essential to any living animal. In vertebrates, mechanosensory hair cells organized into the lateral line and vestibular systems are used to detect external water or head/body motion, respectively. While the neuronal components to detect these physical attributes are similar between the two sensory systems, the organizational pattern of the receptors in the periphery and the distribution of hindbrain afferent and efferent projections are adapted to the specific functions of the respective system. Here we provide a concise review comparing the functional organization of the vestibular and lateral line systems from the development of the organs to the wiring from the periphery and the first processing stages. The goal of this review is to highlight the similarities and differences to demonstrate how evolution caused a common neuronal substrate to adapt to different functions, one for the detection of external water stimuli and the generation of sensory maps and the other for the detection of self-motion and the generation of motor commands for immediate behavioral reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris P Chagnaud
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology II, Division of Neurobiology, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
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42
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Middelhoff M, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Yan KS, Gershon MD, Wang TC, Quante M. Dclk1-expressing tuft cells: critical modulators of the intestinal niche? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G285-G299. [PMID: 28684459 PMCID: PMC5668570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00073.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dclk1-expressing tuft cells constitute a unique intestinal epithelial lineage that is distinct from enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Tuft cells express taste-related receptors and distinct transcription factors and interact closely with the enteric nervous system, suggesting a chemosensory cell lineage. In addition, recent work has shown that tuft cells interact closely with cells of the immune system, with a critical role in the cellular regulatory network governing responses to luminal parasites. Importantly, ablation of tuft cells severely impairs epithelial proliferation and tissue regeneration after injury, implicating tuft cells in the modulation of epithelial stem/progenitor function. Finally, tuft cells expand during chronic inflammation and in preneoplastic tissues, suggesting a possible early role in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Hence, we outline and discuss emerging evidence that strongly supports tuft cells as key regulatory cells in the complex network of the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Middelhoff
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; ,2II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany;
| | - C. Benedikt Westphalen
- 3Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany;
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kelley S. Yan
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; ,5Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- 6Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York;
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany;
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43
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Teng CS, Yen HY, Barske L, Smith B, Llamas J, Segil N, Go J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Maxson RE, Crump JG. Requirement for Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the bones of the mouse and human middle ear. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2497. [PMID: 28566723 PMCID: PMC5451394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas Jagged1-Notch2 signaling is known to pattern the sensorineural components of the inner ear, its role in middle ear development has been less clear. We previously reported a role for Jagged-Notch signaling in shaping skeletal elements derived from the first two pharyngeal arches of zebrafish. Here we show a conserved requirement for Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the stapes and incus middle ear bones derived from the equivalent pharyngeal arches of mammals. Mice lacking Jagged1 or Notch2 in neural crest-derived cells (NCCs) of the pharyngeal arches display a malformed stapes. Heterozygous Jagged1 knockout mice, a model for Alagille Syndrome (AGS), also display stapes and incus defects. We find that Jagged1-Notch2 signaling functions early to pattern the stapes cartilage template, with stapes malformations correlating with hearing loss across all frequencies. We observe similar stapes defects and hearing loss in one patient with heterozygous JAGGED1 loss, and a diversity of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in nearly half of AGS patients, many of which carry JAGGED1 mutations. Our findings reveal deep conservation of Jagged1-Notch2 signaling in patterning the pharyngeal arches from fish to mouse to man, despite the very different functions of their skeletal derivatives in jaw support and sound transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S Teng
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hai-Yun Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Fulgent Diagnostics, Temple City, CA, 91780, USA
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Bea Smith
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Juan Llamas
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Neil Segil
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - John Go
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - J Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Hoijman E, Fargas L, Blader P, Alsina B. Pioneer neurog1 expressing cells ingress into the otic epithelium and instruct neuronal specification. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28537554 PMCID: PMC5476427 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural patterning involves regionalised cell specification. Recent studies indicate that cell dynamics play instrumental roles in neural pattern refinement and progression, but the impact of cell behaviour and morphogenesis on neural specification is not understood. Here we combine 4D analysis of cell behaviours with dynamic quantification of proneural expression to uncover the construction of the zebrafish otic neurogenic domain. We identify pioneer cells expressing neurog1 outside the otic epithelium that migrate and ingress into the epithelialising placode to become the first otic neuronal progenitors. Subsequently, neighbouring cells express neurog1 inside the placode, and apical symmetric divisions amplify the specified pool. Interestingly, pioneer cells delaminate shortly after ingression. Ablation experiments reveal that pioneer cells promote neurog1 expression in other otic cells. Finally, ingression relies on the epithelialisation timing controlled by FGF activity. We propose a novel view for otic neurogenesis integrating cell dynamics whereby ingression of pioneer cells instructs neuronal specification. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25543.001 The inner ear is responsible for our senses of hearing and balance, and is made up of a series of fluid-filled cavities. Sounds, and movements of the head, cause the fluid within these cavities to move. This activates neurons that line the cavities, causing them to increase their firing rates and pass on information about the sounds or head movements to the brain. Damage to these neurons can result in deafness or vertigo. But where do the neurons themselves come from? It is generally assumed that all inner ear neurons develop inside an area of the embryo called the inner ear epithelium. Cells in this region are thought to switch on a gene called neurog1, triggering a series of changes that turn them into inner ear neurons. However, using advanced microscopy techniques in zebrafish embryos, Hoijman, Fargas et al. now show that this is not the whole story. While zebrafish do not have external ears, they do possess fluid-filled structures for balance and hearing that are similar to those of other vertebrates. Zebrafish embryos are also transparent, which means that activation of genes can be visualized directly. By imaging zebrafish embryos in real time, Hoijman, Fargas et al. show that the first cells to switch on neurog1 do so outside the inner ear epithelium. These pioneer cells then migrate into the inner ear epithelium and switch on neurog1 in their new neighbors. A substance called fibroblast growth factor tells the inner ear epithelium to let the pioneers enter, and thereby controls the final number of inner ear neurons. The work of Hoijman, Fargas et al. reveals how coordinated activation of genes and movement of cells gives rise to inner ear neurons. This should provide insights into the mechanisms that generate other types of sensory tissue. In the long term, the advances made in this study may lead to new strategies for repairing damaged sensory nerves. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25543.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Hoijman
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Fargas
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Blader
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Berta Alsina
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Xu J, Ueno H, Xu CY, Chen B, Weissman IL, Xu PX. Identification of mouse cochlear progenitors that develop hair and supporting cells in the organ of Corti. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15046. [PMID: 28492243 PMCID: PMC5437288 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian cochlear sensory epithelium houses two major types of cells, mechanosensory hair cells and underlying supporting cells, and lacks regenerative capacity. Recent evidence indicates that a subset of supporting cells can spontaneously regenerate hair cells after ablation only within the first week postparturition. Here in vivo clonal analysis of mouse inner ear cells during development demonstrates clonal relationship between hair and supporting cells in sensory organs. We report the identification in mouse of a previously unknown population of multipotent stem/progenitor cells that are capable of not only contributing to the hair and supporting cells but also to other cell types, including glia, in cochlea undergoing development, maturation and repair in response to damage. These multipotent progenitors originate from Eya1-expressing otic progenitors. Our findings also provide evidence for detectable regenerative potential in the postnatal cochlea beyond 1 week of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Hiroo Ueno
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chelsea Y. Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Binglai Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Ludwig Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Chen G, Ishan M, Yang J, Kishigami S, Fukuda T, Scott G, Ray MK, Sun C, Chen SY, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Liu HX. Specific and spatial labeling of P0-Cre versus Wnt1-Cre in cranial neural crest in early mouse embryos. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28371069 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
P0-Cre and Wnt1-Cre mouse lines have been widely used in combination with loxP-flanked mice to label and genetically modify neural crest (NC) cells and their derivatives. Wnt1-Cre has been regarded as the gold standard and there have been concerns about the specificity of P0-Cre because it is not clear about the timing and spatial distribution of the P0-Cre transgene in labeling NC cells at early embryonic stages. We re-visited P0-Cre and Wnt1-Cre models in the labeling of NC cells in early mouse embryos with a focus on cranial NC. We found that R26-lacZ Cre reporter responded to Cre activity more reliably than CAAG-lacZ Cre reporter during early embryogenesis. Cre immunosignals in P0-Cre and reporter (lacZ and RFP) activity in P0-Cre/R26-lacZ and P0-Cre/R26-RFP embryos was detected in the cranial NC and notochord regions in E8.0-9.5 (4-19 somites) embryos. P0-Cre transgene expression was observed in migrating NC cells and was more extensive in the forebrain and hindbrain but not apparent in the midbrain. Differences in the Cre distribution patterns of P0-Cre and Wnt1-Cre were profound in the midbrain and hindbrain regions, that is, extensive in the midbrain of Wnt1-Cre and in the hindbrain of P0-Cre embryos. The difference between P0-Cre and Wnt1-Cre in labeling cranial NC may provide a better explanation of the differential distributions of their NC derivatives and of the phenotypes caused by Cre-driven genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Chen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Greg Scott
- Knockout Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Manas K Ray
- Knockout Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709.,Knockout Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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47
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Lineage tracing of Sox2-expressing progenitor cells in the mouse inner ear reveals a broad contribution to non-sensory tissues and insights into the origin of the organ of Corti. Dev Biol 2016; 414:72-84. [PMID: 27090805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of sensory regions of the inner ear. It regulates expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 in prosensory progenitors, which signal to neighboring cells to up-regulate Sox2 and sustain prosensory identity. However, the expression pattern of Sox2 in the early inner ear is very broad, suggesting that Sox2-expressing progenitors form a wide variety of cell types in addition to generating the sensory regions of the ear. We used Sox2-CreER mice to follow the fates of Sox2-expressing cells at different stages in ear development. We find that Sox2-expressing cells in the early otocyst give rise to large numbers of non-sensory structures throughout the inner ear, and that Sox2 only becomes a truly prosensory marker at embryonic day (E)11.5. Our fate map reveals the organ of Corti derives from a central domain on the medial side of the otocyst and shows that a significant amount of the organ of Corti derives from a Sox2-negative population in this region.
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48
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Karpinski BA, Bryan CA, Paronett EM, Baker JL, Fernandez A, Horvath A, Maynard TM, Moody SA, LaMantia AS. A cellular and molecular mosaic establishes growth and differentiation states for cranial sensory neurons. Dev Biol 2016; 415:228-241. [PMID: 26988119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared apparent origins, cellular diversity and regulation of initial axon growth for differentiating cranial sensory neurons. We assessed the molecular and cellular composition of the developing olfactory and otic placodes, and cranial sensory ganglia to evaluate contributions of ectodermal placode versus neural crest at each site. Special sensory neuron populations-the olfactory and otic placodes, as well as those in vestibulo-acoustic ganglion- are entirely populated with cells expressing cranial placode-associated, rather than neural crest-associated markers. The remaining cranial sensory ganglia are a mosaic of cells that express placode-associated as well as neural crest-associated markers. We found two distinct populations of neural crest in the cranial ganglia: the first, as expected, is labeled by Wnt1:Cre mediated recombination. The second is not labeled by Wnt1:Cre recombination, and expresses both Sox10 and FoxD3. These populations-Wnt1:Cre recombined, and Sox10/Foxd3-expressing- are proliferatively distinct from one another. Together, the two neural crest-associated populations are substantially more proliferative than their placode-associated counterparts. Nevertheless, the apparently placode- and neural crest-associated populations are similarly sensitive to altered signaling that compromises cranial morphogenesis and differentiation. Acute disruption of either Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) or Retinoic acid (RA) signaling alters axon growth and cell death, but does not preferentially target any of the three distinct populations. Apparently, mosaic derivation and diversity of precursors and early differentiating neurons, modulated uniformly by local signals, supports early cranial sensory neuron differentiation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Karpinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Corey A Bryan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Paronett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Baker
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; The GW Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review). Hear Res 2016; 338:52-63. [PMID: 26802581 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex "cochlear-vascular unit" in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the "intrastrial fluid-blood barrier"). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.
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50
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Goodrich LV. Early Development of the Spiral Ganglion. THE PRIMARY AUDITORY NEURONS OF THE MAMMALIAN COCHLEA 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3031-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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