1
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Mim MS, Kumar N, Levis M, Unger MF, Miranda G, Gazzo D, Robinett T, Zartman JJ. Piezo regulates epithelial topology and promotes precision in organ size control. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114398. [PMID: 38935502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive Piezo channels regulate cell division, cell extrusion, and cell death. However, systems-level functions of Piezo in regulating organogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Piezo controls epithelial cell topology to ensure precise organ growth by integrating live-imaging experiments with pharmacological and genetic perturbations and computational modeling. Notably, the knockout or knockdown of Piezo increases bilateral asymmetry in wing size. Piezo's multifaceted functions can be deconstructed as either autonomous or non-autonomous based on a comparison between tissue-compartment-level perturbations or between genetic perturbation populations at the whole-tissue level. A computational model that posits cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation through modulation of the cutoff tension required for Piezo channel activation explains key cell and tissue phenotypes arising from perturbations of Piezo expression levels. Our findings demonstrate that Piezo promotes robustness in regulating epithelial topology and is necessary for precise organ size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayesha Sahir Mim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Megan Levis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Maria F Unger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gabriel Miranda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - David Gazzo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Trent Robinett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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2
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP91572. [PMID: 38842917 PMCID: PMC11156469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
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3
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Rigato A, Meng H, Chardes C, Runions A, Abouakil F, Smith RS, LeGoff L. A mechanical transition from tension to buckling underlies the jigsaw puzzle shape morphogenesis of histoblasts in the Drosophila epidermis. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002662. [PMID: 38870210 PMCID: PMC11175506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The polygonal shape of cells in proliferating epithelia is a result of the tensile forces of the cytoskeletal cortex and packing geometry set by the cell cycle. In the larval Drosophila epidermis, two cell populations, histoblasts and larval epithelial cells, compete for space as they grow on a limited body surface. They do so in the absence of cell divisions. We report a striking morphological transition of histoblasts during larval development, where they change from a tensed network configuration with straight cell outlines at the level of adherens junctions to a highly folded morphology. The apical surface of histoblasts shrinks while their growing adherens junctions fold, forming deep lobules. Volume increase of growing histoblasts is accommodated basally, compensating for the shrinking apical area. The folded geometry of apical junctions resembles elastic buckling, and we show that the imbalance between the shrinkage of the apical domain of histoblasts and the continuous growth of junctions triggers buckling. Our model is supported by laser dissections and optical tweezer experiments together with computer simulations. Our analysis pinpoints the ability of histoblasts to store mechanical energy to a much greater extent than most other epithelial cell types investigated so far, while retaining the ability to dissipate stress on the hours time scale. Finally, we propose a possible mechanism for size regulation of histoblast apical size through the lateral pressure of the epidermis, driven by the growth of cells on a limited surface. Buckling effectively compacts histoblasts at their apical plane and may serve to avoid physical harm to these adult epidermis precursors during larval life. Our work indicates that in growing nondividing cells, compressive forces, instead of tension, may drive cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annafrancesca Rigato
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Huicheng Meng
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Chardes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Faris Abouakil
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Richard S. Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Loïc LeGoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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4
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Guerrero P, Perez-Carrasco R. Choice of friction coefficient deeply affects tissue behaviour in stochastic epithelial vertex models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230051. [PMID: 38432320 PMCID: PMC10909505 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms that coordinate the formation of biological tissues, the use of numerical implementations is necessary. The complexity of such models involves many assumptions and parameter choices that result in unpredictable consequences, obstructing the comparison with experimental data. Here, we focus on vertex models, a family of spatial models used extensively to simulate the dynamics of epithelial tissues. Usually, in the literature, the choice of the friction coefficient is not addressed using quasi-static deformation arguments that generally do not apply to realistic scenarios. In this manuscript, we discuss the role that the choice of friction coefficient has on the relaxation times and consequently in the conditions of cell cycle progression and division. We explore the effects that these changes have on the morphology, growth rate and topological transitions of the tissue dynamics. These results provide a deeper understanding of the role that an accurate mechanical description plays in the use of vertex models as inference tools. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Guerrero
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Perez-Carrasco
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.01.551465. [PMID: 38645118 PMCID: PMC11030236 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Richard W. Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
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6
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Shroff NP, Xu P, Kim S, Shelton ER, Gross BJ, Liu Y, Gomez CO, Ye Q, Drennon TY, Hu JK, Green JBA, Campàs O, Klein OD. Proliferation-driven mechanical compression induces signalling centre formation during mammalian organ development. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:519-529. [PMID: 38570617 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Localized sources of morphogens, called signalling centres, play a fundamental role in coordinating tissue growth and cell fate specification during organogenesis. However, how these signalling centres are established in tissues during embryonic development is still unclear. Here we show that the main signalling centre orchestrating development of rodent incisors, the enamel knot (EK), is specified by a cell proliferation-driven buildup in compressive stresses (mechanical pressure) in the tissue. Direct mechanical measurements indicate that the stresses generated by cell proliferation are resisted by the surrounding tissue, creating a circular pattern of mechanical anisotropy with a region of high compressive stress at its centre that becomes the EK. Pharmacological inhibition of proliferation reduces stresses and suppresses EK formation, and application of external pressure in proliferation-inhibited conditions rescues the formation of the EK. Mechanical information is relayed intracellularly through YAP protein localization, which is cytoplasmic in the region of compressive stress that establishes the EK and nuclear in the stretched anisotropic cells that resist the pressure buildup around the EK. Together, our data identify a new role for proliferation-driven mechanical compression in the specification of a model signalling centre during mammalian organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pincha Shroff
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elijah R Shelton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ben J Gross
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yucen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Gomez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Qianlin Ye
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tingsheng Yu Drennon
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Matamoro-Vidal A, Cumming T, Davidović A, Levillayer F, Levayer R. Patterned apoptosis has an instructive role for local growth and tissue shape regulation in a fast-growing epithelium. Curr Biol 2024; 34:376-388.e7. [PMID: 38215743 PMCID: PMC10808510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
What regulates organ size and shape remains one fundamental mystery of modern biology. Research in this area has primarily focused on deciphering the regulation in time and space of growth and cell division, while the contribution of cell death has been overall neglected. This includes studies of the Drosophila wing, one of the best-characterized systems for the study of growth and patterning, undergoing massive growth during larval stage and important morphogenetic remodeling during pupal stage. So far, it has been assumed that cell death was relatively neglectable in this tissue both during larval stage and pupal stage, and as a result, the pattern of growth was usually attributed to the distribution of cell division. Here, using systematic mapping and registration combined with quantitative assessment of clone size and disappearance as well as live imaging, we outline a persistent pattern of cell death and clone elimination emerging in the larval wing disc and persisting during pupal wing morphogenesis. Local variation of cell death is associated with local variation of clone size, pointing to an impact of cell death on local growth that is not fully compensated by proliferation. Using morphometric analyses of adult wing shape and genetic perturbations, we provide evidence that patterned death locally and globally affects adult wing shape and size. This study describes a roadmap for precise assessment of the contribution of cell death to tissue shape and outlines an important instructive role of cell death in modulating quantitatively local growth and morphogenesis of a fast-growing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Matamoro-Vidal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tom Cumming
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France; PPU program Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anđela Davidović
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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8
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Tokamov SA, Buiter S, Ullyot A, Scepanovic G, Williams AM, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Horne-Badovinac S, Fehon RG. Cortical tension promotes Kibra degradation via Par-1. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar2. [PMID: 37903240 PMCID: PMC10881160 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth. Multiple Hippo signaling components are regulated via proteolytic degradation. However, how these degradation mechanisms are themselves modulated remains unexplored. Kibra is a key upstream pathway activator that promotes its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation upon assembling a Hippo signaling complex. Here, we demonstrate that Hippo complex-dependent Kibra degradation is modulated by cortical tension. Using classical genetic, osmotic, and pharmacological manipulations of myosin activity and cortical tension, we show that increasing cortical tension leads to Kibra degradation, whereas decreasing cortical tension increases Kibra abundance. Our study also implicates Par-1 in regulating Kib abundance downstream of cortical tension. We demonstrate that Par-1 promotes ubiquitin-mediated Kib degradation in a Hippo complex-dependent manner and is required for tension-induced Kib degradation. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which cortical tension affects Hippo signaling and provide novel insights into the role of mechanical forces in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A. Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Stephan Buiter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Richard G. Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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9
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Burda I, Martin AC, Roeder AHK, Collins MA. The dynamics and biophysics of shape formation: Common themes in plant and animal morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2850-2866. [PMID: 38113851 PMCID: PMC10752614 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of tissue form in multicellular organisms results from the complex interplay between genetics and physics. In both plants and animals, cells must act in concert to pattern their behaviors. Our understanding of the factors sculpting multicellular form has increased dramatically in the past few decades. From this work, common themes have emerged that connect plant and animal morphogenesis-an exciting connection that solidifies our understanding of the developmental basis of multicellular life. In this review, we will discuss the themes and the underlying principles that connect plant and animal morphogenesis, including the coordination of gene expression, signaling, growth, contraction, and mechanical and geometric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Burda
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Collins
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Long Y, Vetter R, Iber D. 2D effects enhance precision of gradient-based tissue patterning. iScience 2023; 26:107880. [PMID: 37810247 PMCID: PMC10550716 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust embryonic development requires pattern formation with high spatial accuracy. In epithelial tissues that are patterned by morphogen gradients, the emerging patterns achieve levels of precision that have recently been explained by a simple one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model with kinetic noise. Here, we show that patterning precision is even greater if transverse diffusion effects are at play in such tissues. The positional error, a measure for spatial patterning accuracy, decreases in wider tissues but then saturates beyond a width of about ten cells. This demonstrates that the precision of gradient-based patterning in two- or higher-dimensional systems can be even greater than predicted by 1D models, and further attests to the potential of noisy morphogen gradients for high-precision tissue patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Long
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Tokamov SA, Nouri N, Rich A, Buiter S, Glotzer M, Fehon RG. Apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics control Kibra subcellular localization and function in Drosophila Hippo signaling. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1864-1879.e4. [PMID: 37729921 PMCID: PMC10591919 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth that integrates inputs from both polarity and actomyosin networks. An upstream activator of the Hippo pathway, Kibra, localizes at the junctional and medial regions of the apical cortex in epithelial cells, and medial accumulation promotes Kibra activity. Here, we demonstrate that cortical Kibra distribution is controlled by a tug-of-war between apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics. We show that while the apical polarity network, in part via atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), tethers Kibra at the junctional cortex to silence its activity, medial actomyosin flows promote Kibra-mediated Hippo complex formation at the medial cortex, thereby activating the Hippo pathway. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the Hippo pathway, polarity, and actomyosin cytoskeleton, and it offers novel insights into how fundamental features of epithelial tissue architecture can serve as inputs into signaling cascades that control tissue growth, patterning, and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicki Nouri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ashley Rich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephan Buiter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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12
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Kira A, Tatsutomi I, Saito K, Murata M, Hattori I, Kajita H, Muraki N, Oda Y, Satoh S, Tsukamoto Y, Kimura S, Onoue K, Yonemura S, Arakawa S, Kato H, Hirashima T, Kawane K. Apoptotic extracellular vesicle formation via local phosphatidylserine exposure drives efficient cell extrusion. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00241-1. [PMID: 37315563 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell extrusion is a universal mode of cell removal from tissues, and it plays an important role in regulating cell numbers and eliminating unwanted cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of cell delamination from the cell layer are unclear. Here, we report a conserved execution mechanism of apoptotic cell extrusion. We found extracellular vesicle (EV) formation in extruding mammalian and Drosophila cells at a site opposite to the extrusion direction. Lipid-scramblase-mediated local exposure of phosphatidylserine is responsible for EV formation and is crucial for executing cell extrusion. Inhibition of this process disrupts prompt cell delamination and tissue homeostasis. Although the EV has hallmarks of an apoptotic body, its formation is governed by the mechanism of microvesicle formation. Experimental and mathematical modeling analysis illustrated that EV formation promotes neighboring cells' invasion. This study showed that membrane dynamics play a crucial role in cell exit by connecting the actions of the extruding cell and neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Kira
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ichiko Tatsutomi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Machiko Murata
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Izumi Hattori
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Haruna Kajita
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Muraki
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yukako Oda
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Saya Satoh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuta Tsukamoto
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Industrial Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kenta Onoue
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Research Core, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Kohki Kawane
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.
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13
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Growth anisotropy of the extracellular matrix shapes a developing organ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1220. [PMID: 36869053 PMCID: PMC9984492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Final organ size and shape result from volume expansion by growth and shape changes by contractility. Complex morphologies can also arise from differences in growth rate between tissues. We address here how differential growth guides the morphogenesis of the growing Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We report that 3D morphology results from elastic deformation due to differential growth anisotropy between the epithelial cell layer and its enveloping extracellular matrix (ECM). While the tissue layer grows in plane, growth of the bottom ECM occurs in 3D and is reduced in magnitude, thereby causing geometric frustration and tissue bending. The elasticity, growth anisotropy and morphogenesis of the organ are fully captured by a mechanical bilayer model. Moreover, differential expression of the Matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 controls growth anisotropy of the ECM envelope. This study shows that the ECM is a controllable mechanical constraint whose intrinsic growth anisotropy directs tissue morphogenesis in a developing organ.
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14
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Prahl LS, Viola JM, Liu J, Hughes AJ. The developing murine kidney actively negotiates geometric packing conflicts to avoid defects. Dev Cell 2023; 58:110-120.e5. [PMID: 36693318 PMCID: PMC9924533 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The physiological functions of several organs rely on branched epithelial tubule networks bearing specialized structures for secretion, gas exchange, or filtration. Little is known about conflicts in development between building enough tubules for adequate function and geometric constraints imposed by organ size. We show that the mouse embryonic kidney epithelium negotiates a physical packing conflict between increasing tubule tip numbers through branching and limited organ surface area. Through imaging of whole kidney explants, combined with computational and soft material modeling of tubule families, we identify six possible geometric packing phases, including two defective ones. Experiments in explants show that a radially oriented tension on tubule families is necessary and sufficient for them to switch to a vertical packing arrangement that increases surface tip density while avoiding defects. These results reveal developmental contingencies in response to physical limitations and create a framework for classifying congenital kidney defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Prahl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Biswas A, Ng BH, Prabhakaran VS, Chan CJ. Squeezing the eggs to grow: The mechanobiology of mammalian folliculogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1038107. [PMID: 36531957 PMCID: PMC9756970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1038107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of functional eggs (oocyte) in ovarian follicles is arguably one of the most important events in early mammalian development since the oocytes provide the bulk genetic and cytoplasmic materials for successful reproduction. While past studies have identified many genes that are critical to normal ovarian development and function, recent studies have highlighted the role of mechanical force in shaping folliculogenesis. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanobiological principles and the force-generating cellular structures and extracellular matrix that control the various stages of follicle development. We also highlight emerging techniques that allow for the quantification of mechanical interactions and follicular dynamics during development, and propose new directions for future studies in the field. We hope this review will provide a timely and useful framework for future understanding of mechano-signalling pathways in reproductive biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arikta Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Heng Ng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chii Jou Chan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Mao Y, Pichaud F. For Special Issue: Tissue size and shape. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:1-2. [PMID: 35659474 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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17
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Tarannum N, Singh R, Woolner S. Sculpting an Embryo: The Interplay between Mechanical Force and Cell Division. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10030037. [PMID: 36135370 PMCID: PMC9502278 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The journey from a single fertilised cell to a multicellular organism is, at the most fundamental level, orchestrated by mitotic cell divisions. Both the rate and the orientation of cell divisions are important in ensuring the proper development of an embryo. Simultaneous with cell proliferation, embryonic cells constantly experience a wide range of mechanical forces from their surrounding tissue environment. Cells must be able to read and respond correctly to these forces since they are known to affect a multitude of biological functions, including cell divisions. The interplay between the mechanical environment and cell divisions is particularly crucial during embryogenesis when tissues undergo dynamic changes in their shape, architecture, and overall organisation to generate functional tissues and organs. Here we review our current understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which mechanical force regulates cell division and place this knowledge within the context of embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis.
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18
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Di Meglio I, Trushko A, Guillamat P, Blanch-Mercader C, Abuhattum S, Roux A. Pressure and curvature control of the cell cycle in epithelia growing under spherical confinement. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111227. [PMID: 36001958 PMCID: PMC9433880 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires spatiotemporal regulation of proliferation, both by biochemical and mechanical cues. In epithelia, this regulation is called contact inhibition of proliferation, but disentangling biochemical from mechanical cues remains challenging. Here, we show that epithelia growing under confinement accumulate pressure that inhibits proliferation above a threshold value. During growth, epithelia spontaneously buckle, and cell proliferation is transiently reactivated within the fold. Reactivation of proliferation within folds correlated with the local reactivation of the mechano-sensing YAP/TAZ pathway. At late time points, when the pressure is highest, β-catenin activity increases. The threshold pressure increases when β-catenin is overactivated and decreases when β-catenin is inhibited. Altogether, our results suggest that different mechanical cues resulting from pressure inhibition of proliferation are at play through different mechano-sensing pathways: the β-catenin pathway sustains cell division under high pressure, and the YAP pathway senses local curvature. Encapsulation of MDCK cells enables quantification of growth-induced pressure Confined epithelia reach a threshold pressure that inhibits cell-cycle progression Overactivation of β-catenin activity sustains cell division under high pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Meglio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anastasiya Trushko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pau Guillamat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shada Abuhattum
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Camuglia J, Chanet S, Martin AC. Morphogenetic forces planar polarize LGN/Pins in the embryonic head during Drosophila gastrulation. eLife 2022; 11:78779. [PMID: 35796436 PMCID: PMC9262390 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle orientation is often achieved by a complex of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins)/LGN, Mushroom Body Defect (Mud)/Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMa), Gαi, and Dynein, which interacts with astral microtubules to rotate the spindle. Cortical Pins/LGN recruitment serves as a critical step in this process. Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. We found that neither planar cell polarity pathways nor planar polarized myosin localization determined division orientation; instead, our findings strongly suggest that Pins planar polarity and force generated from mesoderm invagination are important. Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. We found that disrupting forces through chemical inhibitors, depletion of an adherens junction protein, or blocking mesoderm invagination disrupted Pins planar polarity and spindle orientation. Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo example where mechanical force has been shown to polarize Pins to mediate division orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Camuglia
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Soline Chanet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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20
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Chowdhury F, Huang B, Wang N. Forces in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Cells Dev 2022; 170:203776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2022.203776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Iber D, Vetter R. Relationship between epithelial organization and morphogen interpretation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101916. [PMID: 35605527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite molecular noise and genetic differences between individuals, developmental outcomes are remarkably constant. Decades of research has focused on the underlying mechanisms that ensure this precision and robustness. Recent quantifications of chemical gradients and epithelial cell shapes provide novel insights into the basis of precise development. In this review, we argue that these two aspects may be linked in epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Chen T, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Li S, Cao J, Guo J, Bu W, Zhao H, Du J, Cao Y, Fan Y. Self-Organization of Tissue Growth by Interfacial Mechanical Interactions in Multilayered Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104301. [PMID: 35138041 PMCID: PMC9069393 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a spatially and temporally regulated process involved in various physiological and pathological transformations. In addition to the associated biochemical factors, the physical regulation of morphogenesis has attracted increasing attention. However, the driving force of morphogenesis initiation remains elusive. Here, it is shown that during the growth of multilayered tissues, a morphogenetic process can be self-organized by the progression of compression gradient stemmed from the interfacial mechanical interactions between layers. In tissues with low fluidity, the compression gradient is progressively strengthened during growth and induces stratification by triggering symmetric-to-asymmetric cell division reorientation at the critical tissue size. In tissues with high fluidity, compression gradient is dynamic and induces cell rearrangement leading to 2D in-plane morphogenesis instead of 3D deformation. Morphogenesis can be tuned by manipulating tissue fluidity, cell adhesion forces, and mechanical properties to influence the progression of compression gradient during the development of cultured cell sheets and chicken embryos. Together, the dynamics of compression gradient arising from interfacial mechanical interaction provides a conserved mechanism underlying morphogenesis initiation and size control during tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle BodyCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Xinbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shukai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jialing Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Wanjuan Bu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
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23
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Rallis J, Pavlopoulos A. Cellular basis of limb morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100887. [PMID: 35150918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
How the size and shape of developing tissues is encoded in the genome has been a longstanding riddle for biologists. Constituent cells integrate several genetic and mechanical signals to decide whether to divide, die, change shape or position. We review here how morphogenetic cell behaviors contribute to leg formation from imaginal disc epithelia in the insect Drosophila melanogaster, as well as to direct embryonic limb outgrowths in the non-insect pancrustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Considering the deep conservation of developmental programs for limb patterning among arthropods and other bilaterians, moving forward, it will be exciting to see how these genetic similarities reflect at the cellular and tissue mechanics level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rallis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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24
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Khataee H, Fraser M, Neufeld Z. Modelling the Collective Mechanical Regulation of the Structure and Morphology of Epithelial Cell Layers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:767688. [PMID: 35399530 PMCID: PMC8987200 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.767688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and function of epithelial sheets play an important role in healthy tissue development and cancer progression. The maintenance of structure of closely packed epithelial layers requires the coordination of various mechanical forces due to intracellular activities and interactions with other cells and tissues. However, a general model for the combination of mechanical properties which determine the cell shape and the overall structure of epithelial layers remains elusive. Here, we propose a computational model, based on the Cellular Potts Model, to analyse the interplay between mechanical properties of cells and dynamical transitions in epithelial cell shapes and structures. We map out phase diagrams as functions of cellular properties and the orientation of cell division. Results show that monolayers of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells are formed when the axis of cell proliferation is perpendicular to the substrate or along the major axis of the cells. Monolayer-to-multilayer transition is promoted via cell extrusion, depending on the mechanical properties of cells and the orientation of cell division. The results and model predictions are discussed in the context of experimental observations.
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25
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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26
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Souchaud A, Boutillon A, Charron G, Asnacios A, Noûs C, David NB, Graner F, Gallet F. Live 3D imaging and mapping of shear stresses within tissues using incompressible elastic beads. Development 2022; 149:274481. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
To investigate the role of mechanical constraints in morphogenesis and development, we have developed a pipeline of techniques based on incompressible elastic sensors. These techniques combine the advantages of incompressible liquid droplets, which have been used as precise in situ shear stress sensors, and of elastic compressible beads, which are easier to tune and to use. Droplets of a polydimethylsiloxane mix, made fluorescent through specific covalent binding to a rhodamin dye, are produced by a microfluidics device. The elastomer rigidity after polymerization is adjusted to the tissue rigidity. Its mechanical properties are carefully calibrated in situ, for a sensor embedded in a cell aggregate submitted to uniaxial compression. The local shear stress tensor is retrieved from the sensor shape, accurately reconstructed through an active contour method. In vitro, within cell aggregates, and in vivo, in the prechordal plate of the zebrafish embryo during gastrulation, our pipeline of techniques demonstrates its efficiency to directly measure the three dimensional shear stress repartition within a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Souchaud
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaëlle Charron
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratory Cogitamus, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B. David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Gallet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
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27
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Gallagher KD, Mani M, Carthew RW. Emergence of a geometric pattern of cell fates from tissue-scale mechanics in the Drosophila eye. eLife 2022; 11:72806. [PMID: 35037852 PMCID: PMC8863370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern formation of biological structures involves the arrangement of different types of cells in an ordered spatial configuration. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of patterning the Drosophila eye epithelium into a precise triangular grid of photoreceptor clusters called ommatidia. Previous studies had led to a long-standing biochemical model whereby a reaction-diffusion process is templated by recently formed ommatidia to propagate a molecular prepattern across the eye. Here, we find that the templating mechanism is instead, mechanochemical in origin; newly born columns of differentiating ommatidia serve as a template to spatially pattern flows that move epithelial cells into position to form each new column of ommatidia. Cell flow is generated by a source and sink, corresponding to narrow zones of cell dilation and contraction respectively, that straddle the growing wavefront of ommatidia. The newly formed lattice grid of ommatidia cells are immobile, deflecting, and focusing the flow of other cells. Thus, the self-organization of a regular pattern of cell fates in an epithelium is mechanically driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gallagher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,NSF Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Madhav Mani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,NSF Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,NSF Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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28
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Paci G, Mao Y. Forced into shape: Mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:160-170. [PMID: 34092509 PMCID: PMC8681862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a central role in shaping tissues during development and maintaining epithelial integrity in homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis, starting from the interplay of mechanics with cell growth and division. We then discuss several examples of morphogenetic processes where complex 3D structures are shaped by mechanical forces, followed by a closer look at patterning processes. We also review the role of forces in homeostatic processes, including cell elimination and wound healing. Finally, we look at the interplay of mechanics and developmental robustness and discuss open questions in the field, as well as novel approaches that will help tackle them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paci
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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29
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Katsuno-Kambe H, Teo JL, Ju RJ, Hudson J, Stehbens SJ, Yap AS. Collagen polarization promotes epithelial elongation by stimulating locoregional cell proliferation. eLife 2021; 10:e67915. [PMID: 34661524 PMCID: PMC8550756 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial networks are commonly generated by processes where multicellular aggregates elongate and branch. Here, we focus on understanding cellular mechanisms for elongation using an organotypic culture system as a model of mammary epithelial anlage. Isotropic cell aggregates broke symmetry and slowly elongated when transplanted into collagen 1 gels. The elongating regions of aggregates displayed enhanced cell proliferation that was necessary for elongation to occur. Strikingly, this locoregional increase in cell proliferation occurred where collagen 1 fibrils reorganized into bundles that were polarized with the elongating aggregates. Applying external stretch as a cell-independent way to reorganize the extracellular matrix, we found that collagen polarization stimulated regional cell proliferation to precipitate symmetry breaking and elongation. This required β1-integrin and ERK signaling. We propose that collagen polarization supports epithelial anlagen elongation by stimulating locoregional cell proliferation. This could provide a long-lasting structural memory of the initial axis that is generated when anlage break symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Katsuno-Kambe
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jessica L Teo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Robert J Ju
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - James Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Samantha J Stehbens
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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30
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Abouakil F, Meng H, Burcklen MA, Rigneault H, Galland F, LeGoff L. An adaptive microscope for the imaging of biological surfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:210. [PMID: 34620828 PMCID: PMC8497591 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning fluorescence microscopes are now able to image large biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolution. This comes at the expense of an increased light dose which is detrimental to fluorophore stability and cell physiology. To highly reduce the light dose, we designed an adaptive scanning fluorescence microscope with a scanning scheme optimized for the unsupervised imaging of cell sheets, which underly the shape of many embryos and organs. The surface of the tissue is first delineated from the acquisition of a very small subset (~0.1%) of sample space, using a robust estimation strategy. Two alternative scanning strategies are then proposed to image the tissue with an improved photon budget, without loss in resolution. The first strategy consists in scanning only a thin shell around the estimated surface of interest, allowing high reduction of light dose when the tissue is curved. The second strategy applies when structures of interest lie at the cell periphery (e.g. adherens junctions). An iterative approach is then used to propagate scanning along cell contours. We demonstrate the benefit of our approach imaging live epithelia from Drosophila melanogaster. On the examples shown, both approaches yield more than a 20-fold reduction in light dose -and up to more than 80-fold- compared to a full scan of the volume. These smart-scanning strategies can be easily implemented on most scanning fluorescent imaging modality. The dramatic reduction in light exposure of the sample should allow prolonged imaging of the live processes under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Abouakil
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Huicheng Meng
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Anne Burcklen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Rigneault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Galland
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Loïc LeGoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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31
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Liu H, Zhou D, Zhang L, Lubensky DK, Mao X. Topological floppy modes in models of epithelial tissues. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8624-8641. [PMID: 34505853 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in topological mechanics have revealed unusual phenomena such as topologically protected floppy modes and states of self-stress that are exponentially localized at boundaries and interfaces of mechanical networks. In this paper, we explore the topological mechanics of epithelial tissues, where the appearance of these boundary and interface modes could lead to localized soft or stressed spots and play a role in morphogenesis. We consider both a simple vertex model (VM) governed by an effective elastic energy and its generalization to an active tension network (ATN) which incorporates active adaptation of the cytoskeleton. By analyzing spatially periodic lattices at the Maxwell point of mechanical instability, we find topologically polarized phases with exponential localization of floppy modes and states of self-stress in the ATN when cells are allowed to become concave, but not in the VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Leyou Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - David K Lubensky
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA.
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32
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Harmansa S, Lecuit T. Forward and feedback control mechanisms of developmental tissue growth. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203750. [PMID: 34610484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The size and proportions of animals are tightly controlled during development. How this is achieved remains poorly understood. The control of organ size entails coupling of cellular growth and cell division on one hand, and the measure of organ size on the other. In this review we focus on three layers of growth control consisting of genetic patterning, notably chemical gradients, mechanics and energetics which are complemented by a systemic control unit that modulates growth in response to the nutritional conditions and coordinates growth between different organs so as to maintain proportions. Growth factors, often present as concentration dependent chemical gradients, are positive inducers of cellular growth that may be considered as deterministic cues, hence acting as organ-intrinsic controllers of growth. However, the exponential growth dynamics in many developing tissues necessitate more stringent growth control in the form of negative feedbacks. Feedbacks endow biological systems with the capacity to quickly respond to perturbations and to correct the growth trajectory to avoid overgrowth. We propose to integrate chemical, mechanical and energetic control over cellular growth in a framework that emphasizes the self-organizing properties of organ-autonomous growth control in conjunction with systemic organ non-autonomous feedback on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Harmansa
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France; Collège de France, Paris, France.
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33
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Moruzzi M, Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Brennan K, Woolner S. Generation of anisotropic strain dysregulates wild-type cell division at the interface between host and oncogenic tissue. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3409-3418.e6. [PMID: 34111402 PMCID: PMC8360906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are highly sensitive to anisotropies in mechanical force, with cells altering fundamental behaviors, such as cell adhesion, migration, and cell division.1-5 It is well known that, in the later stages of carcinoma (epithelial cancer), the presence of tumors alters the mechanical properties of a host tissue and that these changes contribute to disease progression.6-9 However, in the earliest stages of carcinoma, when a clonal cluster of oncogene-expressing cells first establishes in the epithelium, the extent to which mechanical changes alter cell behavior in the tissue as a whole remains unclear. This is despite knowledge that many common oncogenes, such as oncogenic Ras, alter cell stiffness and contractility.10-13 Here, we investigate how mechanical changes at the cellular level of an oncogenic cluster can translate into the generation of anisotropic strain across an epithelium, altering cell behavior in neighboring host tissue. We generated clusters of oncogene-expressing cells within otherwise normal in vivo epithelium, using Xenopus laevis embryos. We find that cells in kRasV12, but not cMYC, clusters have increased contractility, which introduces radial stress in the tissue and deforms surrounding host cells. The strain imposed by kRasV12 clusters leads to increased cell division and altered division orientation in neighboring host tissue, effects that can be rescued by reducing actomyosin contractility specifically in the kRasV12 cells. Our findings indicate that some oncogenes can alter the mechanical and proliferative properties of host tissue from the earliest stages of cancer development, changes that have the potential to contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Moruzzi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Georgina K Goddard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nawseen Tarannum
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah Woolner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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34
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach toward understanding this complex interplay, which considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback as well as complementing the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework for understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; .,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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35
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Inman A, Smutny M. Feeling the force: Multiscale force sensing and transduction at the cell-cell interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:53-65. [PMID: 34238674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A universal principle of all living cells is the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli which is essential for many biological processes. Recent efforts have identified critical mechanosensitive molecules and response pathways involved in mechanotransduction during development and tissue homeostasis. Tissue-wide force transmission and local force sensing need to be spatiotemporally coordinated to precisely regulate essential processes during development such as tissue morphogenesis, patterning, cell migration and organogenesis. Understanding how cells identify and interpret extrinsic forces and integrate a specific response on cell and tissue level remains a major challenge. In this review we consider important cellular and physical factors in control of cell-cell mechanotransduction and discuss their significance for cell and developmental processes. We further highlight mechanosensitive macromolecules that are known to respond to external forces and present examples of how force responses can be integrated into cell and developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Inman
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Michael Smutny
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
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36
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Chowdhury F, Huang B, Wang N. Cytoskeletal prestress: The cellular hallmark in mechanobiology and mechanomedicine. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:249-276. [PMID: 33754478 PMCID: PMC8518377 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that mechanical forces, in addition to soluble molecules, impact cell and tissue functions in physiology and diseases. How living cells integrate mechanical signals to perform appropriate biological functions is an area of intense investigation. Here, we review the evidence of the central role of cytoskeletal prestress in mechanotransduction and mechanobiology. Elevating cytoskeletal prestress increases cell stiffness and reinforces cell stiffening, facilitates long-range cytoplasmic mechanotransduction via integrins, enables direct chromatin stretching and rapid gene expression, spurs embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, and boosts immune cell activation and killing of tumor cells whereas lowering cytoskeletal prestress maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency, promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of stem cell-like malignant tumor-repopulating cells, and elevates drug delivery efficiency of soft-tumor-cell-derived microparticles. The overwhelming evidence suggests that the cytoskeletal prestress is the governing principle and the cellular hallmark in mechanobiology. The application of mechanobiology to medicine (mechanomedicine) is rapidly emerging and may help advance human health and improve diagnostics, treatment, and therapeutics of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy ProcessesSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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37
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Lavalou J, Mao Q, Harmansa S, Kerridge S, Lellouch AC, Philippe JM, Audebert S, Camoin L, Lecuit T. Formation of polarized contractile interfaces by self-organized Toll-8/Cirl GPCR asymmetry. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1574-1588.e7. [PMID: 33932333 PMCID: PMC8207821 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between cells with distinct genetic identities elicit signals to organize local cell behaviors driving tissue morphogenesis. The Drosophila embryonic axis extension requires planar polarized enrichment of myosin-II powering oriented cell intercalations. Myosin-II levels are quantitatively controlled by GPCR signaling, whereas myosin-II polarity requires patterned expression of several Toll receptors. How Toll receptors polarize myosin-II and how this involves GPCRs remain unknown. Here, we report that differential expression of a single Toll receptor, Toll-8, polarizes myosin-II through binding to the adhesion GPCR Cirl/latrophilin. Asymmetric expression of Cirl is sufficient to enrich myosin-II, and Cirl localization is asymmetric at Toll-8 expression boundaries. Exploring the process dynamically, we reveal that Toll-8 and Cirl exhibit mutually dependent planar polarity in response to quantitative differences in Toll-8 expression between neighboring cells. Collectively, we propose that the cell surface protein complex Toll-8/Cirl self-organizes to generate local asymmetric interfaces essential for planar polarization of contractility. Asymmetric expression of a single Toll receptor leads to Myo-II polarization The adhesion GPCR Cirl binds to Toll-8 mediating Toll-8-induced Myo-II polarization Toll-8 boundaries generate a Cirl interfacial asymmetry that can polarize Myo-II Differences in Toll-8 levels lead to interdependent Toll-8 and Cirl planar polarity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Lavalou
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Qiyan Mao
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Stefan Harmansa
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen Kerridge
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Annemarie C Lellouch
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Audebert
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille Proteomics, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille Proteomics, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Collège de France, Paris, France.
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38
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Dye NA, Popović M, Iyer KV, Fuhrmann JF, Piscitello-Gómez R, Eaton S, Jülicher F. Self-organized patterning of cell morphology via mechanosensitive feedback. eLife 2021; 10:57964. [PMID: 33769281 PMCID: PMC8133777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue organization is often characterized by specific patterns of cell morphology. How such patterns emerge in developing tissues is a fundamental open question. Here, we investigate the emergence of tissue-scale patterns of cell shape and mechanical tissue stress in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc during larval development. Using quantitative analysis of the cellular dynamics, we reveal a pattern of radially oriented cell rearrangements that is coupled to the buildup of tangential cell elongation. Developing a laser ablation method, we map tissue stresses and extract key parameters of tissue mechanics. We present a continuum theory showing that this pattern of cell morphology and tissue stress can arise via self-organization of a mechanical feedback that couples cell polarity to active cell rearrangements. The predictions of this model are supported by knockdown of MyoVI, a component of mechanosensitive feedback. Our work reveals a mechanism for the emergence of cellular patterns in morphogenesis. During development, carefully choreographed cell movements ensure the creation of a healthy organism. To determine their identity and place across a tissue, cells can read gradients of far-reaching signaling molecules called morphogens; in addition, physical forces can play a part in helping cells acquire the right size and shape. Indeed, cells are tightly attached to their neighbors through connections linked to internal components. Structures or proteins inside the cells can pull on these junctions to generate forces that change the physical features of a cell. However, it is poorly understood how these forces create patterns of cell size and shape across a tissue. Here, Dye, Popovic et al. combined experiments with physical models to examine how cells acquire these physical characteristics across the developing wing of fruit fly larvae. This revealed that cells pushing and pulling on one another create forces that trigger internal biochemical reorganization – for instance, force-generating structures become asymmetrical. In turn, the cells exert additional forces on their neighbors, setting up a positive feedback loop which results in cells adopting the right size and shape across the organ. As such, cells in the fly wing can spontaneously self-organize through the interplay of mechanical and biochemical signals, without the need for pre-existing morphogen gradients. A refined understanding of how physical forces shape cells and organs would help to grasp how defects can emerge during development. This knowledge would also allow scientists to better grow tissues and organs in the laboratory, both for theoretical research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum (MSNZ) P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Venkatesan Iyer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana F Fuhrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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39
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Fujii Y, Koizumi WC, Imai T, Yokobori M, Matsuo T, Oka K, Hotta K, Okajima T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of single cell stiffness in the early developing ascidian chordate embryo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:341. [PMID: 33727646 PMCID: PMC7966737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the developmental processes of embryos, cells undergo massive deformation and division that are regulated by mechanical cues. However, little is known about how embryonic cells change their mechanical properties during different cleavage stages. Here, using atomic force microscopy, we investigated the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. In both animal and vegetal hemispheres, we observed a Rho kinase (ROCK)-independent cell stiffening that the cell stiffness exhibited a remarkable increase at the timing of cell division where cortical actin filaments were organized. Furthermore, in the vegetal hemisphere, we observed another mechanical behaviour, i.e., a ROCK-associated cell stiffening, which was retained even after cell division or occurred without division and propagated sequentially toward adjacent cells, displaying a characteristic cell-to-cell mechanical variation. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of embryonic cells are regulated at the single cell level in different germ layers. Fujii et al. investigate the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. They find two types of cell stiffening, occurring during cell division and in the interphase, the latter of which is associated with the Rho kinase pathway. They conclude that the mechanical properties of early embryonic cells are regulated specifically at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru C Koizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taichi Imai
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Yokobori
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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40
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Tokamov SA, Su T, Ullyot A, Fehon RG. Negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation independent of Yorkie-mediated transcription. eLife 2021; 10:62326. [PMID: 33555257 PMCID: PMC7895526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo (Hpo) pathway regulates tissue growth in many animals. Multiple upstream components promote Hpo pathway activity, but the organization of these different inputs, the degree of crosstalk between them, and whether they are regulated in a distinct manner is not well understood. Kibra (Kib) activates the Hpo pathway by recruiting the core Hpo kinase cassette to the apical cortex. Here, we show that the Hpo pathway downregulates Drosophila Kib levels independently of Yorkie-mediated transcription. We find that Hpo signaling complex formation promotes Kib degradation via SCFSlimb-mediated ubiquitination, that this effect requires Merlin, Salvador, Hpo, and Warts, and that this mechanism functions independently of other upstream Hpo pathway activators. Moreover, Kib degradation appears patterned by differences in mechanical tension across the wing. We propose that Kib degradation mediated by Hpo pathway components and regulated by cytoskeletal tension serves to control Kib-driven Hpo pathway activation and ensure optimally scaled and patterned tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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41
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Thompson BJ. From genes to shape during metamorphosis: a history. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:1-10. [PMID: 32898719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metamorphosis (Greek for a state of transcending-form or change-in-shape) refers to a dramatic transformation of an animal's body structure that occurs after development of the embryo or larva in many species. The development of a fly (or butterfly) from a crawling larva (or caterpillar) that forms a pupa (or chrysalis) before eclosing as a flying adult is a classic example of metamorphosis that captures the imagination and has been immortalized in children's books. Powerful genetic experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have revealed how genes can instruct the behaviour of individual cells to control patterns of tissue growth, mechanical force, cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion drive morphogenetic change in epithelial tissues. Together, the distribution of mass, force and resistance determines cell shape changes, cell-cell rearrangements, and/or the orientation of cell divisions to generate the final form of the tissue. In organising tissue shape, genes harness the power of self-organisation to determine the collective behaviour of molecules and cells, which can often be reproduced in computer simulations of cell polarity and/or tissue mechanics. This review highlights fundamental discoveries in epithelial morphogenesis made by pioneers who were fascinated by metamorphosis, including D'Arcy Thompson, Conrad Waddington, Dianne Fristrom and Antonio Garcia-Bellido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 2601, Australia.
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42
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Boulan L, Léopold P. What determines organ size during development and regeneration? Development 2021; 148:148/1/dev196063. [PMID: 33431590 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sizes of living organisms span over 20 orders of magnitude or so. This daunting observation could intimidate researchers aiming to understand the general mechanisms controlling growth. However, recent progress suggests the existence of principles common to organisms as diverse as fruit flies, mice and humans. As we review here, these studies have provided insights into both autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms controlling organ growth as well as some of the principles underlying growth coordination between organs and across bilaterally symmetrical organisms. This research tackles several aspects of developmental biology and integrates inputs from physics, mathematical modelling and evolutionary biology. Although many open questions remain, this work also helps to shed light on medically related conditions such as tissue and limb regeneration, as well as metabolic homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boulan
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology unit, 75005 Paris, France
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43
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Deng H, Yang L, Wen P, Lei H, Blount P, Pan D. Spectrin couples cell shape, cortical tension, and Hippo signaling in retinal epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133846. [PMID: 32328630 PMCID: PMC7147103 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extracellular force has a profound effect on cell shape, cytoskeleton tension, and cell proliferation through the Hippo signaling effector Yki/YAP/TAZ, how intracellular force regulates these processes remains poorly understood. Here, we report an essential role for spectrin in specifying cell shape by transmitting intracellular actomyosin force to cell membrane. While activation of myosin II in Drosophila melanogaster pupal retina leads to increased cortical tension, apical constriction, and Yki-mediated hyperplasia, spectrin mutant cells, despite showing myosin II activation and Yki-mediated hyperplasia, paradoxically display decreased cortical tension and expanded apical area. Mechanistically, we show that spectrin is required for tethering cortical F-actin to cell membrane domains outside the adherens junctions (AJs). Thus, in the absence of spectrin, the weakened attachment of cortical F-actin to plasma membrane results in a failure to transmit actomyosin force to cell membrane, causing an expansion of apical surfaces. These results uncover an essential mechanism that couples cell shape, cortical tension, and Hippo signaling and highlight the importance of non–AJ membrane domains in dictating cell shape in tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Pei Wen
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Huiyan Lei
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Paul Blount
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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44
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Röper K. Microtubules enter centre stage for morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190557. [PMID: 32829681 PMCID: PMC7482213 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape changes are key to observable changes at the tissue level during morphogenesis and organ formation. The major driver of cell shape changes in turn is the actin cytoskeleton, both in the form of protrusive linear or branched dynamic networks and in the form of contractile actomyosin. Over the last 20 years, actomyosin has emerged as the major cytoskeletal system that deforms cells in epithelial sheets during morphogenesis. By contrast, the second major cytoskeletal system, microtubules, have so far mostly been assumed to serve 'house-keeping' functions, such as directed transport or cell division, during morphogenetic events. Here, I will reflect on a subset of studies over the last 10 years that have clearly shown a major direct role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in epithelial morphogenesis, suggesting that our focus will need to be widened to give more attention and credit to this cytoskeletal system in playing an active morphogenetic role. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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45
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Agarwal P, Zaidel-Bar R. Mechanosensing in embryogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:1-9. [PMID: 32898827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces generated by living cells at the molecular level propagate to the cellular and organismal level and have profound consequences for embryogenesis. A direct result of force application is movement, as occurs in chromosome separation, cell migration, or tissue folding. A less direct, but equally important effect of force, is the activation of mechanosensitive signaling, which allows cells to probe their mechanical surrounding and communicate with each other over short and long distances. In this review, we focus on forces as a means of conveying information and affecting cell behavior during embryogenesis. We discuss four developmental processes that demonstrate the involvement of force in cell fate determination, growth, morphogenesis, and organogenesis, in a variety of model organisms. Finally, a generalizable pathway of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in vivo is described, and we highlight similarities between morphogens and forces in patterning of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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46
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Decoupling the Roles of Cell Shape and Mechanical Stress in Orienting and Cueing Epithelial Mitosis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2088-2100.e4. [PMID: 30784591 PMCID: PMC6381790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct mechanisms involving cell shape and mechanical force are known to influence the rate and orientation of division in cultured cells. However, uncoupling the impact of shape and force in tissues remains challenging. Combining stretching of Xenopus tissue with mathematical methods of inferring relative mechanical stress, we find separate roles for cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing division. We demonstrate that division orientation is best predicted by an axis of cell shape defined by the position of tricellular junctions (TCJs), which align with local cell stress rather than tissue-level stress. The alignment of division to cell shape requires functional cadherin and the localization of the spindle orientation protein, LGN, to TCJs but is not sensitive to relative cell stress magnitude. In contrast, proliferation rate is more directly regulated by mechanical stress, being correlated with relative isotropic stress and decoupled from cell shape when myosin II is depleted. Tissue stretching increases division rate and reorients divisions with stretch Division orientation is regulated by cell shape defined by tricellular junctions Cadherin and LGN localize to tricellular junctions aligning division to cell shape Division rate is linked to mechanical stress and can be decoupled from cell shape
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47
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Long Y, Cheddadi I, Mosca G, Mirabet V, Dumond M, Kiss A, Traas J, Godin C, Boudaoud A. Cellular Heterogeneity in Pressure and Growth Emerges from Tissue Topology and Geometry. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1504-1516.e8. [PMID: 32169211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity prevails in many systems, as exemplified by cell growth, although the origin and function of such heterogeneity are often unclear. In plants, growth is physically controlled by cell wall mechanics and cell hydrostatic pressure, alias turgor pressure. Whereas cell wall heterogeneity has received extensive attention, the spatial variation of turgor pressure is often overlooked. Here, combining atomic force microscopy and a physical model of pressurized cells, we show that turgor pressure is heterogeneous in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, a population of stem cells that generates all plant aerial organs. In contrast with cell wall mechanical properties that appear to vary stochastically between neighboring cells, turgor pressure anticorrelates with cell size and cell neighbor number (local topology), in agreement with the prediction by our model of tissue expansion, which couples cell wall mechanics and tissue hydraulics. Additionally, our model predicts two types of correlations between pressure and cellular growth rate, where high pressure may lead to faster- or slower-than-average growth, depending on cell wall extensibility, yield threshold, osmotic pressure, and hydraulic conductivity. The meristem exhibits one of these two regimes, depending on conditions, suggesting that, in this tissue, water conductivity may contribute to growth control. Our results unravel cell pressure as a source of patterned heterogeneity and illustrate links between local topology, cell mechanical state, and cell growth, with potential roles in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France.
| | - Ibrahim Cheddadi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mirabet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France; Lycée A. et L. Lumière, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France.
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48
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Houssin NS, Martin JB, Coppola V, Yoon SO, Plageman TF. Formation and contraction of multicellular actomyosin cables facilitate lens placode invagination. Dev Biol 2020; 462:36-49. [PMID: 32113830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis relies on the intrinsic ability of cells, often through remodeling the cytoskeleton, to shape epithelial tissues during development. Epithelial invagination is an example of morphogenesis that depends on this remodeling but the cellular mechanisms driving arrangement of cytoskeletal elements needed for tissue deformation remain incompletely characterized. To elucidate these mechanisms, live fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry on fixed specimens were performed on chick and mouse lens placodes. This analysis revealed the formation of peripherally localized, circumferentially orientated and aligned junctions enriched in F-actin and MyoIIB. Once formed, the aligned junctions contract in a Rho-kinase and non-muscle myosin dependent manner. Further molecular characterization of these junctions revealed a Rho-kinase dependent accumulation of Arhgef11, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor known to regulate the formation of actomyosin cables and junctional contraction. In contrast, the localization of the Par-complex protein Par3, was reduced in these circumferentially orientated junctions. In an effort to determine if Par3 plays a negative role in MyoIIB accumulation, Par3-deficient mouse embryos were analyzed which not only revealed an increase in bicellular junctional accumulation of MyoIIB, but also a reduction of Arhgef11. Together, these results highlight the importance of the formation of the multicellular actomyosin cables that appear essential to the initiation of epithelial invagination and implicate the potential role of Arhgef11 and Par3 in their contraction and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica B Martin
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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49
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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50
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Klipa O, Hamaratoglu F. Cell elimination strategies upon identity switch via modulation of apterous in Drosophila wing disc. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008573. [PMID: 31877129 PMCID: PMC6952109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to establish spatial organization is an essential feature of any developing tissue and is achieved through well-defined rules of cell-cell communication. Maintenance of this organization requires elimination of cells with inappropriate positional identity, a poorly understood phenomenon. Here we studied mechanisms regulating cell elimination in the context of a growing tissue, the Drosophila wing disc and its dorsal determinant Apterous. Systematic analysis of apterous mutant clones along with their twin spots shows that they are eliminated from the dorsal compartment via three different mechanisms: relocation to the ventral compartment, basal extrusion, and death, depending on the position of the clone in the wing disc. We find that basal extrusion is the main elimination mechanism in the hinge, whereas apoptosis dominates in the pouch and in the notum. In the absence of apoptosis, extrusion takes over to ensure clearance in all regions. Notably, clones in the hinge grow larger than those in the pouch, emphasizing spatial differences. Mechanistically, we find that limiting cell division within the clones does not prevent their extrusion. Indeed, even clones of one or two cells can be extruded basally, demonstrating that the clone size is not the main determinant of the elimination mechanism to be used. Overall, we revealed three elimination mechanisms and their spatial biases for preserving pattern in a growing organ. As development proceeds, cells become more specialized and the compartmentalization ensures spatial separation of the specialized cells. This process of pattern formation is rather well understood. How the pattern is maintained afterwards though is largely unknown. Using the Drosophila wing disc as a model organ, we examined what happens to dorsal cells if they lose their dorsal identity. Formerly, it was shown that these cells are eliminated from the dorsal compartment via apoptosis or through relocation to the ventral compartment. Here we show that a third mode of elimination, basal extrusion, also contributes to their clearing. We quantified, for the first time, contributions of each mechanism and discovered a regional bias in their operation. Importantly, if apoptosis is blocked, basal extrusion takes over to ensure clearance from all regions. Recent modeling approaches suggested that there is a lower limit to the clone size for extrusion. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the choice of elimination mechanism may be dictated by the clone size. We prevented cell divisions within the clones to be eliminated and found that even 1–2 cell clones readily underwent basal extrusion, demonstrating that there is no lower limit to the clone size for extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Klipa
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fisun Hamaratoglu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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