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Ng M, Ma L, Shi J, Jeffery WR. Natural reversal of cavefish heart asymmetry is controlled by Sonic Hedgehog effects on the left-right organizer. Development 2024; 151:dev202611. [PMID: 38940473 PMCID: PMC11273321 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The direction of left-right visceral asymmetry is conserved in vertebrates. Deviations of the standard asymmetric pattern are rare, and the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we use the teleost Astyanax mexicanus, consisting of surface fish with normal left-oriented heart asymmetry and cavefish with high levels of reversed right-oriented heart asymmetry, to explore natural changes in asymmetry determination. We show that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is increased at the posterior midline, Kupffer's vesicle (the teleost left-right organizer) is enlarged and contains longer cilia, and the number of dorsal forerunner cells is increased in cavefish. Furthermore, Shh increase in surface fish embryos induces asymmetric changes resembling the cavefish phenotype. Asymmetric expression of the Nodal antagonist Dand5 is equalized or reversed in cavefish, and Shh increase in surface fish mimics changes in cavefish dand5 asymmetry. Shh decrease reduces the level of right-oriented heart asymmetry in cavefish. Thus, naturally occurring modifications in cavefish heart asymmetry are controlled by the effects of Shh signaling on left-right organizer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Ng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Janet Shi
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William R. Jeffery
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Sun S, Zhang L, Li X, Zang L, Huang L, Zeng J, Cao Z, Liao X, Zhong Z, Lu H, Chen J. Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid, a perfluorooctanoic acid alternative, induces cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish embryos. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:460-472. [PMID: 38105069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As an increasingly used alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) has been widely detected in global water environments. However, little is known regarding its toxic effects on cardiovascular development. Here, zebrafish embryos were treated with egg water containing 0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/L HFPO-TA. Results showed that HFPO-TA treatment led to a significant reduction in both larval survival percentage and heart rate. Furthermore, HFPO-TA exposure caused severe pericardial edema and elongation of the sinus venous to bulbus arteriosus distance (SV-BA) in Tg (myl7: GFP) transgenic larvae, disrupting the expression of genes involved in heart development and thus causing abnormal heart looping. Obvious sprouting angiogenesis was observed in the 120 and 240 mg/L exposed Tg (fli: GFP) transgenic larvae. HFPO-TA treatment also impacted the mRNA levels of genes involved in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and embryonic vascular development. HFPO-TA exposure significantly decreased erythrocyte number in Tg (gata1: DsRed) transgenic embryos and influenced gene expression associated with the heme metabolism pathway. HFPO-TA also induced oxidative stress and altered the transcriptional levels of genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis. Therefore, HFPO-TA exposure may induce abnormal development of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems in zebrafish embryos, suggesting it may not be a suitable or safe alternative for PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Sun
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Center for Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Center for Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Lu Zang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Junquan Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Center for Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Center for Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Zilin Zhong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Center for Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.
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3
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Lee H, Camuto CM, Niehrs C. R-Spondin 2 governs Xenopus left-right body axis formation by establishing an FGF signaling gradient. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1003. [PMID: 38307837 PMCID: PMC10837206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the left-right (LR, sinistral, dextral) body axis in many vertebrate embryos relies on cilia-driven leftward fluid flow within an LR organizer (LRO). A cardinal question is how leftward flow triggers symmetry breakage. The chemosensation model posits that ciliary flow enriches a signaling molecule on the left side of the LRO that promotes sinistral cell fate. However, the nature of this sinistralizing signal has remained elusive. In the Xenopus LRO, we identified the stem cell growth factor R-Spondin 2 (Rspo2) as a symmetrically expressed, sinistralizing signal. As predicted for a flow-mediated signal, Rspo2 operates downstream of leftward flow but upstream of the asymmetrically expressed gene dand5. Unexpectedly, in LR patterning, Rspo2 acts as an FGF receptor antagonist: Rspo2 via its TSP1 domain binds Fgfr4 and promotes its membrane clearance by Znrf3-mediated endocytosis. Concordantly, we find that at flow-stage, FGF signaling is dextralizing and forms a gradient across the LRO, high on the dextral- and low on the sinistral side. Rspo2 gain- and loss-of function equalize this FGF signaling gradient and sinistralize and dextralize development, respectively. We propose that leftward flow of Rspo2 produces an FGF signaling gradient that governs LR-symmetry breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celine Marie Camuto
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Gabriel GC, Lo CW. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects in Situs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:719-738. [PMID: 38884745 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Left-right patterning is among the least well understood of the three axes defining the body plan, and yet it is no less important, with left-right patterning defects causing structural birth defects with high morbidity and mortality, such as complex congenital heart disease, biliary atresia, or intestinal malrotation. The cell signaling pathways governing left-right asymmetry are highly conserved and involve multiple components of the TGF-β superfamily of cell signaling molecules. Central to left-right patterning is the differential activation of Nodal on the left, and BMP signaling on the right. In addition, a plethora of other cell signaling pathways including Shh, FGF, and Notch also contribute to the regulation of left-right patterning. In vertebrate embryos such as the mouse, frog, or zebrafish, the specification of left-right identity requires the left-right organizer (LRO) containing cells with motile and primary cilia that mediate the left-sided propagation of Nodal signaling, followed by left-sided activation of Lefty and then Pitx2, a transcription factor that specifies visceral organ asymmetry. While this overall scheme is well conserved, there are striking species differences, including the finding that motile cilia do not play a role in left-right patterning in some vertebrates. Surprisingly, the direction of heart looping, one of the first signs of organ left-right asymmetry, was recently shown to be specified by intrinsic cell chirality, not Nodal signaling, possibly a reflection of the early origin of Nodal signaling in radially symmetric organisms. How this intrinsic chirality interacts with downstream molecular pathways regulating visceral organ asymmetry will need to be further investigated to elucidate how disturbance in left-right patterning may contribute to complex CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Aljiboury A, Hehnly H. The centrosome - diverse functions in fertilization and development across species. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261387. [PMID: 38038054 PMCID: PMC10730021 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a non-membrane-bound organelle that is conserved across most animal cells and serves various functions throughout the cell cycle. In dividing cells, the centrosome is known as the spindle pole and nucleates a robust microtubule spindle to separate genetic material equally into two daughter cells. In non-dividing cells, the mother centriole, a substructure of the centrosome, matures into a basal body and nucleates cilia, which acts as a signal-transducing antenna. The functions of centrosomes and their substructures are important for embryonic development and have been studied extensively using in vitro mammalian cell culture or in vivo using invertebrate models. However, there are considerable differences in the composition and functions of centrosomes during different aspects of vertebrate development, and these are less studied. In this Review, we discuss the roles played by centrosomes, highlighting conserved and divergent features across species, particularly during fertilization and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Aljiboury
- Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Syracuse University, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Syracuse University, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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6
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Ortega-Zhindón DB, Pérez-Hernández N, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, García-Montes JA, Calderón-Colmenero J, Rivera-Buendía F, Cervantes-Salazar JL. Cardiac Laterality: Surgical Results of Right Atrial Isomerism. Diseases 2023; 11:170. [PMID: 37987281 PMCID: PMC10660862 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Right atrial isomerism (RAI) is a complex entity with varying diagnostic and treatment outcomes due to its rarity. Treatment options range from palliative to corrective surgeries, resulting in heterogeneous outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the results obtained after cardiac surgery in patients with RAI. A retrospective study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with RAI who underwent cardiac surgery. Their follow-up was from 1 January 2010 to 31 March 2020. Demographic characteristics and perioperative conditions were described. Thirty-eight patients were included, the median age was 4 years (IQR 2-9.2) and 57.9% were men. The main diagnoses were atrioventricular canal (63.2%) and pulmonary stenosis (55.3%). The most common surgical procedures were modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (65.8%) and total cavopulmonary connection with an extracardiac conduit fenestrated without cardiopulmonary bypass (15.9%). We did not find any factors associated with negative outcomes in these patients. The overall survival was 86.8%, with a better outcome in those who did not require reintubation (log rank, p < 0.01). The survival of RAI was similar to other centers. Individuals with RAI should be evaluated rigorously to determine an adequate repair strategy, considering high morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B. Ortega-Zhindón
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Congenital Heart Disease, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.P.-H.); (J.M.R.-P.)
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.P.-H.); (J.M.R.-P.)
| | - José A. García-Montes
- Department of Interventional Cardiology in Congenital Heart Disease, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Juan Calderón-Colmenero
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Frida Rivera-Buendía
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jorge L. Cervantes-Salazar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Congenital Heart Disease, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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7
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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8
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Chen Z, Drummond IA. Polycystin-2, mechanosensing, and left-right asymmetry in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2023; 104:638-640. [PMID: 37140526 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Davis Center for Aging and Regeneration, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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9
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Lininger A, Palermo G, Guglielmelli A, Nicoletta G, Goel M, Hinczewski M, Strangi G. Chirality in Light-Matter Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107325. [PMID: 35532188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scientific effort to control the interaction between light and matter has grown exponentially in the last 2 decades. This growth has been aided by the development of scientific and technological tools enabling the manipulation of light at deeply sub-wavelength scales, unlocking a large variety of novel phenomena spanning traditionally distant research areas. Here, the role of chirality in light-matter interactions is reviewed by providing a broad overview of its properties, materials, and applications. A perspective on future developments is highlighted, including the growing role of machine learning in designing advanced chiroptical materials to enhance and control light-matter interactions across several scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Madhav Goel
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael Hinczewski
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
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10
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Yuan L, Yu X, Xiao H, Deng S, Xia H, Xu H, Yang Y, Deng H. Identification of novel compound heterozygous variants in the DNAH1 gene of a Chinese family with left-right asymmetry disorder. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1190162. [PMID: 37457836 PMCID: PMC10345202 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1190162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most internal organs in humans and other vertebrates exhibit striking left-right asymmetry in position and structure. Variation of normal organ positioning results in left-right asymmetry disorders and presents as internal organ reversal or randomization. Up to date, at least 82 genes have been identified as the causative genetic factors of left-right asymmetry disorders. This study sought to discover potential pathogenic variants responsible for left-right asymmetry disorder present in a Han-Chinese family using whole exome sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing. Novel compound heterozygous variants, c.5690A>G (p.Asn1897Ser) and c.7759G>A (p.Val2587Met), in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 1 gene (DNAH1), were found in the proband and absent in unaffected family members. Conservation analysis has shown that the variants affect evolutionarily conserved residues, which may impact the tertiary structure of the DNAH1 protein. The novel compound heterozygous variants may potentially bear responsibility for left-right asymmetry disorder, which results from a perturbation of left-right axis coordination at the earliest embryonic development stages. This study broadens the variant spectrum of left-right asymmetry disorders and may be helpful for genetic counseling and healthcare management for the diagnosed individual, and promotes a greater understanding of the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuehui Yu
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Fu XX, Zhuo DH, Zhang YJ, Li YF, Liu X, Xing YY, Huang Y, Wang YF, Cheng T, Wang D, Chen SH, Chen YJ, Jiang GN, Lu FI, Feng Y, Huang X, Ma J, Liu W, Bai G, Xu PF. A spatiotemporal barrier formed by Follistatin is required for left-right patterning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219649120. [PMID: 37276408 PMCID: PMC10268237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219649120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How left-right (LR) asymmetry emerges in a patterning field along the anterior-posterior axis remains an unresolved problem in developmental biology. Left-biased Nodal emanating from the LR organizer propagates from posterior to anterior (PA) and establishes the LR pattern of the whole embryo. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of the PA spread of Nodal and its asymmetric activation in the forebrain. Here, we identify bilaterally expressed Follistatin (Fst) as a regulator blocking the propagation of the zebrafish Nodal ortholog Southpaw (Spaw) in the right lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), and restricting Spaw transmission in the left LPM to facilitate the establishment of a robust LR asymmetric Nodal patterning. In addition, Fst inhibits the Activin-Nodal signaling pathway in the forebrain thus preventing Nodal activation prior to the arrival, at a later time, of Spaw emanating from the left LPM. This contributes to the orderly propagation of asymmetric Nodal activation along the PA axis. The LR regulation function of Fst is further confirmed in chick and frog embryos. Overall, our results suggest that a robust LR patterning emerges by counteracting a Fst barrier formed along the PA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Fu
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ding-Hao Zhuo
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yan-Yi Xing
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
- Precision Medicine Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117599, Singapore
| | - Tao Cheng
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Si-Han Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311121, China
| | - Yi-Jian Chen
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang University School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Guan-Nan Jiang
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Fu-I Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Biophysics and Infectious Disease of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang University School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu32200, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou311121, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, China
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12
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Colleluori V, Khokha MK. Mink1 regulates spemann organizer cell fate in the xenopus gastrula via Hmga2. Dev Biol 2023; 495:42-53. [PMID: 36572140 PMCID: PMC10116378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and leading cause of infant mortality, yet molecular mechanisms explaining CHD remain mostly unknown. Sequencing studies are identifying CHD candidate genes at a brisk rate including MINK1, a serine/threonine kinase. However, a plausible molecular mechanism connecting CHD and MINK1 is unknown. Here, we reveal that mink1 is required for proper heart development due to its role in left-right patterning. Mink1 regulates canonical Wnt signaling to define the cell fates of the Spemann Organizer and the Left-Right Organizer, a ciliated structure that breaks bilateral symmetry in the vertebrate embryo. To identify Mink1 targets, we applied an unbiased proteomics approach and identified the high mobility group architectural transcription factor, Hmga2. We report that Hmga2 is necessary and sufficient for regulating Spemann's Organizer. Indeed, we demonstrate that Hmga2 can induce Spemann Organizer cell fates even when β-catenin, a critical effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, is depleted. In summary, we discover a transcription factor, Hmga2, downstream of Mink1 that is critical for the regulation of Spemann's Organizer, as well as the LRO, defining a plausible mechanism for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Colleluori
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Human Heart Morphogenesis: A New Vision Based on In Vivo Labeling and Cell Tracking. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010165. [PMID: 36676114 PMCID: PMC9861877 DOI: 10.3390/life13010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive information available on the different genetic, epigenetic, and molecular features of cardiogenesis, the origin of congenital heart defects remains unknown. Most genetic and molecular studies have been conducted outside the context of the progressive anatomical and histological changes in the embryonic heart, which is one of the reasons for the limited knowledge of the origins of congenital heart diseases. We integrated the findings of descriptive studies on human embryos and experimental studies on chick, rat, and mouse embryos. This research is based on the new dynamic concept of heart development and the existence of two heart fields. The first field corresponds to the straight heart tube, into which splanchnic mesodermal cells from the second heart field are gradually recruited. The overall aim was to create a new vision for the analysis, diagnosis, and regionalized classification of congenital defects of the heart and great arteries. In addition to highlighting the importance of genetic factors in the development of congenital heart disease, this study provides new insights into the composition of the straight heart tube, the processes of twisting and folding, and the fate of the conus in the development of the right ventricle and its outflow tract. The new vision, based on in vivo labeling and cell tracking and enhanced by models such as gastruloids and organoids, has contributed to a better understanding of important errors in cardiac morphogenesis, which may lead to several congenital heart diseases.
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14
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Katoh TA, Omori T, Mizuno K, Sai X, Minegishi K, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Itabashi T, Kajikawa E, Hiver S, Iwane AH, Ishikawa T, Okada Y, Nishizaka T, Hamada H. Immotile cilia mechanically sense the direction of fluid flow for left-right determination. Science 2023; 379:66-71. [PMID: 36603091 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia at the ventral node of mouse embryos are required for sensing leftward fluid flow that breaks left-right symmetry of the body. However, the flow-sensing mechanism has long remained elusive. In this work, we show that immotile cilia at the node undergo asymmetric deformation along the dorsoventral axis in response to the flow. Application of mechanical stimuli to immotile cilia by optical tweezers induced calcium ion transients and degradation of Dand5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the targeted cells. The Pkd2 channel protein was preferentially localized to the dorsal side of immotile cilia, and calcium ion transients were preferentially induced by mechanical stimuli directed toward the ventral side. Our results uncover the biophysical mechanism by which immotile cilia at the node sense the direction of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sylvain Hiver
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology and Physics, Universal Biology Institute and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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15
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Shylo NA, Smith SE, Price AJ, Guo F, McClain M, Trainor PA. Morphological changes and two Nodal paralogs drive left-right asymmetry in the squamate veiled chameleon ( C. calyptratus). Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1132166. [PMID: 37113765 PMCID: PMC10126504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1132166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ancestral mode of left-right (L-R) patterning involves cilia in the L-R organizer. However, the mechanisms regulating L-R patterning in non-avian reptiles remains an enigma, since most squamate embryos are undergoing organogenesis at oviposition. In contrast, veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) embryos are pre-gastrula at oviposition, making them an excellent organism for studying L-R patterning evolution. Here we show that veiled chameleon embryos lack motile cilia at the time of L-R asymmetry establishment. Thus, the loss of motile cilia in the L-R organizers is a synapomorphy of all reptiles. Furthermore, in contrast to avians, geckos and turtles, which have one Nodal gene, veiled chameleon exhibits expression of two paralogs of Nodal in the left lateral plate mesoderm, albeit in non-identical patterns. Using live imaging, we observed asymmetric morphological changes that precede, and likely trigger, asymmetric expression of the Nodal cascade. Thus, veiled chameleons are a new and unique model for studying the evolution of L-R patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Shylo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andrew J. Price
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Fengli Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Trainor,
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16
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Petri N, Nordbrink R, Tsikolia N, Kremnyov S. Abnormal left-right organizer and laterality defects in Xenopus embryos after formin inhibitor SMIFH2 treatment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275164. [PMCID: PMC9639825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right symmetry breaking in most studied vertebrates makes use of so-called leftward flow, a mechanism which was studied in detail especially in mouse and Xenopus laevis embryos and is based on rotation of monocilia on specialized epithelial surface designated as left-right organizer or laterality coordinator. However, it has been argued that prior to emergence of leftward flow an additional mechanism operates during early cleavage stages in Xenopus embryo which is based on cytoskeletal processes. Evidence in favour of this early mechanism was supported by left-right abnormalities after chemical inhibition of cytoskeletal protein formin. Here we analyzed temporal dimension of this effect in detail and found that reported abnormalities arise only after treatment at gastrula-neurula stages, i.e. just prior to and during the operation of left-right organizer. Moreover, molecular and morphological analysis of the left-right organizer reveals its abnormal development. Our results strongly indicate that left-right abnormalities reported after formin inhibition cannot serve as support of models based on early symmetry breaking event in Xenopus embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rhea Nordbrink
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (NT); (SK)
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NT); (SK)
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17
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Sempou E, Kostiuk V, Zhu J, Cecilia Guerra M, Tyan L, Hwang W, Camacho-Aguilar E, Caplan MJ, Zenisek D, Warmflash A, Owens NDL, Khokha MK. Membrane potential drives the exit from pluripotency and cell fate commitment via calcium and mTOR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6681. [PMID: 36335122 PMCID: PMC9637099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitioning from pluripotency to differentiated cell fates is fundamental to both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Improving our understanding of this transition would facilitate our ability to manipulate pluripotent cells into tissues for therapeutic use. Here, we show that membrane voltage (Vm) regulates the exit from pluripotency and the onset of germ layer differentiation in the embryo, a process that affects both gastrulation and left-right patterning. By examining candidate genes of congenital heart disease and heterotaxy, we identify KCNH6, a member of the ether-a-go-go class of potassium channels that hyperpolarizes the Vm and thus limits the activation of voltage gated calcium channels, lowering intracellular calcium. In pluripotent embryonic cells, depletion of kcnh6 leads to membrane depolarization, elevation of intracellular calcium levels, and the maintenance of a pluripotent state at the expense of differentiation into ectodermal and myogenic lineages. Using high-resolution temporal transcriptome analysis, we identify the gene regulatory networks downstream of membrane depolarization and calcium signaling and discover that inhibition of the mTOR pathway transitions the pluripotent cell to a differentiated fate. By manipulating Vm using a suite of tools, we establish a bioelectric pathway that regulates pluripotency in vertebrates, including human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Valentyna Kostiuk
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M Cecilia Guerra
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Leonid Tyan
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Woong Hwang
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elena Camacho-Aguilar
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Departments of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University, 345 Anderson Biological Labs, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Nick D L Owens
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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18
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How torque on formins is relaxed strongly affects cellular swirling. Biophys J 2022; 121:2952-2961. [PMID: 35773996 PMCID: PMC9388394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a common and essential characteristic at varied scales of living organisms. By adapting the rotational clutch-filament model we previously developed, we investigate the effect of torque relaxation of a formin on cellular chiral swirling. Since it is still unclear how the torque on a formin is exactly relaxed, we probe three types of torque relaxation, as suggested in the literature. Our analysis indicates that, when a formin periodically undergoes positive and negative rotation during processive capping to relax the torque, cells hardly rotate. When the switch between the positive and the negative rotation during the processive capping is randomly regulated by the torque, our analysis indicates that cells can only slightly rotate either counterclockwise or clockwise. When a formin relaxes the torque by transiently loosening its contact either with the membrane at its anchored site or with the actin filament, we find that cells can prominently rotate either counterclockwise or clockwise, in good consistency with the experiment. Thus, our studies indicate that how the torque on a formin is relaxed strongly affects cellular swirling and suggest an efficient type of torque relaxation in switching cellular swirling.
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19
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Tingler M, Brugger A, Feistel K, Schweickert A. dmrt2 and myf5 Link Early Somitogenesis to Left-Right Axis Determination in Xenopus laevis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858272. [PMID: 35813209 PMCID: PMC9260042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate left-right axis is specified during neurulation by events occurring in a transient ciliated epithelium termed left-right organizer (LRO), which is made up of two distinct cell types. In the axial midline, central LRO (cLRO) cells project motile monocilia and generate a leftward fluid flow, which represents the mechanism of symmetry breakage. This directional fluid flow is perceived by laterally positioned sensory LRO (sLRO) cells, which harbor non-motile cilia. In sLRO cells on the left side, flow-induced signaling triggers post-transcriptional repression of the multi-pathway antagonist dand5. Subsequently, the co-expressed Tgf-β growth factor Nodal1 is released from Dand5-mediated repression to induce left-sided gene expression. Interestingly, Xenopus sLRO cells have somitic fate, suggesting a connection between LR determination and somitogenesis. Here, we show that doublesex and mab3-related transcription factor 2 (Dmrt2), known to be involved in vertebrate somitogenesis, is required for LRO ciliogenesis and sLRO specification. In dmrt2 morphants, misexpression of the myogenic transcription factors tbx6 and myf5 at early gastrula stages preceded the misspecification of sLRO cells at neurula stages. myf5 morphant tadpoles also showed LR defects due to a failure of sLRO development. The gain of myf5 function reintroduced sLRO cells in dmrt2 morphants, demonstrating that paraxial patterning and somitogenesis are functionally linked to LR axis formation in Xenopus.
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20
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Yu X, Yuan L, Deng S, Xia H, Tu X, Deng X, Huang X, Cao X, Deng H. Identification of DNAH17 Variants in Han-Chinese Patients With Left–Right Asymmetry Disorders. Front Genet 2022; 13:862292. [PMID: 35692830 PMCID: PMC9186109 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.862292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of left–right asymmetry of the visceral organs is a conserved feature of the human body, and the asymmetry specification of structure and function is precisely orchestrated by multiple regulatory mechanisms. The abnormal results of organ positioning situs arise from defective cilia structure or function during embryogenesis in humans. In this study, we recruited two unrelated Han-Chinese families with left–right asymmetry disorders. The combination of whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing identified two compound heterozygous variants: c.4109C>T and c.9776C>T, and c.612C>G and c.8764C>T in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 17 gene (DNAH17) in two probands with left–right asymmetry disorders. We report for the first time a possible association between DNAH17 gene variants and left–right asymmetry disorders, which is known as a causal gene for asthenozoospermia. Altogether, the findings of our study may enlarge the DNAH17 gene variant spectrum in human left–right asymmetry disorders, pave a way to illustrate the potential pathogenesis of ciliary/flagellar disorders, and provide supplementary explanation for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Yu
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolong Tu
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjun Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Cao
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Deng,
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21
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Sai X, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Mizuno K, Kajikawa E, Katoh TA, Kimura T, Shiratori H, Takaoka K, Hamada H, Minegishi K. Planar cell polarity-dependent asymmetric organization of microtubules for polarized positioning of the basal body in node cells. Development 2022; 149:275058. [PMID: 35420656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For left-right symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo, the basal body must become positioned at the posterior side of node cells, but the precise mechanism for this has remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of microtubules (MTs) and actomyosin in this basal body positioning. Exposure of mouse embryos to agents that stabilize or destabilize MTs or F-actin impaired such positioning. Active myosin II was detected at the anterior side of node cells before the posterior shift of the basal body, and this asymmetric activation was lost in Prickle and dachsous mutant embryos. The organization of basal-body associated MTs (baMTs) was asymmetric between the anterior and posterior sides of node cells, with anterior baMTs extending horizontally and posterior baMTs extending vertically. This asymmetry became evident after polarization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 and before the posterior positioning of the basal body, and it also required the PCP core proteins Prickle and dachsous. Our results suggest that the asymmetry in baMT organization may play a role in correct positioning of the basal body for left-right symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
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22
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Ikeda T, Inamori K, Kawanishi T, Takeda H. Reemployment of Kupffer's vesicle cells into axial and paraxial mesoderm via transdifferentiation. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:163-177. [PMID: 35129208 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer's vesicle (KV) in the teleost embryo is a fluid-filled vesicle surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells with rotating primary cilia. KV transiently acts as the left-right organizer and degenerates after the establishment of left-right asymmetric gene expression. Previous labelling experiments in zebrafish embryos indicated that descendants of KV-epithelial cells are incorporated into mesodermal tissues after the collapse of KV. However, the overall picture of their differentiation potency had been unclear due to the lack of suitable genetic tools and molecular analyses. In the present study, we established a novel zebrafish transgenic line with a promoter of dand5, in which all KV-epithelial cells and their descendants are specifically labelled until the larval stage. We found that KV-epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition upon KV collapse and infiltrate into adjacent mesodermal progenitors, the presomitic mesoderm and chordoneural hinge. Once incorporated, the descendants of KV-epithelial cells expressed distinct mesodermal differentiation markers and contributed to the mature populations such as the axial muscles and notochordal sheath through normal developmental process. These results indicate that differentiated KV-epithelial cells possess unique plasticity in that they are reemployed into mesodermal lineages through transdifferentiation after they complete their initial role in KV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Inamori
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Alsafwani RS, Nasser KK, Shinawi T, Banaganapalli B, ElSokary HA, Zaher ZF, Shaik NA, Abdelmohsen G, Al-Aama JY, Shapiro AJ, O Al-Radi O, Elango R, Alahmadi T. Novel MYO1D Missense Variant Identified Through Whole Exome Sequencing and Computational Biology Analysis Expands the Spectrum of Causal Genes of Laterality Defects. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:724826. [PMID: 34589502 PMCID: PMC8473696 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.724826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laterality defects (LDs) or asymmetrically positioned organs are a group of rare developmental disorders caused by environmental and/or genetic factors. However, the exact molecular pathophysiology of LD is not yet fully characterised. In this context, studying Arab population presents an ideal opportunity to discover the novel molecular basis of diseases owing to the high rate of consanguinity and genetic disorders. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the molecular basis of LD in Arab patients, using next-generation sequencing method. We discovered an extremely rare novel missense variant in MYO1D gene (Pro765Ser) presenting with visceral heterotaxy and left isomerism with polysplenia syndrome. The proband in this index family has inherited this homozygous variant from her heterozygous parents following the autosomal recessive pattern. This is the first report to show MYO1D genetic variant causing left-right axis defects in humans, besides previous known evidence from zebrafish, frog and Drosophila models. Moreover, our multilevel bioinformatics-based structural (protein variant structural modelling, divergence, and stability) analysis has suggested that Ser765 causes minor structural drifts and stability changes, potentially affecting the biophysical and functional properties of MYO1D protein like calmodulin binding and microfilament motor activities. Functional bioinformatics analysis has shown that MYO1D is ubiquitously expressed across several human tissues and is reported to induce severe phenotypes in knockout mouse models. In conclusion, our findings show the expanded genetic spectrum of LD, which could potentially pave way for the novel drug target identification and development of personalised medicine for high-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Said Alsafwani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalidah K Nasser
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoraia Shinawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Abdelhalim ElSokary
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaher F Zaher
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Cardiac Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetics, Al Borg Medical Laboratories, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaser Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam J Shapiro
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Osman O Al-Radi
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Xing C, Pan R, Hu G, Liu X, Wang Y, Li G. Pitx controls amphioxus asymmetric morphogenesis by promoting left-side development and repressing right-side formation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:166. [PMID: 34416880 PMCID: PMC8377849 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left-right (LR) asymmetry is an essential feature of bilateral animals. Studies in vertebrates show that LR asymmetry formation comprises three major steps: symmetry breaking, asymmetric gene expression, and LR morphogenesis. Although much progress has been made in the first two events, mechanisms underlying asymmetric morphogenesis remain largely unknown due to the complex developmental processes deployed by vertebrate organs. Results We here addressed this question by studying Pitx gene function in the basal chordate amphioxus whose asymmetric organogenesis, unlike that in vertebrates, occurs essentially in situ and does not rely on cell migration. Pitx null mutation in amphioxus causes loss of all left-sided organs and incomplete ectopic formation of all right-sided organs on the left side, whereas Pitx partial loss-of-function leads to milder phenotypes with only some LR organs lost or ectopically formed. At the N1 to N3 stages, Pitx expression is gradually expanded from the dorsal anterior domain to surrounding regions. This leads to activation of genes like Lhx3 and/or Prop1 and Pit, which are essential for left-side organs, and downregulation of genes like Hex and/or Nkx2.1 and FoxE4, which are required for right-side organs to form ectopically on the left side. In Pitx mutants, the left-side expressed genes are not activated, while the right-side genes fail to decrease expression on the left side. In contrast, in embryos overexpressing Pitx genes, the left-side genes are induced ectopically on the right side, and the right-side genes are inhibited. Several Pitx binding sites are identified in the upstream sequences of the left-side and right-side genes which are essential for activation of the former and repression of the latter by Pitx. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that (1) Pitx is a major (although not the only) determinant of asymmetric morphogenesis in amphioxus, (2) the development of different LR organs have distinct requirements for Pitx activity, and (3) Pitx controls amphioxus LR morphogenesis probably through inducing left-side organs and inhibiting right-side organs directly. These findings show much more dependence of LR organogenesis on Pitx in amphioxus than in vertebrates. They also provide insight into the molecular developmental mechanism of some vertebrate LR organs like the lungs and atria, since they show a right-isomerism phenotype in Pitx2 knockout mice like right-sided organs in Pitx mutant amphioxus. Our results also explain why some organs like the adenohypophysis are asymmetrically located in amphioxus but symmetrically positioned in vertebrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01095-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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25
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Minegishi K, Rothé B, Komatsu KR, Ono H, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Katoh TA, Kajikawa E, Sai X, Miyashita E, Takaoka K, Bando K, Kiyonari H, Yamamoto T, Saito H, Constam DB, Hamada H. Fluid flow-induced left-right asymmetric decay of Dand5 mRNA in the mouse embryo requires a Bicc1-Ccr4 RNA degradation complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4071. [PMID: 34210974 PMCID: PMC8249388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular left-right (L-R) asymmetry is established at the node of the mouse embryo as a result of the sensing of a leftward fluid flow by immotile cilia of perinodal crown cells and the consequent degradation of Dand5 mRNA on the left side. We here examined how the fluid flow induces Dand5 mRNA decay. We found that the first 200 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Dand5 mRNA are necessary and sufficient for the left-sided decay and to mediate the response of a 3'-UTR reporter transgene to Ca2+, the cation channel Pkd2, the RNA-binding protein Bicc1 and their regulation by the flow direction. We show that Bicc1 preferentially recognizes GACR and YGAC sequences, which can explain the specific binding to a conserved GACGUGAC motif located in the proximal Dand5 3'-UTR. The Cnot3 component of the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex interacts with Bicc1 and is also required for Dand5 mRNA decay at the node. These results suggest that Ca2+ currents induced by leftward fluid flow stimulate Bicc1 and Ccr4-Not to mediate Dand5 mRNA degradation specifically on the left side of the node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Benjamin Rothé
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaoru R Komatsu
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ono
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Emi Miyashita
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kana Bando
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, Japan
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirohide Saito
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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26
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Maternal control of visceral asymmetry evolution in Astyanax cavefish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10312. [PMID: 33986376 PMCID: PMC8119719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction of visceral organ asymmetry is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution with heart development biased to the left and pancreas and liver development restricted to opposing sides of the midline. Here we show that reversals in visceral organ asymmetry have evolved in Astyanax mexicanus, a teleost species with interfertile surface-dwelling (surface fish) and cave-dwelling (cavefish) forms. Visceral organ asymmetry is conventional in surface fish but some cavefish have evolved reversals in heart, liver, and pancreas development. Corresponding changes in the normally left-sided expression of the Nodal-Pitx2/Lefty signaling system are also present in the cavefish lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). The Nodal antagonists lefty1 (lft1) and lefty2 (lft2), which confine Nodal signaling to the left LPM, are expressed in most surface fish, however, lft2, but not lft1, expression is absent during somitogenesis of most cavefish. Despite this difference, multiple lines of evidence suggested that evolutionary changes in L-R patterning are controlled upstream of Nodal-Pitx2/Lefty signaling. Accordingly, reciprocal hybridization of cavefish and surface fish showed that modifications of heart asymmetry are present in hybrids derived from cavefish mothers but not from surface fish mothers. The results indicate that changes in visceral asymmetry during cavefish evolution are influenced by maternal genetic effects.
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27
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Onjiko RM, Nemes P, Moody SA. Altering metabolite distribution at Xenopus cleavage stages affects left-right gene expression asymmetries. Genesis 2021; 59:e23418. [PMID: 33826226 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The left-right (L-R) axis of most bilateral animals is established during gastrulation when a transient ciliated structure creates a directional flow of signaling molecules that establish asymmetric gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm. However, in some animals, an earlier differential distribution of molecules and cell division patterns initiate or at least influence L-R patterning. Using single-cell high-resolution mass spectrometry, we previously reported a limited number of small molecule (metabolite) concentration differences between left and right dorsal-animal blastomeres of the eight-cell Xenopus embryo. Herein, we examined whether altering the distribution of some of these molecules influenced early events in L-R patterning. Using lineage tracing, we found that injecting right-enriched metabolites into the left cell caused its descendant cells to disperse in patterns that varied from those in control gastrulae; this did not occur when left-enriched metabolites were injected into the right cell. At later stages, injecting left-enriched metabolites into the right cell perturbed the expression of genes known to: (a) be required for the formation of the gastrocoel roof plate (foxj1); (b) lead to the asymmetric expression of Nodal (dand5/coco); or (c) result from asymmetrical nodal expression (pitx2). Despite these perturbations in gene expression, we did not observe heterotaxy in heart or gut looping at tadpole stages. These studies indicate that altering metabolite distribution at cleavage stages at the concentrations tested in this study impacts the earliest steps of L-R gene expression that then can be compensated for during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary M Onjiko
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
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28
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Little RB, Norris DP. Right, left and cilia: How asymmetry is established. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:11-18. [PMID: 32571625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The initial breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the embryo is controlled by a motile-cilia-driven leftward fluid flow in the left-right organiser (LRO), resulting in L-R asymmetric gene expression flanking the LRO. Ultimately this results in left- but not right-sided activation of the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway in more lateral tissues. While aspects of the initial breaking event clearly vary between vertebrates, events in the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM) are conserved through the vertebrate lineage. Evidence from model systems and humans highlights the role of cilia both in the initial symmetry breaking and in the ability of more lateral tissues to exhibit asymmetric gene expression. In this review we concentrate on the process of L-R determination in mouse and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie B Little
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Dominic P Norris
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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29
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Zhao N, Guo H, Jia L, Guo B, Zheng D, Liu S, Zhang B. Genome assembly and annotation at the chromosomal level of first Pleuronectidae: Verasper variegatus provides a basis for phylogenetic study of Pleuronectiformes. Genomics 2021; 113:717-726. [PMID: 33535123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High quality genome is of great significance for the mining of biological information resources of species. Up to now, the genomic information of several important economic flatfishes has been well explained. All these fishes are eyes on left side-type, and no high-quality genome of eyes on right side-type species has been reported. In this study, we applied a combined strategy involving stLFR and Hi-C technologies to generate sequencing data for constructing the chromosomal genome of Verasper variegates, which belongs to Pleuronectidae with characteristic of eyes on right side. The size of genome of V. variegatus is 556 Mb. More than 97.2% of BUSCO genes were detected, and N50 lengths of the contigs and scaffolds reached 79.8 Kb and 23.8 Mb, respectively, demonstrating the outstanding completeness and sequence continuity of the genome. A total of 22,199 protein-coding genes were predicted in the assembled genome, and more than 95% of those genes could be functionally annotated. Meanwhile, the genomic collinearity, gene family and phylogenetic analyses of similar species in Pleuronectiformes were also investigated and portrayed for metamorphosis and benthic adaptation. Sex related genes mapping has also been achieved at the chromosome level. This study is the first chromosomal level genome of a Pleuronectidae fish (V. variegatus). The chromosomal genome assembly constructed in this work will not only be valuable for conservation and aquaculture studies of the V. variegatus but will also be of general interest in the phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of Pleuronectiformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Haobing Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300200, China
| | - Biao Guo
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300200, China
| | - Debin Zheng
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300200, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300200, China.
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30
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Grzymkowski J, Wyatt B, Nascone-Yoder N. The twists and turns of left-right asymmetric gut morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/19/dev187583. [PMID: 33046455 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organs develop left-right asymmetric shapes and positions that are crucial for normal function. Indeed, anomalous laterality is associated with multiple severe birth defects. Although the events that initially orient the left-right body axis are beginning to be understood, the mechanisms that shape the asymmetries of individual organs remain less clear. Here, we summarize new evidence challenging century-old ideas about the development of stomach and intestine laterality. We compare classical and contemporary models of asymmetric gut morphogenesis and highlight key unanswered questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grzymkowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Brent Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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31
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Tessadori F, de Bakker DEM, Barske L, Nelson N, Algra HA, Willekers S, Nichols JT, Crump JG, Bakkers J. Zebrafish prrx1a mutants have normal hearts. Nature 2020; 585:E14-E16. [PMID: 32968253 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis E M de Bakker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nellie Nelson
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermine A Algra
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Willekers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James T Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Mizuno K, Shiozawa K, Katoh TA, Minegishi K, Ide T, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Takaoka K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Nakai J, Shiratori H, Hamada H. Role of Ca 2+ transients at the node of the mouse embryo in breaking of left-right symmetry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1195. [PMID: 32743070 PMCID: PMC7375832 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Immotile cilia sense extracellular signals such as fluid flow, but whether Ca2+ plays a role in flow sensing has been unclear. Here, we examined the role of ciliary Ca2+ in the flow sensing that initiates the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in the mouse embryo. Intraciliary and cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients were detected in the crown cells at the node. These Ca2+ transients showed L-R asymmetry, which was lost in the absence of fluid flow or the PKD2 channel. Further characterization allowed classification of the Ca2+ transients into two types: cilium-derived, L-R-asymmetric transients (type 1) and cilium-independent transients without an L-R bias (type 2). Type 1 intraciliary transients occurred preferentially at the left posterior region of the node, where L-R symmetry breaking takes place. Suppression of intraciliary Ca2+ transients delayed L-R symmetry breaking. Our results implicate cilium-derived Ca2+ transients in crown cells in initiation of L-R symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
| | - Kei Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takanobu A. Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Atsuko H. Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
- Corresponding author. (K.Miz.); (H.H.)
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Heigwer J, Kutzner J, Haeussler M, Burkhalter MD, Draebing T, Juergensen L, Katus HA, Philipp M, Westhoff JH, Hassel D. miR-103/107 regulates left-right asymmetry in zebrafish by modulating Kupffer's vesicle development and ciliogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:432-439. [PMID: 32334837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, cilia movement within the Kupffer's vesicle (KV) generates a fluid flow responsible for accumulating nodal signals exclusively in the left lateral plate mesoderm, thereby initiating left-right patterning (LRP). Defects in LRP cause devastating congenital disorders including congenital heart malformations due to organ mis-positioning. We identified the miR-103/107 family to be involved in regulating LRP. Depletion of miR-103/107 in zebrafish embryos resulted in malpositioned and malformed visceral organs and hearts due to disturbed LRP gene expression, indicating early defects in LRP. Additionally, loss of miR-103/107 affected KV morphogenesis and cilia formation without disturbing endoderm development. Human fibroblasts depleted of miR-103a/107 often failed to extend cilia or developed shorter cilia, indicating functional conservation between species. We identified arl6, araf and foxH1 as direct targets of miR-103/107 providing a mechanistic link to cilia development and nodal signal titration. We describe a new microRNA family controlling KV development and hence influencing establishment of internal organ asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Heigwer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Monika Haeussler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (iBMB), Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (iBMB), Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Draebing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lonny Juergensen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (iBMB), Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens H Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Hassel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Fodor I, Hussein AAA, Benjamin PR, Koene JM, Pirger Z. The unlimited potential of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. eLife 2020; 9:e56962. [PMID: 32539932 PMCID: PMC7297532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a limited number of animal species lend themselves to becoming model organisms in multiple biological disciplines: one of these is the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Extensively used since the 1970s to study fundamental mechanisms in neurobiology, the value of this freshwater snail has been also recognised in fields as diverse as host-parasite interactions, ecotoxicology, evolution, genome editing and 'omics', and human disease modelling. While there is knowledge about the natural history of this species, what is currently lacking is an integration of findings from the laboratory and the field. With this in mind, this article aims to summarise the applicability of L. stagnalis and points out that this multipurpose model organism is an excellent, contemporary choice for addressing a large range of different biological questions, problems and phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
| | - Ahmed AA Hussein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Paul R Benjamin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joris M Koene
- Section of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
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Yasuoka Y. Enhancer evolution in chordates: Lessons from functional analyses of cephalochordate cis‐regulatory modules. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:279-300. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Tsurumi‐ku Japan
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36
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Chougule A, Lapraz F, Földi I, Cerezo D, Mihály J, Noselli S. The Drosophila actin nucleator DAAM is essential for left-right asymmetry. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008758. [PMID: 32324733 PMCID: PMC7200016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-Right (LR) asymmetry is essential for organ positioning, shape and function. Myosin 1D (Myo1D) has emerged as an evolutionary conserved chirality determinant in both Drosophila and vertebrates. However, the molecular interplay between Myo1D and the actin cytoskeleton underlying symmetry breaking remains poorly understood. To address this question, we performed a dual genetic screen to identify new cytoskeletal factors involved in LR asymmetry. We identified the conserved actin nucleator DAAM as an essential factor required for both dextral and sinistral development. In the absence of DAAM, organs lose their LR asymmetry, while its overexpression enhances Myo1D-induced de novo LR asymmetry. These results show that DAAM is a limiting, LR-specific actin nucleator connecting up Myo1D with a dedicated F-actin network important for symmetry breaking. Although our body looks symmetrical when viewed from the outside, it is in fact highly asymmetrical when we consider the shape and implantation of organs. For example, our heart is on the left side of the thorax, while the liver is on the right. In addition, our heart is made up of two distinct parts, the right heart and the left heart, which play different roles for blood circulation. These asymmetries, called left-right asymmetries, play a fundamental role in the morphogenesis and function of visceral organs and the brain. Aberrant LR asymmetry in human results in severe anatomical defects leading to embryonic lethality, spontaneous abortion and a number of congenital disorders. Our recent work has identified a particular myosin (Myo1D) as a major player in asymmetry in Drosophila and vertebrates. Myosins are proteins that can interact with the skeleton of cells (called the cytoskeleton) to transport other proteins, contract the cells, allow them to move, etc. In this work, we were able to identify all the genes of the cytoskeleton involved with myosin in left-right asymmetry, in particular a so-called 'nucleator' gene because it is capable of forming new parts of the cytoskeleton necessary for setting up asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chougule
- Université Côte D’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | - István Földi
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Hungary
| | | | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Hungary
| | - Stéphane Noselli
- Université Côte D’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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37
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Adamer MF, Harrington HA, Gaffney EA, Woolley TE. Coloured Noise from Stochastic Inflows in Reaction-Diffusion Systems. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:44. [PMID: 32198538 PMCID: PMC7083815 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a framework for investigating coloured noise in reaction-diffusion systems. We start by considering a deterministic reaction-diffusion equation and show how external forcing can cause temporally correlated or coloured noise. Here, the main source of external noise is considered to be fluctuations in the parameter values representing the inflow of particles to the system. First, we determine which reaction systems, driven by extrinsic noise, can admit only one steady state, so that effects, such as stochastic switching, are precluded from our analysis. To analyse the steady-state behaviour of reaction systems, even if the parameter values are changing, necessitates a parameter-free approach, which has been central to algebraic analysis in chemical reaction network theory. To identify suitable models, we use tools from real algebraic geometry that link the network structure to its dynamical properties. We then make a connection to internal noise models and show how power spectral methods can be used to predict stochastically driven patterns in systems with coloured noise. In simple cases, we show that the power spectrum of the coloured noise process and the power spectrum of the reaction-diffusion system modelled with white noise multiply to give the power spectrum of the coloured noise reaction-diffusion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Adamer
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Heather A Harrington
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eamonn A Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rathbun LI, Colicino EG, Manikas J, O'Connell J, Krishnan N, Reilly NS, Coyne S, Erdemci-Tandogan G, Garrastegui A, Freshour J, Santra P, Manning ML, Amack JD, Hehnly H. Cytokinetic bridge triggers de novo lumen formation in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1269. [PMID: 32152267 PMCID: PMC7062744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular rosettes are transient epithelial structures that serve as intermediates during diverse organ formation. We have identified a unique contributor to rosette formation in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle (KV) that requires cell division, specifically the final stage of mitosis termed abscission. KV utilizes a rosette as a prerequisite before forming a lumen surrounded by ciliated epithelial cells. Our studies identify that KV-destined cells remain interconnected by cytokinetic bridges that position at the rosette's center. These bridges act as a landmark for directed Rab11 vesicle motility to deliver an essential cargo for lumen formation, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Here we report that premature bridge cleavage through laser ablation or inhibiting abscission using optogenetic clustering of Rab11 result in disrupted lumen formation. We present a model in which KV mitotic cells strategically place their cytokinetic bridges at the rosette center, where Rab11-associated vesicles transport CFTR to aid in lumen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Rathbun
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - E G Colicino
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Manikas
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - J O'Connell
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - N Krishnan
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - N S Reilly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - S Coyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, New York, USA
| | | | - A Garrastegui
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - J Freshour
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - P Santra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - M L Manning
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - J D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - H Hehnly
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost),
Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as
Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Organismal Pattterning Lab, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Patrick Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Anthropometric Analysis of the Human Skull for Developmental Left-Sided Asymmetry, New Finding. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:186-190. [PMID: 31664490 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-019-01526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial and cranial asymmetry is common in bilateral vertebrates, particularly human beings. Through years of injecting fillers and performing face-lift operation on patients, we began to observe that more fillers were required on the right side to reach symmetry and also more loose skin and soft tissue was observed on the right side in the majority of patients (Fig. 5). Here, we conducted an analytical study to comprehensively measure human skulls in order to observe and quantify this difference. METHODS We collected forty-one natural skulls available from five medical schools of Tehran province in Iran. Standard photography was conducted from the front, lateral, and superior views. Measurements and statistics were completed using Image J software (National Institutes of Health) for exact comparison of fixed-point distances on the samples. RESULTS Comparison of right and left dimensions on the skulls revealed several fixed asymmetries. The most significant differences were measurements around the orbit. The distance between the upper orbit point and zygion (zy), zygion to sub-nasal, and orbital areas were significantly larger on the left side. Measuring the anterior gonion-pogonion distance showed a wider mandibular body on the left side. We did not find any considerable differences between any other left-sided and right-sided skull dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetry of the face and body is a general rule in human anatomy, but correlation and consistency of this asymmetry between the left and right sides is a novel finding based on our measurements. Our findings showed that the orbit was significantly bigger in width, height, and surface area on the left side. We also quantified a narrower mandible on the right side. We hope these findings can be translated to aesthetic surgery practice to make the plastic surgeon and patient more familiar with the patient's specific anatomy in order to better predict, plan, and successfully implement aesthetic procedures such as injecting fillers or doing peri-orbital procedures. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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41
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Axelrod JD. Planar cell polarity signaling in the development of left–right asymmetry. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Davison A. Flipping Shells! Unwinding LR Asymmetry in Mirror-Image Molluscs. Trends Genet 2020; 36:189-202. [PMID: 31952839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In seeking to understand the establishment of left-right (LR) asymmetry, a limiting factor is that most animals are ordinarily invariant in their asymmetry, except when manipulated or mutated. It is therefore surprising that the wider scientific field does not appear to fully appreciate the remarkable fact that normal development in molluscs, especially snails, can flip between two chiral types without pathology. Here, I describe recent progress in understanding the evolution, development, and genetics of chiral variation in snails, and place it in context with other animals. I argue that the natural variation of snails is a crucial resource towards understanding the invariance in other animal groups and, ultimately, will be key in revealing the common factors that define cellular and organismal LR asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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43
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Zhu X, Shi C, Zhong Y, Liu X, Yan Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Li G. Cilia-driven asymmetric Hedgehog signalling determines the amphioxus left-right axis by controlling Dand5 expression. Development 2020; 147:dev.182469. [PMID: 31826864 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia rotation-driven nodal flow is crucial for the left-right (L-R) break in symmetry in most vertebrates. However, the mechanism by which the flow signal is translated to asymmetric gene expression has been insufficiently addressed. Here, we show that Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is asymmetrically activated (L<R) in the region in which initial asymmetric Dand5 expression is detected. Upregulation of Hh signalling on the left side of wild-type embryos induces ectopic Dand5 expression on the left side, and the unilateral recovery of Hh signalling in Hh homozygous mutants induces Dand5 expression in the Hh signal recovery side. Immunofluorescence analysis results revealed that Hh fusion protein is asymmetrically enriched in the anterior-right paraxial mesoderm at the early neurula stage. Inhibiting embryonic cilia motility using methylcellulose (MC) blocks Hh protein enrichment on the right hand side and randomizes Dand5 expression and organ positioning along the L-R axis. These findings present a model showing that cilia movement is crucial for the symmetry breaks in amphioxus through asymmetric Hh protein transport. The resultant asymmetric Hh signalling provides a clue into the induction of asymmetric Dand5 expression.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiuning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Kajikawa E, Horo U, Ide T, Mizuno K, Minegishi K, Hara Y, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Uchikawa M, Kiyonari H, Kuraku S, Hamada H. Nodal paralogues underlie distinct mechanisms for visceral left-right asymmetry in reptiles and mammals. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:261-269. [PMID: 31907383 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unidirectional fluid flow generated by motile cilia at the left-right organizer (LRO) breaks left-right (L-R) symmetry during early embryogenesis in mouse, frog and zebrafish. The chick embryo, however, does not require motile cilia for L-R symmetry breaking. The diversity of mechanisms for L-R symmetry breaking among vertebrates and the trigger for such symmetry breaking in non-mammalian amniotes have remained unknown. Here we examined how L-R asymmetry is established in two reptiles, Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. Both of these reptiles appear to lack motile cilia at the LRO. The expression of the Nodal gene at the LRO in the reptilian embryos was found to be asymmetric, in contrast to that in vertebrates such as mouse that are dependent on cilia for L-R patterning. Two paralogues of the Nodal gene derived from an ancient gene duplication are retained and expressed differentially in cilia-dependent and cilia-independent vertebrates. The expression of these two Nodal paralogues is similarly controlled in the lateral plate mesoderm but regulated differently at the LRO. Our in-depth analysis of reptilian embryos thus suggests that mammals and non-mammalian amniotes deploy distinct strategies dependent on different Nodal paralogues for rendering Nodal activity asymmetric at the LRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Uzuki Horo
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,SEEDS Program/JST Global Science Campus, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,NADA Senior High School, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School for Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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Pieper T, Carpaij M, Reinermann J, Surchev L, Viebahn C, Tsikolia N. Matrix-filled microcavities in the emerging avian left-right organizer. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:496-508. [PMID: 31729123 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hensen node of the amniote embryo plays a central role in multiple developmental processes, especially in induction and formation of axial organs. In the chick, it is asymmetrical in shape and has recently been considered to represent the left-right organizer. As mechanisms of breaking the initial left-right symmetry of the embryo are still ill-understood, analyzing the node's microarchitecture may provide insights into functional links between symmetry breaking and asymmetric morphology. RESULTS In the course of a light- and electron-microscopic study addressing this issue we discovered novel intercellular matrix-filled cavities in the node of the chick during gastrulation and during early neurulation stages; measuring up to 45 μm, they are surrounded by densely packed cells and filled with nanoscale fibrils, which immunostaining suggests to consist of the basement membrane-related proteins fibronectin and perlecan. The cavities emerge immediately prior to node formation in the epiblast layer adjacent to the tip of the primitive streak and later, with emerging node asymmetry, they are predominantly located in the right part of the node. Almost identical morphological features of microcavities were found in the duck node. CONCLUSIONS We address these cavities as "nodal microcavities" and propose their content to be involved in the function of the avian node by mediating morphogen signaling and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pieper
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meriam Carpaij
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Reinermann
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lachezar Surchev
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Trakia University Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Symmetry is appealing, be it in architecture, art or facial expression, where symmetry is a key feature to finding someone attractive or not. Yet, asymmetries are widespread in nature, not as an erroneous deviation from the norm but as a way to adapt to the prevailing environmental conditions at a time. Asymmetries in many cases are actively selected for: they might well have increased the evolutionary fitness of a species. Even many single-celled organisms are built asymmetrically, such as the pear-shaped ciliate Paramecium, which may depend on its asymmetry to navigate towards the oxygen-richer surface of turbid waters, at least based on modeling. Everybody knows the lobster with its asymmetric pair of claws, the large crusher usually on the left and the smaller cutter on the right. Snail shells coil asymmetrically, as do the organs they house. Organ asymmetries are found throughout the animal kingdom, referring to asymmetric positioning, asymmetric morphology or both, with the vertebrate heart being an example for the latter. Functional asymmetries, such as that of the human brain with its localization of the language center in one hemisphere, add to the complexity of organ asymmetries and presumably played a decisive role for sociocultural evolution. The evolutionary origin of organ asymmetries may have been a longer than body length gut, which allows efficient retrieval of nutrients, and the need to stow a long gut in the body cavity in an orderly manner that ensures optimal functioning. Vertebrate organ asymmetries (situs solitus) are quite sophisticated: in humans, the apex of the asymmetrically built heart points to the left; the lung in turn, due to space restrictions, has fewer lobes on the left than on the right side (two versus three in humans), stomach and spleen are found on the left, the liver on the right, and small and large intestine coil in a chiral manner (Figure 1A). In very rare cases (1:10,000), the organ situs is inverted (situs inversus), while heterotaxia refers to another rare situation (about 1:1,000), in which subsets of organs show normal or aberrant positioning or morphology (Figure 1B). Individuals with situs solitus or situs inversus are healthy, whereas heterotaxia presents severe congenital malformations. Many human syndromes are known in which patients suffer from laterality defects, such as Katagener syndrome, in which the organ situs is inverted in one half of patients and males are sterile. Snail shells and vertebrate organs are examples of biased asymmetries with on average only one inversion in every 10,000 cases. Other asymmetries such as the coiling of the tails of piglets occur randomly with a 50:50 distribution. This primer exclusively deals with organ asymmetries in the animal kingdom, specifically with the mechanisms that ensure the development of biased asymmetries during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blum
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology, Garbenstr. 30 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tim Ott
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology, Garbenstr. 30 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
Consistent asymmetries between the left and right sides of animal bodies are common. For example, the internal organs of vertebrates are left-right (L-R) asymmetric in a stereotyped fashion. Other structures, such as the skeleton and muscles, are largely symmetric. This Review considers how symmetries and asymmetries form alongside each other within the embryo, and how they are then maintained during growth. I describe how asymmetric signals are generated in the embryo. Using the limbs and somites as major examples, I then address mechanisms for protecting symmetrically forming tissues from asymmetrically acting signals. These examples reveal that symmetry should not be considered as an inherent background state, but instead must be actively maintained throughout multiple phases of embryonic patterning and organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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An element for development: Calcium signaling in mammalian reproduction and development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1230-1238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blum M, Ott T. Mechanical strain, novel genes and evolutionary insights: news from the frog left-right organizer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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