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Cetera M, Sharan R, Hayward-Lara G, Phillips B, Biswas A, Halley M, Beall E, vonHoldt B, Devenport D. Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the rosette fancy mouse. Development 2023; 150:dev202078. [PMID: 37622728 PMCID: PMC10499026 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients cells with respect to a body axis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment across the skin. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that rosette hair follicles emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6, which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation, inhibiting its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, the Fzd6 trafficking defect does not block asymmetric localization of the other PCP proteins. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry rotates where the PCP-directed cell movements that orient follicles are reversed, suggesting the PCP axis rotates 180°. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce posterior whorls in the rosette fancy mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Cetera
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rishabh Sharan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - Brooke Phillips
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Madalene Halley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Evalyn Beall
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bridgett vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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2
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Cetera M, Sharan R, Hayward-Lara G, Phillips B, Biswas A, Halley M, Beall E, vonHoldt B, Devenport D. Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the fancy rosette mouse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550849. [PMID: 37546950 PMCID: PMC10402159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients thousands of cells with respect to a body axis to direct cellular behaviors that are essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment along the entire skin surface. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that embryonic hair follicles of rosette mutants emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6 , which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation and inhibits its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, this defect in Fzd6 trafficking, observed across the entire dorsal epidermis, does not interfere with the ability of other core PCP proteins to localize asymmetrically. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry is disrupted and rotated in the posterior region such that polarity is reflected on either side of a transition zone. The result is a reversal of polarized cell movements that orient nascent follicles, specifically in the posterior of the embryo. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce the unique posterior whorls of the fancy rosette mouse. Summary Region-specific rotation of the Planar Cell Polarity axis reverses posterior hair follicles in the fancy rosette mouse.
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3
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Simonson L, Oldham E, Chang H. Overactive Wnt5a signaling disrupts hair follicle polarity during mouse skin development. Development 2022; 149:dev200816. [PMID: 36305473 PMCID: PMC9845745 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polarity of mouse hair follicles is controlled by the Frizzled (Fzd) receptors and other membrane planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins. Whether Wnt proteins can act as PCP ligands in the skin remains unknown. Here, we show that overexpression of Wnt5a in the posterior part of mouse embryos causes a local disruption of hair follicle orientation. The misoriented hair follicle phenotype in Wnt5a overexpressing mice can be rescued by a heterozygous loss of Fzd6, suggesting Wnt5a is likely to signal through Fzd6. Although the membrane distribution of PCP proteins seems unaffected by Wnt5a overexpression, transcriptional profiling analyses identify a set of genes as potential targets of the skin polarization program controlled by Wnt5a/Fzd6 signaling. Surprisingly, deletion of Wnt5a globally or in the posterior part of the mouse embryos does not affect hair follicle orientation. We show that many other Wnts are highly expressed in the developing skin. They can activate the Fzd6 signaling pathway in vitro and may act together with Wnt5a to regulate the Fzd6-mediated skin polarization. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that Wnt5a can function as an orienting cue for mouse skin PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simonson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ethan Oldham
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4
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Álvarez-Hernán G, Garrido-Jiménez S, Román ÁC, Carvajal-González JM, Francisco-Morcillo J. Distribution of planar cell polarity proteins in the developing avian retina. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108681. [PMID: 34166683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is evolutionary conserved and play a critical role in proper tissue development and function. During central nervous system development, PCP proteins exhibit specific patterns of distribution and are indispensable for axonal growth, dendritogenesis, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation. The retina constitutes an excellent model in which to study molecular mechanisms involved in neural development. The analysis of the spatiotemporal expression of PCP proteins in this model constitutes an useful histological approach in order to identify possible roles of these proteins in retinogenesis. Immunohistochemical techniques revealed that Frz6, Celsr1, Vangl1, Pk1, Pk3, and Fat1 were present in emerging axons from recently differentiated ganglion cells in the chicken retina. Except for Vangl1, they were also asymmetrically distributed in differentiated amacrine cells. Pk1 and Pk3 were restricted in the outer nuclear layer to the outer segment of photoreceptors. Vangl1 was also located in the cell somata of Müller glia. Given these findings together, the distribution of PCP proteins in the developing chicken retina suggest essential roles in axonal guidance during early retinogenesis and a possible involvement in the establishment of cell asymmetry and maintenance of retinal cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ángel Carlos Román
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José María Carvajal-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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5
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Wilkerson BA, Zebroski HL, Finkbeiner CR, Chitsazan AD, Beach KE, Sen N, Zhang RC, Bermingham-McDonogh O. Novel cell types and developmental lineages revealed by single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the mouse crista ampullaris. eLife 2021; 10:e60108. [PMID: 34003106 PMCID: PMC8189719 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides transcriptomic characterization of the cells of the crista ampullaris, sensory structures at the base of the semicircular canals that are critical for vestibular function. We performed single-cell RNA-seq on ampullae microdissected from E16, E18, P3, and P7 mice. Cluster analysis identified the hair cells, support cells and glia of the crista as well as dark cells and other nonsensory epithelial cells of the ampulla, mesenchymal cells, vascular cells, macrophages, and melanocytes. Cluster-specific expression of genes predicted their spatially restricted domains of gene expression in the crista and ampulla. Analysis of cellular proportions across developmental time showed dynamics in cellular composition. The new cell types revealed by single-cell RNA-seq could be important for understanding crista function and the markers identified in this study will enable the examination of their dynamics during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Wilkerson
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Heather L Zebroski
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Connor R Finkbeiner
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Alex D Chitsazan
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Kylie E Beach
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nilasha Sen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Renee C Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Olivia Bermingham-McDonogh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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6
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Ling X, Yan Z, Wu D, Liu J, Lu G. Effects of Nanoplastics and Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane on Early Zebrafish Embryos Identified by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1885-1896. [PMID: 33445878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics with small particle sizes and high surface area/volume ratios easily absorb environmental pollutants and affect their bioavailability. In this study, polystyrene nanoplastic beads (PS-NPBs) with a particle size of 100 nm and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) sunscreen in personal-care products were chosen as target pollutants to study their developmental toxicity and interactive effects on zebrafish embryos. The exposure period was set from 2 to 12 h postfertilization (hpf). BMDBM and PS-NPBs significantly upregulated genes related to antioxidant enzymes and downregulated the gene expression of aromatase and DNA methyltransferases, but the influenced genes were not exactly the same. The combined exposure reduced the adverse effects on the expression of all genes. With the help of the single-cell RNA sequencing technology, neural mid cells were identified as the target cells of both pollutants, and brain development, head development, and the notch signaling pathway were the functions they commonly altered. The key genes and functions that are specifically affected by BMDBM and/or PS-NPBs were identified. BMDBM mainly affects the differentiation and fate of neurons in the central nervous system through the regulation of her5, her6, her11, lfng, pax2a, and fgfr4. The PS-NPBs regulate the expression of olig2, foxg1a, fzd8b, six3a, rx1, lhx2b, nkx2.1a, and sfrp5 to alter nervous system development, retinal development, and stem cell differentiation. The phenotypic responses of zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf were tested, and significant inhibition of locomotor activity was found, indicating that early effects on the central nervous system would have a sustained impact on the behavior of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xin Ling
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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7
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Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8013-8023. [PMID: 31462532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1740-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II spiral ganglion neurons provide afferent innervation to outer hair cells of the cochlea and are proposed to have nociceptive functions important for auditory function and homeostasis. These neurons are anatomically distinct from other classes of spiral ganglion neurons because they extend a peripheral axon beyond the inner hair cells that subsequently makes a distinct 90 degree turn toward the cochlear base. As a result, patterns of outer hair cell innervation are coordinated with the tonotopic organization of the cochlea. Previously, it was shown that peripheral axon turning is directed by a nonautonomous function of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein VANGL2. We demonstrate using mice of either sex that Fzd3 and Fzd6 similarly regulate axon turning, are functionally redundant with each other, and that Fzd3 genetically interacts with Vangl2 to guide this process. FZD3 and FZD6 proteins are asymmetrically distributed along the basolateral wall of cochlear-supporting cells, and are required to promote or maintain the asymmetric distribution of VANGL2 and CELSR1. These data indicate that intact PCP complexes formed between cochlear-supporting cells are required for the nonautonomous regulation of axon pathfinding. Consistent with this, in the absence of PCP signaling, peripheral axons turn randomly and often project toward the cochlear apex. Additional analyses of Porcn mutants in which WNT secretion is reduced suggest that noncanonical WNT signaling establishes or maintains PCP signaling in this context. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is necessary for repairing auditory circuits following acoustic trauma or promoting cochlear reinnervation during regeneration-based deafness therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling has emerged as a complementary mechanism to classical axon guidance in regulating axon track formation, axon outgrowth, and neuronal polarization. The core PCP proteins are also required for auditory circuit assembly, and coordinate hair cell innervation with the tonotopic organization of the cochlea. This is a non-cell-autonomous mechanism that requires the formation of PCP protein complexes between cochlear-supporting cells located along the trajectory of growth cone navigation. These findings are significant because they demonstrate how the fidelity of auditory circuit formation is ensured during development, and provide a mechanism by which PCP proteins may regulate axon outgrowth and guidance in the CNS.
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8
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Duncan JS, Fritzsch B, Houston DW, Ketchum EM, Kersigo J, Deans MR, Elliott KL. Topologically correct central projections of tetrapod inner ear afferents require Fzd3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10298. [PMID: 31311957 PMCID: PMC6635624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner ear sensory afferent connections establish sensory maps between the inner ear hair cells and the vestibular and auditory nuclei to allow vestibular and sound information processing. While molecular guidance of sensory afferents to the periphery has been well studied, molecular guidance of central projections from the ear is only beginning to emerge. Disorganized central projections of spiral ganglion neurons in a Wnt/PCP pathway mutant, Prickle1, suggest the Wnt/PCP pathway plays a role in guiding cochlear afferents to the cochlear nuclei in the hindbrain, consistent with known expression of the Wnt receptor, Frizzled3 (Fzd3) in inner ear neurons. We therefore investigated the role of Wnt signaling in central pathfinding in Fzd3 mutant mice and Fzd3 morpholino treated frogs and found aberrant central projections of vestibular afferents in both cases. Ear transplantations from knockdown to control Xenopus showed that it is the Fzd3 expressed within the ear that mediates this guidance. Also, cochlear afferents of Fzd3 mutant mice lack the orderly topological organization observed in controls. Quantification of Fzd3 expression in spiral ganglion neurons show a gradient of expression with Fzd3 being higher in the apex than in the base. Together, these results suggest that a gradient of Fzd3 in inner ear afferents directs projections to the correct dorsoventral column within the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Ketchum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, and Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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9
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Strakova K, Kowalski-Jahn M, Gybel T, Valnohova J, Dhople VM, Harnos J, Bernatik O, Ganji RS, Zdrahal Z, Mulder J, Lindskog C, Bryja V, Schulte G. Dishevelled enables casein kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Frizzled 6 required for cell membrane localization. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18477-18493. [PMID: 30309985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzleds (FZDs) are receptors for secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, initiating an important signal transduction network in multicellular organisms. FZDs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are well known to be regulated by phosphorylation, leading to specific downstream signaling or receptor desensitization. The role and underlying mechanisms of FZD phosphorylation remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the phosphorylation of human FZD6 Using MS analysis and a phospho-state- and -site-specific antibody, we found that Ser-648, located in the FZD6 C terminus, is efficiently phosphorylated by casein kinase 1 ϵ (CK1ϵ) and that this phosphorylation requires the scaffolding protein Dishevelled (DVL). In an overexpression system, DVL1, -2, and -3 promoted CK1ϵ-mediated FZD6 phosphorylation on Ser-648. This DVL activity required an intact DEP domain and FZD-mediated recruitment of this domain to the cell membrane. Substitution of the CK1ϵ-targeted phosphomotif reduced FZD6 surface expression, suggesting that Ser-648 phosphorylation controls membrane trafficking of FZD6 Phospho-Ser-648 FZD6 immunoreactivity in human fallopian tube epithelium was predominantly apical, associated with cilia in a subset of epithelial cells, compared with the total FZD6 protein expression, suggesting that FZD6 phosphorylation contributes to asymmetric localization of receptor function within the cell and to epithelial polarity. Given the key role of FZD6 in planar cell polarity, our results raise the possibility that asymmetric phosphorylation of FZD6 rather than asymmetric protein distribution accounts for polarized receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Strakova
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.,Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Gybel
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Valnohova
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vishnu M Dhople
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jakub Harnos
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Bernatik
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ranjani Sri Ganji
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Zdrahal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Tomtebodavägen 16 17165 Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic,
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, .,Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Dong B, Vold S, Olvera-Jaramillo C, Chang H. Functional redundancy of frizzled 3 and frizzled 6 in planar cell polarity control of mouse hair follicles. Development 2018; 145:dev168468. [PMID: 30237242 PMCID: PMC10682934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of mouse hair follicles is controlled by the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Mutations in PCP genes result in two categories of hair mis-orientation phenotype: randomly oriented and vertically oriented to the skin surface. Here, we demonstrate that the randomly oriented hair phenotype observed in frizzled 6 (Fzd6) mutants results from a partial loss of the polarity, due to the functional redundancy of another closely related frizzled gene, Fzd3 Double knockout of Fzd3 and Fzd6 globally, or only in the skin, led to vertically oriented hair follicles and a total loss of anterior-posterior polarity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that, contrary to the prevailing model, asymmetrical localization of the Fzd6 protein is not observed in skin epithelial cells. Through transcriptome analyses and in vitro studies, we show collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) to be a potential downstream effector of Fzd6, but not of Fzd3. Cthrc1 binds directly to the extracellular domains of Fzd3 and Fzd6 to enhance the Wnt/PCP signaling. These results suggest that Fzd3 and Fzd6 play a redundant role in controlling the polarity of developing skin, but through non-identical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Samantha Vold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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11
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Elliott KL, Fritzsch B, Duncan JS. Evolutionary and Developmental Biology Provide Insights Into the Regeneration of Organ of Corti Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:252. [PMID: 30135646 PMCID: PMC6092489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evolution and development of organ of Corti hair cells with a focus on their molecular differences from vestibular hair cells. Such information is needed to therapeutically guide organ of Corti hair cell development in flat epithelia and generate the correct arrangement of different hair cell types, orientation of stereocilia, and the delayed loss of the kinocilium that are all essential for hearing, while avoiding driving hair cells toward a vestibular fate. Highlighting the differences from vestibular organs and defining what is known about the regulation of these differences will help focus future research directions toward successful restoration of an organ of Corti following long-term hair cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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12
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Abstract
The sensation of touch is mediated by mechanosensory neurons that are embedded in skin and relay signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. During embryogenesis, axons elongate from these neurons to make contact with the developing skin. Concurrently, the epithelium of skin transforms from a homogeneous tissue into a heterogeneous organ that is made up of distinct layers and microdomains. Throughout this process, each neuronal terminal must form connections with an appropriate skin region to serve its function. This Review presents current knowledge of the development of the sensory microdomains in mammalian skin and the mechanosensory neurons that innervate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair A Jenkins
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bailly E, Walton A, Borg JP. The planar cell polarity Vangl2 protein: From genetics to cellular and molecular functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:62-70. [PMID: 29111415 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the capacity of a tissue, typically, but not exclusively, an epithelium, to transmit directional information across the tissue plane such that its cellular constituents can differentiate, divide or move in a coordinated manner and along a common axis, generally orthogonal to the apical-basal axis. PCP relies on a core module of highly conserved proteins originally identified in Drosophila which can act intra- and extracellularly. In this review, we focus on the vertebrate ortholog of one of these core PCP components, namely the Vangl2 protein. After a brief historical perspective, we discuss novel cellular settings for which a cellular Vangl2 requirement has been recently documented, with a particular emphasis on adult tissues that rely on Vangl2 for the maintenance of their regenerative capacity or their physiological functions. Finally we compile the most recent data about Vangl2 interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bailly
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France.
| | - Alexandra Walton
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France.
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14
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Voloshanenko O, Gmach P, Winter J, Kranz D, Boutros M. Mapping of Wnt-Frizzled interactions by multiplex CRISPR targeting of receptor gene families. FASEB J 2017; 31:4832-4844. [PMID: 28733458 PMCID: PMC5636703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700144r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathway modules are often encoded by several closely related paralogous genes that can have redundant roles and are therefore difficult to analyze by loss-of-function analysis. A typical example is the Wnt signaling pathway, which in mammals is mediated by 19 Wnt ligands that can bind to 10 Frizzled (FZD) receptors. Although significant progress in understanding Wnt-FZD receptor interactions has been made in recent years, tools to generate systematic interaction maps have been largely lacking. Here we generated cell lines with multiplex mutant alleles of FZD1, FZD2, and FZD7 and demonstrate that these cells are unresponsive to canonical Wnt ligands. Subsequently, we performed genetic rescue experiments with combinations of FZDs and canonical Wnts to create a functional ligand–receptor interaction map. These experiments showed that whereas several Wnt ligands, such as Wnt3a, induce signaling through a broad spectrum of FZD receptors, others, such as Wnt8a, act through a restricted set of FZD genes. Together, our results map functional interactions of FZDs and 10 Wnt ligands and demonstrate how multiplex targeting by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 can be used to systematically elucidate the functions of multigene families.—Voloshanenko, O., Gmach, P., Winter, J., Kranz, D., Boutros, M. Mapping of Wnt-Frizzled interactions by multiplex CRISPR targeting of receptor gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Gmach
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Winter
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Kranz
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Obara N, Suzuki Y, Irie K, Shibata S. Expression of planar cell polarity genes during mouse tooth development. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:85-91. [PMID: 28734144 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the cell polarity across the tissue plane and controls various cell behaviors and structures. Although the expression of several PCP signaling components has been detected in tooth germs, knowledge of the gene expression patterns of these PCP components during tooth development remains incomplete. The aim of this study is to characterize the temporal and spatial changes in PCP gene expression during tooth development. DESIGN Expression of Celsr1 and 2, Fzd3 and 6, Vangl1 and 2, and Dvl1-3 genes was analyzed in mouse molar germs from the bud to the bell stage using in situ hybridization. RESULTS At the bud stage, all target genes were expressed in all areas of the tooth bud. In the enamel organ at the cap stage, expression of Fzd3 was suppressed in the enamel knot, whereas Fzd6 was strongly expressed there. Expression of Vangl2 was strongly expressed in the inner dental epithelium from the cap stage onwards. In the inner dental epithelium, strong expression of Fzd3, Dvl2 and Vangl2 was noted at the early bell stage, and of Celsr1, Fzd3, Fzd6, Vangl2 and Dvl2 at the bell stage. Furthermore, differentiated odontoblasts strongly expressed Celsr1, Vangl2, and Dvl2. CONCLUSION The gene expression patterns delineated in this study improve our understanding of the role(s) of PCP components during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Obara
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Yuko Suzuki
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Irie
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Cetera M, Leybova L, Woo FW, Deans M, Devenport D. Planar cell polarity-dependent and independent functions in the emergence of tissue-scale hair follicle patterns. Dev Biol 2017; 428:188-203. [PMID: 28599846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles of the mammalian epidermis display local order and global alignment, a complex pattern instructed by the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Here we address the contributions of core PCP genes, Van Gogh-like and Frizzled, to the establishment, local refinement, and global order of embryonic and postnatal hair follicles. We find that, similar to Fz6 mutants, the disordered hair patterns of Vangl2 mutants are refined over time and eventually corrected. In both mutants, we find that tissue-level reorientation occurs through locally coordinated follicle rotation at stereotyped locations. Strikingly, Vangl2 and Fz6 mutant follicles collectively rotate with opposing directionalities, suggesting that redundant core PCP signals contribute to their directed realignment. Consistently, global follicle alignment is not restored upon conditional ablation of both Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes. Instead, spatially distinct patterns of whorls and crosses emerge and persist even after a complete cycle of hair follicle regeneration. Thus, local refinement of hair follicles into higher order patterns can occur independently of the core PCP system, however, their global alignment with the body axes requires PCP function throughout morphogenesis, growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Cetera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Liliya Leybova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Frank W Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Deans
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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17
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Markovič R, Peltan J, Gosak M, Horvat D, Žalik B, Seguy B, Chauvel R, Malandain G, Couffinhal T, Duplàa C, Marhl M, Roux E. Planar cell polarity genes frizzled4 and frizzled6 exert patterning influence on arterial vessel morphogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171033. [PMID: 28253274 PMCID: PMC5333836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the vascular network anatomy is critical for the understanding of the vasculature structure and function. In this study, we have combined microcomputed tomography (microCT) and computational analysis to provide quantitative three-dimensional geometrical and topological characterization of the normal kidney vasculature, and to investigate how 2 core genes of the Wnt/planar cell polarity, Frizzled4 and Frizzled6, affect vascular network morphogenesis. Experiments were performed on frizzled4 (Fzd4-/-) and frizzled6 (Fzd6-/-) deleted mice and littermate controls (WT) perfused with a contrast medium after euthanasia and exsanguination. The kidneys were scanned with a high-resolution (16 μm) microCT imaging system, followed by 3D reconstruction of the arterial vasculature. Computational treatment includes decomposition of 3D networks based on Diameter-Defined Strahler Order (DDSO). We have calculated quantitative (i) Global scale parameters, such as the volume of the vasculature and its fractal dimension (ii) Structural parameters depending on the DDSO hierarchical levels such as hierarchical ordering, diameter, length and branching angles of the vessel segments, and (iii) Functional parameters such as estimated resistance to blood flow alongside the vascular tree and average density of terminal arterioles. In normal kidneys, fractal dimension was 2.07±0.11 (n = 7), and was significantly lower in Fzd4-/- (1.71±0.04; n = 4), and Fzd6-/- (1.54±0.09; n = 3) kidneys. The DDSO number was 5 in WT and Fzd4-/-, and only 4 in Fzd6-/-. Scaling characteristics such as diameter and length of vessel segments were altered in mutants, whereas bifurcation angles were not different from WT. Fzd4 and Fzd6 deletion increased vessel resistance, calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, for each DDSO, and decreased the density and the homogeneity of the distal vessel segments. Our results show that our methodology is suitable for 3D quantitative characterization of vascular networks, and that Fzd4 and Fzd6 genes have a deep patterning effect on arterial vessel morphogenesis that may determine its functional efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Markovič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Julien Peltan
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marko Gosak
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Denis Horvat
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Borut Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin Seguy
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Remi Chauvel
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thierry Couffinhal
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Duplàa
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
| | - Marko Marhl
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Etienne Roux
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yamashita S, Michiue T. Boundary propagation of planar cell polarity is robust against cell packing pattern. J Theor Biol 2016; 410:44-54. [PMID: 27647257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity is an important property of epithelial tissue. The boundary propagation model was proposed as the mechanism of PCP induction, while it has been doubted whether it can induce PCP on wide tissue. Using simulation, a set of proteins can be shown to induce PCP, but it does not explain why and how the set can induce PCP. In this study, we made theoretical model and simulation model to explore when and how the boundary propagation induce PCP. We incorporated multipolar cell in our model. Intracellular interactions have been thought to amplify polarity of a cell, but we propose instead that they are to keep a cell-cell interface polarized, and bipolarity of cell is obtained as a result. We show that the boundary propagation can propagate polarity as long as average size of local cell group is constant and levels of PCP proteins are balanced in every cell. Therefore, this model provide an explanation for PCP induction on a tissue with multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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19
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Wang Y, Williams J, Rattner A, Wu S, Bassuk AG, Goffinet AM, Nathans J. Patterning of papillae on the mouse tongue: A system for the quantitative assessment of planar cell polarity signaling. Dev Biol 2016; 419:298-310. [PMID: 27612405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal surface of the mouse tongue is covered by ~7000 papillae, asymmetric epithelial protrusions that are precisely oriented to create a stereotyped macroscopic pattern. Within the context of this large-scale pattern, neighboring papillae exhibit a high degree of local order that minimizes the differences in their orientations. We show here that the orientations of lingual papillae are under the control of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) genes Vangl1, Vangl2, and Celsr1. Using K14-Cre and Nkx2.5-Cre to induce conditional knockout of Vangl1 and/or Vangl2 in the tongue epithelium, we observe more severe disruptions to local order among papillae with inactivation of larger numbers of Vangl genes, a greater role for Vangl2 than Vangl1, and a more severe phenotype with the Vangl2 Looptail (Lp) allele than the Vangl2 null allele, consistent with a dominant negative mode of action of the Vangl2Lp allele. Interestingly, Celsr1-/- tongues show disruption of both local and global order, with many papillae in the anterior tongue showing a reversed orientation. To quantify each of these phenotypes, we have developed and applied three procedures for sampling the orientations of papillae and assessing the degree of order on different spatial scales. The experiments reported here establish the dorsal surface of the mouse tongue as a favorable system for studying PCP control of epithelial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andre M Goffinet
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain Medical School and WELBIO, B1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Frizzled proteins are the principal receptors for the Wnt family of ligands. They mediate canonical Wnt signaling together with Lrp5 and Lrp6 coreceptors. In conjunction with Celsr, Vangl, and a small number of additional membrane and membrane-associated proteins, they also play a central role in tissue polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Targeted mutations in 9 of the 10 mammalian Frizzled genes have revealed their roles in an extraordinarily diverse set of developmental and homeostatic processes, including morphogenetic movements responsible for palate, ventricular septum, ocular furrow, and neural tube closure; survival of thalamic neurons; bone formation; central nervous system (CNS) angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance; and a wide variety of processes that orient subcellular, cellular, and multicellular structures relative to the body axes. The last group likely reflects the mammalian equivalent of tissue polarity/PCP signaling, as defined in Drosophila, and it includes CNS axon guidance, hair follicle and tongue papilla orientation, and inner ear sensory hair bundle orientation. Frizzled receptors are ubiquitous among multicellular animals and, with other signaling molecules, they very likely evolved to permit the development of the complex tissue architectures that provide multicellular animals with their enormous selective advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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21
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Chang H, Smallwood PM, Williams J, Nathans J. The spatio-temporal domains of Frizzled6 action in planar polarity control of hair follicle orientation. Dev Biol 2015; 409:181-193. [PMID: 26517967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hair follicles cover most of the body surface and exhibit precise and stereotyped orientations relative to the body axes. Follicle orientation is controlled by the planar cell polarity (PCP; or, more generally, tissue polarity) system, as determined by the follicle mis-orientation phenotypes observed in mice with PCP gene mutations. The present study uses conditional knockout alleles of the PCP genes Frizzled6 (Fz6), Vangl1, and Vangl2, together with a series of Cre drivers to interrogate the spatio-temporal domains of PCP gene action in the developing mouse epidermis required for follicle orientation. Fz6 is required starting between embryonic day (E)11.5 and E12.5. Eliminating Fz6 in either the anterior or the posterior halves of the embryo or in either the feet or the torso leads to follicle mis-orientation phenotypes that are limited to the territories associated with Fz6 loss, implying either that PCP signaling is required for communicating polarity information on a local but not a global scale, or that there are multiple independent sources of global polarity information. Eliminating Fz6 in most hair follicle cells or in the inter-follicular epidermis at E15.5 suggests that PCP signaling in developing follicles is not required to maintain their orientation. The asymmetric arrangement of Merkel cells around the base of each guard hair follicle dependents on Fz6 expression in the epidermis but not in differentiating Merkel cells. These experiments constrain current models of PCP signaling and the flow of polarity information in mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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22
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Chang H, Cahill H, Smallwood PM, Wang Y, Nathans J. Identification of Astrotactin2 as a Genetic Modifier That Regulates the Global Orientation of Mammalian Hair Follicles. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005532. [PMID: 26418459 PMCID: PMC4587951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls the global orientation of surface structures, such as hairs and bristles, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In Frizzled6-/- (Fz6-/-) mice, hair follicle orientations on the head and back are nearly random at birth, but reorient during early postnatal development to eventually generate a nearly parallel anterior-to-posterior array. We report the identification of a naturally occurring exon 5 deletion in Astrotactin2 (Astn2) that acts as a recessive genetic modifier of the Fz6-/- hair patterning phenotype. A genetically engineered Astn2 exon 5 deletion recapitulates the modifier phenotype. In Fz6-/-;Astn2ex5del/del mice, hair orientation on the back is subtly biased from posterior-to-anterior, leading to a 180-degree orientation reversal in mature mice. These experiments suggest that Astn2, an endosomal membrane protein, modulates PCP signaling. Hair, feather, and scale patterns are a universal feature of vertebrate surface morphology. These patterns are under precise genetic control as seen by their species-specificity and by their alterations in different breeds of domesticated animals. The first clues to the mechanism of hair patterning in mammals came from genetic analyses of proteins that are homologous to a small set of Drosophila proteins that control patterning of bristles and hairs on the insect body surface and wings. The patterning process, referred to as planar cell polarity, involves a cell surface protein, Frizzled6, which is produced in skin and hair follicles. Following a chance observation that some Frizzled6 mutant mice exhibit an unusual hair pattern in which all of the hair follicles on the posterior half of the back have reversed orientations, we have identified a single spontaneous mutation that accounts for this reversal. The mutation removes a single coding exon from the gene coding for the membrane protein Astrotactin2. Interestingly, a closely related protein, Astrotactin1, has been implicated in directed neuronal migration along a glial substrate, suggesting a mechanistic connection between patterning mechanisms in skin and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugh Cahill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Hsi TC, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Pham K, Cho K, McCusker CD, Monuki ES, Cho KWY, Gay DL, Plikus MV. Principles and mechanisms of regeneration in the mouse model for wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:169-181. [PMID: 26504521 PMCID: PMC4617665 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) describes a regenerative phenomenon in adult mammalian skin wherein fully functional hair follicles regenerate de novo in the center of large excisional wounds. Originally described in rats, rabbits, sheep, and humans in 1940−1960, the WIHN phenomenon was reinvestigated in mice only recently. The process of de novo hair regeneration largely duplicates the morphological and signaling features of normal embryonic hair development. Similar to hair development, WIHN critically depends on the activation of canonical WNT signaling. However, unlike hair development, WNT activation in WIHN is dependent on fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling generated by the immune system's γδ T cells. The cellular bases of WIHN remain to be fully characterized; however, the available evidence leaves open the possibility for a blastema‐like mechanism wherein epidermal and/or dermal wound cells undergo epigenetic reprogramming toward a more plastic, embryonic‐like state. De novo hair follicles do not regenerate from preexisting hair‐fated bulge stem cells. This suggests that hair neogenesis is not driven by preexisting lineage‐restricted progenitors, as is the case for amputation‐induced mouse digit tip regeneration, but rather may require a blastema‐like mechanism. The WIHN model is characterized by several intriguing features, which await further explanation. These include (1) the minimum wound size requirement for activating neogenesis, (2) the restriction of hair neogenesis to the wound's center, and (3) imperfect patterning outcomes, both in terms of neogenic hair positioning within the wound and in terms of their orientation. Future enquiries into the WIHN process, made possible by a wide array of available skin‐specific genetic tools, will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the regeneration mechanisms in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim Pham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Catherine D McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- UMR 967, Cellules Souches et Radiations, CEA - INSERM - Universités Paris 7 et Paris 11, CEA/DSV/IRCM/SCSR/LRTS, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Leung V, Iliescu A, Jolicoeur C, Gravel M, Apuzzo S, Torban E, Cayouette M, Gros P. The planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 is required for retinal axon guidance. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:150-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Christine Jolicoeur
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Sergio Apuzzo
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine; McGill University Health Center; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
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25
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Yoshikawa M, Hirabayashi M, Ito R, Ozaki S, Aizawa S, Masuda T, Senzaki K, Shiga T. Contribution of the Runx1 transcription factor to axonal pathfinding and muscle innervation by hypoglossal motoneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1295-314. [PMID: 25762373 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The runt-related transcription factor Runx1 contributes to cell type specification and axonal targeting projections of the nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Runx1 is also expressed in the central nervous system, but little is known of its functions in brain development. At mouse embryonic day (E) 17.5, Runx1-positive neurons were detected in the ventrocaudal subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. Runx1-positive neurons lacked calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, whereas Runx1-negative neurons expressed CGRP. Expression of CGRP was not changed in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5, suggesting that Runx1 alone does not suppress CGRP expression. Hypoglossal axon projections to the intrinsic vertical (V) and transverse (T) tongue muscles were sparser in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5 compared to age-matched wild-type littermates. Concomitantly, vesicular acetylcholine transporter-positive axon terminals and acetylcholine receptor clusters were less dense in the V and T tongue muscles of Runx1-deficient mice. These abnormalities in axonal projection were not caused by a reduction in the total number hypoglossal neurons, failed synaptogenesis, or tongue muscles deficits. Our results implicate Runx1 in the targeting of ventrocaudal hypoglossal axons to specific tongue muscles. However, Runx1 deficiency did not alter neuronal survival or the expression of multiple motoneuron markers as in other neuronal populations. Thus, Runx1 appears to have distinct developmental functions in different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hirabayashi
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Ito
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ozaki
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Aizawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Masuda
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kouji Senzaki
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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