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Yim KM, Baumgartner M, Krenzer M, Rosales Larios MF, Hill-Terán G, Nottoli T, Muhle RA, Noonan JP. Cell type-specific dysregulation of gene expression due to Chd8 haploinsufficiency during mouse cortical development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.14.608000. [PMID: 39185167 PMCID: PMC11343218 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.14.608000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Disruptive variants in the chromodomain helicase CHD8 , which acts as a transcriptional regulator during neurodevelopment, are strongly associated with risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Loss of CHD8 function is hypothesized to perturb gene regulatory networks in the developing brain, thereby contributing to ASD etiology. However, insight into the cell type-specific transcriptional effects of CHD8 loss of function remains limited. We used single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to globally profile gene expression and identify dysregulated genes in the embryonic and juvenile wild type and Chd8 +/- mouse cortex, respectively. Chd8 and other ASD risk-associated genes showed a convergent expression trajectory that was largely conserved between the mouse and human developing cortex, increasing from the progenitor zones to the cortical plate. Genes associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and genes involved in neuron projection development, chromatin remodeling, signaling, and migration were dysregulated in Chd8 +/- embryonic day (E) 12.5 radial glia. Genes implicated in synaptic organization and activity were dysregulated in Chd8 +/- postnatal day (P) 25 deep- and upper-layer excitatory cortical neurons, suggesting a delay in synaptic maturation or impaired synaptogenesis due to CHD8 loss of function. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of transcriptional dysregulation in Chd8 +/- developing cortex, potentially with distinct biological impacts on progenitors and maturing neurons in the excitatory neuronal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Yim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Martina Krenzer
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Present address: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - María F. Rosales Larios
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Present address: Social Studies of Science and Technology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, School of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Hill-Terán
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Present address: Higher Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Institute of Biology, National University of Tucumán, T4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Timothy Nottoli
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Genome Editing Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Muhle
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Present address: New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James P. Noonan
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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2
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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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3
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Borisova E, Newman AG, Couce Iglesias M, Dannenberg R, Schaub T, Qin B, Rusanova A, Brockmann M, Koch J, Daniels M, Turko P, Jahn O, Kaplan DR, Rosário M, Iwawaki T, Spahn CMT, Rosenmund C, Meierhofer D, Kraushar ML, Tarabykin V, Ambrozkiewicz MC. Protein translation rate determines neocortical neuron fate. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4879. [PMID: 38849354 PMCID: PMC11161512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex comprises an enormous diversity regarding cell types, morphology, and connectivity. In this work, we discover a post-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation, protein translation, as a determinant of cortical neuron identity. We find specific upregulation of protein synthesis in the progenitors of later-born neurons and show that translation rates and concomitantly protein half-lives are inherent features of cortical neuron subtypes. In a small molecule screening, we identify Ire1α as a regulator of Satb2 expression and neuronal polarity. In the developing brain, Ire1α regulates global translation rates, coordinates ribosome traffic, and the expression of eIF4A1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Satb2 mRNA translation requires eIF4A1 helicase activity towards its 5'-untranslated region. Altogether, we show that cortical neuron diversity is generated by mechanisms operating beyond gene transcription, with Ire1α-safeguarded proteostasis serving as an essential regulator of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Borisova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Couce Iglesias
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rike Dannenberg
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theres Schaub
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Qin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rusanova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marisa Brockmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Koch
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieatou Daniels
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Turko
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marta Rosário
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Christian M T Spahn
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew L Kraushar
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mateusz C Ambrozkiewicz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Barão S, Xu Y, Llongueras JP, Vistein R, Goff L, Nielsen K, Bae BI, Smith RS, Walsh CA, Stein-O'Brien G, Müller U. BRN1/2 Function in Neocortical Size Determination and Microcephaly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565322. [PMID: 37961182 PMCID: PMC10635068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex differs vastly in size and complexity between mammalian species, yet the mechanisms that lead to an increase in brain size during evolution are not known. We show here that two transcription factors coordinate gene expression programs in progenitor cells of the neocortex to regulate their proliferative capacity and neuronal output in order to determine brain size. Comparative studies in mice, ferrets and macaques demonstrate an evolutionary conserved function for these transcription factors to regulate progenitor behaviors across the mammalian clade. Strikingly, the two transcriptional regulators control the expression of large numbers of genes linked to microcephaly suggesting that transcriptional deregulation as an important determinant of the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly, which is consistent with the finding that genetic manipulation of the two transcription factors leads to severe microcephaly.
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5
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Deng H, Tong S, Shen D, Zhang S, Fu Y. The characteristics of excitatory lineage differentiation and the developmental conservation in Reeler neocortex. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13587. [PMID: 38084819 PMCID: PMC11056708 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of neocortical projection neurons are generated indirectly from radial glial cells (RGCs) mediated by intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) in mice. IPCs are thought to be a great breakthrough in the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex. However, the precise ratio of neuron production from IPCs and characteristics of RGC differentiation process are still unclear. Our study revealed that direct neurogenesis was seldom observed and increased slightly at late embryonic stage. Besides, we conducted retrovirus sparse labelling combined carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester (CFSE) and Tbr2-CreER strain to reconstruct individual lineage tree in situ. The lineage trees simulated the output of RGCs at per round of division in sequence with high temporal, spatial and cellular resolution at P7. We then demonstrated that only 1.90% of neurons emanated from RGCs directly in mouse cerebral neocortex and 79.33% of RGCs contributed to the whole clones through IPCs. The contribution of indirect neurogenesis was underestimated previously because approximately a quarter of IPC-derived neurons underwent apoptosis. Here, we also showed that abundant IPCs from first-generation underwent self-renewing division and generated four neurons ultimately. We confirmed that the intermediate proliferative progenitors expressed higher Cux2 characteristically at early embryonic stage. Finally, we validated that the characteristics of neurogenetic process in lineages and developmental fate of neurons were conserved in Reeler mice. This study contributes to further understanding of neurogenesis in neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Huan Deng
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shi‐Yuan Tong
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Shen
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shu‐Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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6
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Andrews MG, Siebert C, Wang L, White ML, Ross J, Morales R, Donnay M, Bamfonga G, Mukhtar T, McKinney AA, Gemenes K, Wang S, Bi Q, Crouch EE, Parikshak N, Panagiotakos G, Huang E, Bhaduri A, Kriegstein AR. LIF signaling regulates outer radial glial to interneuron fate during human cortical development. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1382-1391.e5. [PMID: 37673072 PMCID: PMC10591955 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Radial glial (RG) development is essential for cerebral cortex growth and organization. In humans, the outer radial glia (oRG) subtype is expanded and gives rise to diverse neurons and glia. However, the mechanisms regulating oRG differentiation are unclear. oRG cells express leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF) receptors during neurogenesis, and consistent with a role in stem cell self-renewal, LIF perturbation impacts oRG proliferation in cortical tissue and organoids. Surprisingly, LIF treatment also increases the production of inhibitory interneurons (INs) in cortical cultures. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identifies that the enhanced IN population resembles INs produced in the caudal ganglionic eminence. To evaluate whether INs could arise from oRGs, we isolated primary oRG cells and cultured them with LIF. We observed the production of INs from oRG cells and an increase in IN abundance following LIF treatment. Our observations suggest that LIF signaling regulates the capacity of oRG cells to generate INs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Clara Siebert
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L White
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayden Ross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raul Morales
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Megan Donnay
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Gradi Bamfonga
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arpana Arjun McKinney
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kaila Gemenes
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qiuli Bi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Crouch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Neelroop Parikshak
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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8
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Sun YY, Chen WJ, Huang ZP, Yang G, Wu ML, Xu DE, Yang WL, Luo YC, Xiao ZC, Xu RX, Ma QH. TRIM32 Deficiency Impairs the Generation of Pyramidal Neurons in Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030449. [PMID: 35159260 PMCID: PMC8834167 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance (E/I) is a fundamental mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD). TRIM32 is a risk gene genetically associated with ASD. The absence of TRIM32 causes impaired generation of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, neural network hyperexcitability, and autism-like behavior in mice, emphasizing the role of TRIM32 in maintaining E/I balance, but despite the description of TRIM32 in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cultured mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the role of TRIM32 in cerebral cortical development, particularly in the production of excitatory pyramidal neurons, remains unknown. The present study observed that TRIM32 deficiency resulted in decreased numbers of distinct layer-specific cortical neurons and decreased radial glial cell (RGC) and intermediate progenitor cell (IPC) pool size. We further demonstrated that TRIM32 deficiency impairs self-renewal of RGCs and IPCs as indicated by decreased proliferation and mitosis. A TRIM32 deficiency also affects or influences the formation of cortical neurons. As a result, TRIM32-deficient mice showed smaller brain size. At the molecular level, RNAseq analysis indicated reduced Notch signalling in TRIM32-deficient mice. Therefore, the present study indicates a role for TRIM32 in pyramidal neuron generation. Impaired generation of excitatory pyramidal neurons may explain the hyperexcitability observed in TRIM32-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Sun
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China;
| | - Ze-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Lab Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214001, China;
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China;
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.-H.M.); (R.-X.X.)
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-H.M.); (R.-X.X.)
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9
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Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. From Cell States to Cell Fates: How Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Are Coordinated During Embryonic Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:781160. [PMID: 35046768 PMCID: PMC8761814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits an extraordinary diversity of neurons, with the right cell types and proportions at the appropriate sites. Thus, to produce brains with specific size and cell composition, the rates of proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated and balanced during development. Early on, proliferation dominates; later on, the growth rate almost ceases as more cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle. Generation of cell diversity and morphogenesis takes place concomitantly. In the vertebrate brain, this results in dramatic changes in the position of progenitor cells and their neuronal derivatives, whereas in the spinal cord morphogenetic changes are not so important because the structure mainly grows by increasing its volume. Morphogenesis is under control of specific genetic programs that coordinately unfold over time; however, little is known about how they operate and impact in the pools of progenitor cells in the CNS. Thus, the spatiotemporal coordination of these processes is fundamental for generating functional neuronal networks. Some key aims in developmental neurobiology are to determine how cell diversity arises from pluripotent progenitor cells, and how the progenitor potential changes upon time. In this review, we will share our view on how the advance of new technologies provides novel data that challenge some of the current hypothesis. We will cover some of the latest studies on cell lineage tracing and clonal analyses addressing the role of distinct progenitor cell division modes in balancing the rate of proliferation and differentiation during brain morphogenesis. We will discuss different hypothesis proposed to explain how progenitor cell diversity is generated and how they challenged prevailing concepts and raised new questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Reichard J, Zimmer-Bensch G. The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:776809. [PMID: 34803599 PMCID: PMC8595945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.776809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are characterized by diverse facets of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, differing in etiology, onset and severity. Such symptoms include mental delay, cognitive and language impairments, or restrictions to adaptive and social behavior. Nevertheless, all have in common that critical milestones of brain development are disrupted, leading to functional deficits of the central nervous system and clinical manifestation in child- or adulthood. To approach how the different development-associated neuropathologies can occur and which risk factors or critical processes are involved in provoking higher susceptibility for such diseases, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying proper brain formation is required. NDDs rely on deficits in neuronal identity, proportion or function, whereby a defective development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, is implicated in numerous disorders. Such deficits can be provoked by genetic and environmental factors during corticogenesis. Thereby, epigenetic mechanisms can act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome, since they are known to be responsive to external stimuli also in cortical neurons. In line with that, DNA methylation, histone modifications/variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuronal development, and alterations in epigenomic marks have been associated with NDDs of varying phenotypes. Here, we provide an overview of essential steps of mammalian corticogenesis, and discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms assumed to contribute to pathophysiological aspects of NDDs, when being disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichard
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Ding SL, Royall JJ, Lesnar P, Facer BAC, Smith KA, Wei Y, Brouner K, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Ebbert A, Glass IA, Keller NH, Lee F, Lemon TA, Nyhus J, Pendergraft J, Reid R, Sarreal M, Shapovalova NV, Szafer A, Phillips JW, Sunkin SM, Hohmann JG, Jones AR, Hawrylycz MJ, Hof PR, Ng L, Bernard A, Lein ES. Cellular resolution anatomical and molecular atlases for prenatal human brains. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:6-503. [PMID: 34525221 PMCID: PMC8716522 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interest in studies of prenatal human brain development, particularly using new single‐cell genomics and anatomical technologies to create cell atlases, creates a strong need for accurate and detailed anatomical reference atlases. In this study, we present two cellular‐resolution digital anatomical atlases for prenatal human brain at postconceptional weeks (PCW) 15 and 21. Both atlases were annotated on sequential Nissl‐stained sections covering brain‐wide structures on the basis of combined analysis of cytoarchitecture, acetylcholinesterase staining, and an extensive marker gene expression dataset. This high information content dataset allowed reliable and accurate demarcation of developing cortical and subcortical structures and their subdivisions. Furthermore, using the anatomical atlases as a guide, spatial expression of 37 and 5 genes from the brains, respectively, at PCW 15 and 21 was annotated, illustrating reliable marker genes for many developing brain structures. Finally, the present study uncovered several novel developmental features, such as the lack of an outer subventricular zone in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, and the apparent extension of both cortical (excitatory) and subcortical (inhibitory) progenitors into the prenatal olfactory bulb. These comprehensive atlases provide useful tools for visualization, segmentation, targeting, imaging, and interpretation of brain structures of prenatal human brain, and for guiding and interpreting the next generation of cell census and connectome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | | | - Yina Wei
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98105
| | - Nika H Keller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | - Robert Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | | | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | | | | | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 11029
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109
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12
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Parthasarathy S, Srivatsa S, Weber AI, Gräber N, Britanova OV, Borisova E, Bessa P, Ambrozkiewicz MC, Rosário M, Tarabykin V. TrkC-T1, the Non-Catalytic Isoform of TrkC, Governs Neocortical Progenitor Fate Specification by Inhibition of MAP Kinase Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5470-5486. [PMID: 34259839 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical projection neurons are generated by neural progenitor cells (NPCs) within the ventricular and subventricular zone. While early NPCs can give rise to both deep and upper layer neurons, late progenitors are restricted to upper layer neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation potential of early versus late NPCs are unknown. Here, we report a novel function for TrkC-T1, the non-catalytic isoform of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC, that is distinct from TrkC-TK+, the full-length isoform. We provide direct evidence that TrkC-T1 regulates the switch in NPC fate from deep to upper layer neuron production. Elevated levels of TrkC-T1 in early NPCs promote the generation of deep layer neurons. Conversely, downregulation of TrkC-T1 in these cells promotes upper layer neuron fate. Furthermore, we show that TrkC-T1 exerts this control by interaction with the signaling adaptor protein ShcA. TrkC-T1 prevents the phosphorylation of Shc and the downstream activation of the MAP kinase (Erk1/2) pathway. In vivo manipulation of the activity of ShcA or Erk1/2, directly affects cortical neuron cell fate. We thus show that the generation of upper layer neurons by late progenitors is dependent on the downregulation of TrkC-T1 in late progenitor cells and the resulting activation of the ShcA/Erk1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Parthasarathy
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Swathi Srivatsa
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - A Ioana Weber
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gräber
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Olga V Britanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117871, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Paraskevi Bessa
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Mateusz C Ambrozkiewicz
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Marta Rosário
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117, Germany
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13
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Sokpor G, Rosenbusch J, Kunwar AJ, Rickmann M, Tuoc T, Rizzoli SO, Tarabykin V, von Mollard GF, Krieglstein K, Staiger JF. Ablation of Vti1a/1b Triggers Neural Progenitor Pool Depletion and Cortical Layer 5 Malformation in Late-embryonic Mouse Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 463:303-316. [PMID: 33774122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical morphogenesis entails several neurobiological events, including proliferation and differentiation of progenitors, migration of neuroblasts, and neuronal maturation leading to functional neural circuitry. These neurodevelopmental processes are delicately regulated by many factors. Endosomal SNAREs have emerged as formidable modulators of neuronal growth, aside their well-known function in membrane/vesicular trafficking. However, our understanding of their influence on cortex formation is limited. Here, we report that the SNAREs Vti1a and Vti1b (Vti1a/1b) are critical for proper cortical development. Following null mutation of Vti1a/1b in mouse, the late-embryonic mutant cortex appeared dysgenic, and the cortical progenitors therein were depleted beyond normal. Notably, cortical layer 5 (L5) is distinctively disorganized in the absence of Vti1a/1b. The latter defect, coupled with an overt apoptosis of Ctip2-expressing L5 neurons, likely contributed to the substantial loss of corticospinal and callosal projections in the Vti1a/1b-deficient mouse brain. These findings suggest that Vti1a/1b serve key neurodevelopmental functions during cortical histogenesis, which when mechanistically elucidated, can lend clarity to how endosomal SNAREs regulate brain development, or how their dysfunction may have implications for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ajaya J Kunwar
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Michael Rickmann
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Centre, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novogorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Hes1 overexpression leads to expansion of embryonic neural stem cell pool and stem cell reservoir in the postnatal brain. Development 2021; 148:dev.189191. [PMID: 33531431 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics during mammalian neocortical development, resulting in the production of various neurons and glial cells, and remain in the postnatal brain as a source of adult neurogenesis. Notch-Hes signaling is a key regulator of stem cell properties in the developing and postnatal brain, and Hes1 is a major effector that strongly inhibits neuronal differentiation and maintains NSCs. To manipulate Hes1 expression levels in NSCs, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice using the Tet-On system. In Hes1-overexpressing Tg mice, NSCs were maintained in both embryonic and postnatal brains, and generation of later-born neurons was prolonged until later stages in the Tg neocortex. Hes1 overexpression inhibited the production of Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells but instead promoted the generation of basal radial glia-like cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) at late embryonic stages. Furthermore, Hes1-overexpressing Tg mice exhibited the expansion of NSCs and enhanced neurogenesis in the SVZ of adult brain. These results indicate that Hes1 overexpression expanded the embryonic NSC pool and led to the expansion of the NSC reservoir in the postnatal and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan .,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Bartkowska K, Tepper B, Gawda A, Jarosik M, Sobolewska P, Turlejski K, Djavadian RL. Inhibition of TrkB- and TrkC-Signaling Pathways Affects Neurogenesis in the Opossum Developing Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3666-3675. [PMID: 30272136 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the blockage of TrkB and TrkC signaling in primary culture of opossum neocortical cells affects neurogenesis that involves a range of processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Here, we studied whether TrkB and TrkC activity specifically affects various types of progenitor cell populations during neocortex formation in the Monodelphis opossum in vivo. We found that the inhibition of TrkB and TrkC activities affects the same proliferative cellular phenotype, but TrkC causes more pronounced changes in the rate of cell divisions. Additionally, inhibition of TrkB and TrkC does not affect apoptosis in vivo, which was found in cell culture experiments. The lack of TrkB and TrkC receptor activity caused the arrest of newly generated neurons; therefore, they could not penetrate the subplate zone. We suggest that at this time point in development, migration consists of 2 steps. During the initial step, neurons migrate and reach the base of the subplate, whereas during the next step the migration of neurons to their final position is regulated by TrkB or TrkC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Tepper
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Gawda
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Jarosik
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Sobolewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
| | - R L Djavadian
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Guillamon-Vivancos T, Tyler WA, Medalla M, Chang WWE, Okamoto M, Haydar TF, Luebke JI. Distinct Neocortical Progenitor Lineages Fine-tune Neuronal Diversity in a Layer-specific Manner. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1121-1138. [PMID: 29415216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How the variety of neurons that organize into neocortical layers and functional areas arises is a central question in the study of cortical development. While both intrinsic and extrinsic cues are known to influence this process, whether distinct neuronal progenitor groups contribute to neuron diversity and allocation is poorly understood. Using in vivo genetic fate-mapping combined with whole-cell patch clamp recording, we show that the firing pattern and apical dendritic morphology of excitatory neurons in layer 4 of the barrel cortex are specified in part by their neural precursor lineage. Further, we show that separate precursors contribute to unique features of barrel cortex topography including the intralaminar position and thalamic innervation of the neurons they generate. Importantly, many of these lineage-specified characteristics are different from those previously measured for pyramidal neurons in layers 2-3 of the frontal cortex. Collectively, our data elucidate a dynamic temporal program in neuronal precursors that fine-tunes the properties of their progeny according to the lamina of destination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne Wei-En Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Cárdenas A, Borrell V. Molecular and cellular evolution of corticogenesis in amniotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1435-1460. [PMID: 31563997 PMCID: PMC11104948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex varies dramatically in size and complexity between amniotes due to differences in neuron number and composition. These differences emerge during embryonic development as a result of variations in neurogenesis, which are thought to recapitulate modifications occurred during evolution that culminated in the human neocortex. Here, we review work from the last few decades leading to our current understanding of the evolution of neurogenesis and size of the cerebral cortex. Focused on specific examples across vertebrate and amniote phylogeny, we discuss developmental mechanisms regulating the emergence, lineage, complexification and fate of cortical germinal layers and progenitor cell types. At the cellular level, we discuss the fundamental impact of basal progenitor cells and the advent of indirect neurogenesis on the increased number and diversity of cortical neurons and layers in mammals, and on cortex folding. Finally, we discuss recent work that unveils genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this progressive expansion and increased complexity of the amniote cerebral cortex during evolution, with a particular focus on those leading to human-specific features. Whereas new genes important in human brain development emerged the recent hominid lineage, regulation of the patterns and levels of activity of highly conserved signaling pathways are beginning to emerge as mechanisms of central importance in the evolutionary increase in cortical size and complexity across amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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19
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Johnson CA, Ghashghaei HT. Sp2 regulates late neurogenic but not early expansive divisions of neural stem cells underlying population growth in the mouse cortex. Development 2020; 147:dev186056. [PMID: 32001437 PMCID: PMC7044455 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the switch from self-amplification of cortical stem cells to neuronal and glial generation are incompletely understood, despite their importance for neural development. Here, we have investigated the role of the transcription factor specificity protein 2 (Sp2) in expansive and neurogenic divisions of the developing cerebral cortex by combining conditional genetic deletion with the mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) system in mice. We find that loss of Sp2 in progenitors undergoing neurogenic divisions results in prolonged mitosis due to extension of early mitotic stages. This disruption is correlated with depletion of the populations of upper layer neurons in the cortex. In contrast, early cortical neural stem cells proliferate and expand normally in the absence of Sp2. These results indicate a stage-specific requirement for Sp2 in neural stem and progenitor cells, and reveal mechanistic differences between the early expansive and later neurogenic periods of cortical development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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20
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Lv X, Ren SQ, Zhang XJ, Shen Z, Ghosh T, Xianyu A, Gao P, Li Z, Lin S, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Groszer M, Shi SH. TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit organization via Protocadherin 19 in the mammalian cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3946. [PMID: 31477701 PMCID: PMC6718393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex expansion is a hallmark of mammalian brain evolution; yet, how increased neurogenesis is coordinated with structural and functional development remains largely unclear. The T-box protein TBR2/EOMES is preferentially enriched in intermediate progenitors and supports cortical neurogenesis expansion. Here we show that TBR2 regulates fine-scale spatial and circuit organization of excitatory neurons in addition to enhancing neurogenesis in the mouse cortex. TBR2 removal leads to a significant reduction in neuronal, but not glial, output of individual radial glial progenitors as revealed by mosaic analysis with double markers. Moreover, in the absence of TBR2, clonally related excitatory neurons become more laterally dispersed and their preferential synapse development is impaired. Interestingly, TBR2 directly regulates the expression of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19), and simultaneous PCDH19 expression rescues neurogenesis and neuronal organization defects caused by TBR2 removal. Together, these results suggest that TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit assembly via PCDH19 in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Si-Qiang Ren
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin-Jun Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhongfu Shen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Anjin Xianyu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthias Groszer
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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21
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Curt JR, Yaghmaeian Salmani B, Thor S. Anterior CNS expansion driven by brain transcription factors. eLife 2019; 8:45274. [PMID: 31271353 PMCID: PMC6634974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During CNS development, there is prominent expansion of the anterior region, the brain. In Drosophila, anterior CNS expansion emerges from three rostral features: (1) increased progenitor cell generation, (2) extended progenitor cell proliferation, (3) more proliferative daughters. We find that tailless (mouse Nr2E1/Tlx), otp/Rx/hbn (Otp/Arx/Rax) and Doc1/2/3 (Tbx2/3/6) are important for brain progenitor generation. These genes, and earmuff (FezF1/2), are also important for subsequent progenitor and/or daughter cell proliferation in the brain. Brain TF co-misexpression can drive brain-profile proliferation in the nerve cord, and can reprogram developing wing discs into brain neural progenitors. Brain TF expression is promoted by the PRC2 complex, acting to keep the brain free of anti-proliferative and repressive action of Hox homeotic genes. Hence, anterior expansion of the Drosophila CNS is mediated by brain TF driven ‘super-generation’ of progenitors, as well as ‘hyper-proliferation’ of progenitor and daughter cells, promoted by PRC2-mediated repression of Hox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodriguez Curt
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
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22
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Hevner RF. Intermediate progenitors and Tbr2 in cortical development. J Anat 2019; 235:616-625. [PMID: 30677129 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors (IPs) are transit amplifying cells that specifically express Tbr2 (gene: Eomes), a T-box transcription factor. IPs are derived from radial glia (RG) progenitors, the neural stem cells of developing cortex. In turn, IPs generate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) exclusively. IPs are found in ventricular and subventricular zones, where they differentiate as distinct ventricular IP (vIP) and outer IP (oIP) subtypes. Morphologically, IPs have short processes, resembling filopodia or neurites, that transiently contact other cells, most importantly dividing RG cells to mediate Delta-Notch signaling. Also, IPs secrete a chemokine, Cxcl12, which guides interneuron and microglia migrations and promotes thalamocortical axon growth. In mice, IPs produce clones of 1-12 PNs, sometimes spanning multiple layers. After mitosis, IP daughter cells undergo asymmetric cell death in the majority of instances. In mice, Tbr2 is necessary for PN differentiation and subtype specification, and to repress IP-genic transcription factors. Tbr2 directly represses Insm1, an IP-genic transcription factor gene, as well as Pax6, a key activator of Tbr2 transcription. Without Tbr2, abnormal IPs transiently accumulate in elevated numbers. More broadly, Tbr2 regulates the transcriptome by activating or repressing hundreds of direct target genes. Notably, Tbr2 'unlocks' and activates PN-specific genes, such as Tbr1, by recruiting Jmjd3, a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that removes repressive epigenetic marks placed by polycomb repressive complex 2. IPs have played an important role in the evolution and gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex, and TBR2 is essential for human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Neuronal connectivity in the cortex is determined by the laminar positioning of neurons. An important determinant of laminar positioning is likely to be the control of leading process behavior during migration, maintaining their tips directed toward the pia. In this study, we provide evidence that pial bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling regulates cortical neuronal migration during cortical layer formation. Specific disruption of pial Bmp ligands impaired the positioning of early-born neurons in the deep layer; further, cell-autonomous inhibition of Smad4, a core nuclear factor mediating Bmp signaling, in the cortical radial glial cells or postmitotic cortical neurons also produced neuronal migration defects that blurred the cortical layers. We found that leading processes were abnormal and that this was accompanied by excess dephosphorylated cofilin-1, an actin-severing protein, in Smad4 mutant neurons. This suggested that regulation of cofilin-1 might transduce Bmp signaling in the migrating neurons. Ectopic expression of a phosphorylation-defective form of cofilin-1 in the late-born wild-type neurons led them to stall in the deep layer, similar to the Smad4 mutant neurons. Expression of a phosphomimetic variant of cofilin-1 in the Smad4 mutant neurons rescued the migration defects. This suggests that cofilin-1 activity underlies Bmp-mediated cortical neuronal migration. This study shows that cofilin-1 mediates pial Bmp signaling during the positioning of cortical neurons and the formation of cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Kalebic N, Gilardi C, Albert M, Namba T, Long KR, Kostic M, Langen B, Huttner WB. Human-specific ARHGAP11B induces hallmarks of neocortical expansion in developing ferret neocortex. eLife 2018; 7:e41241. [PMID: 30484771 PMCID: PMC6303107 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary increase in size and complexity of the primate neocortex is thought to underlie the higher cognitive abilities of humans. ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene that, based on its expression pattern in fetal human neocortex and progenitor effects in embryonic mouse neocortex, has been proposed to have a key function in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Here, we study the effects of ARHGAP11B expression in the developing neocortex of the gyrencephalic ferret. In contrast to its effects in mouse, ARHGAP11B markedly increases proliferative basal radial glia, a progenitor cell type thought to be instrumental for neocortical expansion, and results in extension of the neurogenic period and an increase in upper-layer neurons. Consequently, the postnatal ferret neocortex exhibits increased neuron density in the upper cortical layers and expands in both the radial and tangential dimensions. Thus, human-specific ARHGAP11B can elicit hallmarks of neocortical expansion in the developing ferret neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Milos Kostic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Barbara Langen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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25
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Srikanth P, Lagomarsino VN, Pearse RV, Liao M, Ghosh S, Nehme R, Seyfried N, Eggan K, Young-Pearse TL. Convergence of independent DISC1 mutations on impaired neurite growth via decreased UNC5D expression. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:245. [PMID: 30410030 PMCID: PMC6224395 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of convergent phenotypes in different models of psychiatric illness highlights robust phenotypes that are more likely to be implicated in disease pathophysiology. Here, we utilize human iPSCs harboring distinct mutations in DISC1 that have been found in families with major mental illness. One mutation was engineered to mimic the consequences on DISC1 protein of a balanced translocation linked to mental illness in a Scottish pedigree; the other mutation was identified in an American pedigree with a high incidence of mental illness. Directed differentiation of these iPSCs using NGN2 expression shows rapid conversion to a homogenous population of mature excitatory neurons. Both DISC1 mutations result in reduced DISC1 protein expression, and show subtle effects on certain presynaptic proteins. In addition, RNA sequencing and qPCR showed decreased expression of UNC5D, DPP10, PCDHA6, and ZNF506 in neurons with both DISC1 mutations. Longitudinal analysis of neurite outgrowth revealed decreased neurite outgrowth in neurons with each DISC1 mutation, which was mimicked by UNC5D knockdown and rescued by transient upregulation of endogenous UNC5D. This study shows a narrow range of convergent phenotypes of two mutations found in families with major mental illness, and implicates dysregulated netrin signaling in DISC1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Srikanth
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Valentina N. Lagomarsino
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Richard V. Pearse
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Meichen Liao
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sulagna Ghosh
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Nicholas Seyfried
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Tracy L. Young-Pearse
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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26
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Uzquiano A, Gladwyn-Ng I, Nguyen L, Reiner O, Götz M, Matsuzaki F, Francis F. Cortical progenitor biology: key features mediating proliferation versus differentiation. J Neurochem 2018; 146:500-525. [PMID: 29570795 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure whose development depends on diverse progenitor cell types, namely apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors, and basal radial glia cells, which are responsible for the production of the correct neuronal output. In recent years, these progenitor cell types have been deeply studied, particularly basal radial glia and their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. We review here a broad series of factors that regulate progenitor behavior and daughter cell fate. We first describe the different neuronal progenitor types, emphasizing the differences between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species. We then review key factors shown to influence progenitor proliferation versus differentiation, discussing their roles in progenitor dynamics, neuronal production, and potentially brain size and complexity. Although spindle orientation has been considered a critical factor for mode of division and daughter cell output, we discuss other features that are emerging as crucial for these processes such as organelle and cell cycle dynamics. Additionally, we highlight the importance of adhesion molecules and the polarity complex for correct cortical development. Finally, we briefly discuss studies assessing progenitor multipotency and its possible contribution to the production of specific neuronal populations. This review hence summarizes recent aspects of cortical progenitor cell biology, and pinpoints emerging features critical for their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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27
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Sigl-Glöckner J, Brecht M. Polyploidy and the Cellular and Areal Diversity of Rat Cortical Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2575-2583. [PMID: 28903039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, polyploidy, in which an increase in nuclear DNA content is accompanied by an increase in cell size, contributes to cellular diversity. In the rat visual cortex, most neurons are small and homogeneous in size, while layer 5 cells are heterogeneous, containing some very large neurons. To measure DNA content, we quantified nuclear chromocenters and integrated DNA/DAPI fluorescence. The results suggest that most cortical neurons, non-neuronal cells, parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and large entorhinal layer 2 stellate projection neurons are diploid. In contrast, chromocenter counts and integrated fluorescence are ∼2-fold higher for some excitatory neurons in layer 5, suggesting that large Ctip2-negative and Ctip2-positive layer 5 neurons might be tetraploid. The distribution of putatively tetraploid neurons differed between areas and showed sharp borders aligned with functional subdivisions of the somatosensory cortex. Telomere counting and flow cytometry supported layer 5 polyploidy. We conclude that polyploidy contributes to cellular and areal diversity of rat cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sigl-Glöckner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Gorelik A, Sapir T, Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Complement C3 Affects Rac1 Activity in the Developing Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:150. [PMID: 29867343 PMCID: PMC5949353 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, which is part of the innate immune response system, has been recently shown to participate in multiple key processes in the developing brain. Here we aimed to elucidate downstream signaling responses linking complement C3, a key molecule of the pathway, to small GTPases, known to affect the cytoskeleton. The expression pattern of the activated small GTPase Rac1 resembled that of complement C3. C3-deficient mice exhibited reduced Rac1 and elevated RhoA activity in comparison with control mice. The most pronounced reduction of Rac1 activity occurred at embryonic day 14. Rac1 has been implicated in neuronal migration as well as neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Consistent with the reduction in Rac1 activity, the expression of phospho-cofilin, decreased in migrating neurons. Reduced Rac1-GTP was also correlated with a decrease in the expression of progenitor markers (Nestin, Pax6 and Tbr2) and conversely the expression of neuronal markers (Dcx and NeuN) increased in C3 knockout (KO) cortices in comparison with wild-type (WT) cortices. More specifically, C3 deficiency resulted in a reduction in the number of the cells in S-phase and an elevation in the number of cells that precociously exited the cell cycle. Collectively, our findings suggest that C3 impacts the activity of small GTPases resulting in cell cycle defects and premature neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorelik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihi Ben-Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Mukhtar T, Taylor V. Untangling Cortical Complexity During Development. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518759332. [PMID: 29551911 PMCID: PMC5846925 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518759332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of morphologically and functionally distinct neurons. These neurons are produced and organized in a regimental fashion during development. The ability of neurons to encode and elicit complex cognitive and motor functions depends on their precise molecular processes, identity, and connectivity established during development. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate development of the neocortex has been a challenge for many years. The cerebral cortical neuronal subtypes are classified based on morphology, function, intrinsic synaptic properties, location, connectivity, and marker gene expression. Development of the neocortex requires an orchestration of a series of processes including the appropriate determination, migration and positioning of the neurons, acquisition of layer-specific transcriptional hallmarks, and formation of precise axonal projections and networks. Historically, fate mapping, genome-wide analysis, and transcriptome profiling have provided many opportunities for the characterization of neuronal subtypes. During the course of this review, we will address the regimental organization of the cerebral cortex, dissect the cellular subtypes that contribute to cortical complexity, and outline their molecular hallmarks to understand cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex with a focus on the excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Govindan S, Jabaudon D. Coupling progenitor and neuronal diversity in the developing neocortex. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3960-3977. [PMID: 28895133 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is composed of several types of glutamatergic neurons, which are sequentially born from progenitors during development. The extent and nature of progenitor diversity, and how it relates to neuronal diversity, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key features of neocortical progenitors across several species, including their morphological properties, cell cycling behaviour and molecular signatures, and how these features relate to the competence of these cells to generate distinct types of progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Haushalter C, Asselin L, Fraulob V, Dollé P, Rhinn M. Retinoic acid controls early neurogenesis in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 430:129-141. [PMID: 28790015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A tight regulation of neuron production is required to generate a functional cerebral cortex and is achieved by a proper balance between proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Though the vitamin A (retinol) active derivative retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as one of the signals acting during mammalian forebrain neurogenesis, its function at the onset of neurogenesis as well as during establishment of cortical layers and neuronal subtypes remains elusive. One limitation is that murine mutants for genes encoding key enzymes involved in RA synthesis die during early embryonic development. We analysed corticogenesis in Rdh10 null mutants, in which an RA deficiency is generated as the intracellular retinol to retinaldehyde conversion is abolished. When analysed at the latest stage before lethality occurs (embryonic day [E]13.5), the mutants show smaller telencephalic vesicles and the thickness of their cortical plate is strongly reduced. The first progenitors formed in the cortical plate are radial glial (RG) cells which generate neurons either directly, or through an indirect mechanism involving the production of intermediate neuronal progenitors (INPs) which then give rise to neurons. We show that in absence of RA, the RG progenitors proliferate less and prematurely produce neurons, leading to their depletion at E11.5. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that lack of RA impairs the generation of INPs at E13.5 and affects the cell cycle exit of progenitor cells during corticogenesis, altogether leading to a deficit in projection neurons and to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Haushalter
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Asselin
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Fraulob
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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33
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Fame RM, Dehay C, Kennedy H, Macklis JD. Subtype-Specific Genes that Characterize Subpopulations of Callosal Projection Neurons in Mouse Identify Molecularly Homologous Populations in Macaque Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1817-1830. [PMID: 26874185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Callosal projection neurons (CPN) interconnect the neocortical hemispheres via the corpus callosum and are implicated in associative integration of multimodal information. CPN have undergone differential evolutionary elaboration, leading to increased diversity of cortical neurons-and more extensive and varied connections in neocortical gray and white matter-in primates compared with rodents. In mouse, distinct sets of genes are enriched in discrete subpopulations of CPN, indicating the molecular diversity of rodent CPN. Elements of rodent CPN functional and organizational diversity might thus be present in the further elaborated primate cortex. We address the hypothesis that genes controlling mouse CPN subtype diversity might reflect molecular patterns shared among mammals that arose prior to the divergence of rodents and primates. We find that, while early expression of the examined CPN-enriched genes, and postmigratory expression of these CPN-enriched genes in deep layers are highly conserved (e.g., Ptn, Nnmt, Cited2, Dkk3), in contrast, the examined genes expressed by superficial layer CPN show more variable levels of conservation (e.g., EphA3, Chn2). These results suggest that there has been evolutionarily differential retraction and elaboration of superficial layer CPN subpopulations between mouse and macaque, with independent derivation of novel populations in primates. Together, these data inform future studies regarding CPN subpopulations that are unique to primates and rodents, and indicate putative evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Colette Dehay
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Wu ZQ, Li D, Huang Y, Chen XP, Huang W, Liu CF, Zhao HQ, Xu RX, Cheng M, Schachner M, Ma QH. Caspr Controls the Temporal Specification of Neural Progenitor Cells through Notch Signaling in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1369-1385. [PMID: 26740489 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of layer-specific neurons and astrocytes by radial glial cells during development of the cerebral cortex follows a precise temporal sequence, which is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The molecular mechanisms controlling the timely generation of layer-specific neurons and astrocytes remain not fully understood. In this study, we show that the adhesion molecule contactin-associated protein (Caspr), which is involved in the maintenance of the polarized domains of myelinated axons, is essential for the timing of generation of neurons and astrocytes in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Caspr is expressed by radial glial cells, which are neural progenitor cells that generate both neurons and astrocytes. Absence of Caspr in neural progenitor cells delays the production cortical neurons and induces precocious formation of cortical astrocytes, without affecting the numbers of progenitor cells. At the molecular level, Caspr cooperates with the intracellular domain of Notch to repress transcription of the Notch effector Hes1. Suppression of Notch signaling via a Hes1 shRNA rescues the abnormal neurogenesis and astrogenesis in Caspr-deficient mice. These findings establish Caspr as a novel key regulator that controls the temporal specification of cell fate in radial glial cells of the developing cerebral cortex through Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Di Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xi-Ping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg D-66421, Germany
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - He-Qing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Beijing Military Hospital, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
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35
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Guo Y, Zhang P, Sheng Q, Zhao S, Hackett TA. lncRNA expression in the auditory forebrain during postnatal development. Gene 2016; 593:201-216. [PMID: 27544636 PMCID: PMC5034298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological processes governing brain development and maturation depend on complex patterns of gene and protein expression, which can be influenced by many factors. One of the most overlooked is the long noncoding class of RNAs (lncRNAs), which are known to play important regulatory roles in an array of biological processes. Little is known about the distribution of lncRNAs in the sensory systems of the brain, and how lncRNAs interact with other mechanisms to guide the development of these systems. In this study, we profiled lncRNA expression in the mouse auditory forebrain during postnatal development at time points before and after the onset of hearing (P7, P14, P21, adult). First, we generated lncRNA profiles of the primary auditory cortex (A1) and medial geniculate body (MG) at each age. Then, we determined the differential patterns of expression by brain region and age. These analyses revealed that the lncRNA expression profile was distinct between both brain regions and between each postnatal age, indicating spatial and temporal specificity during maturation of the auditory forebrain. Next, we explored potential interactions between functionally-related lncRNAs, protein coding RNAs (pcRNAs), and associated proteins. The maturational trajectories (P7 to adult) of many lncRNA - pcRNA pairs were highly correlated, and predictive analyses revealed that lncRNA-protein interactions tended to be strong. A user-friendly database was constructed to facilitate inspection of the expression levels and maturational trajectories for any lncRNA or pcRNA in the database. Overall, this study provides an in-depth summary of lncRNA expression in the developing auditory forebrain and a broad-based foundation for future exploration of lncRNA function during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Dept. of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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36
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Intermediate Progenitor Cohorts Differentially Generate Cortical Layers and Require Tbr2 for Timely Acquisition of Neuronal Subtype Identity. Cell Rep 2016; 16:92-105. [PMID: 27320921 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate progenitors (IPs) amplify the production of pyramidal neurons, but their role in selective genesis of cortical layers or neuronal subtypes remains unclear. Using genetic lineage tracing in mice, we find that IPs destined to produce upper cortical layers first appear early in corticogenesis, by embryonic day 11.5. During later corticogenesis, IP laminar fates are progressively limited to upper layers. We examined the role of Tbr2, an IP-specific transcription factor, in laminar fate regulation using Tbr2 conditional mutant mice. Upon Tbr2 inactivation, fewer neurons were produced by immediate differentiation and laminar fates were shifted upward. Genesis of subventricular mitoses was, however, not reduced in the context of a Tbr2-null cortex. Instead, neuronal and laminar differentiation were disrupted and delayed. Our findings indicate that upper-layer genesis depends on IPs from many stages of corticogenesis and that Tbr2 regulates the tempo of laminar fate implementation for all cortical layers.
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37
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Tonchev AB, Tuoc TC, Rosenthal EH, Studer M, Stoykova A. Zbtb20 modulates the sequential generation of neuronal layers in developing cortex. Mol Brain 2016; 9:65. [PMID: 27282384 PMCID: PMC4901408 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During corticogenesis, genetic programs encoded in progenitor cells at different developmental stages and inherited in postmitotic neurons specify distinct layer and area identities. Transcription factor Zbtb20 has been shown to play a role for hippocampal development but whether it is implicated in mammalian neocortical morphogenesis remains unknown. Results Here, we report that during embyogenesis transcription factor Zbtb20 has a dynamic spatio-temporal expression pattern in mitotic cortical progenitors through which it modulates the sequential generation of cortical neuronal layer identities. Zbtb20 knock out mice exhibited enhanced populations of early born L6-L4 neuronal subtypes and a dramatic reduction of the late born L3/L2 neurons. This defect was due to a temporal misbalance in the production of earlier versus later born neurons, leading to a progressive diminishing of the progenitor pool for the generation of L3-L2 neurons. Zbtb20 implements these temporal effects in part by binding to promoter of the orphan nuclear receptor CoupTF1/Nr2f1. In addition to its effects exerted in cortical progenitors, the postmitotic expression of Zbtb20 in L3/L2 neurons starting at birth may contribute to their proper differentiation and migration. Conclusions Our findings reveal Zbtb20 as a novel temporal regulator for the generation of layer-specific neuronal identities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0242-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton B Tonchev
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Tran Cong Tuoc
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eva H Rosenthal
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Michèle Studer
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, F-06108, Nice, France.,Inserm, iBV, U1091, F-06108, Nice, France
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
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38
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Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9745315. [PMID: 27069486 PMCID: PMC4812498 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9745315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is essential for our higher cognitive functions and emotional reasoning. Arguably, this brain structure is the distinguishing feature of our species, and yet our remarkable cognitive capacity has seemingly come at a cost to the regenerative capacity of the human brain. Indeed, the capacity for regeneration and neurogenesis of the brains of vertebrates has declined over the course of evolution, from fish to rodents to primates. Nevertheless, recent evidence supporting the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain raises new questions about the biological significance of adult neurogenesis in relation to ageing and the possibility that such endogenous sources of NSCs might provide therapeutic options for the treatment of brain injury and disease. Here, we highlight recent insights and perspectives on NSCs within both the developing and adult cerebral cortex. Our review of NSCs during development focuses upon the diversity and therapeutic potential of these cells for use in cellular transplantation and in the modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we describe the cellular and molecular characteristics of NSCs within the adult brain and strategies to harness the therapeutic potential of these cell populations in the treatment of brain injury and disease.
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39
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Cunningham CL, Camacho J, Keiter JA, Ariza J, Lovern M, Noctor SC. Evolutionary origin of Tbr2-expressing precursor cells and the subventricular zone in the developing cortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:433-47. [PMID: 26267763 PMCID: PMC4843790 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is greatly expanded in primates with gyrencephalic cortices and is thought to be absent from vertebrates with three-layered, lissencephalic cortices, such as the turtle. Recent work in rodents has shown that Tbr2-expressing neural precursor cells in the SVZ produce excitatory neurons for each cortical layer in the neocortex. Many excitatory neurons are generated through a two-step process in which Pax6-expressing radial glial cells divide in the VZ to produce Tbr2-expressing intermediate progenitor cells, which divide in the SVZ to produce cortical neurons. We investigated the evolutionary origin of SVZ neural precursor cells in the prenatal cerebral cortex by testing for the presence and distribution of Tbr2-expressing cells in the prenatal cortex of reptilian and avian species. We found that mitotic Tbr2(+) cells are present in the prenatal cortex of lizard, turtle, chicken, and dove. Furthermore, Tbr2(+) cells are organized into a distinct SVZ in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of turtle forebrain and in the cortices of chicken and dove. Our results are consistent with the concept that Tbr2(+) neural precursor cells were present in the common ancestor of mammals and reptiles. Our data also suggest that the organizing principle guiding the assembly of Tbr2(+) cells into an anatomically distinct SVZ, both developmentally and evolutionarily, may be shared across vertebrates. Finally, our results indicate that Tbr2 expression can be used to test for the presence of a distinct SVZ and to define the boundaries of the SVZ in developing cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | | | - Jasmin Camacho
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Janet A Keiter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Matthew Lovern
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
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40
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Montiel JF, Vasistha NA, Garcia-Moreno F, Molnár Z. From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:630-45. [PMID: 26234252 PMCID: PMC4832283 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the mammalian neocortex (isocortex) has been a persisting problem in neurobiology. While recent studies have attempted to understand the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex from rodents, similar approaches have been used to study the changes between reptiles, birds, and mammals. We review here findings from the past decades on the development, organization, and gene expression patterns in various extant species. This review aims to compare cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types to the elaboration of progenitor populations and their proliferation in these species. Several progenitors, such as the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors, and the subventricular (outer) radial glia, have been identified but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages, their possible roles in determining brain size or cortical folding, are not yet understood. Across species, larger, more diverse progenitors relate to cortical size and cell diversity. The challenge is to relate the radial and tangential expansion of the neocortex to the changes in the proliferative compartments during mammalian evolution and with the changes in gene expression and lineages evident in various sectors of the developing brain. We also review the use of recent lineage tracing and transcriptomic approaches to revisit theories and to provide novel understanding of molecular processes involved in specification of cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Montiel
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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41
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Rowe TB, Shepherd GM. Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:471-95. [PMID: 25975561 PMCID: PMC4898483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of mammals and their extinct relatives among cynodonts give evidence of correlated transformations affecting olfaction as well as mastication, head movement, and ventilation, and suggest evolutionary coupling of these seemingly separate anatomical regions into a larger integrated system of ortho-retronasal olfaction. Evidence from paleontology and physiology suggests that ortho-retronasal olfaction played a critical role at three stages of mammalian cortical evolution: early mammalian brain development was driven in part by ortho-retronasal olfaction; the bauplan for neocortex had higher-level association functions derived from olfactory cortex; and human cortical evolution was enhanced by ortho-retronasal smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712 USA
| | - Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510 USA
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42
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Perez-Garcia CG, O'Leary DDM. Formation of the Cortical Subventricular Zone Requires MDGA1-Mediated Aggregation of Basal Progenitors. Cell Rep 2016; 14:560-571. [PMID: 26776515 PMCID: PMC4731247 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) provides a specialized neurogenic microenvironment for proliferation and aggregation of basal progenitors (BPs). Our study reveals a mechanism for the aggregation of BPs within the SVZ required for their proliferation and generation of cortical layer neurons. The autism-related IgCAM, MDGA1, is locally expressed in the BP cell membrane where it co-localizes and complexes with the gap junction protein Connexin43. To address MDGA1 function, we created a floxed allele of MDGA1 and deleted it from BPs. MDGA1 deletion results in reduced BP proliferation and size of the SVZ, with an aberrant population of BPs ectopically positioned in the cortical plate. These defects are manifested in diminished production of cortical layer neurons and a significant reduction of the cortical layers. We conclude that MDGA1 functions to aggregate and maintain BPs within the SVZ providing the neurogenic niche required for their proliferation and generation of cortical layer neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis D M O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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43
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Riar AK, Narasimhan M, Rathinam ML, Henderson GI, Mahimainathan L. Ethanol induces cytostasis of cortical basal progenitors. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:6. [PMID: 26786850 PMCID: PMC4717586 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing brain is a major target for alcohol’s actions and neurological/functional abnormalities include microencephaly, reduced frontal cortex, mental retardation and attention-deficits. Previous studies have shown that ethanol altered the lateral ventricular neuroepithelial cell proliferation. However, the effect of ethanol on subventricular basal progenitors which generate majority of the cortical layers is not known. Methods We utilized spontaneously immortalized rat brain neuroblasts obtained from cultures of 18-day-old fetal rat cerebral cortices using in vitro ethanol exposures and an in utero binge model. In the in vitro acute model, cells were exposed to 86 mM ethanol for 8, 12 and 24 h. The second in vitro model comprised of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure which consisted of 14 h of ethanol treatment followed by 10 h of withdrawal with three repetitions. Results E18 neuroblasts expressing Tbr2 representing immature basal progenitors displayed significant reduction of proliferation in response to ethanol in both the models. The decreased proliferation was accompanied by absence of apoptosis or autophagy as illustrated by FACS analysis and expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers. The BrdU incorporation assay indicated that ethanol enhanced the accumulation of cells at G1 with reduced cell number in S phase. In addition, the ethanol-inhibited basal neuroblasts proliferation was connected to decrease in cyclin D1 and Rb phosphorylation indicating cell cycle arrest. Further, in utero ethanol exposure in pregnant rats during E15-E18 significantly decreased Tbr2 and cyclin D1 positive cell number in cerebral cortex of embryos as assessed by cell sorting analysis by flow cytometry. Conclusions Altogether, the current findings demonstrate that ethanol impacts the expansion of basal progenitors by inducing cytostasis that might explain the anomalies of cortico-cerebral development associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0225-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanjot Kaur Riar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Mary Latha Rathinam
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - George I Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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44
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Okado H. Molecular Pathways Underlying Projection Neuron Production and Migration during Cerebral Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26733777 PMCID: PMC4682034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex originate from radial glia (RG) progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ). During corticogenesis, neuroblasts migrate toward the pial surface using two different migration modes. One is multipolar (MP) migration with random directional movement, and the other is locomotion, which is a unidirectional movement guided by the RG fiber. After reaching their final destination, the neurons finalize their migration by terminal translocation, which is followed by maturation via dendrite extension to initiate synaptogenesis and thereby complete neural circuit formation. This switching of migration modes during cortical development is unique in mammals, which suggests that the RG-guided locomotion mode may contribute to the evolution of the mammalian neocortical 6-layer structure. Many factors have been reported to be involved in the regulation of this radial neuronal migration process. In general, the radial migration can be largely divided into four steps; (1) maintenance and departure from the VZ of neural progenitor cells, (2) MP migration and transition to bipolar cells, (3) RG-guided locomotion, and (4) terminal translocation and dendrite maturation. Among these, many different gene mutations or knockdown effects have resulted in failure of the MP to bipolar transition (step 2), suggesting that it is a critical step, particularly in radial migration. Moreover, this transition occurs at the subplate layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary aspects of neuronal migration in corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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Ypsilanti AR, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:609-29. [PMID: 26304102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the cortex is an elaborate process that integrates a plethora of finely tuned molecular processes ranging from carefully regulated gradients of transcription factors, dynamic changes in the chromatin landscape, or formation of protein complexes to elicit and regulate transcription. Combined with cellular processes such as cell type specification, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of these developmental processes result in the establishment of an adult mammalian cortex with its typical lamination and regional patterning. By examining in-depth the role of one transcription factor, Pax6, on the regulation of cortical development, its integration in the regulation of chromatin state, and its regulation by cis-regulatory elements, we aim to demonstrate the importance of integrating each level of regulation in our understanding of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athéna R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Inoue M, Iwai R, Yamanishi E, Yamagata K, Komabayashi-Suzuki M, Honda A, Komai T, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Watanabe C, Teshima W, Mizutani KI. Deletion of Prdm8 impairs development of upper-layer neocortical neurons. Genes Cells 2015; 20:758-70. [PMID: 26283595 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Upper-layer (UL) neocortical neurons are the most prominent distinguishing features of the mammalian neocortex compared with those of the avian dorsal cortex and are vastly expanded in primates. However, little is known about the identities of the genes that control the specification of UL neurons. Here, we found that Prdm8, a member of the PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology) domain protein family, was specifically expressed in the postnatal UL neocortex, particular those in late-born RORß-positive layer IV neurons. We generated homozygous Prdm8 knockout (Prdm8 KO) mice and found that the deletion of Prdm8 causes growth retardation and a reduced brain weight, although the brain weight-to-body weight ratio is unchanged at postnatal day 8 (P8). Immunohistochemistry showed that the relative UL thickness, but not the thickness of the deep layer (DL), was significantly reduced in Prdm8 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, we found that a number of late-born Brn2-positive UL neurons were significantly decreased in Prdm8 KO mice. To identify genes regulated by Prdm8 during neocortical development, we compared expression profiling analysis in Prdm8 KO and WT mice, and identified some candidate genes. These results suggest that the proper expression of Prdm8 is required for the normal development and construction of UL neurons in the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan.,Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwai
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamanishi
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamagata
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Mariko Komabayashi-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Aya Honda
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Tae Komai
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chisato Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Waka Teshima
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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Toma K, Hanashima C. Switching modes in corticogenesis: mechanisms of neuronal subtype transitions and integration in the cerebral cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:274. [PMID: 26321900 PMCID: PMC4531338 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the cerebral cortex requires the activation of diverse neurons across layers and columns, which are established through the coordinated production of distinct neuronal subtypes and their placement along the three-dimensional axis. Over recent years, our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the specification and integration of neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex has progressed rapidly. In this review, we address how the unique cytoarchitecture of the neocortex is established from a limited number of progenitors featuring neuronal identity transitions during development. We further illuminate the molecular mechanisms of the subtype-specific integration of these neurons into the cerebral cortex along the radial and tangential axis, and we discuss these key features to exemplify how neocortical circuit formation accomplishes economical connectivity while maintaining plasticity and evolvability to adapt to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Toma
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan ; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
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Luzzati F. A hypothesis for the evolution of the upper layers of the neocortex through co-option of the olfactory cortex developmental program. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:162. [PMID: 26029038 PMCID: PMC4429232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is unique to mammals and its evolutionary origin is still highly debated. The neocortex is generated by the dorsal pallium ventricular zone, a germinative domain that in reptiles give rise to the dorsal cortex. Whether this latter allocortical structure contains homologs of all neocortical cell types it is unclear. Recently we described a population of DCX+/Tbr1+ cells that is specifically associated with the layer II of higher order areas of both the neocortex and of the more evolutionary conserved piriform cortex. In a reptile similar cells are present in the layer II of the olfactory cortex and the DVR but not in the dorsal cortex. These data are consistent with the proposal that the reptilian dorsal cortex is homologous only to the deep layers of the neocortex while the upper layers are a mammalian innovation. Based on our observations we extended these ideas by hypothesizing that this innovation was obtained by co-opting a lateral and/or ventral pallium developmental program. Interestingly, an analysis in the Allen brain atlas revealed a striking similarity in gene expression between neocortical layers II/III and piriform cortex. We thus propose a model in which the early neocortical column originated by the superposition of the lateral olfactory and dorsal cortex. This model is consistent with the fossil record and may account not only for the topological position of the neocortex, but also for its basic cytoarchitectural and hodological features. This idea is also consistent with previous hypotheses that the peri-allocortex represents the more ancient neocortical part. The great advances in deciphering the molecular logic of the amniote pallium developmental programs will hopefully enable to directly test our hypotheses in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Luzzati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Orbassano, Truin, Italy
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50
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Hutsler JJ, Casanova MF. Review: Cortical construction in autism spectrum disorder: columns, connectivity and the subplate. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:115-34. [PMID: 25630827 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes protracted maturation during human development and exemplifies how biology and environment are inextricably intertwined in the construction of complex neural circuits. Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by a number of pathological changes arising from this developmental process. These include: (i) alterations to columnar structure that have significant implications for the organization of cortical circuits and connectivity; (ii) alterations to synaptic spines on individual cortical units that may underlie specific types of connectional changes; and (iii) alterations within the cortical subplate, a region that plays a role in proper cortical development and in regulating interregional communication in the mature brain. Although the cerebral cortex is not the only structure affected in the disorder, it is a fundamental contributor to the behaviours that characterize autism. These alterations to cortical circuitry likely underlie the behavioural phenotype in autism and contribute to the unique pattern of deficits and strengths that characterize cognitive functioning. Recent findings within the cortical subplate may indicate that alterations to cortical construction begin prenatally, before activity-dependent connections are established, and are in need of further study. A better understanding of cortical development in autism spectrum disorders will draw bridges between the microanatomical computational circuitry and the atypical behaviours that arise when that circuitry is modified. In addition, it will allow us to better exploit the constructional plasticity within the brain to design more targeted interventions that better manage atypical cortical construction and that can be applied very early in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hutsler
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Manuel F Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
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