1
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Hu ZL, Wilson-Sánchez D, Bhatia N, Rast-Somssich MI, Wu A, Vlad D, McGuire L, Nikolov LA, Laufs P, Gan X, Laurent S, Runions A, Tsiantis M. A CUC1/auxin genetic module links cell polarity to patterned tissue growth and leaf shape diversity in crucifer plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321877121. [PMID: 38905239 PMCID: PMC11214078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321877121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
How tissue-level information encoded by fields of regulatory gene activity is translated into the patterns of cell polarity and growth that generate the diverse shapes of different species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this problem in the case of leaf shape differences between Arabidopsis thaliana, which has simple leaves, and its relative Cardamine hirsuta that has complex leaves divided into leaflets. We show that patterned expression of the transcription factor CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 in C. hirsuta (ChCUC1) is a key determinant of leaf shape differences between the two species. Through inducible genetic perturbations, time-lapse imaging of growth, and computational modeling, we find that ChCUC1 provides instructive input into auxin-based leaf margin patterning. This input arises via transcriptional regulation of multiple auxin homeostasis components, including direct activation of WAG kinases that are known to regulate the polarity of PIN-FORMED auxin transporters. Thus, we have uncovered a mechanism that bridges biological scales by linking spatially distributed and species-specific transcription factor expression to cell-level polarity and growth, to shape diverse leaf forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Liang Hu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - David Wilson-Sánchez
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Neha Bhatia
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Madlen I. Rast-Somssich
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Anhui Wu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Daniela Vlad
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Liam McGuire
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Lachezar A. Nikolov
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles78000, France
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne50829, Germany
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2
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Li XM, Jenke H, Strauss S, Bazakos C, Mosca G, Lymbouridou R, Kierzkowski D, Neumann U, Naik P, Huijser P, Laurent S, Smith RS, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Cell-cycle-linked growth reprogramming encodes developmental time into leaf morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:541-556.e15. [PMID: 38244542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
How is time encoded into organ growth and morphogenesis? We address this question by investigating heteroblasty, where leaf development and form are modified with progressing plant age. By combining morphometric analyses, fate-mapping through live-imaging, computational analyses, and genetics, we identify age-dependent changes in cell-cycle-associated growth and histogenesis that underpin leaf heteroblasty. We show that in juvenile leaves, cell proliferation competence is rapidly released in a "proliferation burst" coupled with fast growth, whereas in adult leaves, proliferative growth is sustained for longer and at a slower rate. These effects are mediated by the SPL9 transcription factor in response to inputs from both shoot age and individual leaf maturation along the proximodistal axis. SPL9 acts by activating CyclinD3 family genes, which are sufficient to bypass the requirement for SPL9 in the control of leaf shape and in heteroblastic reprogramming of cellular growth. In conclusion, we have identified a mechanism that bridges across cell, tissue, and whole-organism scales by linking cell-cycle-associated growth control to age-dependent changes in organ geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jenke
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Purva Naik
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Kelly-Bellow R, Lee K, Kennaway R, Barclay JE, Whibley A, Bushell C, Spooner J, Yu M, Brett P, Kular B, Cheng S, Chu J, Xu T, Lane B, Fitzsimons J, Xue Y, Smith RS, Whitewoods CD, Coen E. Brassinosteroid coordinates cell layer interactions in plants via cell wall and tissue mechanics. Science 2023; 380:1275-1281. [PMID: 37347863 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Growth coordination between cell layers is essential for development of most multicellular organisms. Coordination may be mediated by molecular signaling and/or mechanical connectivity between cells, but how genes modify mechanical interactions between layers is unknown. Here we show that genes driving brassinosteroid synthesis promote growth of internal tissue, at least in part, by reducing mechanical epidermal constraint. We identified a brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf mutant in the aquatic plant Utricularia gibba with twisted internal tissue, likely caused by mechanical constraint from a slow-growing epidermis. We tested this hypothesis by showing that a brassinosteroid mutant in Arabidopsis enhances epidermal crack formation, indicative of increased tissue stress. We propose that by remodeling cell walls, brassinosteroids reduce epidermal constraint, showing how genes can control growth coordination between layers by means of mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kelly-Bellow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Karen Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard Kennaway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J Elaine Barclay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Claire Bushell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jamie Spooner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Baldeep Kular
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shujing Cheng
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Fitzsimons
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christopher D Whitewoods
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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4
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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5
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Peng Z, Alique D, Xiong Y, Hu J, Cao X, Lü S, Long M, Wang Y, Wabnik K, Jiao Y. Differential growth dynamics control aerial organ geometry. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4854-4868.e5. [PMID: 36272403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How gene activities and biomechanics together direct organ shapes is poorly understood. Plant leaf and floral organs develop from highly similar initial structures and share similar gene expression patterns, yet they gain drastically different shapes later-flat and bilateral leaf primordia and radially symmetric floral primordia, respectively. We analyzed cellular growth patterns and gene expression in young leaves and flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana and found significant differences in cell growth rates, which correlate with convergence sites of phytohormone auxin that require polar auxin transport. In leaf primordia, the PRESSED-FLOWER-expressing middle domain grows faster than adjacent adaxial domain and coincides with auxin convergence. In contrast, in floral primordia, the LEAFY-expressing domain shows accelerated growth rates and pronounced auxin convergence. This distinct cell growth dynamics between leaf and flower requires changes in levels of cell-wall pectin de-methyl-esterification and mechanical properties of the cell wall. Data-driven computer model simulations at organ and cellular levels demonstrate that growth differences are central to obtaining distinct organ shape, corroborating in planta observations. Together, our study provides a mechanistic basis for the establishment of early aerial organ symmetries through local modulation of differential growth patterns with auxin and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daniel Alique
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
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6
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From genes to shape in leaf development and evolution. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1215-R1222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Vafa F, Mahadevan L. Active Nematic Defects and Epithelial Morphogenesis. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:098102. [PMID: 36083666 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.098102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by recent experiments that highlight the role of nematic defects in the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues, we develop a minimal framework to study the dynamics of an active curved surface driven by its nematic texture. Allowing the surface to evolve via relaxational dynamics leads to a theory linking nematic defect dynamics, cellular division rates, and Gaussian curvature. Regions of large positive (negative) curvature and positive (negative) growth are colocalized with the presence of positive (negative) defects. In an ex-vivo setting of cultured murine neural progenitor cells, we show that our framework is consistent with the observed cell accumulation at positive defects and depletion at negative defects. In an in-vivo setting, we show that the defect configuration consisting of a bound +1 defect state, which is stabilized by activity, surrounded by two -1/2 defects can create a stationary ring configuration of tentacles, consistent with observations of a basal marine invertebrate Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Vafa
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Center of Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Departments of Physics, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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8
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Mendieta-Serrano MA, Dhar S, Ng BH, Narayanan R, Lee JJY, Ong HT, Toh PJY, Röllin A, Roy S, Saunders TE. Slow muscles guide fast myocyte fusion to ensure robust myotome formation despite the high spatiotemporal stochasticity of fusion events. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2095-2110.e5. [PMID: 36027918 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis is dynamic, and it involves cell-shape changes together with cell fusion and rearrangements. However, the final muscle arrangement is highly organized with striated fibers. By combining live imaging with quantitative analyses, we dissected fast-twitch myocyte fusion within the zebrafish myotome in toto. We found a strong mediolateral bias in fusion timing; however, at a cellular scale, there was heterogeneity in cell shape and the relationship between initial position of fast myocytes and resulting fusion partners. We show that the expression of the fusogen myomaker is permissive, but not instructive, in determining the spatiotemporal fusion pattern. Rather, we observed a close coordination between slow muscle rearrangements and fast myocyte fusion. In mutants that lack slow fibers, the spatiotemporal fusion pattern is substantially noisier. We propose a model in which slow muscles guide fast myocytes by funneling them close together, enhancing fusion probability. Thus, despite fusion being highly stochastic, a robust myotome structure emerges at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunandan Dhar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Boon Heng Ng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Rachna Narayanan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jorge J Y Lee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Pearlyn Jia Ying Toh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Adrian Röllin
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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9
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Le Gloanec C, Collet L, Silveira SR, Wang B, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Cell type-specific dynamics underlie cellular growth variability in plants. Development 2022; 149:276118. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Coordination of growth, patterning and differentiation is required for shaping organs in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell growth is controlled by positional information, yet the behavior of individual cells is often highly heterogeneous. The origin of this variability is still unclear. Using time-lapse imaging, we determined the source and relevance of cellular growth variability in developing organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that growth is more heterogeneous in the leaf blade than in the midrib and petiole, correlating with higher local differences in growth rates between neighboring cells in the blade. This local growth variability coincides with developing stomata. Stomatal lineages follow a specific, time-dependent growth program that is different from that of their surroundings. Quantification of cellular dynamics in the leaves of a mutant lacking stomata, as well as analysis of floral organs, supports the idea that growth variability is mainly driven by stomata differentiation. Thus, the cell-autonomous behavior of specialized cells is the main source of local growth variability in otherwise homogeneously growing tissue. Those growth differences are buffered by the immediate neighbors of stomata and trichomes to achieve robust organ shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Gloanec
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Loann Collet
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
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10
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Liu S, Strauss S, Adibi M, Mosca G, Yoshida S, Dello Ioio R, Runions A, Andersen TG, Grossmann G, Huijser P, Smith RS, Tsiantis M. Cytokinin promotes growth cessation in the Arabidopsis root. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1974-1985.e3. [PMID: 35354067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis root offers good opportunities to investigate how regulated cellular growth shapes different tissues and organs, a key question in developmental biology. Along the root's longitudinal axis, cells sequentially occupy different developmental states. Proliferative meristematic cells give rise to differentiating cells, which rapidly elongate in the elongation zone, then mature and stop growing in the differentiation zone. The phytohormone cytokinin contributes to this zonation by positioning the boundary between the meristem and the elongation zone, called the transition zone. However, the cellular growth profile underlying root zonation is not well understood, and the cellular mechanisms that mediate growth cessation remain unclear. By using time-lapse imaging, genetics, and computational analysis, we analyze the effect of cytokinin on root zonation and cellular growth. We found that cytokinin promotes growth cessation in the distal (shootward) elongation zone in conjunction with accelerating the transition from elongation to differentiation. We estimated cell-wall stiffness by using osmotic treatment experiments and found that cytokinin-mediated growth cessation is associated with cell-wall stiffening and requires the action of an auxin influx carrier, AUX1. Our measurement of growth and cell-wall mechanical properties at a cellular resolution reveal mechanisms via which cytokinin influences cell behavior to shape tissue patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanda Liu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Milad Adibi
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Physics Department, Technical University Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1/I, 85748 Garching b. Munich, Germany
| | - Saiko Yoshida
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma, Sapienza, via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tonni Grube Andersen
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute for Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Morón-García O, Garzón-Martínez GA, Martínez-Martín MJP, Brook J, Corke FMK, Doonan JH, Camargo Rodríguez AV. Genetic architecture of variation in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263985. [PMID: 35171969 PMCID: PMC8849614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosette morphology across Arabidopsis accessions exhibits considerable variation. Here we report a high-throughput phenotyping approach based on automatic image analysis to quantify rosette shape and dissect the underlying genetic architecture. Shape measurements of the rosettes in a core set of Recombinant Inbred Lines from an advanced mapping population (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross or MAGIC) derived from inter-crossing 19 natural accessions. Image acquisition and analysis was scaled to extract geometric descriptors from time stamped images of growing rosettes. Shape analyses revealed heritable morphological variation at early juvenile stages and QTL mapping resulted in over 116 chromosomal regions associated with trait variation within the population. Many QTL linked to variation in shape were located near genes related to hormonal signalling and signal transduction pathways while others are involved in shade avoidance and transition to flowering. Our results suggest rosette shape arises from modular integration of sub-organ morphologies and can be considered a functional trait subjected to selective pressures of subsequent morphological traits. On an applied aspect, QTLs found will be candidates for further research on plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odín Morón-García
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Gina A. Garzón-Martínez
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - M. J. Pilar Martínez-Martín
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Brook
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. K. Corke
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Doonan
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AVCR); (JHD)
| | - Anyela V. Camargo Rodríguez
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AVCR); (JHD)
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12
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Silveira SR, Le Gloanec C, Gómez-Felipe A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Live-imaging provides an atlas of cellular growth dynamics in the stamen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:769-781. [PMID: 34618064 PMCID: PMC8825458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms is a complex process involving precise coordination of growth among individual cells. Understanding organogenesis requires measurements of cellular behaviors over space and time. In plants, such a quantitative approach has been successfully used to dissect organ development in both leaves and external floral organs, such as sepals. However, the observation of floral reproductive organs is hampered as they develop inside tightly closed floral buds, and are therefore difficult to access for imaging. We developed a confocal time-lapse imaging method, applied here to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which allows full quantitative characterization of the development of stamens, the male reproductive organs. Our lineage tracing reveals the early specification of the filament and the anther. Formation of the anther lobes is associated with a temporal increase of growth at the lobe surface that correlates with intensive growth of the developing locule. Filament development is very dynamic and passes through three distinct phases: (1) initial intense, anisotropic growth, and high cell proliferation; (2) restriction of growth and proliferation to the filament proximal region; and (3) resumption of intense and anisotropic growth, displaced to the distal portion of the filament, without cell proliferation. This quantitative atlas of cellular growth dynamics provides a solid framework for future studies into stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Silveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Constance Le Gloanec
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
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13
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Signatures of selection in recently domesticated macadamia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:242. [PMID: 35017544 PMCID: PMC8752631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macadamia is a high value nut crop that is recently domesticated, ideal for testing the effect of artificial selection. Here, we sequence the genome of Hawaiian cultivar ‘Kau’ and assemble into 794 Mb in 14 pseudo-chromosomes with 37,728 genes. Genome analysis reveals a whole-genome duplication event, occurred 46.8 million years ago. Gene expansions occurred in gene families involves in fatty acid biosynthesis. Gene duplication of MADS-Box transcription factors in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis are relevant for seed coat development. Genome re-sequencing of 112 accessions reveals the origin of Hawaiian cultivars from Mount Bauple in southeast Queensland in Australia. Selective sweeps are detected in macadamia cultivars, including genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, seed coat development, and heat stress response. Such strong effects of artificial selection in few generations reveals the genomic basis for ‘one-step operation’ for clonal crop domestication. The knowledge gained could accelerate domestication of new crops from wild species. Macadamia is a recently domesticated nut crop. Here, the authors report the genome assembly of Hawaiian cultivar ‘Kau’ and conduct population genomic analyses to reveal the origin of Hawaiian cultivars and the genomic basis for one-step operation for the clonal crop domestication.
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14
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Bhatia N, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Leaf Shape Diversity: From Genetic Modules to Computational Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:325-356. [PMID: 34143649 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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15
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Xiong Y, Wu B, Du F, Guo X, Tian C, Hu J, Lü S, Long M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Jiao Y. A crosstalk between auxin and brassinosteroid regulates leaf shape by modulating growth anisotropy. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33722761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shape is highly variable within and among plant species, ranging from slender to oval shaped. This is largely determined by the proximodistal axis of growth. However, little is known about how proximal-distal growth is controlled to determine leaf shape. Here, we show that Arabidopsis leaf and sepal proximodistal growth is tuned by two phytohormones. Two class A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), ARF6 and ARF8, activate the transcription of DWARF4, which encodes a key brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic enzyme. At the cellular level, the phytohormones promote more directional cell expansion along the proximodistal axis, as well as final cell sizes. BRs promote the demethyl-esterification of cell wall pectins, leading to isotropic in-plane cell wall loosening. Notably, numerical simulation showed that isotropic cell wall loosening could lead to directional cell and organ growth along the proximodistal axis. Taken together, we show that auxin acts through biosynthesis of BRs to determine cell wall mechanics and directional cell growth to generate leaves of variable roundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caihuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Lenne PF, Munro E, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A, Bocanegra-Moreno L, Kishi K, Kicheva A, Long Y, Fruleux A, Boudaoud A, Saunders TE, Caldarelli P, Michaut A, Gros J, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Keren K, Hannezo E, Gartner ZJ, Stormo B, Gladfelter A, Rodrigues A, Shyer A, Minc N, Maître JL, Di Talia S, Khamaisi B, Sprinzak D, Tlili S. Roadmap for the multiscale coupling of biochemical and mechanical signals during development. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33276350 PMCID: PMC8380410 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abd0db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The way in which interactions between mechanics and biochemistry lead to the emergence of complex cell and tissue organization is an old question that has recently attracted renewed interest from biologists, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists. Rapid advances in optical physics, microscopy and computational image analysis have greatly enhanced our ability to observe and quantify spatiotemporal patterns of signalling, force generation, deformation, and flow in living cells and tissues. Powerful new tools for genetic, biophysical and optogenetic manipulation are allowing us to perturb the underlying machinery that generates these patterns in increasingly sophisticated ways. Rapid advances in theory and computing have made it possible to construct predictive models that describe how cell and tissue organization and dynamics emerge from the local coupling of biochemistry and mechanics. Together, these advances have opened up a wealth of new opportunities to explore how mechanochemical patterning shapes organismal development. In this roadmap, we present a series of forward-looking case studies on mechanochemical patterning in development, written by scientists working at the interface between the physical and biological sciences, and covering a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, organisms, and modes of development. Together, these contributions highlight the many ways in which the dynamic coupling of mechanics and biochemistry shapes biological dynamics: from mechanoenzymes that sense force to tune their activity and motor output, to collectives of cells in tissues that flow and redistribute biochemical signals during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | | | - Kasumi Kishi
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kicheva
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuchen Long
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Sorbonne Université, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St. Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stormo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Alan Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Amy Shyer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Bassma Khamaisi
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sham Tlili
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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17
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Martinez CC, Li S, Woodhouse MR, Sugimoto K, Sinha NR. Spatial transcriptional signatures define margin morphogenesis along the proximal-distal and medio-lateral axes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:44-65. [PMID: 33710280 PMCID: PMC8136875 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphogenesis involves cell division, expansion, and differentiation in the developing leaf, which take place at different rates and at different positions along the medio-lateral and proximal-distal leaf axes. The gene expression changes that control cell fate along these axes remain elusive due to difficulties in precisely isolating tissues. Here, we combined rigorous early leaf characterization, laser capture microdissection, and transcriptomic sequencing to ask how gene expression patterns regulate early leaf morphogenesis in wild-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the leaf morphogenesis mutant trifoliate. We observed transcriptional regulation of cell differentiation along the proximal-distal axis and identified molecular signatures delineating the classically defined marginal meristem/blastozone region during early leaf development. We describe the role of endoreduplication during leaf development, when and where leaf cells first achieve photosynthetic competency, and the regulation of auxin transport and signaling along the leaf axes. Knockout mutants of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 exhibited ectopic shoot apical meristem formation on leaves, highlighting the role of this gene in regulating margin tissue identity. We mapped gene expression signatures in specific leaf domains and evaluated the role of each domain in conferring indeterminacy and permitting blade outgrowth. Finally, we generated a global gene expression atlas of the early developing compound leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciera C Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709
- Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 15 230-0045 Japan
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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18
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Vijayan A, Tofanelli R, Strauss S, Cerrone L, Wolny A, Strohmeier J, Kreshuk A, Hamprecht FA, Smith RS, Schneitz K. A digital 3D reference atlas reveals cellular growth patterns shaping the Arabidopsis ovule. eLife 2021; 10:e63262. [PMID: 33404501 PMCID: PMC7787667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how morphogenesis integrates the multitude of processes that act at different scales, ranging from the molecular control of gene expression to cellular coordination in a tissue. Using machine-learning-based digital image analysis, we generated a three-dimensional atlas of ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana, enabling the quantitative spatio-temporal analysis of cellular and gene expression patterns with cell and tissue resolution. We discovered novel morphological manifestations of ovule polarity, a new mode of cell layer formation, and previously unrecognized subepidermal cell populations that initiate ovule curvature. The data suggest an irregular cellular build-up of WUSCHEL expression in the primordium and new functions for INNER NO OUTER in restricting nucellar cell proliferation and the organization of the interior chalaza. Our work demonstrates the analytical power of a three-dimensional digital representation when studying the morphogenesis of an organ of complex architecture that eventually consists of 1900 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athul Vijayan
- Plant Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Rachele Tofanelli
- Plant Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Lorenzo Cerrone
- Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Adrian Wolny
- Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Joanna Strohmeier
- Plant Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Fred A Hamprecht
- Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of MunichFreisingGermany
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19
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Chan J, Mansfield C, Clouet F, Dorussen D, Coen E. Intrinsic Cell Polarity Coupled to Growth Axis Formation in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4999-5006.e3. [PMID: 33035485 PMCID: PMC7758729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several plant proteins are preferentially localized to one end of a cell, allowing a polarity to be assigned to the cell. These cell polarity proteins often exhibit coordinated patterns between neighboring cells, termed tissue cell polarity. Tissue cell polarity is widespread in plants and can influence how cells grow, divide, and differentiate [1-5]. However, it is unclear whether cell polarity is established through cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic mechanisms and how polarity is coupled to growth. To address these issues, we analyzed the behavior of a tissue cell polarity protein BASL (BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE) in the simplifying context of cultured cell filaments and in protoplasts before and during regeneration. We show that BASL is polarly localized when ectopically expressed in tobacco BY-2 cell cultures. Ectopic BASL is found preferentially at the developing tips of cell filaments, likely marking a polarized molecular address. Polarity can shift during the cell cycle and is resistant to treatment with microtubule, actin or auxin transport inhibitors. BASL also exhibits polar localization in spherical protoplasts, in contrast to other polarity proteins so far tested. BASL polarity within protoplasts is dynamic and resistant to auxin transport inhibitors. As protoplasts regenerate, polarity remains dynamic in isotropically growing cells but becomes fixed in anisotropic cells and aligns with the axis of cell growth. Our findings suggest that plant cells have an intrinsic ability to polarize and that environmental or developmental cues may act by biasing the direction of this polarity and thus the orientation of anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Chan
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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20
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Tsugawa S. Suppression of soft spots and excited modes in the shape deformation model with spatio-temporal growth noise. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Lee KJI, Bushell C, Koide Y, Fozard JA, Piao C, Yu M, Newman J, Whitewoods C, Avondo J, Kennaway R, Marée AFM, Cui M, Coen E. Shaping of a three-dimensional carnivorous trap through modulation of a planar growth mechanism. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000427. [PMID: 31600203 PMCID: PMC6786542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves display a remarkable range of forms, from flat sheets with simple outlines to cup-shaped traps. Although much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of planar leaf development, it is unclear whether similar or distinctive mechanisms underlie shape transformations during development of more complex curved forms. Here, we use 3D imaging and cellular and clonal analysis, combined with computational modelling, to analyse the development of cup-shaped traps of the carnivorous plant Utricularia gibba. We show that the transformation from a near-spherical form at early developmental stages to an oblate spheroid with a straightened ventral midline in the mature form can be accounted for by spatial variations in rates and orientations of growth. Different hypotheses regarding spatiotemporal control predict distinct patterns of cell shape and size, which were tested experimentally by quantifying cellular and clonal anisotropy. We propose that orientations of growth are specified by a proximodistal polarity field, similar to that hypothesised to account for Arabidopsis leaf development, except that in Utricularia, the field propagates through a highly curved tissue sheet. Independent evidence for the polarity field is provided by the orientation of glandular hairs on the inner surface of the trap. Taken together, our results show that morphogenesis of complex 3D leaf shapes can be accounted for by similar mechanisms to those for planar leaves, suggesting that simple modulations of a common growth framework underlie the shaping of a diverse range of morphologies. Many plant and animal organs derive from tissue sheets, but how are they shaped to create the diversity of forms observed in nature? This study uses a combination of imaging and mathematical modelling to show how carnivorous plant traps shape themselves in 3D by a growth framework oriented by tissue polarity, similar to that found in planar leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. I. Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bushell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yohei Koide
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Fozard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlan Piao
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Newman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Whitewoods
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Avondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kennaway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasius F. M. Marée
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Minlong Cui
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Linan, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (EC); (MC)
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EC); (MC)
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22
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Pałubicki W, Kokosza A, Burian A. Formal description of plant morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3601-3613. [PMID: 31290543 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis may be characterized by complex feedback mechanisms between signals specifying growth and by the growth of the plant body itself. Comprehension of such feedback mechanisms is an ongoing research task and can be aided with formal descriptions of morphogenesis. In this review, we present a number of established mathematical paradigms that are useful to the formal representation of plant shape, and of biomechanical and biochemical signaling. Specifically, we discuss work from a range of research areas including plant biology, material sciences, fluid dynamics, and computer graphics. Treating plants as organized systems of information processing allows us to compare these different mathematical methods in terms of their expressive power of biological hypotheses. This is an attempt to bring together a large number of computational modeling concepts and make them accessible to the analytical as well as empirical student of plant morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojtek Pałubicki
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kokosza
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Burian
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska, Katowice, Poland
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23
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Coen O, Lu J, Xu W, De Vos D, Péchoux C, Domergue F, Grain D, Lepiniec L, Magnani E. Deposition of a cutin apoplastic barrier separating seed maternal and zygotic tissues. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:304. [PMID: 31291882 PMCID: PMC6617593 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In flowering plants, proper seed development is achieved through the constant interplay of fertilization products, embryo and endosperm, and maternal tissues. Communication between these compartments is supposed to be tightly regulated at their interfaces. Here, we characterize the deposition pattern of an apoplastic lipid barrier between the maternal inner integument and fertilization products in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. RESULTS We demonstrate that an apoplastic lipid barrier is first deposited by the ovule inner integument and undergoes de novo cutin deposition following central cell fertilization and relief of the FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED Polycomb group repressive mechanism. In addition, we show that the WIP zinc-finger TRANSPARENT TESTA 1 and the MADS-Box TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 transcription factors act maternally to promote its deposition by regulating cuticle biosynthetic pathways. Finally, mutant analyses indicate that this apoplastic barrier allows correct embryo sliding along the seed coat. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that the deposition of a cutin apoplastic barrier between seed maternal and zygotic tissues is part of the seed coat developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Coen
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- École Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jing Lu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- École Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Wenjia Xu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Delphine De Vos
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- INRA, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Cedex, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, CNRS /, 71 av. E. Bourleaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Damaris Grain
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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24
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Nikolov LA. Brassicaceae flowers: diversity amid uniformity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2623-2635. [PMID: 30824938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mustard family Brassicaceae, which includes the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibits morphological stasis and significant uniformity of floral plan. Nonetheless, there is untapped diversity in almost every aspect of floral morphology in the family that lends itself to comparative study, including organ number, shape, form, and color. Studies on the genetic basis of morphological diversity, enabled by extensive genetic tools and genomic resources and the close phylogenetic distance among mustards, have revealed a mosaic of conservation and divergence in numerous floral traits. Here I review the morphological diversity of the flowers of Brassicaceae and discuss studies addressing the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms shaping floral diversity. To put flowers in the context of the floral display, I describe diversity in inflorescence morphology and the variation that exists in the structures preceding the floral organs. Reconstructing the floral morphospace in Brassicaceae coupled with next-generation sequencing data and unbiased approaches to interrogate gene function in species throughout the mustard phylogeny offers promising ways to understand how developmental mechanisms originate and diversify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachezar A Nikolov
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Sarvepalli K, Das Gupta M, Challa KR, Nath U. Molecular cartography of leaf development - role of transcription factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:22-31. [PMID: 30223186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ elaboration in plants occurs almost exclusively by an increase in cell number and size. Leaves, the planar lateral appendages of plants, are no exception. Forward and reverse genetic approaches have identified several genes whose role in leaf morphogenesis has been inferred from their primary effect on cell number and size, thereby distinguishing them as either promoters or inhibitors of cell proliferation and expansion. While such classification is useful in studying size control, a similar link between genes and shape generation is poorly understood. Computational modelling can provide a conceptual framework to re-evaluate the known genetic information and assign specific morphogenetic roles to the transcription factor-encoding genes. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the roles of transcription factors in the planar growth of leaf lamina in two orthogonal dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sarvepalli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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26
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Moraes TS, Dornelas MC, Martinelli AP. FT/TFL1: Calibrating Plant Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:97. [PMID: 30815003 PMCID: PMC6381015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a very large diversity in plant architecture in nature. Over the past few years, novel theoretical concepts and analytical methods have emerged as powerful tools to understand important aspects of plant architecture. Plant architecture depends on the relative arrangement of three types of organs: leaves, shoots, and flowers. During plant development, the architecture is modulated by the balance of two homologous proteins: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). The FT/TFL1 balance defines the plant growth habit as indeterminate or determinate by modulating the pattern of formation of vegetative and reproductive structures in the apical and axillary meristems. Here, we present a summarized review of plant architecture and primarily focus on the FT/TFL1 balance and its effect on plant form and development. We also propose passion fruit as a suitable model plant to study the effect of FT/TFL1 genes on plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Souza Moraes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Carnier Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli,
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27
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Abstract
Plant leaves are differentiated organs that arise sequentially from a population of pluripotent stem cells at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). There is substantial diversity in leaf shape, much of which depends on the size and arrangement of outgrowths at the leaf margin. These outgrowths are generated by a patterning mechanism similar to the phyllotactic processes producing organs at the SAM, which involves the transcription factors CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON and the phytohormone auxin. In the leaf, this patterning mechanism creates sequential protrusions and indentations along the margin. The size, shape, and distribution of these protrusions also depend on the overall growth of the leaf lamina. Globally, growth is regulated by a complex genetic network controlling the distribution of cell proliferation and the timing of differentiation. Evolutionary changes in margin form arise from changes in two different classes of homeobox genes that modify the outcome of marginal patterning in diverse ways, and are under intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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28
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Cosgrove DJ. Nanoscale structure, mechanics and growth of epidermal cell walls. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:77-86. [PMID: 30142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This article briefly reviews recent advances in nano-scale and micro-scale assessments of primary cell wall structure, mechanical behaviors and expansive growth. Cellulose microfibrils have hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces which may selectively bind different matrix polysaccharides and adjacent microfibrils. These distinctive binding interactions may guide partially aligned cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls to form a planar, load-bearing network within each lamella of polylamellate walls. Consideration of expansive growth of cross-lamellate walls leads to a surprising inference: side-by-side sliding of microfibrils may be a key rate-limiting physical step, potentially targeted by specific wall loosening agents. Atomic force microscopy shows different patterns of microfibril movement during force-driven extension versus enzymatic loosening. Consequently, simulations of cell growth as elastic deformation of isotropic cell walls may need to be augmented to incorporate the distinctive behavior of growing cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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29
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Mansfield C, Newman JL, Olsson TSG, Hartley M, Chan J, Coen E. Ectopic BASL Reveals Tissue Cell Polarity throughout Leaf Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2638-2646.e4. [PMID: 30100337 PMCID: PMC6109230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-wide polarity fields, in which cell polarity is coordinated across the tissue, have been described for planar organs such as the Drosophila wing and are considered important for coordinating growth and differentiation [1]. In planar plant organs, such as leaves, polarity fields have been identified for subgroups of cells, such as stomatal lineages [2], trichomes [3, 4], serrations [5], or early developmental stages [6]. Here, we show that ectopic induction of the stomatal protein BASL (BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE) reveals a tissue-wide epidermal polarity field in leaves throughout development. Ectopic GFP-BASL is typically localized toward the proximal end of cells and to one lobe of mature pavement cells, revealing a polarity field that aligns with the proximodistal axis of the leaf (base to tip). The polarity field is largely parallel to the midline of the leaf but diverges in more lateral positions, particularly at later stages in development, suggesting it may be deformed during growth. The polarity field is observed in the speechless mutant, showing that it is independent of stomatal lineages, and is observed in isotropic cells, showing that cell shape anisotropy is not required for orienting polarity. Ectopic BASL forms convergence and divergence points at serrations, mirroring epidermal PIN polarity patterns, suggesting a common underlying polarity mechanism. Thus, we show that similar to the situation in animals, planar plant organs have a tissue-wide cell polarity field, and this may provide a general cellular mechanism for guiding growth and differentiation. Ectopic expression of BASL in Arabidopsis leaves reveals coordinated polarity The ectopic BASL polarity field is independent of the stomatal lineage The polarity field reorients around serrations, mirroring PIN1 polarity
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jordi Chan
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Summary: This Editorial introduces the special issue – providing a perspective on the influence of D'Arcy Thompson's work and an overview of the articles in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288, 13009 Marseille, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L. Mahadevan
- Departments of Physics, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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31
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Abstract
In his classic book On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson discussed the necessity of a physical and mathematical approach to understanding the relationship between growth and form. The past century has seen extraordinary advances in our understanding of biological components and processes contributing to organismal morphogenesis, but the mathematical and physical principles involved have not received comparable attention. The most obvious entry of physics into morphogenesis is via tissue mechanics. In this Review, we discuss the fundamental role of mechanical interactions between cells induced by growth in shaping a tissue. Non-uniform growth can lead to accumulation of mechanical stress, which in the context of two-dimensional sheets of tissue can specify the shape it assumes in three dimensions. A special class of growth patterns - conformal growth - does not lead to the accumulation of stress and can generate a rich variety of planar tissue shapes. Conversely, mechanical stress can provide a regulatory feedback signal into the growth control circuit. Both theory and experiment support a key role for mechanical interactions in shaping tissues and, via mechanical feedback, controlling epithelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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