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Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. The Phoenix of stem cells: pluripotent cells in adult tissues and peripheral blood. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1414156. [PMID: 39139297 PMCID: PMC11319133 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1414156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are defined as cells that can generate cells of lineages from all three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. On the contrary, unipotent and multipotent stem cells develop into one or more cell types respectively, but their differentiation is limited to the cells present in the tissue of origin or, at most, from the same germ layer. Multipotent and unipotent stem cells have been isolated from a variety of adult tissues, Instead, the presence in adult tissues of pluripotent stem cells is a very debated issue. In the early embryos, all cells are pluripotent. In mammalians, after birth, pluripotent cells are maintained in the bone-marrow and possibly in gonads. In fact, pluripotent cells were isolated from marrow aspirates and cord blood and from cultured bone-marrow stromal cells (MSCs). Only in few cases, pluripotent cells were isolated from other tissues. In addition to have the potential to differentiate toward lineages derived from all three germ layers, the isolated pluripotent cells shared other properties, including the expression of cell surface stage specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) and of transcription factors active in the early embryos, but they were variously described and named. However, it is likely that they are part of the same cell population and that observed diversities were the results of different isolation and expansion strategies. Adult pluripotent stem cells are quiescent and self-renew at very low rate. They are maintained in that state under the influence of the "niche" inside which they are located. Any tissue damage causes the release in the blood of inflammatory cytokines and molecules that activate the stem cells and their mobilization and homing in the injured tissue. The inflammatory response could also determine the dedifferentiation of mature cells and their reversion to a progenitor stage and at the same time stimulate the progenitors to proliferate and differentiate to replace the damaged cells. In this review we rate articles reporting isolation and characterization of tissue resident pluripotent cells. In the attempt to reconcile observations made by different authors, we propose a unifying picture that could represent a starting point for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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2
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Zhu W, Wang B, Jiang J. Evolution, Diversity, and Conservation of Herpetofauna. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2004. [PMID: 38998116 PMCID: PMC11240542 DOI: 10.3390/ani14132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Amphibians and reptiles play a critical role in the evolution of Tetrapoda, showcasing significant diversity in terms of their genetics, species, morphology, life history traits, and evolutionary functions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Tail and Spinal Cord Regeneration in Urodelean Amphibians. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:594. [PMID: 38792615 PMCID: PMC11122520 DOI: 10.3390/life14050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Urodelean amphibians can regenerate the tail and the spinal cord (SC) and maintain this ability throughout their life. This clearly distinguishes these animals from mammals. The phenomenon of tail and SC regeneration is based on the capability of cells involved in regeneration to dedifferentiate, enter the cell cycle, and change their (or return to the pre-existing) phenotype during de novo organ formation. The second critical aspect of the successful tail and SC regeneration is the mutual molecular regulation by tissues, of which the SC and the apical wound epidermis are the leaders. Molecular regulatory systems include signaling pathways components, inflammatory factors, ECM molecules, ROS, hormones, neurotransmitters, HSPs, transcriptional and epigenetic factors, etc. The control, carried out by regulatory networks on the feedback principle, recruits the mechanisms used in embryogenesis and accompanies all stages of organ regeneration, from the moment of damage to the completion of morphogenesis and patterning of all its structures. The late regeneration stages and the effects of external factors on them have been poorly studied. A new model for addressing this issue is herein proposed. The data summarized in the review contribute to understanding a wide range of fundamentally important issues in the regenerative biology of tissues and organs in vertebrates including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya V. Markitantova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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Youssef KK, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and degeneration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00733-z. [PMID: 38684869 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are the epitome of cell plasticity in embryonic development and cancer; during EMT, epithelial cells undergo dramatic phenotypic changes and become able to migrate to form different tissues or give rise to metastases, respectively. The importance of EMTs in other contexts, such as tissue repair and fibrosis in the adult, has become increasingly recognized and studied. In this Review, we discuss the function of EMT in the adult after tissue damage and compare features of embryonic and adult EMT. Whereas sustained EMT leads to adult tissue degeneration, fibrosis and organ failure, its transient activation, which confers phenotypic and functional plasticity on somatic cells, promotes tissue repair after damage. Understanding the mechanisms and temporal regulation of different EMTs provides insight into how some tissues heal and has the potential to open new therapeutic avenues to promote repair or regeneration of tissue damage that is currently irreversible. We also discuss therapeutic strategies that modulate EMT that hold clinical promise in ameliorating fibrosis, and how precise EMT activation could be harnessed to enhance tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Galili U, Li J, Schaer GL. Regeneration in Mice of Injured Skin, Heart, and Spinal Cord by α-Gal Nanoparticles Recapitulates Regeneration in Amphibians. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:730. [PMID: 38668224 PMCID: PMC11055133 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The healing of skin wounds, myocardial, and spinal cord injuries in salamander, newt, and axolotl amphibians, and in mouse neonates, results in scar-free regeneration, whereas injuries in adult mice heal by fibrosis and scar formation. Although both types of healing are mediated by macrophages, regeneration in these amphibians and in mouse neonates also involves innate activation of the complement system. These differences suggest that localized complement activation in adult mouse injuries might induce regeneration instead of the default fibrosis and scar formation. Localized complement activation is feasible by antigen/antibody interaction between biodegradable nanoparticles presenting α-gal epitopes (α-gal nanoparticles) and the natural anti-Gal antibody which is abundant in humans. Administration of α-gal nanoparticles into injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice results in localized complement activation which induces rapid and extensive macrophage recruitment. These macrophages bind anti-Gal-coated α-gal nanoparticles and polarize into M2 pro-regenerative macrophages that orchestrate accelerated scar-free regeneration of skin wounds and regeneration of myocardium injured by myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, injection of α-gal nanoparticles into spinal cord injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice induces recruitment of M2 macrophages, that mediate extensive angiogenesis and axonal sprouting, which reconnects between proximal and distal severed axons. Thus, α-gal nanoparticle treatment in adult mice mimics physiologic regeneration in amphibians. These studies further suggest that α-gal nanoparticles may be of significance in the treatment of human injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.L.); (G.L.S.)
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Herrick J. DNA Damage, Genome Stability, and Adaptation: A Question of Chance or Necessity? Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:520. [PMID: 38674454 PMCID: PMC11049855 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage causes the mutations that are the principal source of genetic variation. DNA damage detection and repair mechanisms therefore play a determining role in generating the genetic diversity on which natural selection acts. Speciation, it is commonly assumed, occurs at a rate set by the level of standing allelic diversity in a population. The process of speciation is driven by a combination of two evolutionary forces: genetic drift and ecological selection. Genetic drift takes place under the conditions of relaxed selection, and results in a balance between the rates of mutation and the rates of genetic substitution. These two processes, drift and selection, are necessarily mediated by a variety of mechanisms guaranteeing genome stability in any given species. One of the outstanding questions in evolutionary biology concerns the origin of the widely varying phylogenetic distribution of biodiversity across the Tree of Life and how the forces of drift and selection contribute to shaping that distribution. The following examines some of the molecular mechanisms underlying genome stability and the adaptive radiations that are associated with biodiversity and the widely varying species richness and evenness in the different eukaryotic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Herrick
- Independent Researcher at 3, Rue des Jeûneurs, 75002 Paris, France
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Zeng C, Xiao K, Shi Q, Zhan X, Li C. TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Key Role of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Intestine Regeneration of Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4250. [PMID: 38673840 PMCID: PMC11050598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are widely known for their powerful regenerative abilities, which allow them to regenerate a complete digestive tract within a relatively short time following injury or autotomy. Recently, even though the histological changes and cellular events in the processes of intestinal regeneration have been extensively studied, the molecular machinery behind this faculty remains unclear. In this study, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitation was utilized to investigate protein abundance changes during the process of intestine regeneration. Approximately 538, 445, 397, 1012, and 966 differential proteins (DEPs) were detected (p < 0.05) between the normal and 2, 7, 12, 20, and 28 dpe stages, respectively. These DEPs also mainly focus on pathways of cell proliferation and apoptosis, which were further validated by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) or Tunel-based flow cytometry assay. These findings provide a reference for a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of various stages of intestinal regeneration and provide a foundation for subsequent research on changes in cell fate in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuili Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.Z.); (K.X.); (Q.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.Z.); (K.X.); (Q.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qilin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.Z.); (K.X.); (Q.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.Z.); (K.X.); (Q.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.Z.); (K.X.); (Q.S.); (X.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Sugiura N, Agata K. FGF-stimulated tendon cells embrace a chondrogenic fate with BMP7 in newt tissue culture. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:182-193. [PMID: 38342985 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Newts can regenerate functional elbow joints after amputation at the joint level. Previous studies have suggested the potential contribution of cells from residual tendon tissues to joint cartilage regeneration. A serum-free tissue culture system for tendons was established to explore cell dynamics during joint regeneration. Culturing isolated tendons in this system, stimulated by regeneration-related factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor, led to robust cell migration and proliferation. Moreover, cells proliferating in an FGF-rich environment differentiated into Sox9-positive chondrocytes upon BMP7 introduction. These findings suggest that FGF-stimulated cells from tendons may aid in joint cartilage regeneration during functional elbow joint regeneration in newts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Sugiura
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
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Zhang XS, Wei L, Zhang W, Zhang FX, Li L, Li L, Wen Y, Zhang JH, Liu S, Yuan D, Liu Y, Ren C, Li S. ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation during appendage regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8331. [PMID: 38507478 PMCID: PMC10954200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration relies on the formation of blastema, a heterogeneous cellular structure formed at the injury site. However, little is known about the early injury-activated signaling pathways that trigger blastema formation during appendage regeneration. Here, we provide compelling evidence that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activated casein kinase 2 (CK-2), which has not been previously implicated in appendage regeneration, triggers blastema formation during leg regeneration in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. After amputation, CK-2 undergoes rapid activation through ERK-induced phosphorylation within blastema cells. RNAi knockdown of CK-2 severely impairs blastema formation by repressing cell proliferation through down-regulating mitosis-related genes. Evolutionarily, the regenerative role of CK-2 is conserved in zebrafish caudal fin regeneration via promoting blastema cell proliferation. Together, we find and demonstrate that the ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation in both cockroach and zebrafish, helping explore initiation factors during appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fei-Xue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yejie Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Liu R, Ren X, Wang J, Chen T, Sun X, Lin T, Huang J, Guo Z, Luo L, Ren C, Luo P, Hu C, Cao X, Yan A, Yuan L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the early body wall regeneration mechanism of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota after artificially induced transverse fission. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:766. [PMID: 38087211 PMCID: PMC10714614 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumbers exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues and organs, making them an outstanding model system for investigating processes and mechanisms of regeneration. They can also reproduce asexually by transverse fission, whereby the anterior and posterior bodies can regenerate independently. Despite the recent focus on intestinal regeneration, the molecular mechanisms underlying body wall regeneration in sea cucumbers still remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, transverse fission was induced in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, through constrainment using rubber bands. Histological examination revealed the degradation and loosening of collagen fibers on day-3, followed by increased density but disorganization of the connective tissue on day-7 of regeneration. An Illumina transcriptome analysis was performed on the H. leucospilota at 0-, 3- and 7-days after artificially induced fission. The differential expression genes were classified and enriched by GO terms and KEGG database, respectively. An upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling was observed, while a downregulation of pluripotency factors Myc, Klf2 and Oct1 was detected, although Sox2 showed an upregulation in expression. In addition, this study also identified progressively declining expression of transcription factors in the Wnt, Hippo, TGF-β, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, changes in genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton formation were observed. The localization of the related genes was further confirmed through in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION The early regeneration of H. leucospilota body wall is associated with the degradation and subsequent reconstruction of the extracellular matrix. Pluripotency factors participate in the regenerative process. Multiple transcription factors involved in regulating cell proliferation were found to be gradually downregulated, indicating reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cell cytoskeleton formation were also involved in this process. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of whole-body regeneration and uncover potential cross-species regenerative-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehao Lin
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, 999040, Canada
| | - Aifen Yan
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wang D, Zhao M, Tang X, Gao M, Liu W, Xiang M, Ruan J, Chen J, Long B, Li J. Transcriptomic analysis of spinal cord regeneration after injury in Cynops orientalis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2743-2750. [PMID: 37449639 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynops orientalis (C. orientalis) has a pronounced ability to regenerate its spinal cord after injury. Thus, exploring the molecular mechanism of this process could provide new approaches for promoting mammalian spinal cord regeneration. In this study, we established a model of spinal cord thoracic transection injury in C. orientalis, which is an endemic species in China. We performed RNA sequencing of the contused axolotl spinal cord at two early time points after spinal cord injury - during the very acute stage (4 days) and the subacute stage (7 days) - and identified differentially expressed genes; additionally, we performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses, at each time point. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 13,059 genes were differentially expressed during C. orientalis spinal cord regeneration compared with uninjured animals, among which 4273 were continuously down-regulated and 1564 were continuously up-regulated. Down-regulated genes were most enriched in the Gene Ontology term "multicellular organismal process" and in the ribosome pathway at 10 days following spinal cord injury. We found that multiple genes associated with energy metabolism were down-regulated and multiple genes associated with the lysosome were up-regulated after spinal cord injury, indicating the importance of low metabolic activity during wound healing. Immune response-associated pathways were activated during the early acute phase (4 days), while the expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as glycosaminoglycan and collagen, as well as tight junction proteins, was lower at 10 days post-spinal cord injury than 4 days post-spinal cord injury. However, compared with 4 days post-injury, at 10 days post-injury neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions were no longer down-regulated, up-regulated differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways associated with cancer and the cell cycle, and SHH, VIM, and Sox2 were prominently up-regulated. Immunofluorescence staining showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein was up-regulated in axolotl ependymoglial cells after injury, similar to what is observed in mammalian astrocytes after spinal cord injury, even though axolotls do not form a glial scar during regeneration. We suggest that low intracellular energy production could slow the rapid amplification of ependymoglial cells, thereby inhibiting reactive gliosis, at early stages after spinal cord injury. Extracellular matrix degradation slows cellular responses, represses the expression of neurogenic genes, and reactivates a transcriptional program similar to that of embryonic neuroepithelial cells. These ependymoglial cells act as neural stem cells: they migrate and proliferate to repair the lesion and then differentiate to replace lost glial cells and neurons. This provides the regenerative microenvironment that allows axon growth after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Man Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Man Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Second People's Hospital, Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Long
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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13
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Markitantova Y, Fokin A, Boguslavsky D, Simirskii V, Kulikov A. Molecular Signatures Integral to Natural Reprogramming in the Pigment Epithelium Cells after Retinal Detachment in Pleurodeles waltl. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16940. [PMID: 38069262 PMCID: PMC10707686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells into retinal cells (transdifferentiation) lies in the bases of retinal regeneration in several Urodela. The identification of the key genes involved in this process helps with looking for approaches to the prevention and treatment of RPE-related degenerative diseases of the human retina. The purpose of our study was to examine the transcriptome changes at initial stages of RPE cell reprogramming in adult newt Pleurodeles waltl. RPE was isolated from the eye samples of day 0, 4, and 7 after experimental surgical detachment of the neural retina and was used for a de novo transcriptome assembly through the RNA-Seq method. A total of 1019 transcripts corresponding to the differently expressed genes have been revealed in silico: the 83 increased the expression at an early stage, and 168 increased the expression at a late stage of RPE reprogramming. We have identified up-regulation of classical early response genes, chaperones and co-chaperones, genes involved in the regulation of protein biosynthesis, suppressors of oncogenes, and EMT-related genes. We revealed the growth in the proportion of down-regulated ribosomal and translation-associated genes. Our findings contribute to revealing the molecular mechanism of RPE reprogramming in Urodela.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (Y.M.); (A.K.)
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14
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Chen W, Smucker B, Ratvasky SC, Grajales-Esquive EL, Martinez A, Visser KJ, Araus AJ, Wang H, Simon A, Yun MH, Rio-Tsonis KD. Macrophages modulate fibrosis during newt lens regeneration. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3603645. [PMID: 38045376 PMCID: PMC10690311 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3603645/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a role during lens regeneration in newts, but their function has not been tested experimentally. Methods Here we generated a transgenic newt reporter line in which macrophages can be visualized in vivo. Using this new tool, we analyzed the location of macrophages during lens regeneration. We uncovered early gene expression changes using bulk RNAseq in two newt species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Pleurodeles waltl. Next, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages, which inhibited lens regeneration in both newt species. Results Macrophage depletion induced the formation of scar-like tissue, an increased and sustained inflammatory response, an early decrease in iris pigment epithelial cell (iPEC) proliferation and a late increase in apoptosis. Some of these phenotypes persisted for at least 100 days and could be rescued by exogenous FGF2. Re-injury alleviated the effects of macrophage depletion and re-started the regeneration process. Conclusions Together, our findings highlight the importance of macrophages in facilitating a pro-regenerative environment in the newt eye, helping to resolve fibrosis, modulating the overall inflammatory landscape and maintaining the proper balance of early proliferation and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maximina H Yun
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden
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15
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Vassileva MT, Kim JS, Valle AGD, Harris MD, Pedoia V, Lattanzi R, Kraus VB, Pascual-Garrido C, Bostrom MP. Arthritis Foundation/HSS Workshop on Hip Osteoarthritis, Part 2: Detecting Hips at Risk: Early Biomechanical and Structural Mechanisms. HSS J 2023; 19:428-433. [PMID: 37937085 PMCID: PMC10626933 DOI: 10.1177/15563316231192097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Far more publications are available for osteoarthritis of the knee than of the hip. Recognizing this research gap, the Arthritis Foundation (AF), in partnership with the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), convened an in-person meeting of thought leaders to review the state of the science of and clinical approaches to hip osteoarthritis. This article summarizes the recommendations gleaned from 5 presentations given in the "early hip osteoarthritis" session of the 2023 Hip Osteoarthritis Clinical Studies Conference, which took place on February 17 and 18, 2023, in New York City. It also summarizes the workgroup recommendations from a small-group discussion on clinical research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael D Harris
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Riccardo Lattanzi
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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McCabe MC, Okamura DM, Erickson CB, Perry BW, Brewer CM, Nguyen ED, Saviola AJ, Majesky MW, Hansen KC. ECM-Focused Proteomic Analysis of Ear Punch Regeneration in Acomys Cahirinus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561940. [PMID: 37873317 PMCID: PMC10592745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, significant injury is generally followed by the formation of a fibrotic scar which provides structural integrity but fails to functionally restore damaged tissue. Spiny mice of the genus Acomys represent the first example of full skin autotomy in mammals. Acomys cahirinus has evolved extremely weak skin as a strategy to avoid predation and is able to repeatedly regenerate healthy tissue without scar after severe skin injury or full-thickness ear punches. Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition is a critical regulator of wound repair and scar formation and previous studies have suggested that alterations in its expression may be responsible for the differences in regenerative capacity observed between Mus musculus and A. cahirinus , yet analysis of this critical tissue component has been limited in previous studies by its insolubility and resistance to extraction. Here, we utilize a 2-step ECM-optimized extraction to perform proteomic analysis of tissue composition during wound repair after full-thickness ear punches in A. cahirinus and M. musculus from weeks 1 to 4 post-injury. We observe changes in a wide range of ECM proteins which have been previously implicated in wound regeneration and scar formation, including collagens, coagulation and provisional matrix proteins, and matricryptic signaling peptides. We additionally report differences in crosslinking enzyme activity and ECM protein solubility between Mus and Acomys. Furthermore, we observed rapid and sustained increases in CD206, a marker of pro-regenerative M2 macrophages, in Acomys, whereas little or no increase in CD206 was detected in Mus. Together, these findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of tissue cues which drive the regenerative capacity of Acomys and identify a number of potential targets for future pro-regenerative therapies.
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17
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Zhong J, Aires R, Tsissios G, Skoufa E, Brandt K, Sandoval-Guzmán T, Aztekin C. Multi-species atlas resolves an axolotl limb development and regeneration paradox. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6346. [PMID: 37816738 PMCID: PMC10564727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and other tetrapods are considered to require apical-ectodermal-ridge (AER) cells for limb development, and AER-like cells are suggested to be re-formed to initiate limb regeneration. Paradoxically, the presence of AER in the axolotl, a primary model organism for regeneration, remains controversial. Here, by leveraging a single-cell transcriptomics-based multi-species atlas, composed of axolotl, human, mouse, chicken, and frog cells, we first establish that axolotls contain cells with AER characteristics. Further analyses and spatial transcriptomics reveal that axolotl limbs do not fully re-form AER cells during regeneration. Moreover, the axolotl mesoderm displays part of the AER machinery, revealing a program for limb (re)growth. These results clarify the debate about the axolotl AER and the extent to which the limb developmental program is recapitulated during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rita Aires
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgios Tsissios
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evangelia Skoufa
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Brandt
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Can Aztekin
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Markitantova YV, Grigoryan EN. Cellular and Molecular Triggers of Retinal Regeneration in Amphibians. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1981. [PMID: 37895363 PMCID: PMC10608152 DOI: 10.3390/life13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms triggering the initiation of retinal regeneration in amphibians may advance the quest for prevention and treatment options for degenerating human retina diseases. Natural retinal regeneration in amphibians requires two cell sources, namely retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary marginal zone. The disruption of RPE interaction with photoreceptors through surgery or injury triggers local and systemic responses for retinal protection. In mammals, disease-induced damage to the retina results in the shutdown of the function, cellular or oxidative stress, pronounced immune response, cell death and retinal degeneration. In contrast to retinal pathology in mammals, regenerative responses in amphibians have taxon-specific features ensuring efficient regeneration. These include rapid hemostasis, the recruitment of cells and factors of endogenous defense systems, activities of the immature immune system, high cell viability, and the efficiency of the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell surface remodeling. These reactions are controlled by specific signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the epigenome, which are insufficiently studied. This review provides a summary of the mechanisms initiating retinal regeneration in amphibians and reveals its features collectively directed at recruiting universal responses to trauma to activate the cell sources of retinal regeneration. This study of the integrated molecular network of these processes is a prospect for future research in demand biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora N. Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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19
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Feng W, Liu S, Deng Q, Fu S, Yang Y, Dai X, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Lin X, Pan X, Hao S, Yuan Y, Gu Y, Zhang X, Li H, Liu L, Liu C, Fei JF, Wei X. A scATAC-seq atlas of chromatin accessibility in axolotl brain regions. Sci Data 2023; 10:627. [PMID: 37709774 PMCID: PMC10502032 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is an excellent model for investigating regeneration, the interaction between regenerative and developmental processes, comparative genomics, and evolution. The brain, which serves as the material basis of consciousness, learning, memory, and behavior, is the most complex and advanced organ in axolotl. The modulation of transcription factors is a crucial aspect in determining the function of diverse regions within the brain. There is, however, no comprehensive understanding of the gene regulatory network of axolotl brain regions. Here, we utilized single-cell ATAC sequencing to generate the chromatin accessibility landscapes of 81,199 cells from the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon, hypothalamus and pituitary, and the rhombencephalon. Based on these data, we identified key transcription factors specific to distinct cell types and compared cell type functions across brain regions. Our results provide a foundation for comprehensive analysis of gene regulatory programs, which are valuable for future studies of axolotl brain development, regeneration, and evolution, as well as on the mechanisms underlying cell-type diversity in vertebrate brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qiuting Deng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Sulei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yunzhi Yang
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xi Dai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Xiumei Lin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Cardiovsacular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shijie Hao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | | | - Hanbo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, 266555, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China
| | | | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- BGI-Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518103, China.
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20
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Tajer B, Savage AM, Whited JL. The salamander blastema within the broader context of metazoan regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206157. [PMID: 37635872 PMCID: PMC10450636 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom regenerative ability varies greatly from species to species, and even tissue to tissue within the same organism. The sheer diversity of structures and mechanisms renders a thorough comparison of molecular processes truly daunting. Are "blastemas" found in organisms as distantly related as planarians and axolotls derived from the same ancestral process, or did they arise convergently and independently? Is a mouse digit tip blastema orthologous to a salamander limb blastema? In other fields, the thorough characterization of a reference model has greatly facilitated these comparisons. For example, the amphibian Spemann-Mangold organizer has served as an amazingly useful comparative template within the field of developmental biology, allowing researchers to draw analogies between distantly related species, and developmental processes which are superficially quite different. The salamander limb blastema may serve as the best starting point for a comparative analysis of regeneration, as it has been characterized by over 200 years of research and is supported by a growing arsenal of molecular tools. The anatomical and evolutionary closeness of the salamander and human limb also add value from a translational and therapeutic standpoint. Tracing the evolutionary origins of the salamander blastema, and its relatedness to other regenerative processes throughout the animal kingdom, will both enhance our basic biological understanding of regeneration and inform our selection of regenerative model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica L. Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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21
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Jeffery WR, Li B, Ng M, Li L, Gorički Š, Ma L. Differentially expressed chaperone genes reveal a stress response required for unidirectional regeneration in the basal chordate Ciona. BMC Biol 2023; 21:148. [PMID: 37365564 PMCID: PMC10294541 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unidirectional regeneration in the basal chordate Ciona intestinalis involves the proliferation of adult stem cells residing in the branchial sac vasculature and the migration of progenitor cells to the site of distal injury. However, after the Ciona body is bisected, regeneration occurs in the proximal but not in the distal fragments, even if the latter include a part of the branchial sac with stem cells. A transcriptome was sequenced and assembled from the isolated branchial sacs of regenerating animals, and the information was used to provide insights into the absence of regeneration in distal body fragments. RESULTS We identified 1149 differentially expressed genes, which were separated into two major modules by weighted gene correlation network analysis, one consisting of mostly upregulated genes correlated with regeneration and the other consisting of only downregulated genes associated with metabolism and homeostatic processes. The hsp70, dnaJb4, and bag3 genes were among the highest upregulated genes and were predicted to interact in an HSP70 chaperone system. The upregulation of HSP70 chaperone genes was verified and their expression confirmed in BS vasculature cells previously identified as stem and progenitor cells. siRNA-mediated gene knockdown showed that hsp70 and dnaJb4, but not bag3, are required for progenitor cell targeting and distal regeneration. However, neither hsp70 nor dnaJb4 were strongly expressed in the branchial sac vasculature of distal fragments, implying the absence of a stress response. Heat shock treatment of distal body fragments activated hsp70 and dnaJb4 expression indicative of a stress response, induced cell proliferation in branchial sac vasculature cells, and promoted distal regeneration. CONCLUSIONS The chaperone system genes hsp70, dnaJb4, and bag3 are significantly upregulated in the branchial sac vasculature following distal injury, defining a stress response that is essential for regeneration. The stress response is absent from distal fragments, but can be induced by a heat shock, which activates cell division in the branchial sac vasculature and promotes distal regeneration. This study demonstrates the importance of a stress response for stem cell activation and regeneration in a basal chordate, which may have implications for understanding the limited regenerative activities in other animals, including vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Jeffery
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
- Station Biologique, 29680, Roscoff, France.
| | - Bo Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mandy Ng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lianwei Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Špela Gorički
- Station Biologique, 29680, Roscoff, France
- Scriptorium Biologorum, 9000, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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22
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Imperadore P, Jones KM, Morgan JR, De Sio F, Stahnisch FW. Editorial: Regeneration from cells to limbs: past, present, and future. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1229613. [PMID: 37389352 PMCID: PMC10303884 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1229613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Imperadore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Association for Cephalopod Research—CephRes, Napoli, Italy
| | - Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Fabio De Sio
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Centre for Life and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank W. Stahnisch
- Alberta Medical Foundation/Hannah Professor in the History of Medicine and Health Care, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Chen W, Smucker B, Ratvasky SC, Grajales-Esquivel E, Martinez A, Visser KJ, Araus AJ, Wang H, Simon A, Yun MH, Rio-Tsonis KD. Macrophages modulate fibrosis during newt lens regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543633. [PMID: 37333184 PMCID: PMC10274724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a role during lens regeneration in newts, but their function has not been tested experimentally. Here we generated a transgenic newt reporter line in which macrophages can be visualized in vivo. Using this new tool, we analyzed the location of macrophages during lens regeneration. We uncovered early gene expression changes using bulk RNAseq in two newt species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Pleurodeles waltl. Next, we used clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages, which inhibited lens regeneration in both newt species. Macrophage depletion induced the formation of scar-like tissue, an increased and sustained inflammatory response, an early decrease in iris pigment epithelial cell (iPEC) proliferation and a late increase in apoptosis. Some of these phenotypes persisted for at least 100 days and could be rescued by exogenous FGF2. Re-injury alleviated the effects of macrophage depletion and re-started the regeneration process. Together, our findings highlight the importance of macrophages in facilitating a pro-regenerative environment in the newt eye, helping to resolve fibrosis, modulating the overall inflammatory landscape and maintaining the proper balance of early proliferation and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - J Raul Perez-Estrada
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jared A Tangeman
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Weihao Chen
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Byran Smucker
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Sophia C Ratvasky
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Arielle Martinez
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly J Visser
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andras Simon
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximina H Yun
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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Abstract
Ageing is inherent to all human beings, yet why we age remains a hotly contested topic. Most mechanistic explanations of ageing posit that ageing is caused by the accumulation of one or more forms of molecular damage. Here, I propose that we age not because of inevitable damage to the hardware but rather because of intrinsic design flaws in the software, defined as the DNA code that orchestrates how a single cell develops into an adult organism. As the developmental software runs, its sequence of events is reflected in shifting cellular epigenetic states. Overall, I suggest that to understand ageing we need to decode our software and the flow of epigenetic information throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
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25
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Subramanian E, Elewa A, Brito G, Kumar A, Segerstolpe Å, Karampelias C, Björklund Å, Sandberg R, Echeverri K, Lui WO, Andersson O, Simon A. A small noncoding RNA links ribosome recovery and translation control to dedifferentiation during salamander limb regeneration. Dev Cell 2023; 58:450-460.e6. [PMID: 36893754 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Building a blastema from the stump is a key step of salamander limb regeneration. Stump-derived cells temporarily suspend their identity as they contribute to the blastema by a process generally referred to as dedifferentiation. Here, we provide evidence for a mechanism that involves an active inhibition of protein synthesis during blastema formation and growth. Relieving this inhibition results in a higher number of cycling cells and enhances the pace of limb regeneration. By small RNA profiling and fate mapping of skeletal muscle progeny as a cellular model for dedifferentiation, we find that the downregulation of miR-10b-5p is critical for rebooting the translation machinery. miR-10b-5p targets ribosomal mRNAs, and its artificial upregulation causes decreased blastema cell proliferation, reduction in transcripts that encode ribosomal subunits, diminished nascent protein synthesis, and retardation of limb regeneration. Taken together, our data identify a link between miRNA regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and protein synthesis during newt limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonçalo Brito
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Segerstolpe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christos Karampelias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Björklund
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Infrastructure of Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Weng-Onn Lui
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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de Lima FMR, Abrahão I, Pentagna N, Carneiro K. Gradual specialization of phagocytic ameboid cells may have impaired regenerative capacities in metazoan lineages. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:343-362. [PMID: 36205096 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal regeneration is a fascinating field of research that has captured the attention of many generations of scientists. Among the cellular mechanisms underlying tissue and organ regeneration, we highlight the role of phagocytic ameboid cells (PACs). Beyond their ability to engulf nutritional particles, microbes, and apoptotic cells, their involvement in regeneration has been widely documented. It has been extensively described that, at least in part, animal regenerative mechanisms rely on PACs that serve as a hub for a range of critical physiological functions, both in health and disease. Considering the phylogenetics of PAC evolution, and the loss and gain of nutritional, immunological, and regenerative potential across Metazoa, we aim to discuss when and how phagocytic activity was first co-opted to regenerative tissue repair. We propose that the gradual specialization of PACs during metazoan derivation may have contributed to the loss of regenerative potential in animals, with critical impacts on potential translational strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Matheus Ribeiro de Lima
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Developmental Biology, Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Abrahão
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pentagna
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Pathological Anatomy), Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Developmental Biology, Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Pathological Anatomy), Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Wang S, Shibata Y, Fu L, Tanizaki Y, Luu N, Bao L, Peng Z, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor knockout prevents the loss of Xenopus tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 36823612 PMCID: PMC9948486 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body to full function. Studies in mammals have revealed that many organs lose regenerative ability soon after birth when thyroid hormone (T3) level is high. This suggests that T3 play an important role in organ regeneration. Intriguingly, plasma T3 level peaks during amphibian metamorphosis, which is very similar to postembryonic development in humans. In addition, many organs, such as heart and tail, also lose their regenerative ability during metamorphosis. These make frogs as a good model to address how the organs gradually lose their regenerative ability during development and what roles T3 may play in this. Early tail regeneration studies have been done mainly in the tetraploid Xenopus laevis (X. laevis), which is difficult for gene knockout studies. Here we use the highly related but diploid anuran X. tropicalis to investigate the role of T3 signaling in tail regeneration with gene knockout approaches. RESULTS We discovered that X. tropicalis tadpoles could regenerate their tail from premetamorphic stages up to the climax stage 59 then lose regenerative capacity as tail resorption begins, just like what observed for X. laevis. To test the hypothesis that T3-induced metamorphic program inhibits tail regeneration, we used TR double knockout (TRDKO) tadpoles lacking both TRα and TRβ, the only two receptor genes in vertebrates, for tail regeneration studies. Our results showed that TRs were not necessary for tail regeneration at all stages. However, unlike wild type tadpoles, TRDKO tadpoles retained regenerative capacity at the climax stages 60/61, likely in part by increasing apoptosis at the early regenerative period and enhancing subsequent cell proliferation. In addition, TRDKO animals had higher levels of amputation-induced expression of many genes implicated to be important for tail regeneration, compared to the non-regenerative wild type tadpoles at stage 61. Finally, the high level of apoptosis in the remaining uncut portion of the tail as wild type tadpoles undergo tail resorption after stage 61 appeared to also contribute to the loss of regenerative ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for the first time revealed an evolutionary conservation in the loss of tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax between X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Our studies with molecular and genetic approaches demonstrated that TR-mediated, T3-induced gene regulation program is responsible not only for tail resorption but also for the loss of tail regeneration capacity. Further studies by using the model should uncover how T3 modulates the regenerative outcome and offer potential new avenues for regenerative medicines toward human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Peng
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Amiel AR, Tsai SL, Wehner D. Embracing the diversity of model systems to deconstruct the basis of regeneration and tissue repair. Development 2023; 150:286821. [PMID: 36718794 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The eighth EMBO conference in the series 'The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Regeneration and Tissue Repair' took place in Barcelona (Spain) in September 2022. A total of 173 researchers from across the globe shared their latest advances in deciphering the molecular and cellular basis of wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration, as well as their implications for future clinical applications. The conference showcased an ever-expanding diversity of model organisms used to identify mechanisms that promote regeneration. Over 25 species were discussed, ranging from invertebrates to humans. Here, we provide an overview of the exciting topics presented at the conference, highlighting novel discoveries in regeneration and perspectives for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldine R Amiel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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29
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Matsubara H, Kawasumi-Kita A, Nara S, Yokoyama H, Hayashi T, Takeuchi T, Yokoyama H. Appendage-restricted gene induction using a heated agarose gel for studying regeneration in metamorphosed Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:86-93. [PMID: 36680534 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians and fish often regenerate lost parts of their appendages (tail, limb, and fin) after amputation. Limb regeneration in adult amphibians provides an excellent model for appendage (limb) regeneration through 3D morphogenesis along the proximodistal, dorsoventral, and anteroposterior axes in mammals, because the limb is a homologous organ among amphibians and mammals. However, manipulating gene expression in specific appendages of adult amphibians remains difficult; this in turn hinders elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration. To address this problem, we devised a system for appendage-specific gene induction using a simplified protocol named the "agarose-embedded heat shock (AeHS) method" involving the combination of a heat-shock-inducible system and insertion of an appendage in a temperature-controlled agarose gel. Gene expression was then induced specifically and ubiquitously in the regenerating limbs of metamorphosed amphibians, including a frog (Xenopus laevis) and newt (Pleurodeles waltl). We also induced gene expression in the regenerating tail of a metamorphosed P. waltl newt using the same method. This method can be applied to adult amphibians with large body sizes. Furthermore, this method enables simultaneous induction of gene expression in multiple individuals; further, the data are obtained in a reproducible manner, enabling the analysis of gene functions in limb and tail regeneration. Therefore, this method will facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration in amphibians, which can support the development of regenerative therapies for organs, such as the limbs and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Matsubara
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Saki Nara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hibiki Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center / Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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30
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Hallmarks of peripheral nerve function in bone regeneration. Bone Res 2023; 11:6. [PMID: 36599828 PMCID: PMC9813170 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal tissue is highly innervated. Although different types of nerves have been recently identified in the bone, the crosstalk between bone and nerves remains unclear. In this review, we outline the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in bone regeneration following injury. We first introduce the conserved role of nerves in tissue regeneration in species ranging from amphibians to mammals. We then present the distribution of the PNS in the skeletal system under physiological conditions, fractures, or regeneration. Furthermore, we summarize the ways in which the PNS communicates with bone-lineage cells, the vasculature, and immune cells in the bone microenvironment. Based on this comprehensive and timely review, we conclude that the PNS regulates bone regeneration through neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and cells in the peripheral nerves. An in-depth understanding of the roles of peripheral nerves in bone regeneration will inform the development of new strategies based on bone-nerve crosstalk in promoting bone repair and regeneration.
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31
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Yin B, Zhang K, Du X, Cai H, Ye T, Wang H. Developmental switch from morphological replication to compensatory growth for salamander lung regeneration. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13369. [PMID: 36464792 PMCID: PMC9977668 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders possess a pair of lungs for active air breathing, but the lung respiration is fully operational only during the late stage of development, particularly after metamorphosis. Larval salamanders mainly exchange air through the gills and skin, thus sparing the developing lungs. Salamanders can repair their lungs after injury, but a comparative analysis of regenerative responses between the lungs of young and adult animals is lacking. In this study, lung resections were performed in both larval and adult newts (Pleurodeles waltl). The cellular dynamics, tissue morphology and organ function during lung regeneration were examined and the Yap mutants were produced with CRISPR tools. We found that salamander switches the regenerative strategies from morphological replication through the blastema formation to compensatory growth via resident epithelial cells proliferation upon pulmonary resection injury as it transitions beyond metamorphosis. The larval animals achieve lung regeneration by forming a transient blastema-like structure and regrowing full-sized developing lungs, albeit unventilated. The adults repair injured lungs via massive proliferating epithelial cells and by expanding the existing alveolar epithelium without neo-alveolarization. Yap signalling promotes epithelial cell proliferation and prevents epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to restore functional respiration. The salamanders have evolved distinct regenerative strategies for lung repair during different phases of life. Our results demonstrate a novel strategy for functional lung recovery by inducing epithelial cell proliferation to strengthen the remaining alveoli without rebuilding new alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Yin
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of China Three Gorges UniversityThe First People's Hospital of YichangYichangChina
| | - Xinge Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of China Three Gorges UniversityThe First People's Hospital of YichangYichangChina
| | - Hao Cai
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina,College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Ye
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina,College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina,College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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32
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Seki-Omura R, Hayashi S, Oe S, Koike T, Nakano Y, Hirahara Y, Tanaka S, Kitada M. Establishment of neural stem cell culture from the central nervous system of the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:494-500. [PMID: 36308507 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians have exceptional regeneration ability in various organs. Among these, the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) has emerged as a useful model organism for investigating the mechanisms underlying regeneration. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are an important source of regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and their culture method in vitro has been well established. NSCs form spherical cell aggregates called neurospheres and their formation has been demonstrated in various vertebrates, including some urodele species, but not in P. waltl. In this study, we reported neurosphere formation in brain- and spinal cord-derived cells of post-metamorphic P. waltl. These neurospheres showed proliferative activity and similar expression of marker proteins. However, the surface morphology was found to vary according to their origin, implying that the characteristics of the neurospheres generated from the brain and spinal cord could be similar but not identical. Subsequent in vitro differentiation analysis demonstrated that spinal cord-derived neurospheres gave rise to neurons and glial cells. We also found that cells in neurospheres from P. waltl differentiated to oligodendrocytes, whereas those from axolotls were reported not to differentiate to this cell type under standard culture conditions. Based on our findings, implantation of genetically modified neurospheres together with associated technical advantages in P. waltl could reveal pivotal gene(s) and/or signaling pathway(s) essential for the complete spinal cord regeneration ability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Seki-Omura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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33
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Kaucka M, Joven Araus A, Tesarova M, Currie JD, Boström J, Kavkova M, Petersen J, Yao Z, Bouchnita A, Hellander A, Zikmund T, Elewa A, Newton PT, Fei JF, Chagin AS, Fried K, Tanaka EM, Kaiser J, Simon A, Adameyko I. Altered developmental programs and oriented cell divisions lead to bulky bones during salamander limb regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6949. [PMID: 36376278 PMCID: PMC9663504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are major differences in duration and scale at which limb development and regeneration proceed, raising the question to what extent regeneration is a recapitulation of development. We address this by analyzing skeletal elements using a combination of micro-CT imaging, molecular profiling and clonal cell tracing. We find that, in contrast to development, regenerative skeletal growth is accomplished based entirely on cartilage expansion prior to ossification, not limiting the transversal cartilage expansion and resulting in bulkier skeletal parts. The oriented extension of salamander cartilage and bone appear similar to the development of basicranial synchondroses in mammals, as we found no evidence for cartilage stem cell niches or growth plate-like structures during neither development nor regeneration. Both regenerative and developmental ossification in salamanders start from the cortical bone and proceeds inwards, showing the diversity of schemes for the synchrony of cortical and endochondral ossification among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Johan Boström
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Zeyu Yao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 41346, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
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Womack MC, Steigerwald E, Blackburn DC, Cannatella DC, Catenazzi A, Che J, Koo MS, McGuire JA, Ron SR, Spencer CL, Vredenburg VT, Tarvin RD. State of the Amphibia 2020: A Review of Five Years of Amphibian Research and Existing Resources. ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1643/h2022005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Womack
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322; . ORCID: 0000-0002-3346-021X
| | - Emma Steigerwald
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
| | - David C. Blackburn
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; . ORCID: 0000-0002-1810-9886
| | - David C. Cannatella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; . ORCID: 0000-0001-8675-0520
| | | | - Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Security of Gaoligong Mountain, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; . ORCID: 0000-0003-4246-6
| | - Michelle S. Koo
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
| | - Jimmy A. McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
| | - Santiago R. Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; . ORCID: 0000-0001-6300-9350
| | - Carol L. Spencer
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
| | - Vance T. Vredenburg
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
| | - Rebecca D. Tarvin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720; (ES) ; (MSK) ; (JAM) ; (CS) ; (VTV) ; and (RDT)
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35
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Carbonell-M B, Zapata Cardona J, Delgado JP. Post-amputation reactive oxygen species production is necessary for axolotls limb regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921520. [PMID: 36092695 PMCID: PMC9458980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent molecules of great interest in the field of regenerative biology since several animal models require their production to promote and favor tissue, organ, and appendage regeneration. Recently, it has been shown that the production of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is required for tail regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. However, to date, it is unknown whether ROS production is necessary for limb regeneration in this animal model. Methods: forelimbs of juvenile animals were amputated proximally and the dynamics of ROS production was determined using 2′7- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) during the regeneration process. Inhibition of ROS production was performed using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Subsequently, a rescue assay was performed using exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effect of these treatments on the size and skeletal structures of the regenerated limb was evaluated by staining with alcian blue and alizarin red, as well as the effect on blastema formation, cell proliferation, immune cell recruitment, and expression of genes related to proximal-distal identity. Results: our results show that inhibition of post-amputation limb ROS production in the A. mexicanum salamander model results in the regeneration of a miniature limb with a significant reduction in the size of skeletal elements such as the ulna, radius, and overall autopod. Additionally, other effects such as decrease in the number of carpals, defective joint morphology, and failure of integrity between the regenerated structure and the remaining tissue were identified. In addition, this treatment affected blastema formation and induced a reduction in the levels of cell proliferation in this structure, as well as a reduction in the number of CD45+ and CD11b + immune system cells. On the other hand, blocking ROS production affected the expression of proximo-distal identity genes such as Aldha1a1, Rarβ, Prod1, Meis1, Hoxa13, and other genes such as Agr2 and Yap1 in early/mid blastema. Of great interest, the failure in blastema formation, skeletal alterations, as well as the expression of the genes evaluated were rescued by the application of exogenous H2O2, suggesting that ROS/H2O2 production is necessary from the early stages for proper regeneration and patterning of the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belfran Carbonell-M
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
| | - Juliana Zapata Cardona
- Grupo de Investigación en Patobiología Quiron, Escuela de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Paul Delgado
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
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Pigozzi F, Medvet E. Evolving Modularity in Soft Robots Through an Embodied and Self-Organizing Neural Controller. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2022; 28:322-347. [PMID: 35834484 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modularity is a desirable property for embodied agents, as it could foster their suitability to different domains by disassembling them into transferable modules that can be reassembled differently. We focus on a class of embodied agents known as voxel-based soft robots (VSRs). They are aggregations of elastic blocks of soft material; as such, their morphologies are intrinsically modular. Nevertheless, controllers used until now for VSRs act as abstract, disembodied processing units: Disassembling such controllers for the purpose of module transferability is a challenging problem. Thus, the full potential of modularity for VSRs still remains untapped. In this work, we propose a novel self-organizing, embodied neural controller for VSRs. We optimize it for a given task and morphology by means of evolutionary computation: While evolving, the controller spreads across the VSR morphology in a way that permits emergence of modularity. We experimentally investigate whether such a controller (i) is effective and (ii) allows tuning of its degree of modularity, and with what kind of impact. To this end, we consider the task of locomotion on rugged terrains and evolve controllers for two morphologies. Our experiments confirm that our self-organizing, embodied controller is indeed effective. Moreover, by mimicking the structural modularity observed in biological neural networks, different levels of modularity can be achieved. Our findings suggest that the self-organization of modularity could be the basis for an automatic pipeline for assembling, disassembling, and reassembling embodied agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pigozzi
- University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture
| | - Eric Medvet
- University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture.
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37
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Yu ZY, Shiga S, Casco-Robles MM, Takeshima K, Maruo F, Chiba C. The latent dedifferentiation capacity of newt limb muscles is unleashed by a combination of metamorphosis and body growth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11653. [PMID: 35915110 PMCID: PMC9343386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newts can regenerate their limbs throughout their life-span. Focusing on muscle, certain species of newts such as Cynops pyrrhogaster dedifferentiate muscle fibers in the limb stump and mobilize them for muscle creation in the regenerating limb, as they grow beyond metamorphosis. However, which developmental process is essential for muscle dedifferentiation, metamorphosis or body growth, is unknown. To address this issue, we tracked muscle fibers during limb regeneration under conditions in which metamorphosis and body growth were experimentally shifted along the axis of development. Our results indicate that a combination of metamorphosis and body growth is necessary for muscle dedifferentiation. On the other hand, ex vivo tracking of larval muscle fibers revealed that newt muscle fibers have the ability to dedifferentiate independently of metamorphosis and body growth. These results suggest that newt muscle fibers have an intrinsic ability to dedifferentiate, but that metamorphosis and body growth are necessary for them to exhibit this hidden ability. Presumably, changes in the extracellular environment (niche) during developmental processes allow muscle fibers to contribute to limb regeneration through dedifferentiation. This study can stimulate research on niches as well as gene regulation for dedifferentiation, contributing to a further understanding of regeneration and future medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yang Yu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shota Shiga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Martin Miguel Casco-Robles
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Takeshima
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Maruo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Chiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Abstract
Salamanders are an important group of living amphibians and model organisms for understanding locomotion, development, regeneration, feeding, and toxicity in tetrapods. However, their origin and early radiation remain poorly understood, with early fossil stem-salamanders so far represented by larval or incompletely known taxa. This poor record also limits understanding of the origin of Lissamphibia (i.e., frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). We report fossils from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland representing almost the entire skeleton of the enigmatic stem-salamander Marmorerpeton. We use computed tomography to visualize high-resolution three-dimensional anatomy, describing morphologies that were poorly characterized in early salamanders, including the braincase, scapulocoracoid, and lower jaw. We use these data in the context of a phylogenetic analysis intended to resolve the relationships of early and stem-salamanders, including representation of important outgroups alongside data from high-resolution imaging of extant species. Marmorerpeton is united with Karaurus, Kokartus, and others from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Asia, providing evidence for an early radiation of robustly built neotenous stem-salamanders. These taxa display morphological specializations similar to the extant cryptobranchid "giant" salamanders. Our analysis also demonstrates stem-group affinities for a larger sample of Jurassic species than previously recognized, highlighting an unappreciated diversity of stem-salamanders and cautioning against the use of single species (e.g., Karaurus) as exemplars for stem-salamander anatomy. These phylogenetic findings, combined with knowledge of the near-complete skeletal anatomy of Mamorerpeton, advance our understanding of evolutionary changes on the salamander stem-lineage and provide important data on early salamanders and the origins of Batrachia and Lissamphibia.
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Chen K, Henn D, Gurtner GC. Holy grail of tissue regeneration: Size. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200047. [PMID: 35835730 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cells and tissue within injured organs undergo a complicated healing process that still remains poorly understood. Interestingly, smaller organisms respond to injury with tissue regeneration and restoration of function, while humans and other large organisms respond to injury by forming dysfunctional, fibrotic scar tissue. Over the past few decades, allometric scaling principles have been well established to show that larger organisms experience exponentially higher tissue forces during movement and locomotion and throughout the organism's lifespan. How these evolutionary adaptations may affect tissue injury has not been thoroughly investigated in humans. We discuss how these adapations may affect healing and demonstrate that blocking the most evolutionary conserved biologic force sensor enables large organisms to heal after injury with true tissue regeneration. Future strategies to disrupt tissue force sensors may unlock the key to regenerating after injury in a wide range of organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
| | - Dominic Henn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
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40
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Sehring I, Weidinger G. Zebrafish Fin: Complex Molecular Interactions and Cellular Mechanisms Guiding Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040758. [PMID: 34649924 PMCID: PMC9248819 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish caudal fin has become a popular model to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of regeneration due to its high regenerative capacity, accessibility for experimental manipulations, and relatively simple anatomy. The formation of a regenerative epidermis and blastema are crucial initial events and tightly regulated. Both the regenerative epidermis and the blastema are highly organized structures containing distinct domains, and several signaling pathways regulate the formation and interaction of these domains. Bone is the major tissue regenerated from the progenitor cells of the blastema. Several cellular mechanisms can provide source cells for blastemal (pre-)osteoblasts, including dedifferentiation of differentiated osteoblasts and de novo formation from other cell types, providing intriguing examples of cellular plasticity. In recent years, omics analyses and single-cell approaches have elucidated genetic and epigenetic regulation, increasing our knowledge of the surprisingly complex coordination of various mechanisms to achieve successful restoration of a seemingly simple structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Sehring
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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41
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of tumor suppressors arhgap28 and retinoblastoma in the lizard Podarcis muralis suggests that they contribute to the regulated regeneration of the tail. J Morphol 2022; 283:973-986. [PMID: 35708299 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tail regeneration in lizards is an outstanding and unique postembryonic morphogenetic process. This developmental process is regulated by poorly known factors, but recent studies have suggested that it derives from a balanced activity between oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Transcriptome and expression data have indicated that arhgap28 and retinoblastoma proteins are among the main tumor suppressors activated during tail regeneration. However, their cellular localization is not known. Therefore, in the present immunohistochemical study, two proteins have been detected in various tissues at the beginning of their differentiation. Both proteins are present especially in the new scales, axial cartilage, and muscle bundles of the regenerating tail, the main tissues forming the new tail. Sparse or occasionally labeled cells are observed in the blastema, but intense labeling is seen in the basal layers of the wound (regenerating) epidermis and in external differentiating epidermal layers. Numerous keratinocytes also show a nuclear localization for both proteins, suggesting that the latter may activate a gene program for tissue differentiation after the inhibition of cell multiplication. Based on microscopic, molecular, experimental, and in vitro studies, a hypothesis on the "inhibition of contact" among the apical cells of the blastema and those of proximal differentiating tissues is proposed to explain the permanence of an active blastema only at the apex of the regenerating tail without tail growth can degenerate into a tumorigenic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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42
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Otsuki L, Tanaka EM. Positional Memory in Vertebrate Regeneration: A Century's Insights from the Salamander Limb. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040899. [PMID: 34607829 PMCID: PMC9248832 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders, such as axolotls and newts, can regenerate complex tissues including entire limbs. But what mechanisms ensure that an amputated limb regenerates a limb, and not a tail or unpatterned tissue? An important concept in regeneration is positional memory-the notion that adult cells "remember" spatial identities assigned to them during embryogenesis (e.g., "head" or "hand") and use this information to restore the correct body parts after injury. Although positional memory is well documented at a phenomenological level, the underlying cellular and molecular bases are just beginning to be decoded. Herein, we review how major principles in positional memory were established in the salamander limb model, enabling the discovery of positional memory-encoding molecules, and advancing insights into their pattern-forming logic during regeneration. We explore findings in other amphibians, fish, reptiles, and mammals and speculate on conserved aspects of positional memory. We consider the possibility that manipulating positional memory in human cells could represent one route toward improved tissue repair or engineering of patterned tissues for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Otsuki
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Avalos PN, Forsthoefel DJ. An Emerging Frontier in Intercellular Communication: Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849905. [PMID: 35646926 PMCID: PMC9130466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires cellular proliferation, differentiation, and other processes that are regulated by secreted cues originating from cells in the local environment. Recent studies suggest that signaling by extracellular vesicles (EVs), another mode of paracrine communication, may also play a significant role in coordinating cellular behaviors during regeneration. EVs are nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, and are secreted by most cell types. Upon EV uptake by target cells, EV cargo can influence diverse cellular behaviors during regeneration, including cell survival, immune responses, extracellular matrix remodeling, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of EV research and EV biogenesis. Then, we review current understanding of how EVs regulate cellular behaviors during regeneration derived from numerous studies of stem cell-derived EVs in mammalian injury models. Finally, we discuss the potential of other established and emerging research organisms to expand our mechanistic knowledge of basic EV biology, how injury modulates EV biogenesis, cellular sources of EVs in vivo, and the roles of EVs in organisms with greater regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla N. Avalos
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David J. Forsthoefel
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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44
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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45
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Haynes EM, Ulland TK, Eliceiri KW. A Model of Discovery: The Role of Imaging Established and Emerging Non-mammalian Models in Neuroscience. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:867010. [PMID: 35493325 PMCID: PMC9046975 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.867010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents have been the dominant animal models in neurobiology and neurological disease research over the past 60 years. The prevalent use of rats and mice in neuroscience research has been driven by several key attributes including their organ physiology being more similar to humans, the availability of a broad variety of behavioral tests and genetic tools, and widely accessible reagents. However, despite the many advances in understanding neurobiology that have been achieved using rodent models, there remain key limitations in the questions that can be addressed in these and other mammalian models. In particular, in vivo imaging in mammals at the cell-resolution level remains technically difficult and demands large investments in time and cost. The simpler nervous systems of many non-mammalian models allow for precise mapping of circuits and even the whole brain with impressive subcellular resolution. The types of non-mammalian neuroscience models available spans vertebrates and non-vertebrates, so that an appropriate model for most cell biological questions in neurodegenerative disease likely exists. A push to diversify the models used in neuroscience research could help address current gaps in knowledge, complement existing rodent-based bodies of work, and bring new insight into our understanding of human disease. Moreover, there are inherent aspects of many non-mammalian models such as lifespan and tissue transparency that can make them specifically advantageous for neuroscience studies. Crispr/Cas9 gene editing and decreased cost of genome sequencing combined with advances in optical microscopy enhances the utility of new animal models to address specific questions. This review seeks to synthesize current knowledge of established and emerging non-mammalian model organisms with advances in cellular-resolution in vivo imaging techniques to suggest new approaches to understand neurodegeneration and neurobiological processes. We will summarize current tools and in vivo imaging approaches at the single cell scale that could help lead to increased consideration of non-mammalian models in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Haynes
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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46
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Adamson CJ, Morrison-Welch N, Rogers CD. The amazing and anomalous axolotls as scientific models. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:922-933. [PMID: 35322911 PMCID: PMC9536427 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) embryos and juveniles have been used as model organisms for developmental and regenerative research for many years. This neotenic aquatic species maintains the unique capability to regenerate most, if not all, of its tissues well into adulthood. With large externally developing embryos, axolotls were one of the original model species for developmental biology. However, increased access to, and use of, organisms with sequenced and annotated genomes, such as Xenopus laevis and tropicalis and Danio rerio, reduced the prevalence of axolotls as models in embryogenesis studies. Recent sequencing of the large axolotl genome opens up new possibilities for defining the recipes that drive the formation and regeneration of tissues like the limbs and spinal cord. However, to decode the large Ambystoma mexicanum genome will take a herculean effort, community resources, and the development of novel techniques. Here, we provide an updated axolotl-staging chart ranging from 1-cell stage to immature adult paired with a perspective on both historical and current axolotl research that spans from their use in early studies of development to the recent cutting-edge research, employment of transgenesis, high resolution imaging, and study of mechanisms deployed in regeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Adamson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA
| | | | - Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA
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Springhetti S, Bucan V, Liebsch C, Lazaridis A, Vogt PM, Strauß S. An Identification and Characterization of the Axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum, Amex) Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (Amex TERT). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020373. [PMID: 35205418 PMCID: PMC8924892 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mexican axolotl is one of the few vertebrates that is able to replace its lost body parts during lifespan. Due to its remarkable regenerative abilities, the axolotl emerged as a model organism especially for limb regeneration. Telomeres and the telomerase enzyme are crucial for regeneration and protection against aging processes and degenerating diseases. Despite its relevance for regeneration, the axolotl telomerase and telomere length have not yet been investigated. Therefore, in the present paper, we reveal the sequence of the axolotl telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (Tert) and protein (TERT). Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) showed the known conserved RT- and TERT-specific motifs and residues found in other TERTs. In addition, we establish methods to determine the Tert expression (RT-PCR) and telomerase activity (Q-TRAP) of adult axolotl and blastema tissues. We found that both differentiated forelimb tissue and regenerating blastema tissue express Tert and show telomerase activity. Furthermore, blastema tissue appears to exhibit a higher Tert expression and telomerase activity. The presence of active telomerase in adult somatic cells is a decisive difference to somatic cells of non-regenerating vertebrates, such as humans. These findings indicate that telomere biology may play a key role in the regenerative abilities of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Springhetti
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Diakovere Henriettenstift, 30171 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Vesna Bucan
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Christina Liebsch
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrea Lazaridis
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Peter Maria Vogt
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Strauß
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (C.L.); (A.L.); (P.M.V.); (S.S.)
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Engelbrecht L, Ollewagen T, de Swardt D. Advances in fluorescence microscopy can reveal important new aspects of tissue regeneration. Biochimie 2022; 196:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Murugan NJ, Vigran HJ, Miller KA, Golding A, Pham QL, Sperry MM, Rasmussen-Ivey C, Kane AW, Kaplan DL, Levin M. Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2164. [PMID: 35080969 PMCID: PMC8791464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a frontier in biomedical science. Identifying triggers of innate morphogenetic responses in vivo to induce the growth of healthy patterned tissue would address the needs of millions of patients, from diabetics to victims of trauma. Organisms such as Xenopus laevis-whose limited regenerative capacities in adulthood mirror those of humans-are important models with which to test interventions that can restore form and function. Here, we demonstrate long-term (18 months) regrowth, marked tissue repatterning, and functional restoration of an amputated X. laevis hindlimb following a 24-hour exposure to a multidrug, pro-regenerative treatment delivered by a wearable bioreactor. Regenerated tissues composed of skin, bone, vasculature, and nerves significantly exceeded the complexity and sensorimotor capacities of untreated and control animals' hypomorphic spikes. RNA sequencing of early tissue buds revealed activation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, hedgehog, and Notch. These data demonstrate the successful "kickstarting" of endogenous regenerative pathways in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J. Murugan
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hannah J. Vigran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kelsie A. Miller
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Annie Golding
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Quang L. Pham
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Megan M. Sperry
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cody Rasmussen-Ivey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Anna W. Kane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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50
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Lobo D. Formalizing Phenotypes of Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:663-679. [PMID: 35359335 PMCID: PMC9761515 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration experiments can produce complex phenotypes including morphological outcomes and gene expression patterns that are crucial for the understanding of the mechanisms of regeneration. However, due to their inherent complexity, variability between individuals, and heterogeneous data spreading across the literature, extracting mechanistic knowledge from them is a current challenge. Toward this goal, here we present protocols to unambiguously formalize the phenotypes of regeneration and their experimental procedures using precise mathematical morphological descriptions and standardized gene expression patterns. We illustrate the application of the methodology with step-by-step protocols for planaria and limb regeneration phenotypes. The curated datasets with these methods are not only helpful for human scientists, but they represent a key formalized resource that can be easily integrated into downstream reverse engineering methodologies for the automatic extraction of mechanistic knowledge. This approach can pave the way for discovering comprehensive systems-level models of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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