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Wang P, Yang X, Yang F, Cardiff K, Houchins M, Carballo N, Shear DA, Scultetus AH, Bailey ZS. Intravenous Administration of Anti-CD47 Antibody Augments Hematoma Clearance, Mitigates Acute Neuropathology, and Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38874230 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intracerebral hematoma is a major driver of secondary injury pathology such as neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which contribute to neuronal loss, motor deficits, and cognitive impairment. Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is an antiphagocytic cell surface protein inhibiting hematoma clearance. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of blockade of CD47 via intravenous (i.v.) administration of anti-CD47 antibodies following penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) with significant traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (tICH). The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the anti-CD47 antibody elicited that antibody concentration decayed over 7 days post-administration. Blood tests and necropsy analysis indicated no severe adverse events following treatment. Cerebral hemoglobin levels were significantly increased after injury, however, anti-CD47 antibody administration at 0.1 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in cerebral hemoglobin levels at 72 h post-administration, indicating augmentation of hematoma clearance. Immunohistochemistry assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) demonstrated a significant reduction of GFAP levels in the lesion core and peri-lesional area. Based on these analyses, the optimal dose was identified as 0.1 mg/kg. Lesion volume showed a reduction following treatment. Rotarod testing revealed significant motor deficits in all injured groups but no significant therapeutic benefits. Spatial learning performance revealed significant deficits in all injured groups, which were significantly improved by the last testing day. Anti-CD47 antibody treated rats showed significantly improved attention deficits, but not retention scores. These results provide preliminary evidence that blockade of CD47 using i.v. administration of anti-CD47 antibodies may serve as a potential therapeutic for TBI with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangzhou Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Cardiff
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Melonie Houchins
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Noemy Carballo
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anke H Scultetus
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary S Bailey
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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2
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Rasouli A, Roshangar L, Hosseini M, Pourmohammadfazel A, Nikzad S. Beyond boundaries: the therapeutic potential of exosomes in neural microenvironments in neurological disorders. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00294-X. [PMID: 38964450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that can significantly impact individuals' quality of life. The maintenance of neural microenvironment homeostasis is essential for optimal physiological cellular processes. Perturbations in this delicate balance underlie various pathological manifestations observed across various neurological disorders. Current treatments for neurological disorders face substantial challenges, primarily due to the formidable blood-brain barrier and the intricate nature of neural tissue structures. These obstacles have resulted in a paucity of effective therapies and inefficiencies in patient care. Exosomes, nanoscale vesicles that contain a complex repertoire of biomolecules, are identifiable in various bodily fluids. They hold substantial promise in numerous therapeutic interventions due to their unique attributes, including targeted drug delivery mechanisms and the ability to cross the BBB, thereby enhancing their therapeutic potential. In this review, we investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes across a range of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain tumors, and stroke. Through both in vitro and in vivo studies, our findings underscore the beneficial influence of exosomes in enhancing the neural microenvironment following neurological diseases, offering promise for improved neural recovery and management in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefe Rasouli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammadbagher Hosseini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Pourmohammadfazel
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Pandya VA, Patani R. The role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:381-450. [PMID: 38802179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has traditionally been considered a neuron-centric disease. This view is now outdated, with increasing recognition of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contributions of central and peripheral nervous system glia to ALS pathomechanisms. With glial research rapidly accelerating, we comprehensively interrogate the roles of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells and satellite glia in nervous system physiology and ALS-associated pathology. Moreover, we highlight the inter-glial, glial-neuronal and inter-system polylogue which constitutes the healthy nervous system and destabilises in disease. We also propose classification based on function for complex glial reactive phenotypes and discuss the pre-requisite for integrative modelling to advance translation. Given the paucity of life-enhancing therapies currently available for ALS patients, we discuss the promising potential of harnessing glia in driving ALS therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virenkumar A Pandya
- University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Davis GH, Zaya A, Pearce MMP. Impairment of the Glial Phagolysosomal System Drives Prion-Like Propagation in a Drosophila Model of Huntington's Disease. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1256232024. [PMID: 38589228 PMCID: PMC11097281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1256-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding, aggregation, and spread through the brain are primary drivers of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Phagocytic glia are responsible for regulating the load of pathological proteins in the brain, but emerging evidence suggests that glia may also act as vectors for aggregate spread. Accumulation of protein aggregates could compromise the ability of glia to eliminate toxic materials from the brain by disrupting efficient degradation in the phagolysosomal system. A better understanding of phagocytic glial cell deficiencies in the disease state could help to identify novel therapeutic targets for multiple neurological disorders. Here, we report that mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates impair glial responsiveness to injury and capacity to degrade neuronal debris in male and female adult Drosophila expressing the gene that causes Huntington's disease (HD). mHTT aggregate formation in neurons impairs engulfment and clearance of injured axons and causes accumulation of phagolysosomes in glia. Neuronal mHTT expression induces upregulation of key innate immunity and phagocytic genes, some of which were found to regulate mHTT aggregate burden in the brain. A forward genetic screen revealed Rab10 as a novel component of Draper-dependent phagocytosis that regulates mHTT aggregate transmission from neurons to glia. These data suggest that glial phagocytic defects enable engulfed mHTT aggregates to evade lysosomal degradation and acquire prion-like characteristics. Together, our findings uncover new mechanisms that enhance our understanding of the beneficial and harmful effects of phagocytic glia in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Davis
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aprem Zaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Margaret M Panning Pearce
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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5
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Davis GH, Zaya A, Pearce MMP. Impairment of the glial phagolysosomal system drives prion-like propagation in a Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.04.560952. [PMID: 38370619 PMCID: PMC10871239 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, aggregation, and spread through the brain are primary drivers of neurodegenerative diseases pathogenesis. Phagocytic glia are responsible for regulating the load of pathogenic protein aggregates in the brain, but emerging evidence suggests that glia may also act as vectors for aggregate spread. Accumulation of protein aggregates could compromise the ability of glia to eliminate toxic materials from the brain by disrupting efficient degradation in the phagolysosomal system. A better understanding of phagocytic glial cell deficiencies in the disease state could help to identify novel therapeutic targets for multiple neurological disorders. Here, we report that mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates impair glial responsiveness to injury and capacity to degrade neuronal debris in male and female adult Drosophila expressing the gene that causes Huntington's disease (HD). mHTT aggregate formation in neurons impairs engulfment and clearance of injured axons and causes accumulation of phagolysosomes in glia. Neuronal mHTT expression induces upregulation of key innate immunity and phagocytic genes, some of which were found to regulate mHTT aggregate burden in the brain. Finally, a forward genetic screen revealed Rab10 as a novel component of Draper-dependent phagocytosis that regulates mHTT aggregate transmission from neurons to glia. These data suggest that glial phagocytic defects enable engulfed mHTT aggregates to evade lysosomal degradation and acquire prion-like characteristics. Together, our findings reveal new mechanisms that enhance our understanding of the beneficial and potentially harmful effects of phagocytic glia in HD and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H. Davis
- Rowan University, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glassboro, NJ 08028
- Saint Joseph’s University, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19131
- University of the Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Aprem Zaya
- University of the Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Margaret M. Panning Pearce
- Rowan University, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glassboro, NJ 08028
- Saint Joseph’s University, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19131
- University of the Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Wei W, Zhang L, Xin W, Pan Y, Tatenhorst L, Hao Z, Gerner ST, Huber S, Juenemann M, Butz M, Huttner HB, Bähr M, Fitzner D, Jia F, Doeppner TR. TREM2 regulates microglial lipid droplet formation and represses post-ischemic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115962. [PMID: 38042110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor protein predominantly expressed in microglia within the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 regulates multiple microglial functions, including lipid metabolism, immune reaction, inflammation, and microglial phagocytosis. Recent studies have found that TREM2 is highly expressed in activated microglia after ischemic stroke. However, the role of TREM2 in the pathologic response after stroke remains unclear. Herein, TREM2-deficient microglia exhibit an impaired phagocytosis rate and cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation, leading to lipid droplet formation and upregulation of Perilipin-2 (PLIN2) expression after hypoxia. Knockdown of TREM2 results in increased lipid synthesis (PLIN2, SOAT1) and decreased cholesterol clearance and lipid hydrolysis (LIPA, ApoE, ABCA1, NECH1, and NPC2), further impacting microglial phenotypes. In these lipid droplet-rich microglia, the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway is downregulated, driving microglia towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Meanwhile, in a neuron-microglia co-culture system under hypoxic conditions, we found that microglia lost their protective effect against neuronal injury and apoptosis when TREM2 was knocked down. Under in vivo conditions, TREM2 knockdown mice express lower TGF-β1 expression levels and a lower number of anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype microglia, resulting in increased cerebral infarct size, exacerbated neuronal apoptosis, and aggravated neuronal impairment. Our work suggests that TREM2 attenuates stroke-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. TREM2 may play a direct role in the regulation of inflammation and also exert an influence on the post-ischemic inflammation and the stroke pathology progression via regulation of lipid metabolism processes. Thus, underscoring the therapeutic potential of TREM2 agonists in ischemic stroke and making TREM2 an attractive new clinical target for the treatment of ischemic stroke and other inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhongnan Hao
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marius Butz
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Nantong First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Gill T, Locskai LF, Burton AH, Alyenbaawi H, Wheeler T, Burton EA, Allison WT. Delivering Traumatic Brain Injury to Larval Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2707:3-22. [PMID: 37668902 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3401-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a straightforward, scalable method for administering traumatic brain injury (TBI) to zebrafish larvae. The pathological outcomes appear generalizable for all TBI types, but perhaps most closely model closed-skull, diffuse lesion (blast injury) neurotrauma. The injury is delivered by dropping a weight onto the plunger of a fluid-filled syringe containing zebrafish larvae. This model is easy to implement, cost-effective, and provides a high-throughput system that induces brain injury in many larvae at once. Unique to vertebrate TBI models, this method can be used to deliver TBI without anesthetic or other metabolic agents. The methods simulate the main aspects of traumatic brain injury in humans, providing a preclinical model to study the consequences of this prevalent injury type and a way to explore early interventions that may ameliorate subsequent neurodegeneration. We also describe a convenient method for executing pressure measurements to calibrate and validate this method. When used in concert with the genetic tools readily available in zebrafish, this model of traumatic brain injury offers opportunities to examine many mechanisms and outcomes induced by traumatic brain injury. For example, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters have been implemented with this system to measure protein misfolding and neural activity via optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Gill
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laszlo F Locskai
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander H Burton
- Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Travis Wheeler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Kara S, Nimmerjahn F. Analyzing Fcγ-Receptor Interactions on Monocytes with the Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:377-388. [PMID: 37639137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Proximity ligation assays (PLA) enable the detection and characterization of protein interactions independent of protein abundance or genetic modifications. This technique exploits both antibody and DNA-binding features, providing high selectivity and sensitivity for protein recognition and visualization of single-protein molecules with high spatial accuracy. Here, we describe the general procedure for a direct PLA on splenic monocytes to analyze FcγRIIb homodimerization. However, this method can be applied to other cells and receptors of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kara
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Morales M, Findley AP, Mitchell DM. Intercellular contact and cargo transfer between Müller glia and to microglia precede apoptotic cell clearance in the developing retina. Development 2024; 151:dev202407. [PMID: 38174987 PMCID: PMC10820749 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To clarify our understanding of glial phagocytosis in retinal development, we used real-time imaging of larval zebrafish to provide cell-type specific resolution of this process. We show that radial Müller glia frequently participate in microglial phagocytosis while also completing a subset of phagocytic events. Müller glia actively engage with dying cells through initial target cell contact and phagocytic cup formation, after which an exchange of the dying cell from Müller glia to microglia often takes place. In addition, we find evidence that Müller glia cellular material, possibly from the initial Müller cell phagocytic cup, is internalized into microglial compartments. Previously undescribed Müller cell behaviors were seen, including cargo splitting, wrestling for targets and lateral passing of cargo to neighbors. Collectively, our work provides new insight into glial functions and intercellular interactions, which will allow future work to understand these behaviors on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Anna P. Findley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Diana M. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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10
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Sun X, Qian M, Li H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yin M, Dai L, Bao H. FKBP5 activates mitophagy by ablating PPAR-γ to shape a benign remyelination environment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:736. [PMID: 37952053 PMCID: PMC10640650 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by myelin damage, followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss, which has been found to be associated with mitophagy. The etiology and pathology of MS remain elusive. However, the role of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5, also called FKBP51), a newly identified gene associated with MS, in the progression of the disease has not been well defined. Here, we observed that the progress of myelin loss and regeneration in Fkbp5ko mice treated with demyelination for the same amount of time was significantly slower than that in wild-type mice, and that mitophagy plays an important regulatory role in this process. To investigate the mechanism, we discovered that the levels of FKBP5 protein were greatly enhanced in the CNS of cuprizone (CPZ) mice and the myelin-denuded environment stimulates significant activation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, in which the important regulator, PPAR-γ, is critically regulated by FKBP5. This study reveals the role of FKBP5 in regulating a dynamic pathway of natural restorative regulation of mitophagy through PPAR-γ in pathological demyelinating settings, which may provide potential targets for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzong Sun
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Menghan Qian
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Min Yin
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Lili Dai
- School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China.
| | - Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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11
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Meng S, Cao H, Huang Y, Shi Z, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen S, Shi H, Gao Y. ASK1-K716R reduces neuroinflammation and white matter injury via preserving blood-brain barrier integrity after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:244. [PMID: 37875988 PMCID: PMC10594934 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide public health concern that necessitates attention. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a key player in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, has garnered interest for its potential neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke and epilepsy when deleted. Nonetheless, the specific impact of ASK1 on TBI and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Notably, mutation of ATP-binding sites, such as lysine residues, can lead to catalytic inactivation of ASK1. To address these knowledge gaps, we generated transgenic mice harboring a site-specific mutant ASK1 Map3k5-e (K716R), enabling us to assess its effects and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms following TBI. METHODS We employed the CRIPR/Cas9 system to generate a transgenic mouse model carrying the ASK1-K716R mutation, aming to investigate the functional implications of this specific mutant. The controlled cortical impact method was utilized to induce TBI. Expression and distribution of ASK1 were detected through Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The ASK1 kinase activity after TBI was detected by a specific ASK1 kinase activity kit. Cerebral microvessels were isolated by gradient centrifugation using dextran. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. BBB ultrastructure was visualized using transmission electron microscopy, while the expression levels of endothelial tight junction proteins and ASK1 signaling pathway proteins was detected by Western blotting. To investigate TBI-induced neuroinflammation, we conducted immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry analyses. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining and electrophysiological compound action potentials were conducted to evaluate gray and white matter injury. Finally, sensorimotor function and cognitive function were assessed by a battery of behavioral tests. RESULTS The activity of ASK1-K716R was significantly decreased following TBI. Western blotting confirmed that ASK1-K716R effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNKs, and p38 in response to TBI. Additionally, ASK1-K716R demonstrated a protective function in maintaining BBB integrity by suppressing ASK1/JNKs activity in endothelial cells, thereby reducing the degradation of tight junction proteins following TBI. Besides, ASK1-K716R effectively suppressed the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma, decreased the number of proinflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, increased the number of anti-inflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, and downregulated expression of several proinflammatory factors. Furthermore, ASK1-K716R attenuated white matter injury and improved the nerve conduction function of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers after TBI. Finally, our findings demonstrated that ASK1-K716R exhibited favorable long-term functional and histological outcomes in the aftermath of TBI. CONCLUSION ASK1-K716R preserves BBB integrity by inhibiting ASK1/JNKs pathway in endothelial cells, consequently reducing the degradation of tight junction proteins. Additionally, it alleviates early neuroinflammation by inhibiting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma and modulating the polarization of microglia/macrophages. These beneficial effects of ASK1-K716R subsequently result in a reduction in white matter injury and promote the long-term recovery of neurological function following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yana Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Morales M, Findley AP, Mitchell DM. Intercellular contact and cargo transfer between Müller glia and to microglia precede apoptotic cell clearance in the developing retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561302. [PMID: 37873206 PMCID: PMC10592698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To clarify our understanding of glial phagocytosis in retinal development, we used real time imaging of larval zebrafish to provide cell-type specific resolution of this process. We show that radial Müller glia frequently participate in microglial phagocytosis while also completing a subset of phagocytic events. Müller glia (MG) actively engage with dying cells through initial target cell contact and phagocytic cup formation after which an exchange of the dying cell from MG to microglia often takes place. Additionally, we find evidence that Müller glia cellular material, possibly from the initial Müller cell's phagocytic cup, is internalized into microglial compartments. Previously undescribed Müller cell behaviors were seen, including cargo splitting, wrestling for targets, lateral passing of cargo to neighbors, and engulfment of what is possibly synaptic puncta. Collectively, our work provides new insight into glial functions and intercellular interactions, which will allow future work to understand these behaviors on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
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13
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Kamte YS, Chandwani MN, London NM, Potosnak CE, Leak RK, O'Donnell LA. Perturbations in neural stem cell function during a neurotropic viral infection in juvenile mice. J Neurochem 2023; 166:809-829. [PMID: 37530081 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) often cause worse neurological outcomes in younger hosts. Throughout childhood, the brain undergoes extensive development and refinement to produce functional neural networks. Network function is maintained partly with the help of neural stem cells (NSCs) that replace neuronal and glia subtypes in the two neurogenic niches of the brain (the hippocampus and subventricular zone). Accumulating evidence suggests that viruses disrupt NSC function in adulthood and infancy, but the in vivo impact of childhood infections on acute and long-term NSC function is unknown. Using a juvenile mouse model of measles virus (MeV) infection, where only mature neurons in the brain are infected, we defined the effects of the antiviral immune response on NSCs from juvenile to adult stages of life. We found that (a) virus persists in the brains of survivors despite an anti-viral immune response; (b) NSC numbers decrease dramatically during early infection, but ultimately stabilize in adult survivors; (c) infection is associated with mild apoptosis throughout the juvenile brain, but NSC proliferation is unchanged; (d) the loss of NSC numbers is dependent upon the stage of NSC differentiation; and (e) immature neurons increase early during infection, concurrent with depletion of NSC pools. Collectively, we show that NSCs are exquisitely sensitive to the inflammatory microenvironment created during neuron-restricted MeV infection in juveniles, responding with an early loss of NSCs but increased neurogenesis. These studies provide insight into potential cellular mechanisms associated with long-term neurological deficits in survivors of childhood CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika S Kamte
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manisha N Chandwani
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie M London
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chloe E Potosnak
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Xue S, Lozinski BM, Ghorbani S, Ta K, D'Mello C, Yong VW, Dong Y. Elevated Galectin-3 Is Associated with Aging, Multiple Sclerosis, and Oxidized Phosphatidylcholine-Induced Neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4725-4737. [PMID: 37208177 PMCID: PMC10286945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2312-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a significant risk factor associated with the progression of CNS neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS parenchyma, are a major population of immune cells that accumulate in MS lesions. While they normally regulate tissue homeostasis and facilitate the clearance of neurotoxic molecules including oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs), their transcriptome and neuroprotective functions are reprogrammed by aging. Thus, determining the factors that instigate aging associated microglia dysfunction can lead to new insights for promoting CNS repair and for halting MS disease progression. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), we identified Lgals3, which encodes for galectin-3 (Gal3), as an age upregulated gene by microglia responding to OxPC. Consistently, excess Gal3 accumulated in OxPC and lysolecithin-induced focal spinal cord white matter (SCWM) lesions of middle-aged mice compared with young mice. Gal3 was also elevated in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions and more importantly in MS brain lesions from two male and one female individuals. While Gal3 delivery alone into the mouse spinal cord did not induce damage, its co-delivery with OxPC increased cleaved caspase 3 and IL-1β within white matter lesions and exacerbated OxPC-induced injury. Conversely, OxPC-mediated neurodegeneration was reduced in Gal3-/- mice compared with Gal3+/+ mice. Thus, Gal3 is associated with increased neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and its overexpression by microglia/macrophages may be detrimental for lesions within the aging CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging that increases the susceptibility of the CNS to damage could lead to new strategies to manage MS progression. Here, we highlight that microglia/macrophage-associated galectin-3 (Gal3) was upregulated with age exacerbated neurodegeneration in the mouse spinal cord white matter (SCWM) and in MS lesions. More importantly, co-injection of Gal3 with oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs), which are neurotoxic lipids found in MS lesions, caused greater neurodegeneration compared with injection of OxPC alone, whereas genetic loss of Gal3 reduced OxPC damage. These results demonstrate that Gal3 overexpression is detrimental to CNS lesions and suggest its deposition in MS lesions may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Xue
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brian M Lozinski
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khanh Ta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Charlotte D'Mello
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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15
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Doust YV, Bindoff A, Holloway OG, Wilson R, King AE, Ziebell JM. Temporal changes in the microglial proteome of male and female mice after a diffuse brain injury using label-free quantitative proteomics. Glia 2023; 71:880-903. [PMID: 36468604 PMCID: PMC10952308 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers neuroinflammatory cascades mediated by microglia, which promotes tissue repair in the short-term. These cascades may exacerbate TBI-induced tissue damage and symptoms in the months to years post-injury. However, the progression of the microglial function across time post-injury and whether this differs between biological sexes is not well understood. In this study, we examined the microglial proteome at 3-, 7-, or 28-days after a midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) in male and female mice using label-free quantitative proteomics. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033628. We identified a reduction in microglial proteins involved with clearance of neuronal debris via phagocytosis at 3- and 7-days post-injury. At 28 days post-injury, pro-inflammatory proteins were decreased and anti-inflammatory proteins were increased in microglia. These results indicate a reduction in microglial clearance of neuronal debris in the days post-injury with a shift to anti-inflammatory function by 28 days following TBI. The changes in the microglial proteome that occurred across time post-injury did not differ between biological sexes. However, we did identify an increase in microglial proteins related to pro-inflammation and phagocytosis as well as insulin and estrogen signaling in males compared with female mice that occurred with or without a brain injury. Although the microglial response was similar between males and females up to 28 days following TBI, biological sex differences in the microglial proteome, regardless of TBI, has implications for the efficacy of treatment strategies targeting the microglial response post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine V. Doust
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Aidan Bindoff
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Olivia G. Holloway
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory (CSL)University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jenna M. Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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16
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Gordon H, Schafer ZT, Smith CJ. A paradox promoted by microglia cannibalism shortens the lifespan of developmental microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.532426. [PMID: 36993267 PMCID: PMC10055159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of cells and subsequent production of debris is a universal principle of neurodevelopment. Here we show an additional feature of the developing nervous system that causes neural debris - promoted by the sacrificial nature of embryonic microglia that irreversibly become phagocytic after clearing other neural debris. Described as long-lived, microglia colonize the embryonic brain and persist into adulthood. Using transgenic zebrafish to investigate the microglia debris during brain construction, we identified that unlike other neural cell-types that die in developmental stages after they have expanded, necroptotic-dependent microglial debris is prevalent when microglia are expanding in the zebrafish brain. Time-lapse imaging of microglia demonstrates that this debris is cannibalized by other microglia. To investigate features that promote microglia death and cannibalism, we used time-lapse imaging and fate-mapping strategies to track the lifespan of individual developmental microglia. These approaches revealed that instead of embryonic microglia being long-lived cells that completely digest their phagocytic debris, once most developmental microglia in zebrafish become phagocytic they eventually die, including ones that are cannibalistic. These results establish a paradox -- which we tested by increasing neural debris and manipulating phagocytosis -- that once most microglia in the embryo become phagocytic, they die, create debris and then are cannibalized by other microglia, resulting in more phagocytic microglia that are destined to die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gordon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Zachary T. Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Cody J. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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17
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Vu AP, Lam D, Denney C, Lee KV, Plemel JR, Jackson J. Social isolation produces a sex- and brain region-specific alteration of microglia state. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1481-1497. [PMID: 36918398 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a profound form of psychological stress that impacts the mental health of a large proportion of society. Other experimental models of stress have demonstrated a microglia response that serves either a protective or pathological function. However, the effect of adult social isolation on microglia has not been thoroughly investigated. We measured microglia territory, branching, end points and phagocytic-lysosomal activity in group housed C57Bl/6 mice and mice that were socially isolated for 2 weeks. Our results show that the dorsomedial hypothalamus and hippocampal CA2 region of adult male mice undergo increased microglia volume, territory and endpoints following social isolation, whereas females exhibit this increase in the hypothalamus only. Males exhibited decreases in the phagocytic-lysosomal marker CD68 in microglia in these regions, whereas females showed an increase in CD68 in the hypothalamus suggesting sexually dimorphic and brain region-specific change in microglia state in response to social isolation. The prefrontal cortex, central amygdala, nucleus accumbens shell and visual cortex did not exhibit changes in microglia structure in either male or female mice. These data show that microglia in different brain regions undergo a distinct response to social isolation which may account for changes in cognition and behaviour associated with this prevalent form of psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cayla Denney
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly V Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Hagey DW, El Andaloussi S. The promise and challenges of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:227-241. [PMID: 36803813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as essential means of intercommunication for all cell types, and their role in CNS physiology is increasingly appreciated. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that EVs play important roles in neural cell maintenance, plasticity, and growth. However, EVs have also been demonstrated to spread amyloids and inflammation characteristic of neurodegenerative disease. Such dual roles suggest that EVs may be prime candidates for neurodegenerative disease biomarker analysis. This is supported by several intrinsic properties of EVs: Populations can be enriched by capturing surface proteins from their cell of origin, their diverse cargo represent the complex intracellular states of the cells they derive from, and they can pass the blood-brain barrier. Despite this promise, there are important questions outstanding in this young field that will need to be answered before it can fulfill its potential. Namely, overcoming the technical challenges of isolating rare EV populations, the difficulties inherent in detecting neurodegeneration, and the ethical considerations of diagnosing asymptomatic individuals. Although daunting, succeeding to answer these questions has the potential to provide unprecedented insight and improved treatment of neurodegenerative disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Targeting the Semaphorin3E-plexinD1 complex in allergic asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 242:108351. [PMID: 36706796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogenous airway disease characterized by airway inflammation and remodeling. It affects more than 300 million people worldwide and poses a significant burden on society. Semaphorins, discovered initially as neural guidance molecules, are ubiquitously expressed in various organs and regulate multiple signaling pathways. Interestingly, Semaphorin3E is a critical molecule in lung pathophysiology through its role in both lung development and homeostasis. Semaphorin3E binds to plexinD1, mediating regulatory effects on cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the Semaphorin3E-plexinD1 axis is implicated in asthma, impacting inflammatory and structural cells associated with airway inflammation, tissue remodeling, and airway hyperresponsiveness. This review details the Semaphorin3E-plexinD1 axis in various aspects of asthma and highlights future directions in research including its potential role as a therapeutic target in airway allergic diseases.
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20
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Wartchow KM, Scaini G, Quevedo J. Glial-Neuronal Interaction in Synapses: A Possible Mechanism of the Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:191-208. [PMID: 36949311 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and chronic psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1-4% of the world population and is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. BD is also associated with illnesses marked by immune activation, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, a connection has been suggested between neuroinflammation and peripheral inflammatory markers in the pathophysiology of BD, which can be associated with the modulation of many dysfunctional processes, including synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, neuronal survival, apoptosis, and even cognitive/behavioral functioning. Rising evidence suggests that synaptic dysregulations, especially glutamatergic system dysfunction, are directly involved in mood disorders. It is becoming clear that dysregulations in connection and structural changes of glial cells play a central role in the BD pathophysiology. This book chapter highlighted the latest findings that support the theory of synaptic dysfunction in BD, providing an overview of the alterations in neurotransmitters release, astrocytic uptake, and receptor signaling, as well as the role of inflammation on glial cells in mood disorders. Particular emphasis is given to the alterations in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and glial cells, all cellular elements of the "tripartite synapse," compromising the neurotransmitters system, excitatory-inhibitory balance, and neurotrophic states of local networks in mood disorders. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the exact role of the glial-neuronal interaction in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Wartchow
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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21
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Met/HGFR triggers detrimental reactive microglia in TBI. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111867. [PMID: 36577378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of signaling events and cellular responses unfolding in neuronal, glial, and immune cells upon traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes an obstacle in elucidating pathophysiological links and targets for intervention. We use array phosphoproteomics in a murine mild blunt TBI to reconstruct the temporal dynamics of tyrosine-kinase signaling in TBI and then scrutinize the large-scale effects of perturbation of Met/HGFR, VEGFR1, and Btk signaling by small molecules. We show Met/HGFR as a selective modifier of early microglial response and that Met/HGFR blockade prevents the induction of microglial inflammatory mediators, of reactive microglia morphology, and TBI-associated responses in neurons and vasculature. Both acute and prolonged Met/HGFR inhibition ameliorate neuronal survival and motor recovery. Early elevation of HGF itself in the cerebrospinal fluid of TBI patients suggests that this mechanism has translational value in human subjects. Our findings identify Met/HGFR as a modulator of early neuroinflammation in TBI with promising translational potential.
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22
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Smith AN, Shaughness M, Collier S, Hopkins D, Byrnes KR. Therapeutic targeting of microglia mediated oxidative stress after neurotrauma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034692. [PMID: 36405593 PMCID: PMC9671221 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a primary component of the central nervous system injury response. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury are characterized by a pronounced microglial response to damage, including alterations in microglial morphology and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The acute activity of microglia may be beneficial to recovery, but continued inflammation and ROS production is deleterious to the health and function of other cells. Microglial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), mitochondria, and changes in iron levels are three of the most common sources of ROS. All three play a significant role in post-traumatic brain and spinal cord injury ROS production and the resultant oxidative stress. This review will evaluate the current state of therapeutics used to target these avenues of microglia-mediated oxidative stress after injury and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N. Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean Collier
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deanna Hopkins
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Wang Y, Wernersbach I, Strehle J, Li S, Appel D, Klein M, Ritter K, Hummel R, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Early posttraumatic CSF1R inhibition via PLX3397 leads to time- and sex-dependent effects on inflammation and neuronal maintenance after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:49-66. [PMID: 35933030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for early therapeutic interventions after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to prevent neurodegeneration. Microglia/macrophage (M/M) depletion and repopulation after treatment with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors reduces neurodegeneration. The present study investigates short- and long-term consequences after CSF1R inhibition during the early phase after TBI. METHODS Sex-matched mice were subjected to TBI and CSF1R inhibition by PLX3397 for 5 days and sacrificed at 5 or 30 days post injury (dpi). Neurological deficits were monitored and brain tissues were examined for histo- and molecular pathological markers. RNAseq was performed with 30 dpi TBI samples. RESULTS At 5 dpi, CSF1R inhibition attenuated the TBI-induced perilesional M/M increase and associated gene expressions by up to 50%. M/M attenuation did not affect structural brain damage at this time-point, impaired hematoma clearance, and had no effect on IL-1β expression. At 30 dpi, following drug discontinuation at 5 dpi and M/M repopulation, CSF1R inhibition attenuated brain tissue loss regardless of sex, as well as hippocampal atrophy and thalamic neuronal loss in male mice. Selected gene markers of brain inflammation and apoptosis were reduced in males but increased in females after early CSF1R inhibition as compared to corresponding TBI vehicle groups. Neurological outcome in behaving mice was almost not affected. RNAseq and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of injured brains at 30 dpi revealed more genes associated with dendritic spines and synapse function after early CSF1R inhibition as compared to vehicle, suggesting improved neuronal maintenance and recovery. In TBI vehicle mice, GSEA showed high oxidative phosphorylation, oxidoreductase activity and ribosomal biogenesis suggesting oxidative stress and increased abundance of metabolically highly active cells. More genes associated with immune processes and phagocytosis in PLX3397 treated females vs males, suggesting sex-specific differences in response to early CSF1R inhibition after TBI. CONCLUSIONS M/M attenuation after CSF1R inhibition via PLX3397 during the early phase of TBI reduces long-term brain tissue loss, improves neuronal maintenance and fosters synapse recovery. Overall effects were not sex-specific but there is evidence that male mice benefit more than female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Appel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Ritter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Medical Faculty, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Blocking Autophagy in M1 Macrophages Enhances Virus Replication and Eye Disease in Ocularly Infected Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0140122. [PMID: 36286481 PMCID: PMC9645210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01401-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in clearing, disassembling, and recycling damaged cells, thus limiting inflammation. The HSV-1 γ34.5 gene is involved in neurovirulence and immune evasion by blocking autophagy in infected cells.
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25
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Serizier SB, Peterson JS, McCall K. Non-autonomous cell death induced by the Draper phagocytosis receptor requires signaling through the JNK and SRC pathways. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs250134. [PMID: 36177600 PMCID: PMC10658789 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The last step of cell death is cell clearance, a process critical for tissue homeostasis. For efficient cell clearance to occur, phagocytes and dead cells need to reciprocally signal to each other. One important phenomenon that is under-investigated, however, is that phagocytes not only engulf corpses but contribute to cell death progression. The aims of this study were to determine how the phagocytic receptor Draper non-autonomously induces cell death, using the Drosophila ovary as a model system. We found that Draper, expressed in epithelial follicle cells, requires its intracellular signaling domain to kill the adjacent nurse cell population. Kinases Src42A, Shark and JNK (Bsk) were required for Draper-induced nurse cell death. Signs of nurse cell death occurred prior to apparent engulfment and required the caspase Dcp-1, indicating that it uses a similar apoptotic pathway to starvation-induced cell death. These findings indicate that active signaling by Draper is required to kill nurse cells via the caspase Dcp-1, providing novel insights into mechanisms of phagoptosis driven by non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B. Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeanne S. Peterson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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26
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Zou D, Qin J, Hu W, Wei Z, Zhan Y, He Y, Zhao C, Li L. Macrophages Rapidly Seal off the Punctured Zebrafish Larval Brain through a Vital Honeycomb Network Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810551. [PMID: 36142462 PMCID: PMC9503817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that macrophages play additional important roles in tissue damage besides their typical phagocytosis. Although the aggregation of macrophages on injured sites has long been observed, few researchers have focused on the role of the overall structure of macrophage aggregation. In this study, we developed a standardized traumatic brain injury (TBI) model in zebrafish larvae to mimic edema and brain tissue spillage symptoms after severe brain trauma. Using time-lapse imaging, we showed that macrophages/microglia in zebrafish larvae responded rapidly and dominated the surface of injured tissue, forming a meaningful honeycomb network structure through their compact aggregation and connection. Disrupting this structure led to fatal edema-like symptoms with severe loss of brain tissue. Using the RNA-Seq, together with the manipulation of in vitro cell lines, we found that collagen IV was indispensable to the formation of honeycomb network structures. Our study thus revealed a novel perspective regarding macrophages forming a protective compact structure with collagen IV. This honeycomb network structure acted as a physical barrier to prevent tissue loss and maintain brain homeostasis after TBI. This study may provide new evidence of macrophages’ function for the rapid protection of brain tissue after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenlong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zongfang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yandong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuepeng He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Congjian Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Li Li
- Research Center of Stem Cells and Ageing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Correspondence:
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27
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Wu L, Xue R, Chen J, Xu J. dock8 deficiency attenuates microglia colonization in early zebrafish larvae. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:366. [PMID: 35977943 PMCID: PMC9386030 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages that carry out immune functions in the brain. The deficiency or dysfunction of microglia has been implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders. DOCK8, a member of the DOCK family, functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and plays key roles in immune regulation and neurological diseases. The functions of DOCK8 in microglia development are not fully understood. Here, we generated zebrafish dock8 mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and showed that dock8 mutations attenuate microglia colonization in the zebrafish midbrain at early larvae stages. In vivo time-lapse imaging revealed that the motility of macrophages was reduced in the dock8 mutant. We further found that cdc42/cdc42l, which encode the small GTPase activated by Dock8, also regulate microglia colonization in zebrafish. Collectively, our study suggests that the Dock8-Cdc42 pathway is required for microglia colonization in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiu Wu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Rongtao Xue
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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28
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Cheng H, Wang N, Ma X, Wang P, Dong W, Chen Z, Wu M, Wang Z, Wang L, Guan D, Zhao R. Spatial-temporal changes of iron deposition and iron metabolism after traumatic brain injury in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:949573. [PMID: 36034497 PMCID: PMC9405185 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.949573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive iron released by hemoglobin and necrotic tissues is the predominant factor that aggravates the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Regulating the levels of iron and its metabolism is a feasible way to alleviate damage due to TBI. However, the spatial-temporal iron metabolism and iron deposition in neurons and glial cells after TBI remains unclear. In our study, male C57BL/6 mice (8–12 weeks old, weighing 20–26 g) were conducted using controlled cortical impact (CCI) models, combined with treatment of iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), followed by systematical evaluation on iron deposition, cell-specific expression of iron metabolic proteins and ferroptosis in ipsilateral cortex. Herein, ferroptosis manifest by iron overload and lipid peroxidation was noticed in ipsilateral cortex. Furthermore, iron deposition and cell-specific expression of iron metabolic proteins were observed in the ipsilateral cortical neurons at 1–3 days post-injury. However, iron overload was absent in astrocytes, even though they had intense TBI-induced oxidative stress. In addition, iron accumulation in oligodendrocytes was only observed at 7–14 days post-injury, which was in accordance with the corresponding interval of cellular repair. Microglia play significant roles in iron engulfment and metabolism after TBI, and excessive affects the transformation of M1 and M2 subtypes and activation of microglial cells. Our study revealed that TBI led to ferroptosis in ipsilateral cortex, iron deposition and metabolism exhibited cell-type-specific spatial-temporal changes in neurons and glial cells after TBI. The different effects and dynamic changes in iron deposition and iron metabolism in neurons and glial cells are conducive to providing new insights into the iron-metabolic mechanism and strategies for improving the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziyuan Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingzhe Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhao,
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29
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Thalla DG, Rajwar AC, Laurent AM, Becher JE, Kainka L, Lautenschläger F. Extracellular vimentin is expressed at the rear of activated macrophage-like cells: Potential role in enhancement of migration and phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891281. [PMID: 35923851 PMCID: PMC9340215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a vital role in the immune system through elimination of cell debris and microorganisms by phagocytosis. The activation of macrophages by tumour necrosis factor-α induces expression of extracellular cell-surface vimentin and promotes release of this vimentin into the extracellular environment. Vimentin is a cytoskeletal protein that is primarily located in the cytoplasm of cells. However, under circumstances like injury, stress, senescence and activation, vimentin can be expressed on the extracellular cell surface, or it can be released into the extracellular space. The characteristics of this extracellular vimentin, and its implications for the functional role of macrophages and the mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that vimentin is released mainly from the back of macrophage-like cells. This polarisation is strongly enhanced upon macrophage activation. One-dimensional patterned lines showed that extracellular cell-surface vimentin is localised primarily at the back of activated macrophage-like cells. Through two-dimensional migration and phagocytosis assays, we show that this extracellular vimentin enhances migration and phagocytosis of macrophage-like cells. We further show that this extracellular vimentin forms agglomerates on the cell surface, in contrast to its intracellular filamentous form, and that it is released into the extracellular space in the form of small fragments. Taken together, we provide new insights into the release of extracellular cell-surface vimentin and its implications for macrophage functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lucina Kainka
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Centre for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska Lautenschläger,
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30
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Bauer A, Frascaroli G, Walther P. Megapinosomes and homologous structures in hematopoietic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:253-260. [PMID: 35829814 PMCID: PMC9399034 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Megapinosomes are endocytic organelles found in human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) monocyte-derived M macrophages. They are large (several microns) and have a complex internal structure that is connected with the cytosol and consists of interconnected knots and concave bridges with sizes in the range of 100 nm. We called this structure trabecular meshwork. The luminal part of the megapinosome can be connected with luminal tubules and cisterns that form the megapinosome complex. The structures are especially well visible in scanning electron tomography when macrophages are prepared by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. Our research received a new impulse after studying the literature on hematopoietic cells, where very similar, most likely homologous, structures have been published in peritoneal macrophages as well as in megakaryocytes and blood platelets. In platelets, they serve as membrane storage that is used for structural changes of platelets during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bauer
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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31
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Barkaway A, Attwell D, Korte N. Immune-vascular mural cell interactions: consequences for immune cell trafficking, cerebral blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:031914. [PMID: 35581998 PMCID: PMC9107322 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.3.031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain barriers are crucial sites for cerebral energy supply, waste removal, immune cell migration, and solute exchange, all of which maintain an appropriate environment for neuronal activity. At the capillary level, where the largest area of brain-vascular interface occurs, pericytes adjust cerebral blood flow (CBF) by regulating capillary diameter and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by suppressing endothelial cell (EC) transcytosis and inducing tight junction expression between ECs. Pericytes also limit the infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the brain where resident microglia confine brain injury and provide the first line of defence against invading pathogens. Brain "waste" is cleared across the BBB into the blood, phagocytosed by microglia and astrocytes, or removed by the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular routes-a process driven by respiratory motion and the pulsation of the heart, arteriolar smooth muscle, and possibly pericytes. "Dirty" CSF exits the brain and is probably drained around olfactory nerve rootlets and via the dural meningeal lymphatic vessels and possibly the skull bone marrow. The brain is widely regarded as an immune-privileged organ because it is accessible to few antigen-primed leukocytes. Leukocytes enter the brain via the meninges, the BBB, and the blood-CSF barrier. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have revealed that neurological diseases significantly alter immune-brain barrier interactions in at least three ways: (1) the brain's immune-privileged status is compromised when pericytes are lost or lymphatic vessels are dysregulated; (2) immune cells release vasoactive molecules to regulate CBF, modulate arteriole stiffness, and can plug and eliminate capillaries which impairs CBF and possibly waste clearance; and (3) immune-vascular interactions can make the BBB leaky via multiple mechanisms, thus aggravating the influx of undesirable substances and cells. Here, we review developments in these three areas and briefly discuss potential therapeutic avenues for restoring brain barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barkaway
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Attwell
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Korte
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Busà R, Bulati M, Badami E, Zito G, Maresca DC, Conaldi PG, Ercolano G, Ianaro A. Tissue-Resident Innate Immune Cell-Based Therapy: A Cornerstone of Immunotherapy Strategies for Cancer Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:907572. [PMID: 35757002 PMCID: PMC9221069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.907572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has led to impressive advances in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, in a high percentage of patients is difficult to consistently restore immune responses to eradicate established tumors. It is well accepted that adaptive immune cells, such as B lymphocytes, CD4+ helper T lymphocytes, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), are the most effective cells able to eliminate tumors. However, it has been recently reported that innate immune cells, including natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), represent important contributors to modulating the tumor microenvironment and shaping the adaptive tumor response. In fact, their role as a bridge to adaptive immunity, make them an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pleiotropic role of tissue-resident innate immune cells in different tumor contexts. In addition, we discuss how current and future therapeutic approaches targeting innate immune cells sustain the adaptive immune system in order to improve the efficacy of current tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Busà
- Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ester Badami
- Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zito
- Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Research Department, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Ercolano,
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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33
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Thiel WA, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Compensatory engulfment and Müller glia reactivity in the absence of microglia. Glia 2022; 70:1402-1425. [PMID: 35451181 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are known for important phagocytic functions in the vertebrate retina. Reports also suggest that Müller glia have phagocytic capacity, though the relative levels and contexts in which this occurs remain to be thoroughly examined. Here, we investigate Müller glial engulfment of dying cells in the developing zebrafish retina in the presence and absence of microglia, using a genetic mutant in which microglia do not develop. We show that in normal conditions clearance of dying cells is dominated by microglia; however, Müller glia do have a limited clearance role. In retinas lacking intact microglial populations, we found a striking increase in the engulfment load assumed by the Müller glia, which displayed prominent cellular compartments containing apoptotic cells, several of which localized with the early phagosome/endosome marker Rab5. Consistent with increased engulfment, lysosomal staining was also increased in Müller glia in the absence of microglia. Increased engulfment load led to evidence of Müller glia reactivity including upregulation of gfap but did not trigger cell cycle re-entry by differentiated Müller glia. Our work provides important insight into the phagocytic capacity of Müller glia and the ability for compensatory functions and downstream effects. Therefore, effects of microglial deficiency or depletion on other glial cell types should be well-considered in experimental manipulations, in neurodegenerative disease, and in therapeutic approaches that target microglia. Our findings further justify future work to understand differential mechanisms and contexts of phagocytosis by glial cells in the central nervous system, and the significance of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Thiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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34
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Liu J, Zhu Z, Leung GKK. Erythrophagocytosis by Microglia/Macrophage in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Mechanisms to Translation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:818602. [PMID: 35237132 PMCID: PMC8882619 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.818602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition characterized by hematoma related mass effect. Microglia/macrophage (M φ) are rapidly recruited in order to remove the red blood cells through erythrophagocytosis. Efficient erythrophagocytosis can detoxify hemolytic products and facilitate neurological recovery after ICH. The underlying mechanisms include modulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, among others. It is a dynamic process mediated by a cascade of signal transduction, including “find-me” signals, “eat-me” signals and a set of phagocytotic receptors-ligand pairs that may be exploited as therapeutic targets. This review summarizes mechanistic signaling pathways of erythrophagocytosis and highlights the potential of harnessing M φ-mediated phagocytosis for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung,
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35
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Thiel W, Esposito EJ, Findley AP, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Modulation of retinoid-X-receptors differentially regulates expression of apolipoprotein genes apoc1 and apoeb by zebrafish microglia. Biol Open 2021; 11:273656. [PMID: 34878094 PMCID: PMC8822359 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses performed in both human and zebrafish indicate strong expression of Apoe and Apoc1 by microglia. Apoe expression by microglia is well appreciated, but Apoc1 expression has not been well-examined. PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR receptors appear to regulate expression of the apolipoprotein gene cluster in macrophages, but a similar role in microglia in vivo has not been studied. Here, we characterized microglial expression of apoc1 in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) in situ and demonstrate that in the CNS, apoc1 expression is unique to microglia. We then examined the effects of PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR modulation on microglial expression of apoc1 and apoeb during early CNS development using a pharmacological approach. Changes in apoc1 and apoeb transcripts in response to pharmacological modulation were quantified by RT-qPCR in whole heads, and in individual microglia using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) in situ hybridization. We found that expression of apoc1 and apoeb by microglia were differentially regulated by LXR/RXR and PPAR/RXR modulating compounds, respectively, during development. Our results also suggest RXR receptors could be involved in endogenous induction of apoc1 expression by microglia. Collectively, our work supports the use of zebrafish to better understand regulation and function of these apolipoproteins in the CNS. Summary: Here we investigate expression of two apolipoprotein genes by microglia in the zebrafish model during normal development, and in contexts of pharmacological manipulations that target candidate regulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Thiel
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Emma J Esposito
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
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36
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Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:8906561. [PMID: 34776788 PMCID: PMC8589512 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8906561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has been shown to be involved not only in cooling-induced cellular protection but also as a mediator of sterile inflammation, a critical mechanism of the innate immune response in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The role of microglia and its activation in cerebral I/R injury warrants further investigation as both detrimental and regenerative properties have been described. Therefore, we investigated the effects of cooling, specifically viability, activation, and release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion- (OGD/R-) induced injury in murine BV-2 microglial cells. Methods Murine BV-2 microglial cells were exposed to 2 to 6 h OGD (0.2% O2 in glucose- and serum-free medium) followed by up to 19 h of reperfusion, simulated by restoration of oxygen (21% O2) and nutrients. Cells were maintained at either normothermia (37°C) or cooled to 33.5°C, 1 h after experimental start. Cultured supernatants were harvested after exposure to OGD for analysis of DAMP secretions, including high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and CIRBP, and cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase releases after exposure to OGD and reperfusion. Intracellular cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) as well as caspases 9, 8, and 3 were also analyzed via Western blot analysis. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), CIRBP, and RBM3 gene expressions were assessed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β releases into the cultured supernatants were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Prolonged exposure to OGD resulted in increased BV-2 necrotic cell death, which was attenuated by cooling. Cooling also significantly induced cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RBM3 gene expressions, with CIRBP expression more rapidly regulated than RBM3 and translatable to significantly increased protein expression. DAMPs including HMGB-1, HSP70, and CIRBP could be detected in cultured supernatants after 6 h of OGD with CIRBP release being significantly attenuated by cooling. Exposure to OGD suppressed cytokine gene expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and TGFβ independently of temperature management, whereas cooling led to a significant increase in IL-1α gene expression after 6 h of OGD. In the reperfusion phase, TNF-α and MCP-1 gene expressions were increased, and cooling was associated with significantly lower TGFβ gene expression. Interestingly, cooled Normoxia groups had significant upregulations of microglial activation marker, Iba1, IL-1β, and TNF-α gene expressions. Conclusion BV-2 microglial cells undergo necrotic cell death resulting in DAMP release due to OGD/R-induced injury. Cooling conveyed neuroprotection in OGD/R-injury as observable in increased cell viability as well as induced gene expressions of cold shock proteins. As cooling alone resulted in both upregulation of microglial activation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and cold shock protein transcript and protein expression, temperature management might have ambiguous effects in sterile inflammation. However, cooling resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular CIRBP, which has recently been characterized as a novel DAMP and a potent initiator and mediator of inflammation.
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Lu D, Ma R, Xie Q, Xu Z, Yuan J, Ren M, Li J, Li Y, Wang J. Application and advantages of zebrafish model in the study of neurovascular unit. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174483. [PMID: 34481878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "Neurovascular Unit" (NVU) was put forward, so that the research goal of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases gradually transitioned from a single neuron to the structural and functional integrity of the NVU. Zebrafish has the advantages of high homology with human genes, strong reproductive capacity and visualization of neural circuits, so it has become an emerging model organism for NVU research and has been applied to a variety of CNS diseases. Based on CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) and PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/) databases, the author of this article sorted out the relevant literature, analyzed the construction of a zebrafish model of various CNS diseases,and the use of diagrams showed the application of zebrafish in the NVU, revealed its relationship, which would provide new methods and references for the treatment and research of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Mojzesz M, Widziolek M, Adamek M, Orzechowska U, Podlasz P, Prajsnar TK, Pooranachandran N, Pecio A, Michalik A, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Tilapia Lake Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation in Zebrafish: Microglia Activation and Sickness Behavior. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760882. [PMID: 34707620 PMCID: PMC8544261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the relationship between the immune system and behavior is widely studied. In fish, however, the knowledge concerning the brain immune response and behavioral changes during brain viral infection is very limited. To further investigate this subject, we used the model of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was previously developed in our laboratory. We demonstrated that TiLV persists in the brain of adult zebrafish for at least 90 days, even when the virus is not detectable in other peripheral organs. The virions were found in the whole brain. During TiLV infection, zebrafish displayed a clear sickness behavior: decreased locomotor activity, reduced food intake, and primarily localizes near the bottom zone of aquaria. Moreover, during swimming, individual fish exhibited also unusual spiral movement patterns. Gene expression study revealed that TiLV induces in the brain of adult fish strong antiviral and inflammatory response and upregulates expression of genes encoding microglia/macrophage markers. Finally, using zebrafish larvae, we showed that TiLV infection induces histopathological abnormalities in the brain and causes activation of the microglia which is manifested by changes in cell shape from a resting ramified state in mock-infected to a highly ameboid active state in TiLV-infected larvae. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive analysis of the brain immune response associated with microglia activation and subsequent sickness behavior during systemic viral infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Urszula Orzechowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Invertebrate Development and Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Du YL, Sergeeva EG, Stein DG. Visual recovery following optic nerve crush in male and female wild-type and TRIF-deficient mice. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 38:355-368. [PMID: 32986632 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) pathway is implicated in the modulation of neuroinflammation following injuries to the brain and retina. After exposure to injury or to excitotoxic pathogens, toll-like receptors (TLR) activate the innate immune system signaling cascade and stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of the TLR4 receptor has been shown to enhance retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in optic nerve crush (ONC) and in ischemic injury to other parts of the brain. OBJECTIVE Based on this evidence, we tested the hypothesis that mice with the TRIF gene knocked out (TKO) will demonstrate decreased inflammatory responses and greater functional recovery after ONC. METHODS Four experimental groups -TKO ONC (12 males and 8 females), WT ONC (10 males and 8 females), TKO sham (9 males and 5 females), and WT sham (7 males and 5 females) -were used as subjects. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded in the left and right primary visual cortices and optomotor response were assessed in all mice at 14, 30, and 80 days after ONC. GFAP and Iba-1 were used as markers for astrocytes and microglial cells respectively at 7 days after ONC, along with NF-kB to measure inflammatory effects downstream of TRIF activation; RMPBS marker was used to visualize RGC survival and GAP-43 was used as a marker of regenerating optic nerve axons at 30 days after ONC. RESULTS We found reduced inflammatory response in the retina at 7 days post-ONC, less RGC loss and greater axonal regeneration 30 days post-ONC, and better recovery of visual function 80 days post-ONC in TKO mice compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that the TRIF pathway is involved in post-ONC inflammatory response and gliosis and that deletion of TRIF induces better RGC survival and regeneration and better functional recovery in mice. Our results suggest the TRIF pathway as a potential therapeutic target for reducing the inflammatory damage caused by nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Lina Du
- Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, GA, USA
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, GA, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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41
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Zhou H, Hu L, Li J, Ruan W, Cao Y, Zhuang J, Xu H, Peng Y, Zhang Z, Xu C, Yu Q, Li Y, Dou Z, Hu J, Wu X, Yu X, Gu C, Cao S, Yan F, Chen G. AXL kinase-mediated astrocytic phagocytosis modulates outcomes of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:154. [PMID: 34233703 PMCID: PMC8264993 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex changes in the brain microenvironment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause neurological impairments for which there are few efficacious therapeutic interventions. The reactivity of astrocytes is one of the keys to microenvironmental changes, such as neuroinflammation, but its role and the molecular mechanisms that underpin it remain unclear. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) to develop a TBI model. The specific ligand of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), recombinant mouse growth arrest-specific 6 (rmGas6) was intracerebroventricularly administered, and selective AXL antagonist R428 was intraperitoneally applied at 30 min post-modeling separately. Post-TBI assessments included neurobehavioral assessments, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), siRNA transfection, and flow cytometry were performed for mechanism assessments in primary cultured astrocytes. Results AXL is upregulated mainly in astrocytes after TBI and promotes astrocytes switching to a phenotype that exhibits the capability of ingesting degenerated neurons or debris. As a result, this astrocytic transformation promotes the limitation of neuroinflammation and recovery of neurological dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of AXL in astrocytes significantly decreased astrocytic phagocytosis both in vivo and in primary astrocyte cultures, in contrast to the effect of treatment with the rmGas6. AXL activates the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway thereby further upregulating ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1). Moreover, the supernatant from GAS6-depleted BV2 cells induced limited enhancement of astrocytic phagocytosis in vitro. Conclusion Our work establishes the role of AXL in the transformation of astrocytes to a phagocytic phenotype via the AXL/STAT1/ABCA1 pathway which contributes to the separation of healthy brain tissue from injury-induced cell debris, further ameliorating neuroinflammation and neurological impairments after TBI. Collectively, our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for TBI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02201-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Wu Ruan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road, Zhejiang, 310052, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road, Zhejiang, 310052, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhangqi Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Junwen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Okuda KS, Keyser MS, Gurevich DB, Sturtzel C, Mason EA, Paterson S, Chen H, Scott M, Condon ND, Martin P, Distel M, Hogan BM. Live-imaging of endothelial Erk activity reveals dynamic and sequential signalling events during regenerative angiogenesis. eLife 2021; 10:62196. [PMID: 34003110 PMCID: PMC8175085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessel networks occurs via angiogenesis during development, tissue repair, and disease. Angiogenesis is regulated by intracellular endothelial signalling pathways, induced downstream of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs). A major challenge in understanding angiogenesis is interpreting how signalling events occur dynamically within endothelial cell populations during sprouting, proliferation, and migration. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) is a central downstream effector of Vegf-signalling and reports the signalling that drives angiogenesis. We generated a vascular Erk biosensor transgenic line in zebrafish using a kinase translocation reporter that allows live-imaging of Erk-signalling dynamics. We demonstrate the utility of this line to live-image Erk activity during physiologically relevant angiogenic events. Further, we reveal dynamic and sequential endothelial cell Erk-signalling events following blood vessel wounding. Initial signalling is dependent upon Ca2+ in the earliest responding endothelial cells, but is independent of Vegfr-signalling and local inflammation. The sustained regenerative response, however, involves a Vegfr-dependent mechanism that initiates concomitantly with the wound inflammatory response. This work reveals a highly dynamic sequence of signalling events in regenerative angiogenesis and validates a new resource for the study of vascular Erk-signalling in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide S Okuda
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Mikaela S Keyser
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - David B Gurevich
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for preclinical drug screening (ZANDR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Huijun Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Mark Scott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Condon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for preclinical drug screening (ZANDR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia, Australia
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The immune response is a critical regulator of zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017198118. [PMID: 34006636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017198118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) because of dysfunction or disease can lead to blindness in humans. Harnessing the intrinsic ability of the RPE to self-repair is an attractive therapeutic strategy; however, mammalian RPE is limited in its regenerative capacity. Zebrafish possess tremendous intrinsic regenerative potential in ocular tissues, including the RPE, but little is known about the mechanisms driving RPE regeneration. Here, utilizing transgenic and mutant zebrafish lines, pharmacological manipulations, transcriptomics, and imaging analyses, we identified elements of the immune response as critical mediators of intrinsic RPE regeneration. After genetic ablation, the RPE express immune-related genes, including leukocyte recruitment factors such as interleukin 34 We demonstrate that macrophage/microglia cells are responsive to RPE damage and that their function is required for the timely progression of the regenerative response. These data identify the molecular and cellular underpinnings of RPE regeneration and hold significant potential for translational approaches aimed toward promoting a pro-regenerative environment in mammalian RPE.
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Mike JK, Ferriero DM. Efferocytosis Mediated Modulation of Injury after Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:1025. [PMID: 33925299 PMCID: PMC8146813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of morbidity and long-term disabilities in children. While we have made significant progress in describing HI mechanisms, the limited therapies currently offered for HI treatment in the clinical setting stress the importance of discovering new targetable pathways. Efferocytosis is an immunoregulatory and homeostatic process of clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) and cellular debris, best described in the brain during neurodevelopment. The therapeutic potential of stimulating defective efferocytosis has been recognized in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will explore the involvement of efferocytosis after a stroke and HI as a promising target for new HI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krystofova Mike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Donna Marie Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Neurology Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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45
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van Heukelum S, Tulva K, Geers FE, van Dulm S, Ruisch IH, Mill J, Viana JF, Beckmann CF, Buitelaar JK, Poelmans G, Glennon JC, Vogt BA, Havenith MN, França ASC. A central role for anterior cingulate cortex in the control of pathological aggression. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2321-2333.e5. [PMID: 33857429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Controlling aggression is a crucial skill in social species like rodents and humans and has been associated with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, we directly link the failed regulation of aggression in BALB/cJ mice to ACC hypofunction. We first show that ACC in BALB/cJ mice is structurally degraded: neuron density is decreased, with pervasive neuron death and reactive astroglia. Gene-set enrichment analysis suggested that this process is driven by neuronal degeneration, which then triggers toxic astrogliosis. cFos expression across ACC indicated functional consequences: during aggressive encounters, ACC was engaged in control mice, but not BALB/cJ mice. Chemogenetically activating ACC during aggressive encounters drastically suppressed pathological aggression but left species-typical aggression intact. The network effects of our chemogenetic perturbation suggest that this behavioral rescue is mediated by suppression of amygdala and hypothalamus and activation of mediodorsal thalamus. Together, these findings highlight the central role of ACC in curbing pathological aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina van Heukelum
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kerli Tulva
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Femke E Geers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Dulm
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Hyun Ruisch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joana F Viana
- The Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brent A Vogt
- Cingulum Neurosciences Institute, Manlius, NY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha N Havenith
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Zero-Noise Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, 60528 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Arthur S C França
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Zulazmi NA, Arulsamy A, Ali I, Zainal Abidin SA, Othman I, Shaikh MF. The utilization of small non-mammals in traumatic brain injury research: A systematic review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:381-402. [PMID: 33539662 PMCID: PMC7941175 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and has complicated underlying pathophysiology. Numerous TBI animal models have been developed over the past decade to effectively mimic the human TBI pathophysiology. These models are of mostly mammalian origin including rodents and non-human primates. However, the mammalian models demanded higher costs and have lower throughput often limiting the progress in TBI research. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the potential benefits of non-mammalian TBI models in terms of their face validity in resembling human TBI. Three databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, for original articles relating to non-mammalian TBI models, published between January 2010 and December 2019. A total of 29 articles were selected based on PRISMA model for critical appraisal. Zebrafish, both larvae and adult, was found to be the most utilized non-mammalian TBI model in the current literature, followed by the fruit fly and roundworm. In conclusion, non-mammalian TBI models have advantages over mammalian models especially for rapid, cost-effective, and reproducible screening of effective treatment strategies and provide an opportunity to expedite the advancement of TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Zulazmi
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of NeuroscienceCentral Clinical SchoolThe Alfred HospitalMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) PlatformJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) PlatformJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research LaboratoryJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health SciencesMonash University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
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Imaging Biomarkers for Monitoring the Inflammatory Redox Landscape in the Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040528. [PMID: 33800685 PMCID: PMC8065574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is one key process in driving cellular redox homeostasis toward oxidative stress, which perpetuates inflammation. In the brain, this interplay results in a vicious cycle of cell death, the loss of neurons, and leakage of the blood–brain barrier. Hence, the neuroinflammatory response fuels the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Interrogation of the interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in neurological tissue in vivo is very challenging. The complexity of the underlying biological process and the fragility of the brain limit our understanding of the cause and the adequate diagnostics of neuroinflammatory diseases. In recent years, advancements in the development of molecular imaging agents addressed this limitation and enabled imaging of biomarkers of neuroinflammation in the brain. Notable redox biomarkers for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) tracers are the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and monoamine oxygenase B (MAO–B). These findings and achievements offer the opportunity for novel diagnostic applications and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes experimental as well as established pharmaceutical and biotechnological tools for imaging the inflammatory redox landscape in the brain, and provides a glimpse into future applications.
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Assessment of the Effects of Stretch-Injury on Primary Rat Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3545-3560. [PMID: 33763772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch-injury is a prominent force involved in the etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is known to directly cause damage and dysfunction in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. However, the deleterious effects of stretch-injury on microglia, the brain's primary immunocompetent cell, are currently unknown. The Cell Injury Controller II (CICII), a validated cellular neurotrauma model, was used to induce a mechanical stretch-injury in primary rat microglia. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t test and one- and two-way ANOVAs with Tukey's and Sidak's multiple comparisons, respectively. Cells exposed to stretch-injury showed no signs of membrane permeability, necrosis, or apoptosis, as measured by media-derived lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cleaved-caspase 3 immunocytochemistry, respectively. Interestingly, injured cells displayed a functional deficit in nitric oxide production (NO), identified by media assay and immunocytochemistry, at 6, 12, 18, and 48 h post-injury. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and enzyme arginase-1 was significantly downregulated at 12 h post-injury. Time course evaluation of migration, using a cell exclusion zone assay, showed stretch-injured cells display decreased migration into the exclusion zone at 48- and 72-h post-stretch. Lastly, coinciding with the functional immune deficits was a significant change in morphology, with process length decreasing and cell diameter increasing following an injury at 12 h. Taken together, the data demonstrate that stretch-injury produces significant alterations in microglial function, which may have a marked impact on their response to injury or their interaction with other cells.
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Zhang C, Yang M, Ericsson AC. Function of Macrophages in Disease: Current Understanding on Molecular Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620510. [PMID: 33763066 PMCID: PMC7982479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are heterogeneous populations originating either from monocytes or embryonic progenitors, and distribute in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. TRMs play diverse roles in many physiological processes, including metabolic function, clearance of cellular debris, and tissue remodeling and defense. Macrophages can be polarized to different functional phenotypes depending on their origin and tissue microenvironment. Specific macrophage subpopulations are associated with disease progression. In studies of fate-mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing methodologies, several critical molecules have been identified to induce the change of macrophage function. These molecules are potential markers for diagnosis and selective targets for novel macrophage-mediated treatment. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings regarding less-known molecules and new functions of well-known molecules. Understanding the mechanisms of these molecules in macrophages has the potential to yield new macrophage-mediated treatments or diagnostic approaches to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
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50
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Andoh M, Koyama R. Assessing Microglial Dynamics by Live Imaging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617564. [PMID: 33763064 PMCID: PMC7982483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a useful tool to examine how microglial behavior is regulated and how it affects the surrounding environment. However, microglia are sensitive to environmental stimuli, so they possibly change their state during live imaging in vivo, mainly due to surgical damage, and in vitro due to various effects associated with culture conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to perform live imaging without compromising the properties of the microglia under physiological conditions. To overcome this barrier, various experimental conditions have been developed; recently, it has become possible to perform live imaging of so-called surveillant microglia in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, although there are various limitations. Now, we can choose in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro live imaging systems according to the research objective. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each experimental system and outline the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of microglial behavior that have been elucidated by live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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