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Zhao F, Li C, Zhuang Y, Yan Y, Gao Y, Behnisch T. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ( Ask1) deficiency alleviates MPP +-induced impairment of evoked dopamine release in the mouse hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1288991. [PMID: 38414754 PMCID: PMC10896914 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1288991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is susceptible to dysfunction in numerous neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition to motor symptoms, some PD patients may experience non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and memory deficits. A possible explanation for their manifestation is a disturbed pattern of dopamine release in brain regions involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus. Therefore, investigating neuropathological alterations in dopamine release prior to neurodegeneration is imperative. This study aimed to characterize evoked hippocampal dopamine release and assess the impact of the neurotoxin MPP+ using a genetically encoded dopamine sensor and gene expression analysis. Additionally, considering the potential neuroprotective attributes demonstrated by apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) in various animal-disease-like models, the study also aimed to determine whether Ask1 knockdown restores MPP+-altered dopamine release in acute hippocampal slices. We applied variations of low- and high-frequency stimulation to evoke dopamine release within different hippocampal regions and discovered that acute application of MPP+ reduced the amount of dopamine released and hindered the recovery of dopamine release after repeated stimulation. In addition, we observed that Ask1 deficiency attenuated the detrimental effects of MPP+ on the recovery of dopamine release after repeated stimulation. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that genes associated with the synaptic pathways are involved in response to MPP+ exposure. Notably, Ask1 deficiency was found to downregulate the expression of Slc5a7, a gene encoding a sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter that regulates acetylcholine levels. Respective follow-up experiments indicated that Slc5a7 plays a role in Ask1 deficiency-mediated protection against MPP+ neurotoxicity. In addition, increasing acetylcholine levels using an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor could exacerbate the toxicity of MPP+. In conclusion, our data imply that the modulation of the dopamine-acetylcholine balance may be a crucial mechanism of action underlying the neuroprotective effects of Ask1 deficiency in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Behnisch
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kyung J, Kim D, Shin K, Park D, Hong SC, Kim TM, Choi EK, Kim YB. Repeated Intravenous Administration of Human Neural Stem Cells Producing Choline Acetyltransferase Exerts Anti-Aging Effects in Male F344 Rats. Cells 2023; 12:2711. [PMID: 38067139 PMCID: PMC10706332 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Major features of aging might be progressive decreases in cognitive function and physical activity, in addition to withered appearance. Previously, we reported that the intracerebroventricular injection of human neural stem cells (NSCs named F3) encoded the choline acetyltransferase gene (F3.ChAT). The cells secreted acetylcholine and growth factors (GFs) and neurotrophic factors (NFs), thereby improving learning and memory function as well as the physical activity of aged animals. In this study, F344 rats (10 months old) were intravenously transplanted with F3 or F3.ChAT NSCs (1 × 106 cells) once a month to the 21st month of age. Their physical activity and cognitive function were investigated, and brain acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic and dopaminergic system markers were analyzed. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative activities of stem cells were also confirmed by analyzing oxidative damages, neuronal skeletal protein, angiogenesis, brain and muscle weights, and proliferating host stem cells. Stem cells markedly improved both cognitive and physical functions, in parallel with the elevation in ACh levels in cerebrospinal fluid and muscles, in which F3.ChAT cells were more effective than F3 parental cells. Stem cell transplantation downregulated CCL11 and recovered GFs and NFs in the brain, leading to restoration of microtubule-associated protein 2 as well as functional markers of cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, along with neovascularization. Stem cells also restored muscular GFs and NFs, resulting in increased angiogenesis and muscle mass. In addition, stem cells enhanced antioxidative capacity, attenuating oxidative damage to the brain and muscles. The results indicate that NSCs encoding ChAT improve cognitive function and physical activity of aging animals by protecting and recovering functions of multiple organs, including cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, as well as muscles from oxidative injuries through secretion of ACh and GFs/NFs, increased antioxidant elements, and enhanced blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangbeen Kyung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungha Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Myoung Kim
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
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Ayeni EA, Aldossary AM, Ayejoto DA, Gbadegesin LA, Alshehri AA, Alfassam HA, Afewerky HK, Almughem FA, Bello SM, Tawfik EA. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications of Environmental and Climatic Influences on Neurotransmitters and Neuronal Hormones Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912495. [PMID: 36231792 PMCID: PMC9564880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuronal-related diseases are major public health concerns. Human vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) increases with age. Neuronal hormones and neurotransmitters are major determinant factors regulating brain structure and functions. The implications of environmental and climatic changes emerged recently as influence factors on numerous diseases. However, the complex interaction of neurotransmitters and neuronal hormones and their depletion under environmental and climatic influences on NDDs are not well established in the literature. In this review, we aim to explore the connection between the environmental and climatic factors to NDDs and to highlight the available and potential therapeutic interventions that could use to improve the quality of life and reduce susceptibility to NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A. Ayeni
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ahmad M. Aldossary
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel A. Ayejoto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
| | - Lanre A. Gbadegesin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Abdullah A. Alshehri
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya A. Alfassam
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henok K. Afewerky
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara P.O. Box 1220, Eritrea
| | - Fahad A. Almughem
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saidu M. Bello
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Essam A. Tawfik
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
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Fan Y, Han J, Zhao L, Wu C, Wu P, Huang Z, Hao X, Ji Y, Chen D, Zhu M. Experimental Models of Cognitive Impairment for Use in Parkinson's Disease Research: The Distance Between Reality and Ideal. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:745438. [PMID: 34912207 PMCID: PMC8667076 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive impairment is one of the key non-motor symptoms of PD, affecting both mortality and quality of life. However, there are few experimental studies on the pathology and treatments of PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PD dementia (PDD) due to the lack of representative models. To identify new strategies for developing representative models, we systematically summarized previous studies on PD-MCI and PDD and compared differences between existing models and diseases. Our initial search identified 5432 articles, of which 738 were duplicates. A total of 227 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Models fell into three categories based on model design: neurotoxin-induced, transgenic, and combined. Although the neurotoxin-induced experimental model was the most common type that was used during every time period, transgenic and combined experimental models have gained significant recent attention. Unfortunately, there remains a big gap between ideal and actual experimental models. While each model has its own disadvantages, there have been tremendous advances in the development of PD models of cognitive impairment, and almost every model can verify a hypothesis about PD-MCI or PDD. Finally, our proposed strategies for developing novel models are as follows: a set of plans that integrate symptoms, biochemistry, neuroimaging, and other objective indicators to judge and identify that the novel model plays a key role in new strategies for developing representative models; novel models should simulate different clinical features of PD-MCI or PDD; inducible α-Syn overexpression and SH-SY5Y-A53T cellular models are good candidate models of PD-MCI or PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - YiChun Ji
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Jung HY, Kim W, Hahn KR, Kwon HJ, Nam SM, Chung JY, Yoon YS, Kim DW, Yoo DY, Hwang IK. Effects of Pyridoxine Deficiency on Hippocampal Function and Its Possible Association with V-Type Proton ATPase Subunit B2 and Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051067. [PMID: 32344819 PMCID: PMC7290376 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxine, one of the vitamin B6 vitamers, plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism and synthesis of monoamines as a cofactor. In the present study, we observed the effects of pyridoxine deficiency on novel object recognition memory. In addition, we examined the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid and the number of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the hippocampus. We also examined the effects of pyridoxine deficiency on protein profiles applying a proteomic study. Five-week-old mice fed pyridoxine-deficient diets for 8 weeks and showed a significant decrease in the serum and brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus) levels of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, a catalytically active form of vitamin-B6, and decline in 5-HT and DA levels in the hippocampus compared to controls fed a normal chow. In addition, pyridoxine deficiency significantly decreased Ki67-positive proliferating cells and differentiated neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus compared to controls. A proteomic study demonstrated that a total of 41 spots were increased or decreased more than two-fold. Among the detected proteins, V-type proton ATPase subunit B2 (ATP6V1B2) and heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) showed coverage and matching peptide scores. Validation by Western blot analysis showed that ATP6V1B2 and HSC70 levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in pyridoxine-deficient mice compared to controls. These results suggest that pyridoxine is an important element of novel object recognition memory, monoamine levels, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Pyridoxine deficiency causes cognitive impairments and reduction in 5-HT and DA levels, which may be associated with a reduction of ATP6V1B2 and elevation of HSC70 levels in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.Y.Y.); (I.K.H.)
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (D.Y.Y.); (I.K.H.)
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6
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Ahmed MR, Jayakumar M, Ahmed MS, Zamaleeva AI, Tao J, Li EH, Job JK, Pittenger C, Ohtsu H, Rajadas J. Pharmacological antagonism of histamine H2R ameliorated L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia via normalization of GRK3 and by suppressing FosB and ERK in PD. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:177-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Zhu H, Wang N, Yao L, Chen Q, Zhang R, Qian J, Hou Y, Guo W, Fan S, Liu S, Zhao Q, Du F, Zuo X, Guo Y, Xu Y, Li J, Xue T, Zhong K, Song X, Huang G, Xiong W. Moderate UV Exposure Enhances Learning and Memory by Promoting a Novel Glutamate Biosynthetic Pathway in the Brain. Cell 2018; 173:1716-1727.e17. [PMID: 29779945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure is known to affect mood, learning, and cognition. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that moderate UV exposure elevated blood urocanic acid (UCA), which then crossed the blood-brain barrier. Single-cell mass spectrometry and isotopic labeling revealed a novel intra-neuronal metabolic pathway converting UCA to glutamate (GLU) after UV exposure. This UV-triggered GLU synthesis promoted its packaging into synaptic vesicles and its release at glutamatergic terminals in the motor cortex and hippocampus. Related behaviors, like rotarod learning and object recognition memory, were enhanced after UV exposure. All UV-induced metabolic, electrophysiological, and behavioral effects could be reproduced by the intravenous injection of UCA and diminished by the application of inhibitor or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against urocanase, an enzyme critical for the conversion of UCA to GLU. These findings reveal a new GLU biosynthetic pathway, which could contribute to some of the sunlight-induced neurobehavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Junchao Qian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Sijia Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Siling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 Kunming, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Feng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 Kunming, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China.
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8
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Weilnau JN, Carcella MA, Miner KM, Bhatia TN, Hutchison DF, Pant DB, Nouraei N, Leak RK. Evidence for cross-hemispheric preconditioning in experimental Parkinson's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1255-1273. [PMID: 29103154 PMCID: PMC11061878 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine loss and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease typically commence unilaterally and remain asymmetric for many years, raising the possibility that endogenous defenses slow the cross-hemispheric transmission of pathology. It is well-established that the biological response to subtoxic stress prepares cells to survive subsequent toxic challenges, a phenomenon known as preconditioning, tolerance, or stress adaptation. Here we demonstrate that unilateral striatal infusions of the oxidative toxicant 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) precondition the contralateral nigrostriatal pathway against the toxicity of a second 6-OHDA infusion in the opposite hemisphere. 6-OHDA-induced loss of dopaminergic terminals in the contralateral striatum was ablated by cross-hemispheric preconditioning, as shown by two independent markers of the dopaminergic phenotype, each measured by two blinded observers. Similarly, loss of dopaminergic somata in the contralateral substantia nigra was also abolished, according to two blinded measurements. Motor asymmetries in floor landings, forelimb contacts with a wall, and spontaneous turning behavior were consistent with these histological observations. Unilateral 6-OHDA infusions increased phosphorylation of the kinase ERK2 and expression of the antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase in both striata, consistent with our previous mechanistic work showing that these two proteins mediate preconditioning in dopaminergic cells. These findings support the existence of cross-hemispheric preconditioning in Parkinson's disease and suggest that dopaminergic neurons mount impressive natural defenses, despite their reputation as being vulnerable to oxidative injury. If these results generalize to humans, Parkinson's pathology may progress slowly and asymmetrically because exposure to a disease-precipitating insult induces bilateral upregulation of endogenous defenses and elicits cross-hemispheric preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Weilnau
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Michael A Carcella
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Kristin M Miner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Daniel F Hutchison
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Deepti B Pant
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Negin Nouraei
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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9
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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10
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Ennis EA, Blakely RD. Choline on the Move: Perspectives on the Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of the Presynaptic Choline Transporter. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:175-213. [PMID: 27288078 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological approaches have advanced our understanding of cholinergic biology for over 100 years. High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) was one of the last features of cholinergic signaling to be defined at a molecular level, achieved through the cloning of the choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7). In retrospect, the molecular era of CHT studies initiated with the identification of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a potent, competitive CHT antagonist, though it would take another 30 years before HC-3, in radiolabeled form, was used by Joseph Coyle's laboratory to identify and monitor the dynamics of CHT proteins. Though HC-3 studies provided important insights into CHT distribution and regulation, another 15 years would pass before the structure of CHT genes and proteins were identified, a full decade after the cloning of most other neurotransmitter-associated transporters. The availability of CHT gene and protein probes propelled the development of cell and animal models as well as efforts to gain insights into how human CHT gene variation affects the risk for brain and neuromuscular disorders. Most recently, our group has pursued a broadening of CHT pharmacology, elucidating novel chemical structures that may serve to advance cholinergic diagnostics and medication development. Here we provide a short review of the transformation that has occurred in HACU research and how such advances may promote the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ennis
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - R D Blakely
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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11
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Parikh V, Naughton SX, Yegla B, Guzman DM. Impact of partial dopamine depletion on cognitive flexibility in BDNF heterozygous mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1361-75. [PMID: 26861892 PMCID: PMC4814303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cognitive flexibility is a key component of executive function and is disrupted in major psychiatric disorders. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exerts neuromodulatory effects on synaptic transmission and cognitive/affective behaviors. However, the causal mechanisms linking BDNF hypofunction with executive deficits are not well understood. OBJECTIVES Here, we assessed the consequences of BDNF hemizygosity on cognitive flexibility in mice performing an operant conditioning task. As dopaminergic-glutamatergic interaction in the striatum is important for cognitive processing, and BDNF heterozygous (BDNF(+/-)) mice display a higher dopamine tone in the dorsal striatum, we also assessed the effects of partial striatal dopamine depletion on task performance and glutamate release. RESULTS BDNF(+/-) mice acquired discrimination learning as well as new rule learning during set-shifting as efficiently as wild-type mice. However, partial removal of striatal dopaminergic inputs with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) impaired these cognitive processes by impeding the maintenance of a new learning strategy in both genotypes. BDNF mutants exhibited performance impairments during reversal learning, and these deficits were associated with increased perseveration to the previously acquired strategy. Partial dopamine depletion of the striatum reversed these cognitive impairments. Additionally, reduction in depolarization-evoked glutamate release noted in the dorsal striatum of BDNF(+/-) mice was not observed in 6-OHDA-infused BDNF mutants indicating normalization of glutamatergic transmission in these animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data illustrate that BDNF signaling regulates cognitive control processes presumably by maintaining striatal dopamine-glutamate balance. Moreover, aberrations in BDNF signaling may act as a common neurobiological substrate that accounts for executive dysfunction observed in multiple psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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12
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Ennis EA, Wright J, Retzlaff CL, McManus OB, Lin Z, Huang X, Wu M, Li M, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR, Blakely RD. Identification and characterization of ML352: a novel, noncompetitive inhibitor of the presynaptic choline transporter. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:417-27. [PMID: 25560927 PMCID: PMC4367188 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
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The high-affinity choline transporter
(CHT) is the rate-limiting
determinant of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, yet the transporter
remains a largely undeveloped target for the detection and manipulation
of synaptic cholinergic signaling. To expand CHT pharmacology, we
pursued a high-throughput screen for novel CHT-targeted small molecules
based on the electrogenic properties of transporter-mediated choline
transport. In this effort, we identified five novel, structural classes
of CHT-specific inhibitors. Chemical diversification and functional
analysis of one of these classes identified ML352 as a high-affinity
(Ki = 92 nM) and selective CHT inhibitor.
At concentrations that fully antagonized CHT in transfected cells
and nerve terminal preparations, ML352 exhibited no inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) and
also lacked activity at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters,
as well as many receptors and ion channels. ML352 exhibited noncompetitive
choline uptake inhibition in intact cells and synaptosomes and reduced
the apparent density of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding sites in membrane
assays, suggesting allosteric transporter interactions. Pharmacokinetic
studies revealed limited in vitro metabolism and
significant CNS penetration, with features predicting rapid clearance.
ML352 represents a novel, potent, and specific tool for the manipulation
of CHT, providing a possible platform for the development of cholinergic
imaging and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Owen B. McManus
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Zhinong Lin
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Meng Wu
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Min Li
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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13
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Abstract
Attentional set-shifting, as a measure of executive flexibility, has been a staple of investigations into human cognition for over six decades. Mediated by the frontal cortex in mammals, the cognitive processes involved in forming, maintaining and shifting an attentional set are vulnerable to dysfunction arising from a number of human neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases) and other neurological disorders (such as schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Our understanding of these diseases and disorders, and the cognitive impairments induced by them, continues to advance, in tandem with an increasing number of tools at our disposal. In this chapter, we review and compare commonly used attentional set-shifting tasks (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task and Intradimensional/Extradimensional tasks) and their applicability across species. In addition to humans, attentional set-shifting has been observed in a number of other animals, with a substantial body of literature describing performance in monkeys and rodents. We consider the task designs used to investigate attentional set-shifting in these species and the methods used to model human diseases and disorders, and ultimately the comparisons and differences between species-specific tasks, and between performance across species.
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14
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Poole RL, Connor DA, Gould TJ. Donepezil reverses nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:588-93. [PMID: 24911319 PMCID: PMC4172524 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from chronic nicotine is associated with cognitive deficits. Therapies that ameliorate cognitive deficits during withdrawal aid in preventing relapse during quit attempts. Withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning are associated with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation. The aim of the present study was to determine if the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil has the ability to reverse nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning. Results demonstrated that low doses of donepezil, which do not enhance contextual learning or alter locomotor activity/anxiety-related behavior, can reverse nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning. Thus, donepezil may have therapeutic value for ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal and for preventing relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Poole
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience Program, Temple University
| | - David A Connor
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience Program, Temple University
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience Program, Temple University
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15
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Berry AS, Demeter E, Sabhapathy S, English BA, Blakely RD, Sarter M, Lustig C. Disposed to distraction: genetic variation in the cholinergic system influences distractibility but not time-on-task effects. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1981-91. [PMID: 24666128 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both the passage of time and external distraction make it difficult to keep attention on the task at hand. We tested the hypothesis that time-on-task and external distraction pose independent challenges to attention and that the brain's cholinergic system selectively modulates our ability to resist distraction. Participants with a polymorphism limiting cholinergic capacity (Ile89Val variant [rs1013940] of the choline transporter gene SLC5A7) and matched controls completed self-report measures of attention and a laboratory task that measured decrements in sustained attention with and without distraction. We found evidence that distraction and time-on-task effects are independent and that the cholinergic system is strongly linked to greater vulnerability to distraction. Ile89Val participants reported more distraction during everyday life than controls, and their task performance was more severely impacted by the presence of an ecologically valid video distractor (similar to a television playing in the background). These results are the first to demonstrate a specific impairment in cognitive control associated with the Ile89Val polymorphism and add to behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies indicating the cholinergic system's critical role in overcoming distraction.
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Decreased ipsilateral [¹²³I]iododexetimide binding to cortical muscarinic receptors in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:90-5. [PMID: 24267055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysfunction of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is present in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease related dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, and is thought to contribute to cognitive deficits in these patients. In vivo imaging of the cholinergic system in these diseases may be of value to monitor central cholinergic disturbances and to select cases in which treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors could be beneficial. The muscarinic receptor tracer [(123)I]iododexetimide, predominantly reflecting M1 receptor binding, may be an appropriate tool for imaging of the cholinergic system by means of SPECT. In this study, we used [(123)I]iododexetimide to study the effects of a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion (an animal model of Parkinson's disease) on the muscarinic receptor availability in the rat brain. METHODS Rats (n=5) were injected in vivo at 10-13 days after a confirmed unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Muscarinic receptor availability was measured bilaterally in multiple brain areas on storage phosphor images by region of interest analysis. RESULTS Autoradiography revealed a consistent and statistically significant lower [(123)I]iododexetimide binding in all examined neocortical areas on the ipsilateral side of the lesion as compared to the contralateral side. In hippocampal and subcortical areas, such asymmetry was not detected. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that evaluation of muscarinic receptor availability in dopamine depleted brains using [(123)I]iododexetimide is feasible. We conclude that 6-hydroxydopamine lesions induce a decrease of neocortical muscarinic receptor availability. We hypothesize that this arises from down regulation of muscarinic postsynaptic M1 receptors due to hyperactivation of the cortical cholinergic system in response to dopamine depletion. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE In rats, dopamine depletion provokes a decrease in neocortical muscarinic receptor availability, which is evaluable by [(123)I]iododexetimide imaging. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE This study may further underline the role of a dysregulated muscarinic system in patients with Lewy body disorders.
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Paolone G, Mallory CS, Cherian AK, Miller TR, Blakely RD, Sarter M. Monitoring cholinergic activity during attentional performance in mice heterozygous for the choline transporter: a model of cholinergic capacity limits. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:274-85. [PMID: 23958450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in the capacity of the human choline transporter (SLC5A7, CHT) have been hypothesized to diminish cortical cholinergic neurotransmission, leading to risk for cognitive and mood disorders. To determine the acetylcholine (ACh) release capacity of cortical cholinergic projections in a mouse model of cholinergic hypofunction, the CHT+/- mouse, we assessed extracellular ACh levels while mice performed an operant sustained attention task (SAT). We found that whereas SAT-performance-associated increases in extracellular ACh levels of CHT+/- mice were significantly attenuated relative to wildtype littermates, performance on the SAT was normal. Tetrodotoxin-induced blockade of neuronal excitability reduced both dialysate ACh levels and SAT performance similarly in both genotypes. Likewise, lesions of cholinergic neurons abolished SAT performance in both genotypes. However, cholinergic activation remained more vulnerable to the reverse-dialyzed muscarinic antagonist atropine in CHT+/- mice. Additionally, CHT+/- mice displayed greater SAT-disrupting effects of reverse dialysis of the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine. Receptor binding assays revealed a higher density of α4β2* nAChRs in the cortex of CHT+/- mice compared to controls. These findings reveal compensatory mechanisms that, in the context of moderate cognitive challenges, can overcome the performance deficits expected from the significantly reduced ACh capacity of CHT+/- cholinergic terminals. Further analyses of molecular and functional compensations in the CHT+/- model may provide insights into both risk and resiliency factors involved in cognitive and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Caitlin S Mallory
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Ajeesh Koshy Cherian
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Thomas R Miller
- Neuroscience Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
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18
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Blockade of the dorsal hippocampal dopamine D1 receptors inhibits the scopolamine-induced state-dependent learning in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 252:460-7. [PMID: 23933216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the possible role of the dorsal hippocampal (CA1) dopamine D1 receptors on scopolamine-induced amnesia as well as scopolamine state-dependent memory in adult male Wistar rats. Animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24h after training for their step-through latency. Results indicated that pre-training or pre-test intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 μg/rat) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, showing an amnestic response. The pre-training scopolamine-induced amnesia (3 μg/rat) was reversed by the pre-test administration of scopolamine, indicating a state-dependent effect. Similarly, the pre-test administration of dopamine D1 receptor agonist, 1-phenyl-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SKF38393; 1, 2 and 4 μg/rat, intra-CA1), could significantly reverse the scopolamine-induced amnesia. Interestingly, administration of an ineffective dose of scopolamine (0.25 μg/rat, intra-CA1) before different doses of SKF38393, blocked the reversal effect of SKF38393 on the pre-training scopolamine-induced amnesia. Moreover, while the pre-test intra-CA1 injection of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH23390; 0.1 and 0.5 μg/rat, intra-CA1), resulted in apparent memory impairment, microinjection of the same doses of this agent inhibited the scopolamine-induced state-dependent memory. These results indicate that the CA1 dopamine D1 receptors may potentially play an important role in scopolamine-induced amnesia as well as the scopolamine state-dependent memory. Furthermore, our results propose that dopamine D1 receptor agonist, SKF38393 reverses the scopolamine-induced amnesia via acetylcholine release and possibly through the activation of muscarinic receptors.
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19
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The presynaptic choline transporter imposes limits on sustained cortical acetylcholine release and attention. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2326-37. [PMID: 23392663 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4993-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional variation in the gene encoding the presynaptic choline transporter (CHT) has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we report that a heterozygous deletion in the CHT gene in mice (CHT(+/-)) limits the capacity of cholinergic neurons to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) release and attentional performance. Cortical microdialysis and amperometric methods revealed that, whereas wild-type and CHT(+/-) animals support equivalent basal ACh release and choline clearance, CHT(+/-) animals exhibit a significant inability to elevate extracellular ACh following basal forebrain stimulation, in parallel with a diminished choline clearance capacity following cessation of stimulation. Consistent with these findings, the density of CHTs in cortical synaptosomal plasma membrane-enriched fractions from unstimulated CHT(+/-) animals matched those observed in wild-type animals despite reductions in CHT levels in total extracts, achieved via a redistribution of CHT from vesicle pools. As a consequence, in CHT(+/-) animals, basal forebrain stimulation was unable to mobilize wild-type quantities of CHT to the plasma membrane. In behavioral studies, CHT(+/-) mice were impaired in performing a sustained attention task known to depend on cortical cholinergic activity. In wild-type mice, but not CHT(+/-) mice, attentional performance increased the density of CHTs in the synaptosomal membrane in the right frontal cortex. Basal CHT levels in vesicle-enriched membranes predicted the degree of CHT mobilization as well as individual variations in performance on the sustained attention task. Our findings demonstrate biochemical and physiological alterations that underlie cognitive impairments associated with genetically imposed reductions in choline uptake capacity.
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