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Altmaier S, Le Harzic R, Stracke F, Speicher AM, Uhl D, Ehrlich J, Gerlach T, Schmidt K, Lemmer K, Lautenschläger F, Böse H, Neubauer JC, Zimmermann H, Meiser I. Cytoskeleton adaptation to stretchable surface relaxation improves adherent cryopreservation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cryobiology 2024; 117:104958. [PMID: 39243925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Adherent cell systems are usually dissociated before being cryopreserved, as standard protocols are established for cells in suspension. The application of standard procedures to more complex systems, sensitive to dissociation, such as adherent monolayers, especially comprising mature cell types or tissues remains unsatisfactory. Uncontrolled cell detachment due to intracellular tensile stress, membrane ruptures and damages of adhesion proteins are common during freezing and thawing of cell monolayers. However, many therapeutically relevant cell systems grow adherently to develop their native morphology and functionality, but lose their integrity after dissociation. The hypothesis is that cells on stretchable substrates have a more adaptable cytoskeleton and membrane, reducing cryopreservation-induced stress. Our studies investigate the influence of stretchable surfaces on the cryopreservation of adherent cells to avoid harmful dissociation and expedite post-thawing cultivation of functional cells. A stretching apparatus for defined radial stretching, consisting of silicone vessels and films with specific surface textures for cell culture, was developed. Adherent human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were cultivated on a stretched silicone film within the vessel, forming a monolayer that was compressed by relaxation, while remaining attached to the relaxed film. Compressed hUC-MSCs, which were cryopreserved adherently showed higher viability and less detachment after thawing compared to control cells without compression. Within three to seven days post-thawing, the hUC-MSCs recovered, and the monolayer reformed. These experiments support the hypothesis that cryopreservation success of adherent cell systems is enhanced by improved adaptability of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane, opening up new approaches in cryobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Altmaier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Ronan Le Harzic
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Frank Stracke
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Anna Martina Speicher
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Detlev Uhl
- Center Smart Materials and Adaptive Systems (CeSMA), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ehrlich
- Center Smart Materials and Adaptive Systems (CeSMA), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Center Smart Materials and Adaptive Systems (CeSMA), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Katja Lemmer
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Böse
- Center Smart Materials and Adaptive Systems (CeSMA), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ina Meiser
- Department of Cryosensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820, Sulzbach, Germany.
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van der Velden JJAJ, van Gisbergen MW, Kamps MAF, Janssen R, Diercks GFH, Steijlen PM, van Geel M, Bolling MC. Variants in the L12 linker domain of KRT10 are causal to atypical epidermolytic ichthyosis. J Dermatol 2024; 51:1180-1186. [PMID: 39072839 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) is a type of congenital ichthyosis, characterized by erythema and blistering at birth followed by hyperkeratosis. EI is caused by pathogenic variants in the genes KRT1 and KRT10, encoding the proteins keratin 1 (KRT1) and keratin 10 (KRT10), respectively, and is primarily transmitted by autosomal-dominant inheritance, although recessive inheritance caused by nonsense variants in KRT10 is also described. The keratins form a network of intermediate filaments and are a structural component of the cytoskeleton, giving strength and resilience to the skin. We present three cases of mild EI caused by pathogenic KRT10 variations in the L12 linker domain. To our knowledge, this is the first time L12 linker domain pathogenic variants are identified in KRT10 for EI. The aim of this study was to identify gene variants for patients with EI in KRT1 or KRT10. To establish the pathogenicity of the found variations in KRT10, we evaluated all patients and available family members clinically. Genetic analyses were performed using Sanger sequencing. Vectors containing wild-type or mutated forms of KRT10 were transfected into HaCaT cells and analyzed by high-resolution confocal microscopy. Genetic analysis of KRT10 identified a heterozygous de novo variant c.910G>A p.(Val304Met) in family 1, a familial heterozygous variant c.911T>C p.(Val304Ala) in family 2, and a familial heterozygous variant c.917T>C p.(Met306Thr) in family 3. All identified missense variants were located in the L12 linker domain of KRT10. In vitro study of aggregate formation of the missense variants in KRT10 only showed a very mild and not quantifiable aggregate formation in the KRT10 network, compared with the wild-type sequence. We report three different novel missense variants in the L12 linker domain of KRT10 in patients with an atypical, milder form of EI resembling peeling skin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J A J van der Velden
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M W van Gisbergen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M A F Kamps
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Janssen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G F H Diercks
- Department of Dermatology, UMCG Center of Expertise for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, UMCG Center of Expertise for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M Steijlen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M C Bolling
- Department of Dermatology, UMCG Center of Expertise for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ansai O, Hayashi R, Katsumi T, Okuyama K, Shibata S, Shinkuma S, Ito M, Abe R. Atypical epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma is a minimal phenotypic variant of epidermolytic ichthyosis: A new insight from ultrastructural findings. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:e1449-e1452. [PMID: 37460199 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ansai
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okuyama
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Human iPSC-derived-keratinocytes, a useful model to identify and explore pathological phenotype of Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2695-2705.e11. [PMID: 35490743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS), an autosomal dominant skin disorder, is characterized by skin fragility. Genetically, majority of cases are related to missense mutations in two keratin genes, KRT5 or KRT14, leading to cytolysis of basal keratinocytes and intraepidermal blistering. Progress towards identification of treatments have been hampered by incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disease, and availability of relevant and reliable in vitro models recapitulating the physiopathological mechanisms. Recent advances in stem cell field have fueled the prospect that these limitations could be overcome thanks to the availability of disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Here, we generated hiPSC-derived keratinocytes from patients carrying KRT5 dominant mutations and compared them to non-affected hiPSC-derived keratinocytes as well as their primary counterparts. Our results demonstrated that EBS hiPSC-derived keratinocytes displayed proliferative defects, increased capacity to migrate, alteration of ERK signaling pathway and cytoplasmic keratin filament aggregates as observed in primary EBS keratinocytes. Of interest, EBS hiPSC-derived keratinocytes exhibited a downregulation of hemidesmosomal proteins revealing the different effects of KRT5 mutations on keratin cytoskeletal organization. Combination of culture miniaturization and treatment with the chaperone molecule 4-PBA, our results demonstrated that hiPSC-derived keratinocytes represent a suitable model for identifying novel therapies for EBS.
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Badowski C, Tan TS, Aliev T, Trudil D, Larina M, Argentova V, Firdaus MJ, Benny P, Woo VS, Lane EB. Detrimental Effects of IFN-γ on an Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Cell Model and Protection by a Humanized Anti-IFN-γ Monoclonal Antibody. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100096. [PMID: 35265936 PMCID: PMC8899047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of severe skin blistering disorders, which currently have no cure. The pathology of epidermolysis bullosa is recognized as having an inflammatory component, but the role of inflammation in different epidermolysis bullosa disorders is unclear. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is primarily caused by sequence variants in keratin genes; its most severe form, EBS generalized severe, is characterized by aggregates of keratin proteins, and cell models of EBS generalized severe show constitutively elevated stress. IFN-γ is a major mediator of inflammation, and we show that the addition of IFN-γ alone to disease model keratinocytes promotes keratin aggregation, decreases cell-cell junctions, delays wound closure, and reduces cell proliferation. IFN-γ exposure weakens the intercellular cohesion of monolayers on mechanical stress, with IFN-γ-treated EBS monolayers more fragmented than IFN-γ-treated wild-type monolayers. A humanized monoclonal antibody to IFN-γ neutralized the detrimental effects on keratinocytes, restoring cell proliferation, increasing cell-cell adhesion, accelerating wound closure in the presence of IFN-γ, and reducing IFN-γ-mediated keratin aggregation in EBS cells. These suggest that treatment with IFN-γ blocking antibodies may constitute a promising new therapeutic strategy for patients with EBS and may also have ameliorating effects on other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Badowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong San Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teimur Aliev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Trudil
- NHDetect Corporation, Reisterstown, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Larina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Muhammad Jasrie Firdaus
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paula Benny
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivien S.T. Woo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Birgitte Lane
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nguyen HH, Shinkuma S, Hayashi R, Katsumi T, Nishiguchi T, Natsuga K, Fujita Y, Abe R. New insight of itch mediators and proinflammatory cytokines in epidermolysis bullosa. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ha Nguyen
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
- Department of Dermatology Nara Medical University Kashihara Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
- Department of Dermatology Sapporo City General Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata Japan
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Gouveia M, Sorčan T, Zemljič-Jokhadar Š, Travasso RDM, Liović M. A mathematical model for the dependence of keratin aggregate formation on the quantity of mutant keratin expressed in EGFP-K14 R125P keratinocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261227. [PMID: 34962936 PMCID: PMC8714116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined keratin aggregate formation and the possible mechanisms involved. With this aim, we observed the effect that different ratios between mutant and wild-type keratins expressed in cultured keratinocytes may have on aggregate formation in vitro, as well as how keratin aggregate formation affects the mechanical properties of cells at the cell cortex. To this end we prepared clones with expression rates as close as possible to 25%, 50% and 100% of the EGFP-K14 proteins (either WT or R125P and V270M mutants). Our results showed that only in the case of the 25% EGFP-K14 R125P mutant significant differences could be seen. Namely, we observed in this case the largest accumulation of keratin aggregates and a significant reduction in cell stiffness. To gain insight into the possible mechanisms behind this observation, we extended our previous mathematical model of keratin dynamics by implementing a more complex reaction network that considers the coexistence of wild-type and mutant keratins in the cell. The new model, consisting of a set of coupled, non-linear, ordinary differential equations, allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the relative amounts of intermediate filaments and aggregates in cells, and suggested that aggregate formation by asymmetric binding between wild-type and mutant keratins could explain the data obtained on cells grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gouveia
- Department of Physics, CFisUC, Center of Physics of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
| | | | - Špela Zemljič-Jokhadar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rui D. M. Travasso
- Department of Physics, CFisUC, Center of Physics of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
| | - Mirjana Liović
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
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Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212446. [PMID: 34830328 PMCID: PMC8624175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-α signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arkadii K. Beilin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadya G. Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Tan TS, Common JEA, Lim JSY, Badowski C, Firdaus MJ, Leonardi SS, Lane EB. A cell-based drug discovery assay identifies inhibition of cell stress responses as a new approach to treatment of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272475. [PMID: 34643242 PMCID: PMC8542385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), mutations in keratin 14 (K14, also known as KRT14) or keratin 5 (K5, also known as KRT5) lead to keratinocyte rupture and skin blistering. Severe forms of EBS are associated with cytoplasmic protein aggregates, with elevated kinase activation of ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2; also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively), suggesting intrinsic stress caused by misfolded keratin protein. Human keratinocyte EBS reporter cells stably expressing GFP-tagged EBS-mimetic mutant K14 were used to optimize a semi-automated system to quantify the effects of test compounds on keratin aggregates. Screening of a protein kinase inhibitor library identified several candidates that reduced aggregates and impacted on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. EGF ligand exposure induced keratin aggregates in EBS reporter keratinocytes, which was reversible by EGFR inhibition. EBS keratinocytes treated with a known EGFR inhibitor, afatinib, were driven out of activation and towards quiescence with minimal cell death. Aggregate reduction was accompanied by denser keratin filament networks with enhanced intercellular cohesion and resilience, which when extrapolated to a whole tissue context would predict reduced epidermal fragility in EBS patients. This assay system provides a powerful tool for discovery and development of new pathway intervention therapeutic avenues for EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong San Tan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - John S Y Lim
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Cedric Badowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Muhammad Jasrie Firdaus
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Steven S Leonardi
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
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10
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Benoit B, Baillet A, Poüs C. Cytoskeleton and Associated Proteins: Pleiotropic JNK Substrates and Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8375. [PMID: 34445080 PMCID: PMC8395060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review extensively reports data from the literature concerning the complex relationships between the stress-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the four main cytoskeleton elements, which are actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. To a lesser extent, we also focused on the two membrane-associated cytoskeletons spectrin and ESCRT-III. We gather the mechanisms controlling cytoskeleton-associated JNK activation and the known cytoskeleton-related substrates directly phosphorylated by JNK. We also point out specific locations of the JNK upstream regulators at cytoskeletal components. We finally compile available techniques and tools that could allow a better characterization of the interplay between the different types of cytoskeleton filaments upon JNK-mediated stress and during development. This overview may bring new important information for applied medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Anita Baillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Poüs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
- Biochimie-Hormonologie, AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Site Antoine Béclère, 157 Rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92141 Clamart, France
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11
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Parvanian S, Zha H, Su D, Xi L, Jiu Y, Chen H, Eriksson JE, Cheng F. Exosomal Vimentin from Adipocyte Progenitors Protects Fibroblasts against Osmotic Stress and Inhibits Apoptosis to Enhance Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094678. [PMID: 33925176 PMCID: PMC8125065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress following injury regulates the quality and speed of wound healing. Improper mechanotransduction can lead to impaired wound healing and scar formation. Vimentin intermediate filaments control fibroblasts’ response to mechanical stress and lack of vimentin makes cells significantly vulnerable to environmental stress. We previously reported the involvement of exosomal vimentin in mediating wound healing. Here we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to explore the effect of wide-type and vimentin knockout exosomes in accelerating wound healing under osmotic stress condition. Our results showed that osmotic stress increases the size and enhances the release of exosomes. Furthermore, our findings revealed that exosomal vimentin enhances wound healing by protecting fibroblasts against osmotic stress and inhibiting stress-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that exosomes could be considered either as a stress modifier to restore the osmotic balance or as a conveyer of stress to induce osmotic stress-driven conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Parvanian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University & Turku Bioscience Centre, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Hualian Zha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
| | - Dandan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
| | - Lifang Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai and Institute of Pathogen Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., Xicheng District, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University & Turku Bioscience Centre, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.P.); (H.Z.); (D.S.); (L.X.); (H.C.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University & Turku Bioscience Centre, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lehmann SM, Leube RE, Windoffer R. Growth, lifetime, directional movement and myosin-dependent motility of mutant keratin granules in cultured cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2379. [PMID: 33504849 PMCID: PMC7840912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament polypeptides (IFPs) are prominent components of cytoplasmic aggregates, which are pathognomonic for multiple diseases. Recent observations in cultured cells suggest that they are dynamic and subject to regulated turnover. The emerging concept is that multiple factors contribute to motility and turnover of IFP-containing aggregates. To understand their relative contribution, quantitative tools are needed. The current study addresses this need using epithelial cells producing mutant keratin IFPs that have been identified as the cause of the hereditary blister-forming skin disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Digital image analysis of individual granules allowed mapping of their complete life cycle, with information on multiple characteristics at any given time-point. The deduced signet features revealed rapid granule fusion and directed transport from the periphery towards the cell centre, and a limited, ~ 30 min lifetime with a slow, continuous growth phase followed by fast disassembly. As paradigmatic proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that inhibition of myosin II selectively reduces granule movement, linking keratin granule motility to retrograde cortical acto-myosin flow. The newly developed methods and established parameters will help in the characterization of known and the identification of novel regulators of IFP-containing aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lehmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - R E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - R Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Laly AC, Sliogeryte K, Pundel OJ, Ross R, Keeling MC, Avisetti D, Waseem A, Gavara N, Connelly JT. The keratin network of intermediate filaments regulates keratinocyte rigidity sensing and nuclear mechanotransduction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabd6187. [PMID: 33571121 PMCID: PMC7840118 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The keratin network of intermediate filaments provides keratinocytes with essential mechanical strength and resilience, but the contribution to mechanosensing remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of the keratin cytoskeleton in the response to altered matrix rigidity. We found that keratinocytes adapted to increasing matrix stiffness by forming a rigid, interconnected network of keratin bundles, in conjunction with F-actin stress fiber formation and increased cell stiffness. Disruption of keratin stability by overexpression of the dominant keratin 14 mutation R416P inhibited the normal mechanical response to substrate rigidity, reducing F-actin stress fibers and cell stiffness. The R416P mutation also impaired mechanotransduction to the nuclear lamina, which mediated stiffness-dependent chromatin remodeling. By contrast, depletion of the cytolinker plectin had the opposite effect and promoted increased mechanoresponsiveness and up-regulation of lamin A/C. Together, these results demonstrate that the keratin cytoskeleton plays a key role in matrix rigidity sensing and downstream signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Laly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristina Sliogeryte
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Oscar J Pundel
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosie Ross
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael C Keeling
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Deepa Avisetti
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Núria Gavara
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Serra-Hunter Program, Biophysics and Bioengineering Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John T Connelly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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14
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Fujiwara S, Deguchi S, Magin TM. Disease-associated keratin mutations reduce traction forces and compromise adhesion and collective migration. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243956. [PMID: 32616561 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament (IF) proteins constitute the major cytoskeletal components in epithelial cells. Missense mutations in keratin 5 (K5; also known as KRT5) or keratin 14 (K14; also known as KRT14), highly expressed in the basal epidermis, cause the severe skin blistering disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). EBS-associated mutations disrupt keratin networks and change keratinocyte mechanics; however, molecular mechanisms by which mutations shape EBS pathology remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to keratin-deficient keratinocytes, cells expressing K14R125C, a mutation that causes severe EBS, generate lower traction forces, accompanied by immature focal adhesions with an altered cellular distribution. Furthermore, mutant keratinocytes display reduced directionality during collective migration. Notably, RhoA activity is downregulated in human EBS keratinocytes, and Rho activation rescues stiffness-dependent cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion formation of EBS keratinocytes. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that intact keratin IF networks regulate mechanotransduction through a Rho signaling pathway upstream of cell-ECM adhesion formation and organized cell migration. Our findings provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology of EBS.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Fujiwara
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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15
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Gouveia M, Zemljič-Jokhadar Š, Vidak M, Stojkovič B, Derganc J, Travasso R, Liovic M. Keratin Dynamics and Spatial Distribution in Wild-Type and K14 R125P Mutant Cells-A Computational Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2596. [PMID: 32283594 PMCID: PMC7177522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are one of the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. They form a cytoskeletal filament network whose structural organization seriously conditions its function. Dynamic keratin particles and aggregates are often observed at the periphery of mutant keratinocytes related to the hereditary skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex, which is due to mutations in keratins 5 and 14. To account for their emergence in mutant cells, we extended an existing mathematical model of keratin turnover in wild-type cells and developed a novel 2D phase-field model to predict the keratin distribution inside the cell. This model includes the turnover between soluble, particulate and filamentous keratin forms. We assumed that the mutation causes a slowdown in the assembly of an intermediate keratin phase into filaments, and demonstrated that this change is enough to account for the loss of keratin filaments in the cell's interior and the emergence of keratin particles at its periphery. The developed mathematical model is also particularly tailored to model the spatial distribution of keratins as the cell changes its shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gouveia
- CFisUC, Center for Physics of the University of Coimbra, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, R Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Špela Zemljič-Jokhadar
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Marko Vidak
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Biljana Stojkovič
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Rui Travasso
- CFisUC, Center for Physics of the University of Coimbra, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, R Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mirjana Liovic
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.L.)
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16
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Geisler F, Coch RA, Richardson C, Goldberg M, Bevilacqua C, Prevedel R, Leube RE. Intestinal intermediate filament polypeptides in C. elegans: Common and isotype-specific contributions to intestinal ultrastructure and function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3142. [PMID: 32081918 PMCID: PMC7035338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance and diversity of intermediate filaments (IFs) in the C. elegans intestine indicate important contributions to intestinal function and organismal wellbeing. Fluorescent IF reporters localize below the actin-rich brush border and are highly enriched in the lumen-enveloping endotube, which is attached to the C. elegans apical junction. Mapping intestinal viscoelasticity by contact-free Brillouin microscopy reveals that the IF-rich endotube is positioned at the interface between the stiff brush border and soft cytoplasm suggesting a mechanical buffering function to deal with the frequent luminal distortions occurring during food intake and movement. In accordance, depletion of IFB-2, IFC-2 and IFD-2 leads to intestinal lumen dilation although depletion of IFC-1, IFD-1 and IFP-1 do not. Ultrastructural analyses of loss of function mutants further show that IFC-2 mutants have a rarefied endotube and IFB-2 mutants lack an endotube altogether. Remarkably, almost all IFB-2- and IFC-2-deficient animals develop to fertile adults. But developmental retardation, reduced brood size, altered survival and increased sensitivity to microbial toxin, osmotic and oxidative stress are seen in both mutants albeit to different degrees. Taken together, we propose that individual intestinal IF polypeptides contribute in different ways to endotube morphogenesis and cooperate to cope with changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geisler
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard A Coch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Goldberg
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Bevilacqua
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Spörrer M, Prochnicki A, Tölle RC, Nyström A, Esser PR, Homberg M, Athanasiou I, Zingkou E, Schilling A, Gerum R, Thievessen I, Winter L, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Fabry B, Magin TM, Dengjel J, Schröder R, Kiritsi D. Treatment of keratinocytes with 4-phenylbutyrate in epidermolysis bullosa: Lessons for therapies in keratin disorders. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:502-515. [PMID: 31078522 PMCID: PMC6603805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Missense mutations in keratin 5 and 14 genes cause the severe skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) by collapsing of the keratin cytoskeleton into cytoplasmic protein aggregates. Despite intense efforts, no molecular therapies are available, mostly due to the complex phenotype of EBS, comprising cell fragility, diminished adhesion, skin inflammation and itch. Methods We extensively characterized KRT5 and KRT14 mutant keratinocytes from patients with severe generalized EBS following exposure to the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Findings 4-PBA diminished keratin aggregates within EBS cells and ameliorated their inflammatory phenotype. Chemoproteomics of 4-PBA-treated and untreated EBS cells revealed reduced IL1β expression- but also showed activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-kB pathways. The abundance of extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal proteins was significantly altered, coinciding with diminished keratinocyte adhesion and migration in a 4-PBA dose-dependent manner. Interpretation Together, our study reveals a complex interplay of benefits and disadvantages that challenge the use of 4-PBA in skin fragility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Spörrer
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ania Prochnicki
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine C Tölle
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Homberg
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ioannis Athanasiou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Schilling
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Li J, Gao W, Zhang Y, Cheng F, Eriksson JE, Etienne-Manneville S, Jiu Y. Engagement of vimentin intermediate filaments in hypotonic stress. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13168-13176. [PMID: 30887571 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) play a key role in the control of cell structure and morphology, cell mechano-responses, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms regulating IFs organization in motile adhesive cells under certain physical/pathological conditions remain to be fully understood. In this study, we found hypo-osmotic-induced stress results in a dramatic but reversible rearrangement of the IF network. Vimentin and nestin IFs are partially depolymerized as they are redistributed throughout the cell cytoplasm after hypo-osmotic shock. This spreading of the IFs requires an intact microtubule network and the motor protein associated transportation. Both nocodazole treatment and depletion of kinesin-1 (KIF5B) block the hypo-osmotic shock-induced rearrangement of IFs showing that the dynamic behavior of IFs largely depends on microtubules and kinesin-dependent transport. Moreover, we show that cell survival rates are dramatically decreased in response to hypo-osmotic shock, which was more severe by vimentin IFs depletion, indicating its contribution to osmotic endurance. Collectively, these results reveal a critical role of vimentin IFs under hypotonic stress and provide evidence that IFs are important for the defense mechanisms during the osmotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), SYSU, China
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris CNRS UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Yaming Jiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Müllers Y, Meiser I, Stracke F, Riemann I, Lautenschläger F, Neubauer JC, Zimmermann H. Quantitative analysis of F-actin alterations in adherent human mesenchymal stem cells: Influence of slow-freezing and vitrification-based cryopreservation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211382. [PMID: 30682146 PMCID: PMC6347223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is an essential tool to meet the increasing demand for stem cells in medical applications. To ensure maintenance of cell function upon thawing, the preservation of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial, but so far there is little quantitative data on the influence of cryopreservation on cytoskeletal structures. For this reason, our study aims to quantitatively describe cryopreservation induced alterations to F-actin in adherent human mesenchymal stem cells, as a basic model for biomedical applications. Here we have characterised the actin cytoskeleton on single-cell level by calculating the circular standard deviation of filament orientation, F-actin content, and average filament length. Cryo-induced alterations of these parameters in identical cells pre and post cryopreservation provide the basis of our investigation. Differences between the impact of slow-freezing and vitrification are qualitatively analyzed and highlighted. Our analysis is supported by live cryo imaging of the actin cytoskeleton via two photon microscopy. We found similar actin alterations in slow-frozen and vitrified cells including buckling of actin filaments, reduction of F-actin content and filament shortening. These alterations indicate limited functionality of the respective cells. However, there are substantial differences in the frequency and time dependence of F-actin disruptions among the applied cryopreservation strategies; immediately after thawing, cytoskeletal structures show least disruption after slow freezing at a rate of 1°C/min. As post-thaw recovery progresses, the ratio of cells with actin disruptions increases, particularly in slow frozen cells. After 120 min of recovery the proportion of cells with an intact actin cytoskeleton is higher in vitrified than in slow frozen cells. Freezing at 10°C/min is associated with a high ratio of impaired cells throughout the post-thawing culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Müllers
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Ina Meiser
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Frank Stracke
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Iris Riemann
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Division of Cytoskeletal Fibers, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair for Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia C. Neubauer
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
- Fraunhofer Project Centre for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Department of Cryo- and Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, Germany
- Chair for Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Faculty of Marine Science, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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20
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Geisler F, Coch RA, Richardson C, Goldberg M, Denecke B, Bossinger O, Leube RE. The intestinal intermediate filament network responds to and protects against microbial insults and toxins. Development 2019; 146:dev.169482. [PMID: 30630824 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enrichment of intermediate filaments in the apical cytoplasm of intestinal cells is evolutionarily conserved, forming a sheath that is anchored to apical junctions and positioned below the microvillar brush border, which suggests a protective intracellular barrier function. To test this, we used Caenorhabditis elegans, the intestinal cells of which are endowed with a particularly dense intermediate filament-rich layer that is referred to as the endotube. We found alterations in endotube structure and intermediate filament expression upon infection with nematicidal B. thuringiensis or treatment with its major pore-forming toxin crystal protein Cry5B. Endotube impairment due to defined genetic mutations of intermediate filaments and their regulators results in increased Cry5B sensitivity as evidenced by elevated larval arrest, prolonged time of larval development and reduced survival. Phenotype severity reflects the extent of endotube alterations and correlates with reduced rescue upon toxin removal. The results provide in vivo evidence for a major protective role of a properly configured intermediate filament network as an intracellular barrier in intestinal cells. This notion is further supported by increased sensitivity of endotube mutants to oxidative and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geisler
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard A Coch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Martin Goldberg
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Genomics Facility, IZKF Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf Bossinger
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Khani P, Ghazi F, Zekri A, Nasri F, Behrangi E, Aghdam AM, Mirzaei H. Keratins and epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:289-297. [PMID: 30078200 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the skin structure. Understanding the importance of this subject is possible with the investigation of keratin defects in epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Nowadays, in addition to clinical criteria, new molecular diagnostic methods, such as next generation sequencing, can help to distinguish the subgroups of EBS more precisely. Because the most important and most commonly occurring molecular defects in these patients are the defects of keratins 5 and14 (KRT5 and KRT14), comprehending the nature structure of these proteins and their involved processes can be very effective in understanding the pathophysiology of this disease and providing new and effective therapeutic platforms to treat it. Here, we summarized the various aspects of the presence of KRT5 and KRT14 in the epidermis, their relation to the incidence and severity of EBS phenotypes, and the processes with which these proteins can affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Khani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghazi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nasri
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behrangi
- Department of Dermatology and Laser Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arad Mobasher Aghdam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Elango T, Sun J, Zhu C, Zhou F, Zhang Y, Sun L, Yang S, Zhang X. Mutational analysis of epidermal and hyperproliferative type I keratins in mild and moderate psoriasis vulgaris patients: a possible role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis along with disease severity. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:27. [PMID: 29784039 PMCID: PMC5963134 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in keratin proteins have been vastly associated with a wide array of genodermatoses; however, mutations of keratins in psoriasis have not been fully investigated. The main aim of the current research was to identify the mutation in K14, K10, K16, and K17 genes in two stages of psoriasis patients. Methods Ninety-six psoriatic skin biopsies were collected. mRNA transcript of K14, K10, K16, and K17 was prepared, amplified, and sequenced. Sanger sequences of all keratins were further validated for mutational analysis using Mutation Surveyor and Alamut Visual. Then, in silico analysis of protein stability and protein and gene expression of all keratins was performed and validated. Results Out of 44 mutations, about 75% of keratins are highly pathogenic and deleterious. Remaining 25% mutations are less pathogenic and tolerated in nature. In these 33 deleterious mutations were immensely found to decrease keratin protein stability. We also found a correlation between keratin and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score which added that alteration in keratin gene in skin causes severity of psoriasis. Conclusions We strongly concluded that acanthosis and abnormal terminal differentiation was mainly due to the mutation in epidermal keratins. In turn, disease severity and relapsing of psoriasis are mainly due to the mutation of hyperproliferative keratins. These novel keratin mutations in psoriatic epidermis might be one of the causative factors for psoriasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-018-0158-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilselvi Elango
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jingying Sun
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Complex and Severe Dermatosis, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Complex and Severe Dermatosis, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Complex and Severe Dermatosis, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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23
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Guo YC, Wang YX, Ge YP, Yu LJ, Guo J. Analysis of subcellular structural tension in axonal growth of neurons. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:125-137. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe growth and regeneration of axons are the core processes of nervous system development and functional recovery. They are also related to certain physiological and pathological conditions. For decades, it has been the consensus that a new axon is formed by adding new material at the growth cone. However, using the existing technology, we have studied the structural tension of the nerve cell, which led us to hypothesize that some subcellular structural tensions contribute synergistically to axonal growth and regeneration. In this review, we classified the subcellular structural tension, osmotic pressure, microfilament and microtubule-dependent tension involved controllably in promoting axonal growth. A squeezing model was built to analyze the mechanical mechanism underlying axonal elongation, which may provide a new view of axonal growth and inspire further research.
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24
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Aushev M, Koller U, Mussolino C, Cathomen T, Reichelt J. Traceless Targeting and Isolation of Gene-Edited Immortalized Keratinocytes from Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Patients. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:112-123. [PMID: 28765827 PMCID: PMC5527154 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a blistering skin disease caused by dominant-negative mutations in either KRT5 or KRT14, resulting in impairment of keratin filament structure and epidermal fragility. Currently, nearly 200 mutations distributed across the entire length of these genes are known to cause EBS. Genome editing using programmable nucleases enables the development of ex vivo gene therapies for dominant-negative genetic diseases. A clinically feasible strategy involves the disruption of the mutant allele while leaving the wild-type allele unaffected. Our aim was to develop a traceless approach to efficiently disrupt KRT5 alleles using TALENs displaying unbiased monoallelic disruption events and devise a strategy that allows for subsequent screening and isolation of correctly modified keratinocyte clones without the need for selection markers. Here we report on TALENs that efficiently disrupt the KRT5 locus in immortalized patient-derived EBS keratinocytes. Inactivation of the mutant allele using a TALEN working at sub-optimal levels resulted in restoration of intermediate filament architecture. This approach can be used for the functional inactivation of any mutant keratin allele regardless of the position of the mutation within the gene and is furthermore applicable to the treatment of other inherited skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magomet Aushev
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Times Square, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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25
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Keratin gene mutations influence the keratinocyte response to DNA damage and cytokine induced apoptosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Consequences of Keratin Phosphorylation for Cytoskeletal Organization and Epithelial Functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 330:171-225. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Geisler F, Gerhardus H, Carberry K, Davis W, Jorgensen E, Richardson C, Bossinger O, Leube RE. A novel function for the MAP kinase SMA-5 in intestinal tube stability. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3855-3868. [PMID: 27733627 PMCID: PMC5170608 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo evidence links SMA-5 to the maintenance of the apical domain in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. sma-5 mutations induce morphological and biochemical changes of the intermediate filament system, demonstrating the close relationship between posttranslational modification and structural integrity of the evolutionarily conserved intestinal cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments are major cytoskeletal components whose assembly into complex networks and isotype-specific functions are still largely unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans provides an excellent model system to study intermediate filament organization and function in vivo. Its intestinal intermediate filaments localize exclusively to the endotube, a circumferential sheet just below the actin-based terminal web. A genetic screen for defects in the organization of intermediate filaments identified a mutation in the catalytic domain of the MAP kinase 7 orthologue sma-5(kc1). In sma-5(kc1) mutants, pockets of lumen penetrate the cytoplasm of the intestinal cells. These membrane hernias increase over time without affecting epithelial integrity and polarity. A more pronounced phenotype was observed in the deletion allele sma-5(n678) and in intestine-specific sma-5(RNAi). Besides reduced body length, an increased time of development, reduced brood size, and reduced life span were observed in the mutants, indicating compromised food uptake. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that the luminal pockets include the subapical cytoskeleton and coincide with local thinning and gaps in the endotube that are often enlarged in other regions. Increased intermediate filament phosphorylation was detected by two-dimensional immunoblotting, suggesting that loss of SMA-5 function leads to reduced intestinal tube stability due to altered intermediate filament network phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geisler
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Harald Gerhardus
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Carberry
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wayne Davis
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840
| | - Erik Jorgensen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840
| | - Christine Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Bossinger
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Tan TS, Ng YZ, Badowski C, Dang T, Common JEA, Lacina L, Szeverényi I, Lane EB. Assays to Study Consequences of Cytoplasmic Intermediate Filament Mutations: The Case of Epidermal Keratins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 568:219-53. [PMID: 26795473 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the causative link between keratin mutations and a growing number of human diseases opened the way for a better understanding of the function of the whole intermediate filament families of cytoskeleton proteins. This chapter describes analytical approaches to identification and interpretation of the consequences of keratin mutations, from the clinical and diagnostic level to cells in tissue culture. Intermediate filament pathologies can be accurately diagnosed from skin biopsies and DNA samples. The Human Intermediate Filament Database collates reported mutations in intermediate filament genes and their diseases, and can help clinicians to establish accurate diagnoses, leading to disease stratification for genetic counseling, optimal care delivery, and future mutation-aligned new therapies. Looking at the best-studied keratinopathy, epidermolysis bullosa simplex, the generation of cell lines mimicking keratinopathies is described, in which tagged mutant keratins facilitate live-cell imaging to make use of today's powerful enhanced light microscopy modalities. Cell stress assays such as cell spreading and cell migration in scratch wound assays can interrogate the consequences of the compromised cytoskeletal network. Application of extrinsic stresses, such as heat, osmotic, or mechanical stress, can enhance the differentiation of mutant keratin cells from wild-type cells. To bring the experiments to the next level, 3D organotypic human cultures can be generated, and even grafted onto the backs of immunodeficient mice for greater in vivo relevance. While development of these assays has focused on mutant K5/K14 cells, the approaches are often applicable to mutations in other intermediate filaments, reinforcing fundamental commonalities in spite of diverse clinical pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tram Dang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
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Herzog J, Rid R, Wagner M, Hundsberger H, Eger A, Bauer J, Önder K. Whole-transcriptome gene expression profiling in an epidermolysis bullosa simplex Dowling-Meara model keratinocyte cell line uncovered novel, potential therapeutic targets and affected pathways. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:785. [PMID: 26666517 PMCID: PMC4678661 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To be able to develop effective therapeutics for epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), it is necessary to elucidate the molecular pathomechanisms that give rise to the disease’s characteristic severe skin-blistering phenotype. Results Starting with a whole-transcriptome microarray analysis of an EBS Dowling-Meara model cell line (KEB7), we identified 207 genes showing differential expression relative to control keratinocytes. A complementary qRT-PCR study of 156 candidates confirmed 76.58 % of the selected genes to be significantly up-regulated or down-regulated (p-value <0.05) within biological replicates. Our hit list contains previously identified genes involved in epithelial cell proliferation, cell-substrate adhesion, and responses to diverse biological stimuli. In addition, we identified novel candidate genes and potential affected pathways not previously considered as relevant to EBS pathology. Conclusions Our results broaden our understanding of the molecular processes dysregulated in EBS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1783-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herzog
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Raphaela Rid
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Harald Hundsberger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria.
| | - Andreas Eger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Kamil Önder
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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30
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Guldiken N, Zhou Q, Kucukoglu O, Rehm M, Levada K, Gross A, Kwan R, James LP, Trautwein C, Omary MB, Strnad P. Human keratin 8 variants promote mouse acetaminophen hepatotoxicity coupled with c-jun amino-terminal kinase activation and protein adduct formation. Hepatology 2015; 62:876-86. [PMID: 25963979 PMCID: PMC4549164 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are the intermediate filaments proteins of simple-type digestive epithelia and provide important cytoprotective function. K8/K18 variants predispose humans to chronic liver disease progression and poor outcomes in acute acetaminophen (APAP)-related liver failure. Given that K8 G62C and R341H/R341C are common K8 variants in European and North American populations, we studied their biological significance using transgenic mice. Mice that overexpress the human K8 variants, R341H or R341C, were generated and used together with previously described mice that overexpress wild-type K8 or K8 G62C. Mice were injected with 600 mg/kg of APAP or underwent bile duct ligation (BDL). Livers were evaluated by microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, histological and immunological staining, and biochemical assays. Under basal conditions, the K8 G62C/R341H/R341C variant-expressing mice did not show an obvious liver phenotype or altered keratin filament distribution, whereas K8 G62C/R341C animals had aberrant disulphide cross-linked keratins. Animals carrying the K8 variants displayed limited gene expression changes, but had lower nicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT) levels and were predisposed to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. NNMT represents a novel K8/K18-associated protein that becomes up-regulated after K8/K18 transfection. The more pronounced liver damage was accompanied by increased and prolonged JNK activation; elevated APAP protein adducts; K8 hyperphosphorylation at S74/S432 with enhanced keratin solubility; and prominent pericentral keratin network disruption. No differences in APAP serum levels, glutathione, or adenosine triphosphate levels were noted. BDL resulted in similar liver injury and biliary fibrosis in all mouse genotypes. CONCLUSION Expression of human K8 variants G62C, R341H, or R341C in mice predisposes to acute APAP hepatotoxicity, thereby providing direct evidence for the importance of these variants in human acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Guldiken
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm Germany
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, CA; and Stanford University Digestive Disease Center, USA
| | - Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm Germany
| | - Melanie Rehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm Germany
| | - Kateryna Levada
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Gross
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, and the VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura P. James
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christian Trautwein
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, and the VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavel Strnad
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Corresponding author: Pavel Strnad, Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Tel.: +49(241) 80-35324, Fax: +49(241) 80-82455,
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Guo Y, Yang L, Haught K, Scarlata S. Osmotic Stress Reduces Ca2+ Signals through Deformation of Caveolae. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16698-707. [PMID: 25957403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are membrane invaginations that can sequester various signaling proteins. Caveolae have been shown to provide mechanical strength to cells by flattening to accommodate increased volume when cells are subjected to hypo-osmotic stress. We have previously found that caveolin, the main structural component of caveolae, specifically binds Gαq and stabilizes its activation state resulting in an enhanced Ca(2+) signal upon activation. Here, we show that osmotic stress caused by decreasing the osmolarity in half reversibly changes the configuration of caveolae without releasing a significant portion of caveolin molecules. This change in configuration due to flattening leads to a loss in Cav1-Gαq association. This loss in Gαq/Cav1 association due to osmotic stress results in a significant reduction of Gαq/phospholipase Cβ-mediated Ca(2+) signals. This reduced Ca(2+) response is also seen when caveolae are reduced by treatment with siRNA(Cav1) or by dissolving them by methyl-β-cyclodextran. No change in Ca(2+) release with osmotic swelling can be seen when growth factor pathways are activated. Taken together, these results connect the mechanical deformation of caveolae to Gαq-mediated Ca(2+) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Guo
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
| | - Lu Yang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
| | - Katrina Haught
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
| | - Suzanne Scarlata
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
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Di Gregorio E, Ferrauto G, Gianolio E, Aime S. Gd loading by hypotonic swelling: an efficient and safe route for cellular labeling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:475-86. [PMID: 24375903 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells incubated in hypo-osmotic media swell and their membranes become leaky. The flow of water that enters the cells results in the net transport of molecules present in the incubation medium directly into the cell cytoplasm. This phenomenon has been exploited to label cells with MRI Gd-containing contrast agents. It has been found that, in the presence of 100 mM Gd-HPDO3A in an incubation medium characterized by an overall osmolarity of 160 mOsm l⁻¹, each cell is loaded with amounts of paramagnetic complex ranging from 2 × 10⁹ to 2 × 10¹⁰ depending on the cell type. To obtain more insight into the determinants of cellular labeling by the 'hypo-osmotic shock' methodology, a study on cell viability, proliferation rate and cell morphology was carried out on J774A.1 and K562 cells as representative of cells grown in adhesion and suspended ones, respectively. Moreover a comparison of the efficiency of the proposed method with established cell labeling procedures such as pinocytosis and electroporation was carried out. Finally, the effects of the residual electric charge, the size and some structural features of the metal complex were investigated. In summary, the 'hypotonic shock' methodology appears to be an efficient and promising tool to pursue cellular labeling with paramagnetic complexes. Its implementation is straightforward and one may foresee that it will be largely applied in in vitro cellular labeling of many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Di Gregorio
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126-, Torino, Italy
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34
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Zupancic T, Stojan J, Lane EB, Komel R, Bedina-Zavec A, Liovic M. Intestinal cell barrier function in vitro is severely compromised by keratin 8 and 18 mutations identified in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99398. [PMID: 24915158 PMCID: PMC4051775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/K18) mutations have been implicated in the aetiology of certain pathogenic processes of the liver and pancreas. While some K8 mutations (K8 G62C, K8 K464N) are also presumed susceptibility factors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the only K18 mutation (K18 S230T) discovered so far in an IBD patient is thought to be a polymorphism. The aim of our study was to demonstrate that these mutations might also directly affect intestinal cell barrier function. Cell monolayers of genetically engineered human colonocytes expressing these mutations were tested for permeability, growth rate and resistance to heat-stress. We also calculated the change in dissociation constant (Kd, measure of affinity) each of these mutations introduces into the keratin protein, and present the first model of a keratin dimer L12 region with in silico clues to how the K18 S230T mutation may affect keratin function. Physiologically, these mutations cause up to 30% increase in paracellular permeability in vitro. Heat-stress induces little keratin clumping but instead cell monolayers peel off the surface suggesting a problem with cell junctions. K18 S230T has pronounced pathological effects in vitro marked by high Kd, low growth rate and increased permeability. The latter may be due to the altered distribution of tight junction components claudin-4 and ZO-1. This is the first time intestinal cells have been suggested also functionally impaired by K8/K18 mutations. Although an in vitro colonocyte model system does not completely mimic the epithelial lining of the intestine, nevertheless the data suggest that K8/K18 mutations may be also able to produce a phenotype in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zupancic
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Stojan
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Radovan Komel
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Mirjana Liovic
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Kishi C, Minematsu T, Huang L, Mugita Y, Kitamura A, Nakagami G, Yamane T, Yoshida M, Noguchi H, Funakubo M, Mori T, Sanada H. Hypo-osmotic shock-induced subclinical inflammation of skin in a rat model of disrupted skin barrier function. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 17:135-41. [PMID: 25681269 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414532827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging disrupts skin barrier function and induces xerosis accompanied by pruritus. In many cases, elderly patients complain of pruritus during skin hygiene care, a condition called aquagenic pruritus of the elderly (APE). To date, the pathophysiology and mechanism of action of APE have not been elucidated. We conducted the present study to test the hypothesis that hypo-osmotic shock of epidermal cells induces skin inflammation and elongation of C-fibers by nerve growth factor β (NGFβ) as a basic mechanism of APE. The dorsal skin of HWY rats, which are a model for disrupted skin barrier function, was treated with distilled water (hypotonic treatment [Hypo] group) or normal saline (isotonic treatment [Iso] group) by applying soaked gauze for 7 days. Untreated rats were used as a control (no-treatment [NT] group). Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses revealed inflammatory responses in the epidermis and the dermal papillary layer in the Hypo group, while no alterations were observed in the Iso or NT groups. Induction of expression and secretion of NGFβ and elongation of C-fibers into the epidermis were found in the Hypo group. In contrast, secretion of NGFβ was significantly lower and elongation of C-fibers was not observed in the Iso group. These results suggest that hypo-osmotic shock-induced inflammatory reactions promote hypersensitivity to pruritus in skin with disrupted barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kishi
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Minematsu
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mugita
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Kitamura
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gojiro Nakagami
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamane
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Yoshida
- Department of Life Support Technology (Molten), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Department of Life Support Technology (Molten), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Funakubo
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Mori
- Department of Life Support Technology (Molten), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Doğanli C, Oxvig C, Lykke-Hartmann K. Zebrafish as a novel model to assess Na+/K(+)-ATPase-related neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2774-87. [PMID: 24091024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modeling neurological disorders using zebrafish increases rapidly as this model system allows easy access to all developmental stages and imaging of pathological processes. A surprising degree of functional conservation has been demonstrated between human genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and their zebrafish orthologues. Zebrafish offers rapid high throughput screening of therapeutic compounds and live imaging of pathogenic mechanisms in vivo. Several recent zebrafish studies functionally assessed the role of the sodium-potassium pump (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase). The Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase maintains the electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane, essential for e.g. signaling, secondary active transport, glutamate re-uptake and neuron excitability in animal cells. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase mutations are associated with neurological disorders, where mutations in the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase α2 and α3 isoforms cause Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) and Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP)/Alternating hemiplegic childhood (AHC), respectively. In zebrafish, knock-down of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoforms included skeletal and heart muscle defects, impaired embryonic motility, depolarized Rohon-beard neurons and abrupt brain ventricle development. In this review, we discuss zebrafish as a model to assess Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform functions. Furthermore, studies investigating proteomic changes in both α2- and α3-isoform deficient embryos and their potential connections to the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase functions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Doğanli
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3, Building 1171, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Building 3135, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Wagner M, Trost A, Hintner H, Bauer JW, Onder K. Imbalance of intermediate filament component keratin 14 contributes to increased stress signalling in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:292-4. [PMID: 23528216 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An important characteristic of epidermolysis bullosa simplex Dowling-Meara (EBS-DM) keratinocytes is the increased level of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) stress signalling, which is thought to contribute to the disease phenotype. In this work, we report on the dramatic up-regulation of cytokeratin 14 (K14) in the EBS-DM model cell line KEB7 at both the transcriptional and translational levels, which is noteworthy because KEB7 patient cells are heterozygous for a missense mutation (R125P) in K14. By performing functional assays, we show a direct link between overexpressed wild-type K14 and increased JNK signalling in healthy, immortalized keratinocytes. This observation led us to hypothesize a positive feedback model in which mutant (R125P) K14 triggers JNK signalling, leading to increased AP1-dependent expression of K14, which in turn amplifies JNK signalling further. We therefore suggest that an imbalance of cytoplasmic K14 monomers and K14 incorporated into the intermediate filament (IF) network leads to elevated stress signalling, potentially altering IF dynamics by phosphorylation, which as a side effect, weakens EBS-DM keratinocytes.
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The Pathogenetic Role of IL-1β in Severe Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1901-3. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Haines
- Epithelial Biology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
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Chamcheu JC, Wood GS, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Adhami VM, Teng JM, Mukhtar H. Progress towards genetic and pharmacological therapies for keratin genodermatoses: current perspective and future promise. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:481-9. [PMID: 22716242 PMCID: PMC3556927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary keratin disorders of the skin and its appendages comprise a large group of clinically heterogeneous disfiguring blistering and ichthyotic diseases, primarily characterized by the loss of tissue integrity, blistering and hyperkeratosis in severely affected tissues. Pathogenic mutations in keratins cause these afflictions. Typically, these mutations in concert with characteristic features have formed the basis for improved disease diagnosis, prognosis and most recently therapy development. Examples include epidermolysis bullosa simplex, keratinopathic ichthyosis, pachyonychia congenita and several other tissue-specific hereditary keratinopathies. Understanding the molecular and genetic events underlying skin dysfunction has initiated alternative treatment approaches that may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for affected patients. Animal and in vitro disease modelling studies have shed more light on molecular pathogenesis, further defining the role of keratins in disease processes and promoting the translational development of new gene and pharmacological therapeutic strategies. Given that the molecular basis for these monogenic disorders is well established, gene therapy and drug discovery targeting pharmacological compounds with the ability to reinforce the compromised cytoskeleton may lead to promising new therapeutic strategies for treating hereditary keratinopathies. In this review, we will summarize and discuss recent advances in the preclinical and clinical modelling and development of gene, natural product, pharmacological and protein-based therapies for these disorders, highlighting the feasibility of new approaches for translational clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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41
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Coulombe PA, Lee CH. Defining keratin protein function in skin epithelia: epidermolysis bullosa simplex and its aftermath. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:763-75. [PMID: 22277943 PMCID: PMC3279600 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic condition typified by superficial bullous lesions following incident frictional trauma to the skin. Most cases of EBS are due to dominantly acting mutations in keratin 14 (K14) or K5, the type I and II intermediate filament (IF) proteins that copolymerize to form a pancytoplasmic network of 10 nm filaments in basal keratinocytes of epidermis and related epithelia. Defects in K5-K14 filament network architecture cause basal keratinocytes to become fragile, and account for their rupture upon exposure to mechanical trauma. The discovery of the etiology and pathophysiology of EBS was intimately linked to the quest for an understanding of the properties and function of keratin filaments in skin epithelia. Since then, continued cross-fertilization between basic science efforts and clinical endeavors has highlighted several additional functional roles for keratin proteins in the skin, suggested new avenues for effective therapies for keratin-based diseases, and expanded our understanding of the remarkable properties of the skin as an organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Beriault DR, Haddad O, McCuaig JV, Robinson ZJ, Russell D, Lane EB, Fudge DS. The mechanical behavior of mutant K14-R125P keratin bundles and networks in NEB-1 keratinocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31320. [PMID: 22363617 PMCID: PMC3283645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is an inherited skin-blistering disease that is caused by dominant mutations in the genes for keratin K5 or K14 proteins. While the link between keratin mutations and keratinocyte fragility in EBS patients is clear, the exact biophysical mechanisms underlying cell fragility are not known. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that mutant K14-R125P filaments and/or networks in human keratinocytes are mechanically defective in their response to large-scale deformations. We found that mutant filaments and networks exhibit no obvious defects when subjected to large uniaxial strains and have no negative effects on the ability of human keratinocytes to survive large strains. We also found that the expression of mutant K14-R125P protein has no effect on the morphology of the F-actin or microtubule networks or their responses to large strains. Disassembly of the F-actin network with Latrunculin A unexpectedly led to a marked decrease in stretch-induced necrosis in both WT and mutant cells. Overall, our results contradict the hypotheses that EBS mutant keratin filaments and/or networks are mechanically defective. We suggest that future studies should test the alternative hypothesis that keratinocytes in EBS cells are fragile because they possess a sparser keratin network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oualid Haddad
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - John V. McCuaig
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - David Russell
- Cancer Research United Kingdom (UK) Cell Structure Research Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - E. Birgitte Lane
- Cancer Research United Kingdom (UK) Cell Structure Research Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Wagner M, Hintner H, Bauer JW, Onder K. Gene expression analysis of an epidermolysis bullosa simplex Dowling-Meara cell line by subtractive hybridization: recapitulation of cellular differentiation, migration and wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2011; 21:111-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Targeted proteolysis of plectin isoform 1a accounts for hemidesmosome dysfunction in mice mimicking the dominant skin blistering disease EBS-Ogna. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002396. [PMID: 22144912 PMCID: PMC3228830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in the cytolinker protein plectin account for the multisystem disorders epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) associated with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), pyloric atresia (EBS-PA), and congenital myasthenia (EBS-CMS). In contrast, a dominant missense mutation leads to the disease EBS-Ogna, manifesting exclusively as skin fragility. We have exploited this trait to study the molecular basis of hemidesmosome failure in EBS-Ogna and to reveal the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome homeostasis. We generated EBS-Ogna knock-in mice mimicking the human phenotype and show that blistering reflects insufficient protein levels of the hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a. We found that plectin 1a, in contrast to plectin 1c, the major isoform expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, is proteolytically degraded, supporting the notion that degradation of hemidesmosome-anchored plectin is spatially controlled. Using recombinant proteins, we show that the mutation renders plectin's 190-nm-long coiled-coil rod domain more vulnerable to cleavage by calpains and other proteases activated in the epidermis but not in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, treatment of cultured EBS-Ogna keratinocytes as well as of EBS-Ogna mouse skin with calpain inhibitors resulted in increased plectin 1a protein expression levels. Moreover, we report that plectin's rod domain forms dimeric structures that can further associate laterally into remarkably stable (paracrystalline) polymers. We propose focal self-association of plectin molecules as a novel mechanism contributing to hemidesmosome homeostasis and stabilization. Hemidesmosomes are specialized protein complexes that promote anchorage of the basal keratinocyte cell layer of the epidermis to the underlying dermis. They provide tissue integrity and resistance to mechanical forces. When hemidesmosomes do not function properly, skin blistering ensues in response to mechanical trauma. Plectin is an essential component of hemidesmosomes. Humans carrying recessive mutations in the plectin gene most frequently develop multisystem disorders, where in addition to skin other tissues are also affected. However, there is a unique dominant plectin mutation, which leads to the disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex Ogna (EBS-Ogna), affecting skin exclusively. Because of that, EBS-Ogna is an exceptional system to study the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome function. We have generated an EBS-Ogna mouse model that mimics the human disease. Using this model, we have learned that selective degradation of hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a by proteases activated specifically in keratinocytes results in reduced numbers and dysfunction of hemidesmosomes. In contrast, plectin-1c, another plectin isoform expressed in keratinocytes, is not degraded. Moreover, we find that plectin dimers can oligomerize via their long coiled-coil rod domain, a process likely to be instrumental in maintenance of hemidesmosome integrity. These findings highlight the importance of plectin-1a for hemidesmosome function.
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Abstract
The goal of contemporary research in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus is to achieve and maintain clinical remission without corticosteroids. Recent advances of knowledge on pemphigus autoimmunity scrutinize old dogmas, resolve controversies, and open novel perspectives for treatment. Elucidation of intimate mechanisms of keratinocyte detachment and death in pemphigus has challenged the monopathogenic explanation of disease immunopathology. Over 50 organ-specific and non-organ-specific antigens can be targeted by pemphigus autoimmunity, including desmosomal cadherins and other adhesion molecules, PERP cholinergic and other cell membrane (CM) receptors, and mitochondrial proteins. The initial insult is sustained by the autoantibodies to the cell membrane receptor antigens triggering the intracellular signaling by Src, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, protein kinases A and C, phospholipase C, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, other tyrosine kinases, and calmodulin that cause basal cell shrinkage and ripping desmosomes off the CM. Autoantibodies synergize with effectors of apoptotic and oncotic pathways, serine proteases, and inflammatory cytokines to overcome the natural resistance and activate the cell death program in keratinocytes. The process of keratinocyte shrinkage/detachment and death via apoptosis/oncosis has been termed apoptolysis to emphasize that it is triggered by the same signal effectors and mediated by the same cell death enzymes. The natural course of pemphigus has improved due to a substantial progress in developing of the steroid-sparing therapies combining the immunosuppressive and direct anti-acantholytic effects. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms mediating immune dysregulation and apoptolysis in pemphigus should improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate development of steroid-free treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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46
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Bowden PE. Gene therapy for keratin genodermatoses: striving forward but obstacles persist. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1403-5. [PMID: 21673708 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
D'Alessandro and colleagues have investigated stress responses in keratinocyte cell lines lacking keratin 14 (K14-null mutation). In this issue, they describe the use of this model to assess the extent of phenotypic rescue achievable by wild-type K14 in the absence of a dominant negative mutation. This work provides proof that, in principle, transfection of wild-type K14 on a null background can significantly normalize the cell and reduce stress responses. However, hurdles to gene therapy in vivo persist because the majority of patients with keratin genodermatoses have heterozygous dominant negative mutations, which are more disruptive than those of the null state. Although correction in the laboratory is now relatively routine, gene delivery to the skin of patients and stable correction of mutations remain major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bowden
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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47
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Chamcheu JC, Navsaria H, Pihl-Lundin I, Liovic M, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Chemical Chaperones Protect Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Keratinocytes from Heat Stress–Induced Keratin Aggregation: Involvement of Heat Shock Proteins and MAP Kinases. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1684-91. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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48
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Sinha B, Köster D, Ruez R, Gonnord P, Bastiani M, Abankwa D, Stan RV, Butler-Browne G, Vedie B, Johannes L, Morone N, Parton RG, Raposo G, Sens P, Lamaze C, Nassoy P. Cells respond to mechanical stress by rapid disassembly of caveolae. Cell 2011; 144:402-13. [PMID: 21295700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The functions of caveolae, the characteristic plasma membrane invaginations, remain debated. Their abundance in cells experiencing mechanical stress led us to investigate their role in membrane-mediated mechanical response. Acute mechanical stress induced by osmotic swelling or by uniaxial stretching results in a rapid disappearance of caveolae, in a reduced caveolin/Cavin1 interaction, and in an increase of free caveolins at the plasma membrane. Tether-pulling force measurements in cells and in plasma membrane spheres demonstrate that caveola flattening and disassembly is the primary actin- and ATP-independent cell response that buffers membrane tension surges during mechanical stress. Conversely, stress release leads to complete caveola reassembly in an actin- and ATP-dependent process. The absence of a functional caveola reservoir in myotubes from muscular dystrophic patients enhanced membrane fragility under mechanical stress. Our findings support a new role for caveolae as a physiological membrane reservoir that quickly accommodates sudden and acute mechanical stresses.
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49
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Fernández P, Pullarkat PA. The role of the cytoskeleton in volume regulation and beading transitions in PC12 neurites. Biophys J 2011; 99:3571-9. [PMID: 21112281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present investigations on volume regulation and beading shape transitions in PC12 neurites, conducted using a flow-chamber technique. By disrupting the cell cytoskeleton with specific drugs, we investigate the role of its individual components in the volume regulation response. We find that microtubule disruption increases both swelling rate and maximum volume attained, but does not affect the ability of the neurite to recover its initial volume. In addition, investigation of axonal beading-also known as pearling instability-provides additional clues on the mechanical state of the neurite. We conclude that volume recovery is driven by passive diffusion of osmolites, and propose that the initial swelling phase is mechanically slowed down by microtubules. Our experiments provide a framework to investigate the role of cytoskeletal mechanics in volume homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández
- E27 Lehrstuhl für Zellbiophysik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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50
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D'Alessandro M, Coats SE, Jonkman MF, Jonkmann MF, Leigh IM, Lane EB. Keratin 14-null cells as a model to test the efficacy of gene therapy approaches in epithelial cells. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1412-9. [PMID: 21326298 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin fragility disorders caused by keratin mutations are incurable, and a better understanding of their etiology is needed to find new ways to improve and treat these conditions. The best-studied skin fragility disorder is epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in keratin 5 (K5) or K14. To analyze disease mechanisms and develop gene therapy strategies, we have used keratinocyte cell lines derived from EBS patients as model systems. Here, we describe two cell lines established from EBS patients with K14-null mutations. We analyze the responses of these cells to stress assays previously shown to discriminate between wild-type and keratin-mutant keratinocytes, to directly evaluate the efficacy of rescuing K14-null cells by supplementation with wild-type K14 complementary DNA (cDNA). The K14-null cells show elevated levels of stress correlating with reduced normal keratin function. By transfecting wild-type K14 into these cells, we demonstrate "proof of principle" that an add-back approach can significantly rescue the normal keratinocyte behavior profile. These K14-null cell lines provide a disease model for studying the effects of keratin ablation in EBS patients and to test the efficacy of gene add-back and other therapy approaches in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella D'Alessandro
- CR UK Cell Structure Research Group, Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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