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Gabarayeva NI, Grigorjeva VV, Britski DA. Mechanisms of pollen wall development in Lysimachia vulgaris. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01970-x. [PMID: 39037466 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Exine, this complex sporopollenin-containing and highly variable among taxa envelope of the male gametophyte, consists of two layers, ectexine and endexine. We traced in detail the pollen wall development in Lysimachia vulgaris (Primulaceae), with emphasis on driving forces and critical ontogenetic time. By observation on the sequence of the emergent patterns and by analysis of their substructure with TEM, we intended to clarify the obvious and not-obvious ways of exine construction and to find out the common features in pattern development in other representatives in living nature. The ectexine and endexine ontogeny follows the main stages observed in many other species: first, the appearance of microspore plasma membrane invaginations with isotropic contents within, changed later to anisotropic state; then successive appearance of spherical, rod-like, and lamellate units in the periplasmic space. The lamellate endexine appears unusually early in the exine development. All these elements and their aggregations are manifestation of well-known physical phenomena: phase separation and micellar self-assembly. A consideration of similar surface patterns in very remote taxa suggests the participation in their development of some general nature phenomena as the lows of space-filling operations.
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Di Gregorio E, Staelens M, Hosseinkhah N, Karimpoor M, Liburd J, Lim L, Shankar K, Tuszyński JA. Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Photobiomodulation-Induced α-Helix to β-Sheet Transition in Tubulins: Potential Implications for Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1093. [PMID: 38998698 PMCID: PMC11243591 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In small clinical studies, the application of transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM), which typically delivers low-intensity near-infrared (NIR) to treat the brain, has led to some remarkable results in the treatment of dementia and several neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the extensive literature detailing the mechanisms of action underlying PBM outcomes, the specific mechanisms affecting neurodegenerative diseases are not entirely clear. While large clinical trials are warranted to validate these findings, evidence of the mechanisms can explain and thus provide credible support for PBM as a potential treatment for these diseases. Tubulin and its polymerized state of microtubules have been known to play important roles in the pathology of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we investigated the effects of PBM on these cellular structures in the quest for insights into the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. In this study, we employed a Raman spectroscopic analysis of the amide I band of polymerized samples of tubulin exposed to pulsed low-intensity NIR radiation (810 nm, 10 Hz, 22.5 J/cm2 dose). Peaks in the Raman fingerprint region (300-1900 cm-1)-in particular, in the amide I band (1600-1700 cm-1)-were used to quantify the percentage of protein secondary structures. Under this band, hidden signals of C=O stretching, belonging to different structures, are superimposed, producing a complex signal as a result. An accurate decomposition of the amide I band is therefore required for the reliable analysis of the conformation of proteins, which we achieved through a straightforward method employing a Voigt profile. This approach was validated through secondary structure analyses of unexposed control samples, for which comparisons with other values available in the literature could be conducted. Subsequently, using this validated method, we present novel findings of statistically significant alterations in the secondary structures of polymerized NIR-exposed tubulin, characterized by a notable decrease in α-helix content and a concurrent increase in β-sheets compared to the control samples. This PBM-induced α-helix to β-sheet transition connects to reduced microtubule stability and the introduction of dynamism to allow for the remodeling and, consequently, refreshing of microtubule structures. This newly discovered mechanism could have implications for reducing the risks associated with brain aging, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, through the introduction of an intervention following this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Gregorio
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Staelens
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC–Universitat de València, Carrer Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lew Lim
- Vielight Inc., Toronto, ON M4Y 2G8, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jack A. Tuszyński
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Morena F, Argentati C, Caponi S, Lüchtefeld I, Emiliani C, Vassalli M, Martino S. Piezo1 - Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A - Cofilin1 biochemical mechanotransduction axis controls F-actin dynamics and cell migration. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32458. [PMID: 38933959 PMCID: PMC11201121 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study sheds light on a ground-breaking biochemical mechanotransduction pathway and reveals how Piezo1 channels orchestrate cell migration. We observed an increased cell migration rate in HEK293T (HEK) cells treated with Yoda1, a Piezo1 agonist, or in HEK cells overexpressing Piezo1 (HEK + P). Conversely, a significant reduction in cell motility was observed in HEK cells treated with GsMTx4 (a channel inhibitor) or upon silencing Piezo1 (HEK-P). Our findings establish a direct correlation between alterations in cell motility, Piezo1 expression, abnormal F-actin microfilament dynamics, and the regulation of Cofilin1, a protein involved in severing F-actin microfilaments. Here, the conversion of inactive pCofilin1 to active Cofilin1, mediated by the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit C (PP2AC), resulted in increased severing of F-actin microfilaments and enhanced cell migration in HEK + P cells compared to HEK controls. However, this effect was negligible in HEK-P and HEK cells transfected with hsa-miR-133b, which post-transcriptionally inhibited PP2AC mRNA expression. In summary, our study suggests that Piezo1 regulates cell migration through a biochemical mechanotransduction pathway involving PP2AC-mediated Cofilin1 dephosphorylation, leading to changes in F-actin microfilament dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, Via del Giochetto, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, Via del Giochetto, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Caponi
- CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM c/o Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ines Lüchtefeld
- Laboratory for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, Via del Giochetto, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, Via del Giochetto, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Jakob R, Britt BR, Giampietro C, Mazza E, Ehret AE. Discrete network models of endothelial cells and their interactions with the substrate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:941-957. [PMID: 38351427 PMCID: PMC11101350 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cell monolayers line the inner surfaces of blood and lymphatic vessels. They are continuously exposed to different mechanical loads, which may trigger mechanobiological signals and hence play a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Computer-based mechanical models of cells contribute to a better understanding of the relation between cell-scale loads and cues and the mechanical state of the hosting tissue. However, the confluency of the endothelial monolayer complicates these approaches since the intercellular cross-talk needs to be accounted for in addition to the cytoskeletal mechanics of the individual cells themselves. As a consequence, the computational approach must be able to efficiently model a large number of cells and their interaction. Here, we simulate cytoskeletal mechanics by means of molecular dynamics software, generally suitable to deal with large, locally interacting systems. Methods were developed to generate models of single cells and large monolayers with hundreds of cells. The single-cell model was considered for a comparison with experimental data. To this end, we simulated cell interactions with a continuous, deformable substrate, and computationally replicated multistep traction force microscopy experiments on endothelial cells. The results indicate that cell discrete network models are able to capture relevant features of the mechanical behaviour and are thus well-suited to investigate the mechanics of the large cytoskeletal network of individual cells and cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Jakob
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ben R Britt
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Khounsaraki GM, Movahedi M, Oscuii HN, Voloshin A. Analysis of the Adherent Cell Response to the Substrate Stiffness Using Tensegrity. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1213-1221. [PMID: 38324074 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Cell's shape is dependent on the cytoskeleton mechanical properties. Hybrid models were developed that combine the discrete structure for the cytoskeleton and continuum parts for other cell organelles. Tensegrity-based structures that consist of tensile and compression elements are useful models to understand the cytoskeleton mechanical behavior. In this study, we are looking to examine the reaction of the cell to a variety of substrate stiffnesses and explain the relationship between cell behavior and substrate mechanical properties. However, which tensegrity structure is appropriate for modeling a living cell? Is the structure's complexity play a major role? We used two spherical tensegrities with different complexities to assess the impact of the structure on the cell's mechanical response versus substrate's stiffness. Six- and twelve-strut tensegrities together with membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoskeleton, and nucleus envelope were assembled in Abaqus package to create a hybrid cell model. A compressive load was applied to the cell model and the reaction forces versus deflection curves were analyzed for number of substrate stiffness values. By analyzing the difference due to two different tensegrities it became clear that the lower density structure is a better choice for modeling stiffer cells. It was also found that the six-strut tensegrity is sensitive to higher range of substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arkady Voloshin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18017, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18017, USA.
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Lindberg ED, Wu T, Cotner KL, Glazer A, Jamali AA, Sohn LL, Alliston T, O'Connell GD. Priming chondrocytes during expansion alters cell behavior and improves matrix production in 3D culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:548-560. [PMID: 38160742 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage tissue engineering strategies that use autologous chondrocytes require in vitro expansion of cells to obtain enough cells to produce functional engineered tissue. However, chondrocytes dedifferentiate during expansion culture, limiting their ability to produce chondrogenic tissue and their utility for cell-based cartilage repair strategies. The current study identified conditions that favor cartilage production and the mechanobiological mechanisms responsible for these benefits. DESIGN Chondrocytes were isolated from juvenile bovine knee joints and cultured with (primed) or without (unprimed) a growth factor cocktail. Gene expression, cell morphology, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal protein distribution, and cell mechanics were assessed. Following passage 5, cells were embedded into agarose hydrogels to evaluate functional properties of engineered cartilage. RESULTS Priming cells during expansion culture altered cell phenotype and chondrogenic tissue production. Unbiased ribonucleic acid-sequencing analysis suggested, and experimental studies confirmed, that growth factor priming delays dedifferentiation associated changes in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Priming also overrode mechanobiological pathways to prevent chondrocytes from remodeling their cytoskeleton to accommodate the stiff, monolayer microenvironment. Passage 1 primed cells deformed less and had lower yes associated protein 1 activity than unprimed cells. Differences in cell adhesion, morphology, and cell mechanics between primed and unprimed cells were mitigated by passage 5. CONCLUSIONS Priming suppresses mechanobiologic cytoskeletal remodeling to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation, resulting in more cartilage-like tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Lindberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristen L Cotner
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Glazer
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lydia L Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Srbova L, Arasalo O, Lehtonen AJ, Pokki J. Measuring mechanical cues for modeling the stromal matrix in 3D cell cultures. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3483-3498. [PMID: 38587658 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A breast-cancer tumor develops within a stroma, a tissue where a complex extracellular matrix surrounds cells, mediating the cancer progression through biomechanical and -chemical cues. Current materials partially mimic the stromal matrix in 3D cell cultures but methods for measuring the mechanical properties of the matrix at cell-relevant-length scales and stromal-stiffness levels are lacking. Here, to address this gap, we developed a characterization approach that employs probe-based microrheometry and Bayesian modeling to quantify length-scale-dependent mechanics and mechanical heterogeneity as in the stromal matrix. We examined the interpenetrating network (IPN) composed of alginate scaffolds (for adjusting mechanics) and type-1 collagen (a stromal-matrix constituent). We analyzed viscoelasticity: absolute-shear moduli (stiffness/elasticity) and phase angles (viscous and elastic characteristics). We determined the relationship between microrheometry and rheometry information. Microrheometry reveals lower stiffness at cell-relevant scales, compared to macroscale rheometry, with dependency on the length scale (10 to 100 μm). These data show increasing IPN stiffness with crosslinking until saturation (≃15 mM of Ca2+). Furthermore, we report that IPN stiffness can be adjusted by modulating collagen concentration and interconnectivity (by polymerization temperature). The IPNs are heterogeneous structurally (in SEM) and mechanically. Interestingly, increased alginate crosslinking changes IPN heterogeneity in stiffness but not in phase angle, until the saturation. In contrast, such changes are undetectable in alginate scaffolds. Our nonlinear viscoelasticity analysis at tumor-cell-exerted strains shows that only the softer IPNs stiffen with strain, like the stromal-collagen constituent. In summary, our approach can quantify the stromal-matrix-related viscoelasticity and is likely applicable to other materials in 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Srbova
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland.
| | - Ossi Arasalo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland.
| | - Arttu J Lehtonen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland.
| | - Juho Pokki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland.
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Kim MJ, Park H, Jung R, Won C, Ohk S, Kim H, Roh N, Yi K. High-resolution 3-D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of DOT TM polynucleotides (PN): Unique scaffold characteristics and potential applications in biomedicine. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13667. [PMID: 38558437 PMCID: PMC10982675 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polynucleotides (PN) are becoming more prominent in aesthetic medicine. However, the structural characteristics of PN have not been published and PN from different companies may have different structural characteristics. This study aimed to elucidate the structural attributes of DOT™ PN and distinguish differences with polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS DOT™ PN was examined using a Quanta 3-D field emission gun (FEG) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sample preparation involved cryogenic cooling, cleavage, etching, and metal coating to facilitate high-resolution imaging. Cryo-FIB/SEM techniques were employed for in-depth structural analysis. RESULTS PDRN exhibited an amorphous structure without distinct features. In contrast, DOT™ PN displayed well-defined polyhedral shapes with smooth, uniformly thick walls. These cells were empty, with diameters ranging from 3 to 8 micrometers, forming a seamless tessellation pattern. DISCUSSION DOT™ PN's distinct geometric tessellation design conforms to the principles of biotensegrity, providing both structural reinforcement and integrity. The presence of delicate partitions and vacant compartments hints at possible uses in the field of pharmaceutical delivery systems. Within the realms of beauty enhancement and regenerative medicine, DOT™ PN's capacity to bolster cell growth and tissue mending could potentially transform approaches to rejuvenation treatments. Its adaptability becomes apparent when considering its contributions to drug administration and surgical procedures. CONCLUSION This study unveils the intricate structural scaffold features of DOT™ PN for the first time, setting it apart from PDRN and inspiring innovation in biomedicine and materials science. DOT™ PN's unique attributes open doors to potential applications across healthcare and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rae‐Jun Jung
- Pharmaresearch Co., Ltd. Integrated R&D CenterSungnamSouth Korea
| | - Chee‐Youb Won
- Pharmaresearch Co., Ltd. Integrated R&D CenterSungnamSouth Korea
| | - Seul‐Ong Ohk
- Pharmaresearch Co., Ltd. Integrated R&D CenterSungnamSouth Korea
| | - Hong‐Taek Kim
- Pharmaresearch Co., Ltd. Integrated R&D CenterSungnamSouth Korea
| | - Nark‐Kyung Roh
- Leaders Aesthetic Laser and Cosmetic Surgery CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kyu‐Ho Yi
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong)SeoulSouth Korea
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental BiologyDepartment of Oral BiologyHuman Identification Research InstituteBK21 FOUR ProjectYonsei University College of DentistrySeoulSouth Korea
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Machaidze Z, D’Amore A, Freitas RC, Joyce AJ, Bayoumi A, Rich K, Brown DW, Aikawa E, Wagner WR, Sacks MS, Mayer JE. Tissue formation and host remodeling of an elastomeric biodegradable scaffold in an ovine pulmonary leaflet replacement model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:276-287. [PMID: 37772456 PMCID: PMC11034854 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a suitable scaffold material for cardiac valve tissue engineering applications, an acellular, electrospun, biodegradable polyester carbonate urethane urea (PECUU) scaffold was evaluated as a pulmonary valve leaflet replacement in vivo. In sheep (n = 8), a single pulmonary valve leaflet was replaced with a PECUU leaflet and followed for 1, 6, and 12 weeks. Implanted leaflet function was assessed in vivo by echocardiography. Explanted samples were studied for gross pathology, microscopic changes in the extracellular matrix, host cellular re-population, and immune responses, and for biomechanical properties. PECUU leaflets showed normal leaflet motion at implant, but decreased leaflet motion and dimensions at 6 weeks. The leaflets accumulated α-SMA and CD45 positive cells, with surfaces covered with endothelial cells (CD31+). New collagen formation occurred (Picrosirius Red). Accumulated tissue thickness correlated with the decrease in leaflet motion. The PECUU scaffolds had histologic evidence of scaffold degradation and an accumulation of pro-inflammatory/M1 and anti-inflammatory/M2 macrophages over time in vivo. The extent of inflammatory cell accumulation correlated with tissue formation and polymer degradation but was also associated with leaflet thickening and decreased leaflet motion. Future studies should explore pre-implant seeding of polymer scaffolds, more advanced polymer fabrication methods able to more closely approximate native tissue structure and function, and other techniques to control and balance the degradation of biomaterials and new tissue formation by modulation of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Machaidze
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - Antonio D’Amore
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Departments of Surgery and Bioengineering. University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive. Suite 300. Pittsburgh, PA 15219
- Fondazione RiMED, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata C.C. Freitas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - Angelina J. Joyce
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - Ahmed Bayoumi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - Kimberly Rich
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - David W. Brown
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Departments of Surgery and Bioengineering. University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive. Suite 300. Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation. Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences. Department of Biomedical Engineering. The University of Texas at Austin 201 East 24th Street, Stop C0200. Austin, TX 78712-1229
| | - John E. Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 300 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115. USA
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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11
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罗 国, 周 陈. [Latest Findings on Phase Separation of Cytomechanical Proteins]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:19-23. [PMID: 38322526 PMCID: PMC10839485 DOI: 10.12182/20240160206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The cellular response to mechanical stimuli depends largely on the structure of the cell itself and the abundance of intracellular cytomechanical proteins also plays a key role in the response to the stimulation of external mechanical signals. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is the process by which proteins or protein-RNA complexes spontaneously separate and form two distinct "phases", ie, a low-concentration phase coexisting with a high-concentration phase. According to published findings, membrane-free organelles form and maintain their structures and regulate their internal biochemical activities through LLPS. LLPS, a novel mechanism for intracellular regulation of the biochemical reactions of biomacromolecules, plays a crucial role in modulating the responses of cytomechanical proteins. LLPS leads to the formation of highly concentrated liquid-phase condensates through multivalent interactions between biomacromolecules, thereby regulating a series of intracellular life activities. It has been reported that a variety of cytomechanical proteins respond to external mechanical signals through LLPS, which in turn affects biological behaviors such as cell growth, proliferation, spreading, migration, and apoptosis. Herein, we introduced the mechanisms of cytomechanics and LLPS. In addition, we presented the latest findings on cytomechanical protein phase separation, covering such issues as the regulation of focal adhesion maturation and mechanical signal transduction by LIM domain-containing protein 1 (LIMD1) phase separation, the regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens (ZO) phase separation, and the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis by cytomechanical protein phase separation of the Hippo signaling pathway. The proposition of LLPS provides an explanation for the formation mechanism of intracellular membraneless organelles and supplies new approaches to understanding the biological functions of intracellular physiology or pathology. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LLPS drives focal adhesions and cell-edge dynamics are still not fully understood. It is not clear whether LLPS under in vitro conditions can occur under physiological conditions of organisms. There are still difficulties to be overcome in using LLPS to explain the interactions of multiple intracellular molecules. Researchers should pursue answers to these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- 国文 罗
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 陈晨 周
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Jo H, Sim S. Elastic Network of Droplets for Underwater Adhesives. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38048531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Functionality in biological materials arises from complex hierarchical structures formed through self-assembly processes. Here, we report a kinetically trapped self-assembly of an elastic network of liquid droplets and its utility for tough and fast-acting underwater adhesives. This complex structure was made from a one-pot mixture of scalable small-molecule precursors. Liquid-liquid phase separation accompanied by silanol hydrolysis, condensation, and zwitterionic self-association yields a viscoelastic solid with interconnected liquid droplets. These hierarchical microstructures increase toughness and enable underwater adhesion for a range of substrates, offering a platform for robust adhesives for rapid underwater repair or emergency wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Seunghyun Sim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center for Complex and Active Materials, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Grolleman J, van Engeland NCA, Raza M, Azimi S, Conte V, Sahlgren CM, Bouten CVC. Environmental stiffness restores mechanical homeostasis in vimentin-depleted cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18374. [PMID: 37884575 PMCID: PMC10603057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence indicates a role for the intermediate filament vimentin in regulating cellular mechanical homeostasis, but its precise contribution remains to be discovered. Mechanical homeostasis requires a balanced bi-directional interplay between the cell's microenvironment and the cellular morphological and mechanical state-this balance being regulated via processes of mechanotransduction and mechanoresponse, commonly referred to as mechanoreciprocity. Here, we systematically analyze vimentin-expressing and vimentin-depleted cells in a swatch of in vitro cellular microenvironments varying in stiffness and/or ECM density. We find that vimentin-expressing cells maintain mechanical homeostasis by adapting cellular morphology and mechanics to micromechanical changes in the microenvironment. However, vimentin-depleted cells lose this mechanoresponse ability on short timescales, only to reacquire it on longer time scales. Indeed, we find that the morphology and mechanics of vimentin-depleted cell in stiffened microenvironmental conditions can get restored to the homeostatic levels of vimentin-expressing cells. Additionally, we observed vimentin-depleted cells increasing collagen matrix synthesis and its crosslinking, a phenomenon which is known to increase matrix stiffness, and which we now hypothesize to be a cellular compensation mechanism for the loss of vimentin. Taken together, our findings provide further insight in the regulating role of intermediate filament vimentin in mediating mechanoreciprocity and mechanical homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Grolleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C A van Engeland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbobo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Minahil Raza
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Åbobo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Sepinoud Azimi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Åbobo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2600GA, The Netherlands
| | - Vito Conte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbobo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, The Netherlands.
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14
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Wang H, Zhang H, Tamura R, Da B, Abdellatef SA, Watanabe I, Ishida N, Fujita D, Hanagata N, Nakagawa T, Nakanishi J. Mapping stress inside living cells by atomic force microscopy in response to environmental stimuli. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2265434. [PMID: 37867575 PMCID: PMC10586080 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2265434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The response of cells to environmental stimuli, under either physiological or pathological conditions, plays a key role in determining cell fate toward either adaptive survival or controlled death. The efficiency of such a feedback mechanism is closely related to the most challenging human diseases, including cancer. Since cellular responses are implemented through physical forces exerted on intracellular components, more detailed knowledge of force distribution through modern imaging techniques is needed to ensure a mechanistic understanding of these forces. In this work, we mapped these intracellular forces at a whole-cell scale and with submicron resolution to correlate intracellular force distribution to the cytoskeletal structures. Furthermore, we visualized dynamic mechanical responses of the cells adapting to environmental modulations in situ. Such task was achieved by using an informatics-assisted atomic force microscope (AFM) indentation technique where a key step was Markov-chain Monte Carlo optimization to search for both the models used to fit indentation force-displacement curves and probe geometry descriptors. We demonstrated force dynamics within cytoskeleton, as well as nucleoskeleton in living cells which were subjected to mechanical state modulation: myosin motor inhibition, micro-compression stimulation and geometrical confinement manipulation. Our results highlight the alteration in the intracellular prestress to attenuate environmental stimuli; to involve in cellular survival against mechanical signal-initiated death during cancer growth and metastasis; and to initiate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Wang
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bo Da
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shimaa A. Abdellatef
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikumu Watanabe
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ishida
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun Nakanishi
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Chen S, Markovich T, MacKintosh FC. Motor-free contractility of active biopolymer networks. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:044405. [PMID: 37978629 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.044405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Contractility in animal cells is often generated by molecular motors such as myosin, which require polar substrates for their function. Motivated by recent experimental evidence of motor-independent contractility, we propose a robust motor-free mechanism that can generate contraction in biopolymer networks without the need for substrate polarity. We show that contractility is a natural consequence of active binding-unbinding of crosslinkers that breaks the principle of detailed balance, together with the asymmetric force-extension response of semiflexible biopolymers. We have extended our earlier work to discuss the motor-free contraction of viscoelastic biopolymer networks. We calculate the resulting contractile velocity using a microscopic model and show that it can be reduced to a simple coarse-grained model under certain limits. Our model may provide an explanation of recent reports of motor-independent contractility in cells. Our results also suggest a mechanism for generating contractile forces in synthetic active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Tomer Markovich
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Fred C MacKintosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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16
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Juska VB, Maxwell G, Estrela P, Pemble ME, O'Riordan A. Silicon microfabrication technologies for biology integrated advance devices and interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115503. [PMID: 37481868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization is the trend to manufacture ever smaller devices and this process requires knowledge, experience, understanding of materials, manufacturing techniques and scaling laws. The fabrication techniques used in semiconductor industry deliver an exceptionally high yield of devices and provide a well-established platform. Today, these miniaturized devices are manufactured with high reproducibility, design flexibility, scalability and multiplexed features to be used in several applications including micro-, nano-fluidics, implantable chips, diagnostics/biosensors and neural probes. We here provide a review on the microfabricated devices used for biology driven science. We will describe the ubiquity of the use of micro-nanofabrication techniques in biology and biotechnology through the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio devices for cell sensing applications, intracellular devices, probes developed for neuroscience-neurotechnology and biosensing of the certain biomarkers. Recently, the research on micro and nanodevices for biology has been progressing rapidly. While the understanding of the unknown biological fields -such as human brain- has been requiring more research with advanced materials and devices, the development protocols of desired devices has been advancing in parallel, which finally meets with some of the requirements of biological sciences. This is a very exciting field and we aim to highlight the impact of micro-nanotechnologies that can shed light on complex biological questions and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuslat B Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland.
| | - Graeme Maxwell
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies (CBio), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland
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17
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Mierke CT. Editorial: Editorial for mechanical and structural phenotypes of cells and extracellular matrices govern cell adhesion and migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1256311. [PMID: 37576605 PMCID: PMC10420056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1256311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Staehlke S, Brief J, Senz V, Eickner T, Nebe JB. Optimized Gingiva Cell Behavior on Dental Zirconia as a Result of Atmospheric Argon Plasma Activation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4203. [PMID: 37374388 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Several physico-chemical modifications have been developed to improve cell contact with prosthetic oral implant surfaces. The activation with non-thermal plasmas was one option. Previous studies found that gingiva fibroblasts on laser-microstructured ceramics were hindered in their migration into cavities. However, after argon (Ar) plasma activation, the cells concentrated in and around the niches. The change in surface properties of zirconia and, subsequently, the effect on cell behavior is unclear. In this study, polished zirconia discs were activated by atmospheric pressure Ar plasma using the kINPen®09 jet for 1 min. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle. In vitro studies with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) focused on spreading, actin cytoskeleton organization, and calcium ion signaling within 24 h. After Ar plasma activation, surfaces were more hydrophilic. XPS revealed decreased carbon and increased oxygen, zirconia, and yttrium content after Ar plasma. The Ar plasma activation boosted the spreading (2 h), and HGF-1 cells formed strong actin filaments with pronounced lamellipodia. Interestingly, the cells' calcium ion signaling was also promoted. Therefore, argon plasma activation of zirconia seems to be a valuable tool to bioactivate the surface for optimal surface occupation by cells and active cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Staehlke
- Institute for Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Brief
- VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH & Co. KG, 79713 Bad Säckingen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Senz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Eickner
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Barbara Nebe
- Institute for Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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19
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Hardy M, Feehan L, Savvides G, Wong J. How controlled motion alters the biophysical properties of musculoskeletal tissue architecture. J Hand Ther 2023; 36:269-279. [PMID: 37029054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Movement is fundamental to the normal behaviour of the hand, not only for day-to-day activity, but also for fundamental processes like development, tissue homeostasis and repair. Controlled motion is a concept that hand therapists apply to their patients daily for functional gains, yet the scientific understanding of how this works is poorly understood. PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE To review the biology of the tissues in the hand that respond to movement and provide a basic science understanding of how it can be manipulated to facilitate better functionThe review outlines the concept of controlled motion and actions across the scales of tissue architecture, highlighting the the role of movement forces in tissue development, homeostasis and repair. The biophysical behaviour of mechanosensitve tissues of the hand such as skin, tendon, bone and cartilage are discussed. CONCLUSION Controlled motion during early healing is a form of controlled stress and can be harnessed to generate appropriate reparative tissues. Understanding the temporal and spatial biology of tissue repair allows therapists to tailor therapies that allow optimal recovery based around progressive biophysical stimuli by movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Hardy
- Past Director Rehab Services and Hand Management Center, St. Dominic Hospital, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lynne Feehan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgia Savvides
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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20
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Piskova T, Kozyrina AN, Di Russo J. Mechanobiological implications of age-related remodelling in the outer retina. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 147:213343. [PMID: 36801797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The outer retina consists of the light-sensitive photoreceptors, the pigmented epithelium, and the choroid, which interact in a complex manner to sustain homeostasis. The organisation and function of these cellular layers are mediated by the extracellular matrix compartment named Bruch's membrane, situated between the retinal epithelium and the choroid. Like many tissues, the retina experiences age-related structural and metabolic changes, which are relevant for understanding major blinding diseases of the elderly, such as age-related macular degeneration. Compared with other tissues, the retina mainly comprises postmitotic cells, making it less able to maintain its mechanical homeostasis over the years functionally. Aspects of retinal ageing, like the structural and morphometric changes of the pigment epithelium and the heterogenous remodelling of the Bruch's membrane, imply changes in tissue mechanics and may affect functional integrity. In recent years, findings in the field of mechanobiology and bioengineering highlighted the importance of mechanical changes in tissues for understanding physiological and pathological processes. Here, we review the current knowledge of age-related changes in the outer retina from a mechanobiological perspective, aiming to generate food for thought for future mechanobiology studies in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Piskova
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra N Kozyrina
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacopo Di Russo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Knudsen L, Hummel B, Wrede C, Zimmermann R, Perlman CE, Smith BJ. Acinar micromechanics in health and lung injury: what we have learned from quantitative morphology. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1142221. [PMID: 37025383 PMCID: PMC10070844 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1142221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the pulmonary acini ventilation and blood perfusion are brought together on a huge surface area separated by a very thin blood-gas barrier of tissue components to allow efficient gas exchange. During ventilation pulmonary acini are cyclically subjected to deformations which become manifest in changes of the dimensions of both alveolar and ductal airspaces as well as the interalveolar septa, composed of a dense capillary network and the delicate tissue layer forming the blood-gas barrier. These ventilation-related changes are referred to as micromechanics. In lung diseases, abnormalities in acinar micromechanics can be linked with injurious stresses and strains acting on the blood-gas barrier. The mechanisms by which interalveolar septa and the blood-gas barrier adapt to an increase in alveolar volume have been suggested to include unfolding, stretching, or changes in shape other than stretching and unfolding. Folding results in the formation of pleats in which alveolar epithelium is not exposed to air and parts of the blood-gas barrier are folded on each other. The opening of a collapsed alveolus (recruitment) can be considered as an extreme variant of septal wall unfolding. Alveolar recruitment can be detected with imaging techniques which achieve light microscopic resolution. Unfolding of pleats and stretching of the blood-gas barrier, however, require electron microscopic resolution to identify the basement membrane. While stretching results in an increase of the area of the basement membrane, unfolding of pleats and shape changes do not. Real time visualization of these processes, however, is currently not possible. In this review we provide an overview of septal wall micromechanics with focus on unfolding/folding as well as stretching. At the same time we provide a state-of-the-art design-based stereology methodology to quantify microarchitecture of alveoli and interalveolar septa based on different imaging techniques and design-based stereology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hummel
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carrie E Perlman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Bradford J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering Design and Computing, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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22
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Xu W, Kabariti S, Young KM, Swingle SP, Liu AY, Sulchek T. Strain-dependent elastography of cancer cells reveals heterogeneity and stiffening due to attachment. J Biomech 2023; 150:111479. [PMID: 36871429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Because cells vary in thickness and in biomechanical properties, the use of a constant force trigger during atomic force microscopy (AFM) stiffness mapping produces a varied nominal strain that can obfuscate the comparison of local material properties. In this study, we measured the biomechanical spatial heterogeneity of ovarian and breast cancer cells by using an indentation-dependent pointwise Hertzian method. Force curves and surface topography were used together to determine cell stiffness as a function of nominal strain. By recording stiffness at a particular strain, it may be possible to improve comparison of the material properties of cells and produce higher contrast representations of cell mechanical properties. Defining a linear region of elasticity that corresponds to a modest nominal strain, we were able to clearly distinguish the mechanics of the perinuclear region of cells. We observed that, relative to the lamelopodial stiffness, the perinuclear region was softer for metastatic cancer cells than their nonmetastatic counterparts. Moreover, contrast in the strain-dependent elastography in comparison to conventional force mapping with Hertzian model analysis revealed a significant stiffening phenomenon in the thin lamellipodial region in which the modulus scales inversely and exponentially with cell thickness. The observed exponential stiffening is not affected by relaxation of cytoskeletal tension, but finite element modeling indicates it is affected by substrate adhesion. The novel cell mapping technique explores cancer cell mechanical nonlinearity that results from regional heterogeneity, which could help explain how metastatic cancer cells can show soft phenotypes while simultaneously increasing force generation and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Xu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Saif Kabariti
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Katherine M Young
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Steven P Swingle
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Alan Y Liu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
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23
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From tensegrity to human organs-on-chips: implications for mechanobiology and mechanotherapeutics. Biochem J 2023; 480:243-257. [PMID: 36821520 PMCID: PMC9987949 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The field of mechanobiology, which focuses on the key role that physical forces play in control of biological systems, has grown enormously over the past few decades. Here, I provide a brief personal perspective on the development of the tensegrity theory that contributed to the emergence of the mechanobiology field, the key role that crossing disciplines has played in its development, and how it has matured over time. I also describe how pursuing questions relating to mechanochemical transduction and mechanoregulation can lead to the creation of novel technologies and open paths for development of new therapeutic strategies for a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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24
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Aguilar VM, Paul A, Lazarko D, Levitan I. Paradigms of endothelial stiffening in cardiovascular disease and vascular aging. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081119. [PMID: 36714307 PMCID: PMC9874005 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, the inner lining of the blood vessels, are well-known to play a critical role in vascular function, while endothelial dysfunction due to different cardiovascular risk factors or accumulation of disruptive mechanisms that arise with aging lead to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on endothelial stiffness, a fundamental biomechanical property that reflects cell resistance to deformation. In the first part of the review, we describe the mechanisms that determine endothelial stiffness, including RhoA-dependent contractile response, actin architecture and crosslinking, as well as the contributions of the intermediate filaments, vimentin and lamin. Then, we review the factors that induce endothelial stiffening, with the emphasis on mechanical signals, such as fluid shear stress, stretch and stiffness of the extracellular matrix, which are well-known to control endothelial biomechanics. We also describe in detail the contribution of lipid factors, particularly oxidized lipids, that were also shown to be crucial in regulation of endothelial stiffness. Furthermore, we discuss the relative contributions of these two mechanisms of endothelial stiffening in vasculature in cardiovascular disease and aging. Finally, we present the current state of knowledge about the role of endothelial stiffening in the disruption of endothelial cell-cell junctions that are responsible for the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dana Lazarko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Irena Levitan,
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25
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Stolarska MA, Rammohan AR. On the significance of membrane unfolding in mechanosensitive cell spreading: Its individual and synergistic effects. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:2408-2438. [PMID: 36899540 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitivity of cell spread area to substrate stiffness has been established both through experiments and different types of mathematical models of varying complexity including both the mechanics and biochemical reactions in the cell. What has not been addressed in previous mathematical models is the role of cell membrane dynamics on cell spreading, and an investigation of this issue is the goal of this work. We start with a simple mechanical model of cell spreading on a deformable substrate and progressively layer mechanisms to account for the traction dependent growth of focal adhesions, focal adhesion induced actin polymerization, membrane unfolding/exocytosis and contractility. This layering approach is intended to progressively help in understanding the role each mechanism plays in reproducing experimentally observed cell spread areas. To model membrane unfolding we introduce a novel approach based on defining an active rate of membrane deformation that is dependent on membrane tension. Our modeling approach allows us to show that tension-dependent membrane unfolding plays a critical role in achieving the large cell spread areas experimentally observed on stiff substrates. We also demonstrate that coupling between membrane unfolding and focal adhesion induced polymerization works synergistically to further enhance cell spread area sensitivity to substrate stiffness. This enhancement has to do with the fact that the peripheral velocity of spreading cells is associated with contributions from the different mechanisms by either enhancing the polymerization velocity at the leading edge or slowing down of the retrograde flow of actin within the cell. The temporal evolution of this balance in the model corresponds to the three-phase behavior observed experimentally during spreading. In the initial phase membrane unfolding is found to be particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Stolarska
- Department of Mathematics, 2115 Summit Ave., University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Aravind R Rammohan
- Corning Life Sciences, Corning Inc., 836 North St, Tewksbury, MA 01876, USA
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26
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Lee S, Bashir KMI, Jung DH, Basu SK, Seo G, Cho MG, Wierschem A. Measuring the linear viscoelastic regime of MCF-7 cells with a monolayer rheometer in the presence of microtubule-active anti-cancer drugs at high concentrations. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220036. [PMID: 36330318 PMCID: PMC9560786 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rheological properties of cells have vital functional implications. Depending, for instance, on the life cycle, cells show large cell-to-cell variations making it cumbersome to quantify average viscoelastic properties of cells by single-cell techniques. Microfluidic devices, typically working in the nonlinear viscoelastic range, allow fast analysis of single-cell deformation. Averaging over a large number of cells can also be achieved by studying them in a monolayer between rheometer discs. This technique allows applying well-established rheological standard procedures to cell rheology. It offers further advantages like studying cells in the linear viscoelastic range while quantifying cell vitality. Here, we study the applicability of the technique to rather adverse conditions, like for microtubule-active anti-cancer drugs and for a cell line with large size variation. We found a strong impact of the gap width and of normal forces on the moduli and obtained high vitality levels during the rheological study. To enable studying the impact of microtubule-active drugs on vital cells at concentrations several orders of magnitude beyond the half maximal effective concentration for cytotoxicity, we arrested the cell cycle with hydroxyurea. Irrespective of the high concentrations, we observed no clear impact of the microtubule-active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyang Lee
- German Engineering Research and Development Center, LSTME-Busan Branch, Gangseo-Gu, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | | | - Dong Hee Jung
- German Engineering Research and Development Center, LSTME-Busan Branch, Gangseo-Gu, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Bioengineering, Dongseo University, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Santanu Kumar Basu
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Gayeon Seo
- Division of Energy and Bioengineering, Dongseo University, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Gi Cho
- German Engineering Research and Development Center, LSTME-Busan Branch, Gangseo-Gu, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Bioengineering, Dongseo University, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Wierschem
- German Engineering Research and Development Center, LSTME-Busan Branch, Gangseo-Gu, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Fibroblasts. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper explores the effect of therapeutic ultrasound on the mechanical and biological properties of ligament fibroblasts.
Methods and Results
We assessed pulsed ultrasound doses of 1.0 and 2.0 W/cm2 at 1 MHz frequency for five days on ligament fibroblasts using a multidisciplinary approach. Atomic force microscopy showed a decrease in cell elastic modulus for both doses, but the treated cells were still viable based on flow cytometry. Finite element method analysis exhibited visible cytoskeleton displacements and decreased harmonics in treated cells. Colorimetric assay revealed increased cell proliferation, while scratch assay showed increased migration at a low dose. Enzyme-linked immunoassay detected increased collagen and fibronectin at a high dose, and immunofluorescence imaging technique visualized β-actin expression for both treatments.
Conclusion
Both doses of ultrasound altered the fibroblast mechanical properties due to cytoskeletal reorganization and enhanced the regenerative and remodeling stages of cell repair.
Lay Summary
Knee ligament injuries are a lesion of the musculoskeletal system frequently diagnosed in active and sedentary lifestyles in young and older populations. Therapeutic ultrasound is a rehabilitation strategy that may lead to the regenerative and remodeling of ligament wound healing. This research demonstrated that pulsed therapeutic ultrasound applied for 5 days reorganized the ligament fibroblasts structure to increase the cell proliferation and migration at a low dose and to increase the releasing proteins that give the stiffness of the healed ligament at a high dose.
Future Works
Future research should further develop and confirm that therapeutic ultrasound may improve the regenerative and remodeling stages of the ligament healing process applied in clinical trials in active and sedentary lifestyles in young and older populations.
Graphical abstract
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Goult BT, von Essen M, Hytönen VP. The mechanical cell - the role of force dependencies in synchronising protein interaction networks. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:283155. [PMID: 36398718 PMCID: PMC9845749 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mechanical signals in the proper functioning of organisms is increasingly recognised, and every cell senses physical forces and responds to them. These forces are generated both from outside the cell or via the sophisticated force-generation machinery of the cell, the cytoskeleton. All regions of the cell are connected via mechanical linkages, enabling the whole cell to function as a mechanical system. In this Review, we define some of the key concepts of how this machinery functions, highlighting the critical requirement for mechanosensory proteins, and conceptualise the coupling of mechanical linkages to mechanochemical switches that enables forces to be converted into biological signals. These mechanical couplings provide a mechanism for how mechanical crosstalk might coordinate the entire cell, its neighbours, extending into whole collections of cells, in tissues and in organs, and ultimately in the coordination and operation of entire organisms. Consequently, many diseases manifest through defects in this machinery, which we map onto schematics of the mechanical linkages within a cell. This mapping approach paves the way for the identification of additional linkages between mechanosignalling pathways and so might identify treatments for diseases, where mechanical connections are affected by mutations or where individual force-regulated components are defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Magdaléna von Essen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland,Authors for correspondence (; )
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The role of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex in muscle cell mechanotransduction. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1022. [PMID: 36168044 PMCID: PMC9515174 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin is the central protein of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) in skeletal and heart muscle cells. Dystrophin connects the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Severing the link between the ECM and the intracellular cytoskeleton has a devastating impact on the homeostasis of skeletal muscle cells, leading to a range of muscular dystrophies. In addition, the loss of a functional DGC leads to progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death. Dystrophin functions as a molecular spring and the DGC plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Additionally, evidence is accumulating, linking the DGC to mechanosignalling, albeit this role is still less understood. This review article aims at providing an up-to-date perspective on the DGC and its role in mechanotransduction. We first discuss the intricate relationship between muscle cell mechanics and function, before examining the recent research for a role of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex in mechanotransduction and maintaining the biomechanical integrity of muscle cells. Finally, we review the current literature to map out how DGC signalling intersects with mechanical signalling pathways to highlight potential future points of intervention, especially with a focus on cardiomyopathies. A review of the function of the Dystrophic Glycoprotein Complex (DGC) in mechanosignaling provides an overview of the various components of DGC and potential mechanopathogenic mechanisms, particularly as they relate to muscular dystrophy.
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Viecelli C, Ewald CY. The non-modifiable factors age, gender, and genetics influence resistance exercise. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1005848. [PMID: 36172603 PMCID: PMC9510838 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass and force are key for movement, life quality, and health. It is well established that resistance exercise is a potent anabolic stimulus increasing muscle mass and force. The response of a physiological system to resistance exercise is composed of non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender, genetics) and modifiable factors (i.e., exercise, nutrition, training status, etc.). Both factors are integrated by systemic responses (i.e., molecular signaling, genetic responses, protein metabolism, etc.), consequently resulting in functional and physiological adaptations. Herein, we discuss the influence of non-modifiable factors on resistance exercise: age, gender, and genetics. A solid understanding of the role of non-modifiable factors might help to adjust training regimes towards optimal muscle mass maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Lim R, Banerjee A, Biswas R, Chari AN, Raghavan S. Mechanotransduction through adhesion molecules: Emerging roles in regulating the stem cell niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:966662. [PMID: 36172276 PMCID: PMC9511051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.966662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been shown to play an important role in regenerative medicine due to their proliferative and differentiation potential. The challenge, however, lies in regulating and controlling their potential for this purpose. Stem cells are regulated by growth factors as well as an array of biochemical and mechanical signals. While the role of biochemical signals and growth factors in regulating stem cell homeostasis is well explored, the role of mechanical signals has only just started to be investigated. Stem cells interact with their niche or to other stem cells via adhesion molecules that eventually transduce mechanical cues to maintain their homeostatic function. Here, we present a comprehensive review on our current understanding of the influence of the forces perceived by cell adhesion molecules on the regulation of stem cells. Additionally, we provide insights on how this deeper understanding of mechanobiology of stem cells has translated toward therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lim
- A∗STAR Skin Research Lab (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Avinanda Banerjee
- A∗STAR Skin Research Lab (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ritusree Biswas
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur, TN, India
| | - Anana Nandakumar Chari
- A∗STAR Skin Research Lab (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- A∗STAR Skin Research Lab (ASRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Srikala Raghavan,
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Luo J, Walker M, Xiao Y, Donnelly H, Dalby MJ, Salmeron-Sanchez M. The influence of nanotopography on cell behaviour through interactions with the extracellular matrix – A review. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:145-159. [PMID: 35386337 PMCID: PMC8940943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotopography presents an effective physical approach for biomaterial cell manipulation mediated through material-extracellular matrix interactions. The extracellular matrix that exists in the cellular microenvironment is crucial for guiding cell behaviours, such as determination of integrin ligation and interaction with growth factors. These interactions with the extracellular matrix regulate downstream mechanotransductive pathways, such as rearrangements in the cytoskeleton and activation of signal cascades. Protein adsorption onto nanotopography strongly influences the conformation and distribution density of extracellular matrix and, therefore, subsequent cell responses. In this review, we first discuss the interactive mechanisms of protein physical adsorption on nanotopography. Secondly, we summarise advances in creating nanotopographical features to instruct desired cell behaviours. Lastly, we focus on the cellular mechanotransductive pathways initiated by nanotopography. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art designs of nanotopography aiming to provide better biomedical materials for the future. A comprehensive overview of nanotopography fabrication, and nanotopography regulates various cell behaviours. The interactive physical adsorption between nanotopography and extracellular matrix. Nanotopography initiates the cellular mechanotransductive pathways and downstream signalling cascades.
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Yao H, Zhang L, Yan S, He Y, Zhu H, Li Y, Wang D, Yang K. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound/nanomechanical force generators enhance osteogenesis of BMSCs through microfilaments and TRPM7. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:378. [PMID: 35964037 PMCID: PMC9375242 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to accelerate fracture healing, but the mechanism is unclear and its efficacy needs to be further optimized. Ultrasound in combination with functionalized microbubbles has been shown to induce local shear forces and controllable mechanical stress in cells, amplifying the mechanical effects of LIPUS. Nanoscale lipid bubbles (nanobubbles) have high stability and good biosafety. However, the effect of LIPUS combined with functionalized nanobubbles on osteogenesis has rarely been studied. RESULTS In this study, we report cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-modified nanobubbles (cRGD-NBs), with a particle size of ~ 500 nm, able to actively target bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via integrin receptors. cRGD-NBs can act as nanomechanical force generators on the cell membrane, and further enhance the BMSCs osteogenesis and bone formation promoted by LIPUS. The polymerization of actin microfilaments and the mechanosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) ion channel play important roles in BMSCs osteogenesis promoted by LIPUS/cRGD-NBs. Moreover, the mutual regulation of TRPM7 and actin microfilaments promote the effect of LIPUS/cRGD-NBs. The extracellular Ca2 + influx, controlled partly by TRPM7, could participated in the effect of LIPUS/cRGD-NBs on BMSCs. CONCLUSIONS The nanomechanical force generators cRGD-NBs could promote osteogenesis of BMSCs and bone formation induced by LIPUS, through regulation TRPM7, actin cytoskeleton, and intracellular calcium oscillations. This study provides new directions for optimizing the efficacy of LIPUS for fracture healing, and a theoretical basis for the further application and development of LIPUS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shujin Yan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yiman He
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yasha Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Plant Biomechanics—A Natural Transition from Molecular to Organ Scale. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147575. [PMID: 35886922 PMCID: PMC9320334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Luo K, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Huang S, Li R. The Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Prognosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933645. [PMID: 35860591 PMCID: PMC9293050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, tumor diagnosis and treatment theory have developed in a variety of directions. The number of people dying from pancreatic cancer increases while the mortality rate of other common tumors decreases. Traditional imaging methods show the boundaries of pancreatic tumor, but they are not sufficient to judge early micrometastasis. Although carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen19-9 (CA19-9) have the obvious advantages of simplicity and minimal invasiveness, these biomarkers obviously lack sensitivity and specificity. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have attracted attention as a non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time liquid biopsy technique for analyzing tumor characteristics. With the continuous development of new CTCs enrichment technologies, substantial progress has been made in the basic research of CTCs clinical application prospects. In many metastatic cancers, CTCs have been studied as an independent prognostic factor. This article reviews the research progress of CTCs in the treatment and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Villars A, Matamoro-Vidal A, Levillayer F, Levayer R. Microtubule disassembly by caspases is an important rate-limiting step of cell extrusion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3632. [PMID: 35752632 PMCID: PMC9233712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expulsion of dying epithelial cells requires well-orchestrated remodelling steps to maintain tissue sealing. This process, named cell extrusion, has been mostly analysed through the study of actomyosin regulation. Yet, the mechanistic relationship between caspase activation and cell extrusion is still poorly understood. Using the Drosophila pupal notum, a single layer epithelium where extrusions are caspase-dependent, we showed that the initiation of cell extrusion and apical constriction are surprisingly not associated with the modulation of actomyosin concentration and dynamics. Instead, cell apical constriction is initiated by the disassembly of a medio-apical mesh of microtubules which is driven by effector caspases. Importantly, the depletion of microtubules is sufficient to bypass the requirement of caspases for cell extrusion, while microtubule stabilisation strongly impairs cell extrusion. This study shows that microtubules disassembly by caspases is a key rate-limiting step of extrusion, and outlines a more general function of microtubules in epithelial cell shape stabilisation. Using the Drosophila pupal notum, the authors demonstrate that the disassembly of microtubules by effector caspases initiate cell extrusion independently of actomyosin regulation, thus providing insights into how caspases orchestrate dying epithelial cell expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Villars
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Matamoro-Vidal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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Xu Z, Fang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Wei W, Teng C. Hydrogel Development for Rotator Cuff Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:851660. [PMID: 35782490 PMCID: PMC9240348 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.851660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are common in shoulder disease and disability. Despite significant advances in surgical repair techniques, 20–70% of patients still have postoperative rotator cuff dysfunction. These functional defects may be related to retear or rotator cuff quality deterioration due to tendon retraction and scar tissue at the repair site. As an effective delivery system, hydrogel scaffolds may improve the healing of RCTs and be a useful treatment for irreparable rotator cuff injuries. Although many studies have tested this hypothesis, most are limited to laboratory animal experiments. This review summarizes differences in hydrogel scaffold construction, active ingredients, and application methods in recent research. Efforts to determine the indications of hydrogel scaffolds (with different constructions and cargos) for various types of RCTs, as well as the effectiveness and reliability of application methods and devices, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Yifei Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Yushuang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wei, ; Chong Teng,
| | - Chong Teng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wei, ; Chong Teng,
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Dede Eren A, Lucassen AWA, Tuvshindorj U, Truckenmüller R, Giselbrecht S, Eren ED, Tas MO, Sudarsanam P, de Boer J. Cells Dynamically Adapt to Surface Geometry by Remodeling Their Focal Adhesions and Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863721. [PMID: 35721512 PMCID: PMC9203963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells probe their environment and adapt their shape accordingly via the organization of focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton. In an earlier publication, we described the relationship between cell shape and physiology, for example, shape-induced differentiation, metabolism, and proliferation in mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes. In this study, we investigated how these cells organize their adhesive machinery over time when exposed to microfabricated surfaces of different topographies and adhesive island geometries. We further examined the reciprocal interaction between stress fiber and focal adhesion formation by pharmacological perturbations. Our results confirm the current literature that spatial organization of adhesive sites determines the ability to form focal adhesions and stress fibers. Therefore, cells on roughened surfaces have smaller focal adhesion and fewer stress fibers. Our results further highlight the importance of integrin-mediated adhesion in the adaptive properties of cells and provide clear links to the development of bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Dede Eren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Amy W. A. Lucassen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Urandelger Tuvshindorj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - E. Deniz Eren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Orhan Tas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Phanikrishna Sudarsanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jan de Boer,
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39
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Tian H, Shi H, Yu J, Ge S, Ruan J. Biophysics Role and Biomimetic Culture Systems of ECM Stiffness in Cancer EMT. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2100094. [PMID: 35712024 PMCID: PMC9189138 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oncological diseases have become the second leading cause of death from noncommunicable diseases worldwide and a major threat to human health. With the continuous progress in cancer research, the mechanical cues from the tumor microenvironment environment (TME) have been found to play an irreplaceable role in the progression of many cancers. As the main extracellular mechanical signal carrier, extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness may influence cancer progression through biomechanical transduction to modify downstream gene expression, promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and regulate the stemness of cancer cells. EMT is an important mechanism that induces cancer cell metastasis and is closely influenced by ECM stiffness, either independently or in conjunction with other molecules. In this review, the unique role of ECM stiffness in EMT in different kinds of cancers is first summarized. By continually examining the significance of ECM stiffness in cancer progression, a biomimetic culture system based on 3D manufacturing and novel material technologies is developed to mimic ECM stiffness. The authors then look back on the novel development of the ECM stiffness biomimetic culture systems and finally provide new insights into ECM stiffness in cancer progression which can broaden the fields' horizons with a view toward developing new cancer diagnosis methods and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Hanhan Shi
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
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40
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Tissutal and Fluidic Aspects in Osteopathic Manual Therapy: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061014. [PMID: 35742064 PMCID: PMC9222872 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, several authors have discussed the possibility of considering somatic dysfunction (SD) as a “nosological element” detectable on palpation. There are many aspects to consider regarding the etiology and diagnosis of SD, and the literature on osteopathic issues provides details on physiological signs that characterize it, including tissue texture changes. Recent knowledge suggests that how tissue and, in particular, connective tissue, responds to osteopathic treatment may depend on the modulation of the inflammation degree. Low-grade inflammation (LGI) may act on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and on cellular elements; and these mechanisms may be mediated by biological water. With its molecules organized in structures called exclusion zones (EZ), water could explain the functioning of both healthy and injured tissues, and how they can respond to osteopathic treatment with possible EZ normalization as a result. The relationship between inflammation and DS and the mechanisms involved are described by several authors; however, this review suggests a new model relating to the characteristics of DS and to its clinical implications by linking to LGI. Tissue alterations detectable by osteopathic palpation would be mediated by body fluids and in particular by biological water which has well-defined biophysical characteristics. Research in this area is certainly still to be explored, but our suggestion seems plausible to explain many dynamics related to osteopathic treatment. We believe that this could open up a fascinating scenario of therapeutic possibilities and knowledge in the future.
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41
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Liu J, Zhou F, Zhou Q, Hu S, Chen H, Zhu X, Shi F, Yan J, Huang J, Sun J, Zhang F, Gu N. A novel porous granular scaffold for the promotion of trabecular bone repair by time-dependent alteration of morphology. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212777. [PMID: 35929315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Granular scaffolds have been extensively used in the clinic to repair irregular maxillofacial defects. There remain some challenges for the repair of trabecular structures in cancellous bone due to the reticular lamella-like morphology. In this study, we fabricated a novel granular scaffold by rational design of components with different degradation rates so that the morphology of the novel scaffold can evolve to match the growth period of bone cells. Here, polycaprolactone (PCL) was used to fabricate porous microspheres as a skeleton with slow degradation. The macropores were filled with quick degraded gelatin to form complete microspheres. Asynchronous degradation of the two components altered the morphology of the evolutive scaffold from compact to porous, gradually exposing the ridge-like skeletons. This scaffold reversed the decline of cellular adhesion to simple porous skeletons during the initial adhesion. Furthermore, the cells were able to grow into the pores and adhere onto the skeletons with an elongated cellular morphology, facilitating osteogenic differentiation. This novel scaffold was experimentally proven to promote the regeneration of alveolar bone along with a good percentage of bone volume and the formation of trabecular structures. We believe this morphology-evolved scaffold is highly promising for regenerative applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuying Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hanbang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinchen Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi 214001, China
| | - Fan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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42
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Royer SP, Han SJ. Mechanobiology in the Comorbidities of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:874840. [PMID: 35547807 PMCID: PMC9081723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.874840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDSs) are a group of connective tissue disorders, characterized by skin stretchability, joint hypermobility and instability. Mechanically, various tissues from EDS patients exhibit lowered elastic modulus and lowered ultimate strength. This change in mechanics has been associated with EDS symptoms. However, recent evidence points toward a possibility that the comorbidities of EDS could be also associated with reduced tissue stiffness. In this review, we focus on mast cell activation syndrome and impaired wound healing, comorbidities associated with the classical type (cEDS) and the hypermobile type (hEDS), respectively, and discuss potential mechanobiological pathways involved in the comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina P. Royer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sangyoon J. Han,
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43
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How Similar Are Proteins and Origami? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050622. [PMID: 35625549 PMCID: PMC9138822 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding and structural biology are highly active disciplines that combine basic research in various fields, including biology, chemistry, physics, and computer science, with practical applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. However, there are still gaps in the understanding of the detailed mechanisms of protein folding, and protein structure-function relations. In an effort to bridge these gaps, this paper studies the equivalence of proteins and origami. Research on proteins and origami provides strong evidence to support the use of origami folding principles and mechanical models to explain aspects of proteins formation and function. Although not identical, the equivalence of origami and proteins emerges in: (i) the folding processes, (ii) the shape and structure of proteins and origami models, and (iii) the intrinsic mechanical properties of the folded structures/models, which allows them to synchronically fold/unfold and effectively distribute forces to the whole structure. As a result, origami can contribute to the understanding of various key protein-related mechanisms and support the design of de novo proteins and nanomaterials.
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44
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Wu DT, Jeffreys N, Diba M, Mooney DJ. Viscoelastic Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:289-300. [PMID: 35442107 PMCID: PMC9347380 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanical properties regulate key cellular processes in tissue development and regeneration. The majority of scientific investigation has focused on ECM elasticity as the primary mechanical regulator of cell and tissue behavior. However, all living tissues are viscoelastic, exhibiting both solid- and liquid-like mechanical behavior. Despite increasing evidence regarding the role of ECM viscoelasticity in directing cellular behavior, this aspect is still largely overlooked in the design of biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Recently, with the emergence of various bottom-up material design strategies, new approaches can deliver unprecedented control over biomaterial properties at multiple length scales, thus enabling the design of viscoelastic biomaterials that mimic various aspect of the native tissue ECM microenvironment. This review describes key considerations for the design of viscoelastic biomaterials for tissue regeneration. We provide an overview of the role of matrix viscoelasticity in directing cell behavior towards regenerative outcomes, highlight recent strategies utilizing viscoelastic hydrogels for regenerative therapies, and outline remaining challenges, potential solutions, and emerging applications for viscoelastic biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tiansui Wu
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 124048, Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Nicholas Jeffreys
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Mani Diba
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard University John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 124077, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Harvard University Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 465574, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
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45
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Rogala A, Molik B, Brzuszkiewicz-Kuźmicka G, Truszczyńska-Baszak A. The impact of Fascial Distortion Model on shoulder girdle dysfunction. REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2022. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Shoulder girdle as highly specialized set of structures is particularly susceptible to overloading and injuries. In current literature USG and MRI results shows poor correlation with the function, which lead to some problems in correct diagnosis. The structure contributing to this issue might be fascia. One of the methods examination and treatment is very poorly known Fascial Distortion Model. The aim of our research was to assess the impact of the Fascial Distortion Model on shoulder girdle dysfunction.
Materials and methods: The subject of research were 78 patients with shoulder dysfunction. Experimental group of 50 patients underwent six 30-minutes FDM treatments, performed every second day. The control group of 28 patients were subjected standard physiotherapy. Measurement of mobility and pain was done by: functional tests, DASH questionnaire, modified CONSTANT scale and VAS scale.
Results: The experimental group obtained better results than control group. This was due to less pain (M = 0.56, SD = 1.03) vs (M = 6.71, SD = 1.88) and a greater limb function (M = 3.46, SD = 7.80) vs (M = 42.72, SD = 16.52). Participants treated with FDM improved in ROM, DASH score and VAS at the significance level (p = .000).
Conclusions: 1. Fascial distortions may contribute to dysfunction of the shoulder complex. 2. Connective tissue problems can limit the range of movement 3. Fascia disorders may contribute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rogala
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - Bartosz Molik
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Poland
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46
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Burgess JK, Harmsen MC. Chronic lung diseases: entangled in extracellular matrix. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210202. [PMID: 35264410 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0202-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the scaffold that provides structure and support to all organs, including the lung; however, it is also much more than this. The ECM provides biochemical and biomechanical cues to cells that reside or transit through this micro-environment, instructing their responses. The ECM structure and composition changes in chronic lung diseases; how such changes impact disease pathogenesis is not as well understood. Cells bind to the ECM through surface receptors, of which the integrin family is one of the most widely recognised. The signals that cells receive from the ECM regulate their attachment, proliferation, differentiation, inflammatory secretory profile and survival. There is extensive evidence documenting changes in the composition and amount of ECM in diseased lung tissues. However, changes in the topographical arrangement, organisation of the structural fibres and stiffness (or viscoelasticity) of the matrix in which cells are embedded have an undervalued but strong impact on cell phenotype. The ECM in diseased lungs also changes in physical and biomechanical ways that drive cellular responses. The characteristics of these environments alter cell behaviour and potentially orchestrate perpetuation of lung diseases. Future therapies should target ECM remodelling as much as the underlying culprit cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands .,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Prechova M, Adamova Z, Schweizer AL, Maninova M, Bauer A, Kah D, Meier-Menches SM, Wiche G, Fabry B, Gregor M. Plectin-mediated cytoskeletal crosstalk controls cell tension and cohesion in epithelial sheets. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:212995. [PMID: 35139142 PMCID: PMC8932528 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated interplay of cytoskeletal networks critically determines tissue biomechanics and structural integrity. Here, we show that plectin, a major intermediate filament-based cytolinker protein, orchestrates cortical cytoskeletal networks in epithelial sheets to support intercellular junctions. By combining CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrate that in an F-actin-dependent context, plectin is essential for the formation of the circumferential keratin rim, organization of radial keratin spokes, and desmosomal patterning. In the absence of plectin-mediated cytoskeletal cross-linking, the aberrant keratin-desmosome (DSM)-network feeds back to the actin cytoskeleton, which results in elevated actomyosin contractility. Also, by complementing a predictive mechanical model with Förster resonance energy transfer-based tension sensors, we provide evidence that in the absence of cytoskeletal cross-linking, major intercellular junctions (adherens junctions and DSMs) are under intrinsically generated tensile stress. Defective cytoarchitecture and tensional disequilibrium result in reduced intercellular cohesion, associated with general destabilization of plectin-deficient sheets upon mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Prechova
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Adamova
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna-Lena Schweizer
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miloslava Maninova
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Delf Kah
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Gregor
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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48
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Kaloss AM, Theus MH. Leptomeningeal anastomoses: Mechanisms of pial collateral remodeling in ischemic stroke. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1553. [PMID: 35118835 PMCID: PMC9283306 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arterial collateralization, as determined by leptomeningeal anastomoses or pial collateral vessels, is a well‐established vital player in cerebral blood flow restoration and neurological recovery from ischemic stroke. A secondary network of cerebral collateral circulation apart from the Circle of Willis, exist as remnants of arteriole development that connect the distal arteries in the pia mater. Recent interest lies in understanding the cellular and molecular adaptations that control the growth and remodeling, or arteriogenesis, of these pre‐existing collateral vessels. New findings from both animal models and human studies of ischemic stroke suggest a multi‐factorial and complex, temporospatial interplay of endothelium, immune and vessel‐associated cell interactions may work in concert to facilitate or thwart arteriogenesis. These valuable reports may provide critical insight into potential predictors of the pial collateral response in patients with large vessel occlusion and may aid in therapeutics to enhance collateral function and improve recovery from stroke. This article is categorized under:Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle H Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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49
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Luo M, Yang W, Cartwright TN, Higgins JMG, Chen J. Simultaneous Measurement of Single-Cell Mechanics and Cell-to-Materials Adhesion Using Fluidic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:620-628. [PMID: 34981921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The connection between cells and their substrate is essential for biological processes such as cell migration. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation has often been adopted to measure single-cell mechanics. Very recently, fluidic force microscopy has been developed to enable rapid measurements of cell adhesion. However, simultaneous characterization of the cell-to-material adhesion and viscoelastic properties of the same cell is challenging. In this study, we present a new approach to simultaneously determine these properties for single cells, using fluidic force microscopy. For MCF-7 cells grown on tissue-culture-treated polystyrene surfaces, we found that the adhesive force and adhesion energy were correlated for each cell. Well-spread cells tended to have stronger adhesion, which may be due to the greater area of the contact between cellular adhesion receptors and the surface. By contrast, the viscoelastic properties of MCF-7 cells cultured on the same surface appeared to have little dependence on cell shape. This methodology provides an integrated approach to better understand the biophysics of multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Luo
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Wenjian Yang
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhijiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Tyrell N Cartwright
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Jonathan M G Higgins
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Jinju Chen
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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50
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Relationship of matrix stiffness and cell morphology in regulation of osteogenesis and adipogenesis of BMSCs. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2677-2685. [PMID: 35023006 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Matrix stiffness has been found to regulate cell morphology, while both cell morphology and matrix stiffness are verified as important factors directing BMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) differentiation. This study aimed to investigate whether matrix stiffness depended on cell morphology to regulate osteogenesis and adipogenesis of BMSCs on 2D substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we seeded BMSCs on tissue culture plates (TCPs) with different fibronectin (FN) concentrations and cytoskeleton inhibitor cytochalasin D, and FN was found to promote cell spreading and osteogenesis while inhibiting adipogenesis of BMSCs through F-actin reorganization. Based on these, we modulated BMSCs morphology on 0.5 kPa and 32 kPa CytoSoft® substrates through FN. High concentration of FN (300 μg/ml) coated on 0.5 kPa substrates promoted cell spreading to similar levels with 32 kPa substrates coated with 100 μg/ml of FN, and cells in both groups dominantly commit osteogenesis. On the other hand, low FN concentration (30 μg/ml) on 32 kPa substrates induced restricted cell morphology similar with 0.5 kPa substrates coated with 100 μg/ml of FN, and cells in both groups mainly commit adipogenesis. Immunofluorescence indicated nuclear translocation and higher intensity of YAP/TAZ when cells spread to larger areas, regardless of matrix stiffness. However, when cell spreading areas were fixed as similar levels, matrix stiffness didn't significantly affect YAP/TAZ intensity or location. CONCLUSIONS Matrix stiffness failed to regulate BMSCs differentiation and YAP/TAZ activity without corresponding cell morphology. Cell spreading area could mediate effects of matrix stiffness on osteogenesis and adipogenesis of BMSCs.
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