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Seo M, Hwang S, Lee TH, Nam K. Comparison of Neural Recovery Effects of Botulinum Toxin Based on Administration Timing in Sciatic Nerve-Injured Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:387. [PMID: 39330845 PMCID: PMC11435736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of the timing of administering botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on nerve regeneration in rats. Sixty 6-week-old rats with a sciatic nerve injury were randomly divided into four groups: the immediately treated (IT) group (BoNT/A injection administered immediately post-injury), the delay-treated (DT) group (BoNT/A injection administered one week post-injury), the control group (saline administered one week post-injury), and the sham group (only skin and muscle incisions made). Nerve regeneration was assessed 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-injury using various techniques. The levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), astroglial calcium-binding protein S100β (S100β), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurofilament 200 (NF200), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the IT and DT groups were higher. ELISA revealed the highest levels of these proteins in the IT group, followed by the DT and control groups. Toluidine blue staining revealed that the average area and myelin thickness were higher in the IT group. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the CMAP in the IT group was significantly higher than that in the control group, with the DT group exhibiting significant differences starting from week 8. The findings of the sciatic functional index analysis mirrored these results. Thus, administering BoNT/A injections immediately after a nerve injury is most effective for neural recovery. However, injections administered one week post-injury also significantly enhanced recovery. BoNT/A should be administered promptly after nerve damage; however, its administration during the non-acute phase is also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kiyeun Nam
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (S.H.); (T.H.L.)
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Romanyuk N, Sintakova K, Arzhanov I, Horak M, Gandhi C, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Jendelova P. mTOR pathway inhibition alters proliferation as well as differentiation of neural stem cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1298182. [PMID: 38812794 PMCID: PMC11133533 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1298182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neural stem cells (NSCs) are essential for both embryonic development and adult neurogenesis, and their dysregulation causes a number of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. NSC proliferation and differentiation in the developing brain is a complex process controlled by various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates proliferation and differentiation, among other cellular functions, and disruption in the mTOR pathway can lead to severe nervous system development deficits. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibition of the mTOR pathway by rapamycin (Rapa) on NSC proliferation and differentiation. Methods The NSC cultures were treated with Rapa for 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h. The effect on cellular functions was assessed by immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and proliferation/metabolic assays. Results mTOR inhibition suppressed NSC proliferation/metabolic activity as well as S-Phase entry by as early as 1 h of Rapa treatment and this effect persisted up to 48 h of Rapa treatment. In a separate experiment, NSCs were differentiated for 2 weeks after treatment with Rapa for 24 or 48 h. Regarding the effect on neuronal and glial differentiation (2 weeks post-treatment), this was suppressed in NSCs deficient in mTOR signaling, as evidenced by downregulated expression of NeuN, MAP2, and GFAP. We assume that the prolonged effect of mTOR inhibition is realized due to the effect on cytoskeletal proteins. Discussion Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the mTOR pathway not only regulates NSC proliferation but also plays an important role in NSC differentiation into both neuronal and glial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivan Arzhanov
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Horak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Chirag Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Izhiman Y, Esfandiari L. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles and exogenous stimuli in molecular mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1368630. [PMID: 38572074 PMCID: PMC10989355 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1368630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries lead to significant morbidity and adversely affect quality of life. The peripheral nervous system harbors the unique trait of autonomous regeneration; however, achieving successful regeneration remains uncertain. Research continues to augment and expedite successful peripheral nerve recovery, offering promising strategies for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). These include leveraging extracellular vesicle (EV) communication and harnessing cellular activation through electrical and mechanical stimulation. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), 30-150 nm in diameter, play a pivotal role in regulating intercellular communication within the regenerative cascade, specifically among nerve cells, Schwann cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Furthermore, the utilization of exogenous stimuli, including electrical stimulation (ES), ultrasound stimulation (US), and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), offers remarkable advantages in accelerating and augmenting PNR. Moreover, the application of mechanical and electrical stimuli can potentially affect the biogenesis and secretion of sEVs, consequently leading to potential improvements in PNR. In this review article, we comprehensively delve into the intricacies of cell-to-cell communication facilitated by sEVs and the key regulatory signaling pathways governing PNR. Additionally, we investigated the broad-ranging impacts of ES, US, and ESWT on PNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Izhiman
- Esfandiari Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Esfandiari Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Hwang S, Seo M, Lee TH, Lee HJ, Park JW, Kwon BS, Nam K. Comparison of the Effects of Botulinum Toxin Doses on Nerve Regeneration in Rats with Experimentally Induced Sciatic Nerve Injury. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:691. [PMID: 38133195 PMCID: PMC10747296 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the effects of various doses of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on nerve regeneration. Sixty-five six-week-old rats with sciatic nerve injury were randomly allocated to three experimental groups, a control group, and a sham group. The experimental groups received a single session of intraneural BoNT/A (3.5, 7.0, or 14 U/kg) injection immediately after nerve-crushing injury. The control group received normal intraneural saline injections after sciatic nerve injury. At three, six, and nine weeks after nerve damage, immunofluorescence staining, an ELISA, and toluidine blue staining was used to evaluate the regenerated nerves. Serial sciatic functional index analyses and electrophysiological tests were performed every week for nine weeks. A higher expression of GFAP, S100β, GAP43, NF200, BDNF, and NGF was seen in the 3.5 U/kg and 7.0 U/kg BoNT/A groups. The average area and myelin thickness were significantly greater in the 3.5 U/kg and 7.0 U/kg BoNT/A groups. The sciatic functional index and compound muscle action potential amplitudes exhibited similar trends. These findings indicate that the 3.5 U/kg and 7.0 U/kg BoNT/A groups exhibited better nerve regeneration than the 14 U/kg BoNT/A and control group. As the 3.5 U/kg and the 7.0 U/kg BoNT/A groups exhibited no statistical difference, we recommend using 3.5 U/kg BoNT/A for its cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiyeun Nam
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (M.S.); (T.H.L.); (H.J.L.); (J.-w.P.); (B.S.K.)
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Theuriet J, Cluse F, Gravier-Dumonceau A, Picard G, Closs S, Rogemond V, Timestit N, Bouhour F, Petiot P, Davy V, Chanson E, Arzalluz-Luque J, Marignier R, Honnorat J, Pegat A. Peripheral nervous system involvement accompanies central nervous system involvement in anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody-related disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:5545-5560. [PMID: 37540278 PMCID: PMC10576672 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), but also by immature and regenerative Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). GFAP antibodies (GFAP-Abs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been mainly described in patients with meningoencephalomyelitis. We aimed to study PNS symptoms in patients with CSF GFAP-Abs. METHODS We retrospectively included all patients tested positive for GFAP-Abs in the CSF by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by cell-based assay expressing human GFAPα since 2017, from two French reference centers. RESULTS In a cohort of 103 CSF GFAP-Abs patients, 25 (24%) presented with PNS involvement. Among them, the median age at onset was 48 years and 14/25 (56%) were female. Abnormal electroneuromyography was observed in 11/25 patients (44%), including eight isolated radiculopathies, one radiculopathy associated with polyneuropathy, one radiculopathy associated with sensory neuronopathy, and one demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cranial nerve involvement was observed in 18/25 patients (72%). All patients except one had an associated CNS involvement. The first manifestation of the disease concerned the PNS in three patients. First-line immunotherapy was administered to 18/24 patients (75%). The last follow-up modified Rankin Scale was ≤ 2 in 19/23 patients (83%). Patients with PNS involvement had significantly more bladder dysfunction than patients with isolated CNS involvement (68 vs 40.3%, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS PNS involvement in GFAP-Abs autoimmunity is heterogeneous but not rare and is mostly represented by acute or subacute cranial nerve injury and/or lower limb radiculopathy. Rarely, PNS involvement can be the first manifestation revealing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Theuriet
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Florent Cluse
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
- Service de Neurologie C, troubles du mouvement et pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Alice Gravier-Dumonceau
- Service de Neurologie C, troubles du mouvement et pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Géraldine Picard
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sterenn Closs
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Noémie Timestit
- Service de biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Bouhour
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Philippe Petiot
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Davy
- Service de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eve Chanson
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joaquín Arzalluz-Luque
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- MeLiS-UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284-INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Pegat
- Service d'electroneuromyographie et de pathologies neuromusculaires, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
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Galimberti G, Amodeo G, Magni G, Riboldi B, Balboni G, Onnis V, Ceruti S, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. Prokineticin System Is a Pharmacological Target to Counteract Pain and Its Comorbid Mood Alterations in an Osteoarthritis Murine Model. Cells 2023; 12:2255. [PMID: 37759478 PMCID: PMC10526764 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease associated with chronic pain. OA pain is often accompanied by mood disorders. We addressed the role of the Prokineticin (PK) system in pain and mood alterations in a mice OA model induced with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The effect of a PK antagonist (PC1) was compared to that of diclofenac. C57BL/6J male mice injected with MIA in the knee joint were characterized by allodynia, motor deficits, and fatigue. Twenty-eight days after MIA, in the knee joint, we measured high mRNA of PK2 and its receptor PKR1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMP13. At the same time, in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord, we found increased levels of PK2, PKR1, IL-1β, and IL-6. These changes were in the presence of high GFAP and CD11b mRNA in the sciatic nerve and GFAP in the spinal cord. OA mice were also characterized by anxiety, depression, and neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In both stations, we found increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, PK upregulation and reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus and microglia reactivity in the prefrontal cortex were detected. PC1 reduced joint inflammation and neuroinflammation in PNS and CNS and counteracted OA pain and emotional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Benedetta Riboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.B.); (V.O.)
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.B.); (V.O.)
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (G.A.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
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Chen SH, Lien PH, Lin FH, Chou PY, Chen CH, Chen ZY, Chen SH, Hsieh ST, Huang CC, Kao HK. Aligned core-shell fibrous nerve wrap containing Bletilla striata polysaccharide improves functional outcomes of peripheral nerve repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124636. [PMID: 37119896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are commonly encountered in extremity traumas. Their motor and sensory recovery following microsurgical repair is limited by slow regeneration speed (<1 mm/d) and subsequent muscle atrophy, which are consequently correlated with the activity of local Schwann cells and efficacy of axon outgrowth. To promote post-surgical nerve regeneration, we synthesized a nerve wrap consisting of an aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber shell with a Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) core (APB). Cell experiments demonstrated that the APB nerve wrap markedly promoted neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell migration and proliferation. Animal experiments applying a rat sciatic nerve repair model indicated that the APB nerve wrap restored conduction efficacy of the repaired nerve and the compound action potential as well as contraction force of the related leg muscles. Histology of the downstream nerves disclosed significantly higher fascicle diameter and myelin thickness with the APB nerve wrap compared to those without BSP. Thus, the BSP-loaded nerve wrap is potentially beneficial for the functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair and offers sustained targeted release of a natural polysaccharide with good bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Lien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Kai Kao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Fan T, Yu Y, Chen YL, Gu P, Wong S, Xia ZY, Liu JA, Cheung CW. Histone deacetylase 5-induced deficiency of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 acetylation contributes to spinal astrocytes degeneration in painful diabetic neuropathy. Glia 2023; 71:1099-1119. [PMID: 36579750 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes patients with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) show severe spinal atrophy, suggesting pathological changes of the spinal cord contributes to central sensitization. However, the cellular changes and underlying molecular mechanisms within the diabetic spinal cord are less clear. By using a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we noted an extensive and irreversible spinal astrocyte degeneration at an early stage of T1D, which is highly associated with the chronification of PDN. Molecularly, acetylation of astrocytic signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) that is essential for maintaining the homeostatic astrocytes population was significantly impaired in the T1D model, resulting in a dramatic loss of spinal astrocytes and consequently promoting pain hypersensitivity. Mechanistically, class IIa histone deacetylase, HDAC5 were aberrantly activated in spinal astrocytes of diabetic rats, which promoted STAT3 deacetylation by direct protein-protein interactions, leading to the PDN phenotypes. Restoration of STAT3 signaling or inhibition of HDAC5 rescued astrocyte deficiency and attenuated PDN in the T1D model. Our work identifies the inhibitory axis of HDAC5-STAT3 induced astrocyte deficiency as a key mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of the diabetic spinal cord that paves the way for potential therapy development for PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yong-Long Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Stanley Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zheng-Yuan Xia
- Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jessica Aijia Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi-Wai Cheung
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Yashchyshyn ZM, Kreminska IB, Medynskyi MI, Fedorak VM, Ziablitsev SV, Diadyk OO, Fedoniuk LY. TISSUE EXPRESSION OF NEURONAL PROTEINS DURING SCIATIC NERVE REGENERATION AND INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SPECTRUM LASER RADIATION. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:112-119. [PMID: 37254757 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202302102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To determine the effect of laser irradiation of different spectrum on the expression of neuronal proteins (GFAP, S100, NSE and NF-L) in the sciatic nerve during its regeneration after crossing and surgical suturing. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The experiment was performed on 60 laboratory rats of the Wistar line (200-250 g) with crossing of the left sciatic nerve and sutur¬ing with an epineural suture end to end 30 minutes after neurotomy. 90 days later, an immunohistochemical study was performed using specific antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific; USA). RESULTS Results: A study of the marker of non-myelin Schwann GFAP cells showed their pronounced activation with germination in nerve thickness and the formation of weaves of processes around regenerated nerve fibers. The number of S-100-positive myelin Schwann cells decreased, the heterogeneity of their color and the loss of processes were determined. It showed a general decrease in the intensity of NSE- and NF-L-positive staining of nerve fibers regenerated after neurotomy, which was less pronounced when irradiated with a laser with a wavelength of 450-480 nm and 520 nm. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In general, the use of laser radiation had a positive effect on the repair of nerve fibers after neurotomy. According to the immunohistochemical study of neuromarkers, the effect of laser irradiation of the blue spectrum was the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iryna B Kreminska
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | | | | | | | - Olena O Diadyk
- V.SHUPYK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH CARE OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
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Gao W, Lai JCK, Leung SW. Co-Culturing Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons With Rat Schwann Cells Protects Them Against the Cytotoxic Effects of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:4-18. [PMID: 36308016 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221133508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using monotypic nerve cell cultures have shown that nanoparticles induced neurotoxic effects on nerve cells. Interactions between neurons and Schwann cells may protect against the neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. In this study, we developed a co-culture model consisting of immortalized rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and rat Schwann cells and employed it to investigate our hypothesis that co-culturing DRG neurons with Schwann cells imparts protection on them against neurotoxicity induced by silver or gold nanoparticles. Our results indicated that neurons survived better in co-cultures when they were exposed to these nanoparticles at the higher concentrations compared to when they were exposed to these nanoparticles at the same concentrations in monotypic cultures. Synapsin I expression was increased in DRG neurons when they were co-cultured with Schwann cells and treated with or without nanoparticles. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was increased in Schwann cells when they were co-cultured with DRG neurons and treated with nanoparticles. Furthermore, we found co-culturing with Schwann cells stimulated neurofilament polymerization in DRG neurons and produced the morphological differentiation. Silver nanoparticles induced morphological disorganization in monotypic cultures. However, there were more cells displaying normal morphology in co-cultures than in monotypic cultures. All of these results suggested that co-culturing DRG neurons with Schwann cells imparted some protection on them against neurotoxicity induced by silver or gold nanoparticles, and altering the expression of neurofilament-L, synapsin I, and GFAP could account for the phenomenon of protection in co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Gao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - James C K Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Division of Health Sciences, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Solomon W Leung
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, 6640Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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11
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Cristobal CD, Lee HK. Development of myelinating glia: An overview. Glia 2022; 70:2237-2259. [PMID: 35785432 PMCID: PMC9561084 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is essential to nervous system function, playing roles in saltatory conduction and trophic support. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs) form myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems respectively and follow different developmental paths. OLs are neural stem-cell derived and follow an intrinsic developmental program resulting in a largely irreversible differentiation state. During embryonic development, OL precursor cells (OPCs) are produced in distinct waves originating from different locations in the central nervous system, with a subset developing into myelinating OLs. OPCs remain evenly distributed throughout life, providing a population of responsive, multifunctional cells with the capacity to remyelinate after injury. SCs derive from the neural crest, are highly dependent on extrinsic signals, and have plastic differentiation states. SC precursors (SCPs) are produced in early embryonic nerve structures and differentiate into multipotent immature SCs (iSCs), which initiate radial sorting and differentiate into myelinating and non-myelinating SCs. Differentiated SCs retain the capacity to radically change phenotypes in response to external signals, including becoming repair SCs, which drive peripheral regeneration. While several transcription factors and myelin components are common between OLs and SCs, their differentiation mechanisms are highly distinct, owing to their unique lineages and their respective environments. In addition, both OLs and SCs respond to neuronal activity and regulate nervous system output in reciprocal manners, possibly through different pathways. Here, we outline their basic developmental programs, mechanisms regulating their differentiation, and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo D. Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA,Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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12
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Chen SH, Kao HK, Wun JR, Chou PY, Chen ZY, Chen SH, Hsieh ST, Fang HW, Lin FH. Thermosensitive hydrogel carrying extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration after microsurgical repair. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046103. [PMID: 36345317 PMCID: PMC9637024 DOI: 10.1063/5.0118862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are commonly occurring traumas of the extremities; functional recovery is hindered by slow nerve regeneration (<1 mm/day) following microsurgical repair and subsequent muscle atrophy. Functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair is highly dependent on local Schwann cell activity and axon regeneration speed. Herein, to promote nerve regeneration, paracrine signals of adipose-derived stem cells were applied in the form of extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded in a thermosensitive hydrogel (PALDE) that could solidify rapidly and sustain high EV concentration around a repaired nerve during surgery. Cell experiments revealed that PALDE hydrogel markedly promotes Schwann-cell migration and proliferation and axon outgrowth. In a rat sciatic nerve repair model, the PALDE hydrogel increased repaired-nerve conduction efficacy; contraction force of leg muscles innervated by the repaired nerve also recovered. Electromicroscopic examination of downstream nerves indicated that fascicle diameter and myeline thickness in the PALDE group (1.91 ± 0.61 and 1.06 ± 0.40 μm, respectively) were significantly higher than those in PALD and control groups. Thus, this EV-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel is a potential cell-free therapeutic modality to improve peripheral-nerve regeneration, offering sustained and focused EV release around the nerve-injury site to overcome rapid clearance and maintain EV bioactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huang-Kai Kao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ru Wun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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13
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Chernov AV, Shubayev VI. Sexual dimorphism of early transcriptional reprogramming in degenerating peripheral nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1029278. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1029278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a powerful yet understudied factor that influences the timing and efficiency of gene regulation in axonal injury and repair processes in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we identified common and distinct biological processes in female and male degenerating (distal) nerve stumps based on a snapshot of transcriptional reprogramming 24 h after axotomy reflecting the onset of early phase Wallerian degeneration (WD). Females exhibited transcriptional downregulation of a larger number of genes than males. RhoGDI, ERBB, and ERK5 signaling pathways increased activity in both sexes. Males upregulated genes and canonical pathways that exhibited robust baseline expression in females in both axotomized and sham nerves, including signaling pathways controlled by neuregulin and nerve growth factors. Cholesterol biosynthesis, reelin signaling, and synaptogenesis signaling pathways were downregulated in females. Signaling by Rho Family GTPases, cAMP-mediated signaling, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis were downregulated in both sexes. Estrogens potentially influenced sex-dependent injury response due to distinct regulation of estrogen receptor expression. A crosstalk of cytokines and growth hormones could promote sexually dimorphic transcriptional responses. We highlighted prospective regulatory activities due to protein phosphorylation, extracellular proteolysis, sex chromosome-specific expression, major urinary proteins (MUPs), and genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism. Combined with our earlier findings in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and regenerating (proximal) nerve stumps, sex-specific and universal early phase molecular triggers of WD enrich our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in peripheral nerve injury and repair.
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Adler M, Pellett S, Sharma SK, Lebeda FJ, Dembek ZF, Mahan MA. Preclinical Evidence for the Role of Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injury. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050886. [PMID: 35630331 PMCID: PMC9148055 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries tend to be more common in younger, working age populations and can lead to long-lasting disability. Peripheral nerves have an impressive capacity to regenerate; however, successful recovery after injury depends on a number of factors including the mechanism and severity of the trauma, the distance from injury to the reinnervation target, connective tissue sheath integrity, and delay between injury and treatment. Even though modern surgical procedures have greatly improved the success rate, many peripheral nerve injuries still culminate in persistent neuropathic pain and incomplete functional recovery. Recent studies in animals suggest that botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) can accelerate nerve regeneration and improve functional recovery after injury to peripheral nerves. Possible mechanisms of BoNT/A action include activation or proliferation of support cells (Schwann cells, mast cells, and macrophages), increased angiogenesis, and improvement of blood flow to regenerating nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adler
- Neuroscience Department, Medical Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-436-1913
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Shashi K. Sharma
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Frank J. Lebeda
- Biotechnology, Protein Bioinformatics, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Advanced Academic Programs, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Zygmunt F. Dembek
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 3154 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Mark A. Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Utah, 175 N Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
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Pellegatta M, Canevazzi P, Forese MG, Podini P, Valenzano S, Del Carro U, Quattrini A, Taveggia C. ADAM17 Regulates p75 NTR-Mediated Fibrinolysis and Nerve Remyelination. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2433-2447. [PMID: 35110388 PMCID: PMC8944234 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1341-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a-disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)17 is a key protease regulating myelin formation. We now describe a role for ADAM17 during the Wallerian degeneration (WD) process. Unexpectedly, we observed that glial ADAM17, by regulating p75NTR processing, cell autonomously promotes remyelination, while neuronal ADAM17 is dispensable. Accordingly, p75NTR abnormally accumulates specifically when ADAM17 is maximally expressed leading to a downregulation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression, excessive fibrin accumulation over time, and delayed remyelination. Mutant mice also present impaired macrophage recruitment and defective nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Thus, ADAM17 expressed in Schwann cells, controls the whole WD process, and its absence hampers effective nerve repair. Collectively, we describe a previously uncharacterized role for glial ADAM17 during nerve regeneration. Based on the results of our study, we posit that, unlike development, glial ADAM17 promotes remyelination through the regulation of p75NTR-mediated fibrinolysis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The α-secretase a-disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)17, although relevant for developmental PNS myelination, has never been investigated in Wallerian degeneration (WD). We now unravel a new mechanism of action for this protease and show that ADAM17 cleaves p75NTR, regulates fibrin clearance, and eventually fine-tunes remyelination. The results presented in this study provide important insights into the complex regulation of remyelination following nerve injury, identifying in ADAM17 and p75NTR a new signaling axis implicated in these events. Modulation of this pathway could have important implications in promoting nerve remyelination, an often-inefficient process, with the aim of restoring a functional axo-glial unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pellegatta
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Canevazzi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Forese
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Valenzano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
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16
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Shi ZL, Fan ZY, Zhang H, Li ST, Yuan H, Tong JH. Localized delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from PLGA microspheres promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:172. [PMID: 35303915 PMCID: PMC8931983 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Repair of peripheral nerve defect presents a considerable challenge for reconstructive surgeons. The aim of this study is to develop a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres for the treatment of the peripheral nerve defect. Method BDNF microspheres were prepared by using an oil-in-water emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The morphology, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and sustained release performance of microspheres was observed and calculated. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and expanded. ADSCs were divided into four groups: control, BDNF, blank microsphere and BDNF microsphere groups. Cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to assess cell proliferation. Cell migration was determined by Transwell assays. Twenty-eight male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent transection damage model on the right sciatic nerve. The wet weight ratio of the gastrocnemius muscle was calculated by comparing the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle from the operated side to that of the normal side. Neuroelectrophysiological testing was performed to assess nerve function recovery. Nerve regeneration was evaluated by histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Results The microspheres were spherical and had uniform size (46.38 ± 1.00 μm), high encapsulation efficiency and high loading capacity. In vitro release studies showed that BDNF-loaded microspheres had good sustained release characteristics. The duration of BDNF release was extended to more than 50 days. BDNF or BDNF microsphere promote the proliferation and migration of ADSCs than control group (P < 0.05). Compared with control group, BDNF significantly decreased the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and compound amplitude (AMP) (P < 0.05). The nerve fibers in the BDNF microsphere group were closely arranged and uniformly distributed than control group. Conclusion BDNF/PLGA sustained-release microsphere could promote the migration of ADSCs and promoted neural differentiation of ADSCs. Moreover, BDNF/PLGA sustained-release microsphere ameliorated nerve conduction velocity and prevented neuralgic amyotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Liang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shen-Tai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - He Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiu-Hui Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
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17
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Kim H, Lee EJ, Lim YM, Kim KK. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Blood as a Disease Biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865730. [PMID: 35370870 PMCID: PMC8968934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a type III intermediate filament protein found in astrocytes in the brain. Damaged astrocytes release GFAP into cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, GFAP levels in these body fluids may reflect the disease state of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), which includes astrocytopathy, characterized by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 located on astrocytes. Recently, single-molecule array technology that can detect these synaptic proteins in blood, even in the subfemtomolar range, has been developed. Emerging evidence suggests that GFAP protein is a strong biomarker candidate for NMOSD. This mini-review provides basic information about GFAP protein and innovative clinical data that show the potential clinical value of blood GFAP levels as a biomarker for NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Xue W, Kong Y, Abu R, Roy P, Huh SH, Kuss M, Kumar V, Duan B. Regulation of Schwann Cell and DRG Neurite Behaviors within Decellularized Peripheral Nerve Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8693-8704. [PMID: 35148064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized nerve hydrogels (dNHs) containing bioactive molecules are promising biomaterials for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) treatment and have been extensively applied in clinical and preclinical practice. However, most previous research projects studied their influences on nerve-related cellular behaviors in two dimensions (2D) without taking hydrogel biomechanics into consideration. The molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial microenvironment provided by dNHs also remain unclear. In this study, dNHs from rat sciatic nerves were prepared, and their effects on Schwann cell (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite behaviors were evaluated and compared to commercial rat tail type I collagen (Col) hydrogels in three-dimensional (3D) environments. We found that dNHs could promote SC proliferation and neurite outgrowth, and both the hydrogel mechanics and components contributed to the dNH functionalization. Through proteomics analysis, we found that laminin (LAM) and type V collagen (COLV) exclusively and abundantly existed in dNHs. By adding exogenous LAM and COLV into Col hydrogels, we demonstrated that they regulated SC gene expression and that LAM could promote SC spreading and neurite outgrowth, while COLV improved SC proliferation. Lastly, dNHs were fabricated into paper-like, aligned nerve scaffolds through unidirectional freezing to expand the dNH applications in PNI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xue
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Yunfan Kong
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Rafay Abu
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pooja Roy
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Zelenka L, Pägelow D, Krüger C, Seele J, Ebner F, Rausch S, Rohde M, Lehnardt S, van Vorst K, Fulde M. Novel protocol for the isolation of highly purified neonatal murine microglia and astrocytes. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 366:109420. [PMID: 34808220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crosstalk and reactivity of the cell type glia, especially microglia and astrocytes, have progressively gathered research attention in understanding proper brain function regulated by the innate immune response. Therefore, methods to isolate highly viable and pure glia for the analysis on a cell-specific level are indispensable. NEW METHOD We modified previously established techniques: Animal numbers were reduced by multiple microglial harvests from the same mixed glial culture, thereby maximizing microglial yields following the principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement). We optimized Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS®) of microglia and astrocytes by applying cultivated primary glial cell suspensions instead of directly sorting dissociated single cell suspension. RESULTS We generated highly viable and pure microglia and astrocytes derived from a single mixed culture with a purity of ~99%, as confirmed by FACS analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated integrity of the MACS-purified glial cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) ELISA confirmed pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to be functional in purified glia, but significantly weakened compared to non-purified cells, further highlighting the importance of cellular crosstalk for proper immune activation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Unlike previous studies that either isolated a single type of glia or displayed a substantial proportion of contamination with other cell types, we achieved isolation of both microglia and astrocytes at an increased purity (99-100%). CONCLUSIONS We have created an optimized protocol for the efficient purification of both primary microglia and astrocytes. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of purity in glial cell cultivation in order to examine immune responses, which particularly holds true for astrocytes. We propose the novel protocol as a tool to investigate the cell type-specific crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes in the frame of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zelenka
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Pägelow
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Meng DH, Zou JP, Xu QT, Wang JY, Yu JQ, Yuan Y, Chen ZG, Zhang MH, Jiang LB, Zhang J. Endothelial cells promote the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:78. [PMID: 35282045 PMCID: PMC8848405 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells proliferate and migrate to the injured site, thereby promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. The process is regulated by various factors. Endothelial cells participate in the process via angiogenesis. However, the effects of endothelial cells on Schwann cells are not yet known. The present study sought to evaluate whether endothelial cells accelerate Schwann cell proliferation and migration. Methods We established a co-culture model of rat Schwann cells (RSC96s) and rat aortic endothelial cells (RAOECs), and studied the effects of endothelial cells on Schwann cells by evaluating changes in Schwann cell proliferation and migration and related multiple genes and their protein expressions in the co-culture model. Results The results showed that increasing the proportion of endothelial cells in the co-culture model enhanced the proliferation. At days 1 and 3 following the co-culturing, the relative growth rates of the co-cultured cells were 122.87% and 127.37%, respectively, which showed a significant increase in the viability compared to that of the RSC96s (P<0.05). In this process, the expression of Ki67 increased. The migration ability of Schwann cells was also enhanced. The migration capacity of Schwann cells was detected by wound-healing and Transwell assays. The results of the group with 15% of endothelial cells was significantly higher than the results of the other groups (P<0.0001 and P<0.05, respectively). Further, neuregulin 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein increased the process of Schwann cell migration. Conclusions The results showed that endothelial cells can promote the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells and participate in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hua Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Peng Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Tong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Qin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Gan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-He Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 455th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Seo M, Lim D, Kim S, Kim T, Kwon BS, Nam K. Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injection and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Nerve Regeneration in Rats with Experimentally Induced Sciatic Nerve Injury. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:879. [PMID: 34941716 PMCID: PMC8706895 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the roles of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in promoting the functional recovery and regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. A total of 45 six-week-old rats with sciatic nerve injury were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received a single session of intranerve BoNT/A or ESWT immediately after a nerve-crushing injury. The control group was not exposed to any treatment. Differentiation of Schwann cells and axonal sprouting were observed through immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, real-time PCR, and Western blot at 3, 6, and 10 weeks post-nerve injury. For clinical assessment, serial sciatic functional index analysis and electrophysiological studies were performed. A higher expression of GFAP and S100β was detected in injured nerves treated with BoNT/A or ESWT. The levels of GAP43, ATF3, and NF200 associated with axonal regeneration in the experimental groups were also significantly higher than in the control group. The motor functional improvement occurred after 7 weeks of clinical observation following BoNT/A and ESWT. Compared with the control group, the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential in the experimental groups was significantly higher from 6 to 10 weeks. Collectively, these findings indicate that BoNT/A and ESWT similarly induced the activation of Schwann cells with the axonal regeneration of and functional improvement in the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kiyeun Nam
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea; (M.S.); (D.L.); (S.K.); (T.K.); (B.S.K.)
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22
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Huang B, Zdora I, de Buhr N, Eikelberg D, Baumgärtner W, Leitzen E. Phenotypical changes of satellite glial cells in a murine model of G M1 -gangliosidosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:527-539. [PMID: 34877779 PMCID: PMC8743646 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) react in response to various injuries in the nervous system. This study investigates reactive changes within SGCs in a murine model for GM1‐gangliosidosis (GM1). DRG of homozygous β‐galactosidase‐knockout mice and homozygous C57BL/6 wild‐type mice were investigated performing immunostaining on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. A marked upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the progenitor marker nestin and Ki67 within SGCs of diseased mice, starting after 4 months at the earliest GFAP, along with intracytoplasmic accumulation of ganglioside within neurons and deterioration of clinical signs was identified. Interestingly, nestin‐positive SGCs were detected after 8 months only. No changes regarding inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1, 2, 3‐cyclic nucleotide 3‐phosphodiesterase, Sox2, doublecortin, periaxin and caspase3 were observed in SGCs. Iba1 was only detected in close vicinity of SGCs indicating infiltrating or tissue‐resident macrophages. These results indicate that SGCs of DRG show phenotypical changes during the course of GM1, characterized by GFAP upregulation, proliferation and expression of a neural progenitor marker at a late time point. This points towards an important role of SGCs during neurodegenerative disorders and supports that SGCs represent a multipotent glial precursor cell line with high plasticity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Deborah Eikelberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Ising E, Åhrman E, Thomsen NOB, Eriksson KF, Malmström J, Dahlin LB. Quantitative proteomic analysis of human peripheral nerves from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14658. [PMID: 34309080 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and severe complication to type 2 diabetes. The pathogenesis of DPN is not fully known, but several pathways and gene polymorphisms contributing to DPN are described. DPN can be studied using nerve biopsies, but studies on the proteome of the nerve itself, and its surrounding tissue as a whole, are lacking. Studies on the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) have proposed PIN a useful indicator of DPN. METHODS A quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis was made of peripheral nerves from age- and gender-matched living human male tissue donors; nine type 2 diabetes subjects, with decreased sural nerve action potentials indicating DPN, and six controls without type 2 diabetes, with normal electrophysiology results. RESULTS A total of 2617 proteins were identified. Linear regression was used to discover which proteins were differentially expressed between type 2 diabetes and controls. Only soft signals were found. Therefore, clustering of the 500 most variable proteins was made to find clusters of similar proteins in type 2 diabetes subjects and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS This feasibility study shows, for the first time, that the use of quantitative mass spectrometry enables quantification of proteins from nerve biopsies from subjects with and without type 2 diabetes, which may aid in finding biomarkers of importance to DPN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ising
- Department of Clinical Sciences - Pediatric Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma Åhrman
- Department of Clinical Sciences - Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niels O B Thomsen
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl-Fredrik Eriksson
- Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences - Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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24
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Zhu Q, Yan Y, Zhang D, Luo Q, Jiang C. Effects of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Nerve Repair and Expressions of GFAP and GDNF in Rats with Neuropathic Pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9916978. [PMID: 34580641 PMCID: PMC8464411 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9916978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of pulsed radio frequency (PRF) on nerve repair and the expression of GFAP and GDNF in rats with neuropathic pain. METHODS Thirty SPF healthy SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Group C), PSNL group (partial ligation of sciatic nerve) + sham group (Group PS), and PSNL group (partial ligation of sciatic nerve) + PRF group (Group PR), with 10 rats in each group. In group C, the right sciatic nerve was exposed without ligation. In the PS group, the model of neuropathic pain was established by partial ligation of sciatic nerve. The mice in the PR group were treated with PRF after establishing the neuropathic pain model. The general behavior of rats during the treatment was observed. The mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were measured before operation and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after operation. The content of inflammatory factors in nerve tissue was detected by ELISA. The pathological condition of nerve tissue was observed by HE. The gene and protein changes of GFAP and GDNF in nerve tissue were determined by QRT PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Rats in the control group were free to move and in good condition. In the PS group, there were different degrees of claudication, weakness of the lower limbs, lateral toe valgus, nerve injury, and other behavioral changes. After the pulsed radiofrequency in the PR group, the above symptoms decreased gradually with the prolongation of the treatment time. The mechanical pain sensitivity and thermal allodynia of the PS group were reduced after the operation. The mechanical pain sensitivity and thermal pain sensitivity of the PR group gradually increased with the prolongation of the treatment time, and the 14 days were basically close to the control group. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in ELISA were significantly higher in the PS group than in the control group, and the content in the PR group was gradually reduced, which was close to the control group. HE staining showed that the sciatic nerve fibers disappeared, and the formation of nerve cavities was obvious in the 14-day PS group. The nerve fibers were found in the sciatic tissue of the PR group, and there was no obvious hemorrhagic edema and cell deformation. The expression of GFAP mRNA in the PS group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the PR group (p < 0.05), and the expression of GDNF was opposite (p < 0.05). The results of western blot showed that the expression of GFAP protein in the 14-day PS group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The expression of the PR group decreased compared with the control group, and the expression of GDNF was opposite (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pulsed radiofrequency ablation can promote neurological repair, promote GDNF, and reduce the expression of GFAP in rats with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Pain, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Daying Zhang
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qingtian Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Department of Pain, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province, China
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25
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Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the discovery of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by Lawrence Eng and colleagues. Now recognized as a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins, it has become a subject for study in fields as diverse as structural biology, cell biology, gene expression, basic neuroscience, clinical genetics and gene therapy. This review covers each of these areas, presenting an overview of current understanding and controversies regarding GFAP with the goal of stimulating continued study of this fascinating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Michael Brenner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham
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26
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Discrepancy in the Usage of GFAP as a Marker of Satellite Glial Cell Reactivity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081022. [PMID: 34440226 PMCID: PMC8391720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) surrounding the neuronal somas in peripheral sensory ganglia are sensitive to neuronal stressors, which induce their reactive state. It is believed that such induced gliosis affects the signaling properties of the primary sensory neurons and is an important component of the neuropathic phenotype leading to pain and other sensory disturbances. Efforts to understand and manipulate such gliosis relies on reliable markers to confirm induced SGC reactivity and ultimately the efficacy of targeted intervention. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is currently the only widely used marker for such analyses. However, we have previously described the lack of SGC upregulation of GFAP in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury, suggesting that GFAP may not be a universally suitable marker of SGC gliosis across species and experimental models. To further explore this, we here investigate the regulation of GFAP in two different experimental models in both rats and mice. We found that whereas GFAP was upregulated in both rodent species in the applied inflammation model, only the rat demonstrated increased GFAP in SGCs following sciatic nerve injury; we did not observe any such GFAP upregulation in the mouse model at either protein or mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate an important discrepancy between species and experimental models that prevents the usage of GFAP as a universal marker for SGC reactivity.
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27
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Trujillo-Cenóz O, Rehermann MI, Maciel C, Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Russo RE. The ependymal cell cytoskeleton in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2592-2609. [PMID: 34288039 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of ependymal cells is fundamental to organize and maintain the normal architecture of the central canal (CC). However, little is known about the plasticity of cytoskeletal components after spinal cord injury. Here, we focus on the structural organization of the cytoskeleton of ependymal cells in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice (both females and males) using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques. We found that in uninjured animals, the actin cytoskeleton (as revealed by phalloidin staining) was arranged following the typical pattern of polarized epithelial cells with conspicuous actin pools located in the apical domain of ependymal cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed microvilli tufts, long cilia, and characteristic intercellular membrane specializations. After spinal cord injury, F-actin rearrangements paralleled by fine structural modifications of the apical domain of ependymal cells were observed. These changes involved disruptions of the apical actin pools as well as fine structural modifications of the microvilli tufts. When comparing the control and injured spinal cords, we also found modifications in the expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After injury, vimentin expression disappeared from the most apical domains of ependymal cells but the number of GFAP-expressing cells within the CC increased. As in other polarized epithelia, the plastic changes in the cytoskeleton may be critically involved in the reaction of ependymal cells following a traumatic injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Trujillo-Cenóz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María I Rehermann
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María V Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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28
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Kapitza C, Chunder R, Scheller A, Given KS, Macklin WB, Enders M, Kuerten S, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063233. [PMID: 33810144 PMCID: PMC8004938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Rittika Chunder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Anja Scheller
- University of Saarland, Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Katherine S. Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University Hospitals Bonn, University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried L. Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1852-2870
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29
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Ginsenoside Compound K Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation of Schwann Cells via the Activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT Pathways. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1400-1409. [PMID: 33738663 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells are critical for the remyelination of injured peripheral nerve. Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a metabolite produced from ginsenoside Rb1 which has strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential effects of CK on Schwann cells have not been studied systematically before. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the functions of CK in Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation and its potential regulatory mechanism. Primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were treated with or without CK at different doses. The proliferation and migration of primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays, respectively. The mRNA expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of all proteins were examined by Western blot. CK could promote cell proliferation, migration and induce MAG and MBP expression in primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells. Furthermore, CK activated MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and the beneficial effects of CK on primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were distinctly suppressed by inhibitor PD98059 or LY294002. Ginsenoside compound K induced cell proliferation, migration and differentiation via the activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells.
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30
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Tunç BS, Toprak F, Toprak SF, Sozer S. In vitro investigation of growth factors including MGF and IGF-1 in neural stem cell activation, proliferation, and migration. Brain Res 2021; 1759:147366. [PMID: 33607046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is mainly activated after damage in adult tissues. This destruction activates the neural stem cells (NSCs) by exiting from a quiescent state and initiating proliferation, differentiation, and migration towards the damaged area. Although studies have investigated to clarify the process of NSC biology and neurogenesis, there are still significant artifacts in understanding the primary mechanism. It is known that only a small percentage of NSC become neurons and integrate into the brain tissue after this process. The significant proportion differentiates to become either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the quiescent stem cells in the niche are mainly activated by the stimuli affect. In recent years, many studies have been conducted with varying hormones, some of which might provide neuro-stimulation effect and/or involved in the regeneration of the brain tissue and/or neuroprotection from traumatic or ischemic pathologies, including Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Mechano Growth Factor (MGF), Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2), Erythropoietin (EPO), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In this study, we examined the effects of FGF-2, MGF, IGF-1, EPO, EGF, NGF, and BDNF alone or with various combinations on rat hippocampal NSC by tracking the changes in the expression of Nestin, GFAP, TUBB3, and DCX genes during 24 h (h), 72 h and 168 h time frame. The apoptosis analysis revealed that FGF-2 and FGF-2 coupled growth factors effectively protect NSCs against apoptosis, whereas MGF coupled growth factors failed in this protection. The cell cycle analysis demonstrated that these growth factors had accumulated the NSCs exit from the quiescent phase to the Mitosis phase, mostly without being long in the Synthesis Phase. Neurosphere sizes were increased with MGF, signifying MGF being effective in neural progenitor cells. The combined use of MGF with FGF-2 was more effective in postmitotic neurons than MGF alone. We have comparatively demonstrated the effect of cytokines alone and combined administration on activation, proliferation, and migration of NSCs. Although many issues are still waiting to be investigated in adult neurogenesis, neural regeneration, and adult neural stem cell biology, the results provide vital resources to the researchers that are interested in the varying effect of growth factor on NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sarya Tunç
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Toprak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Fulya Toprak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Sozer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Choi SJ, Park SY, Shin YH, Heo SH, Kim KH, Lee HI, Kim JK. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Wharton's Jelly Can Differentiate into Schwann Cell-Like Cells and Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Acellular Nerve Grafts. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:467-478. [PMID: 33515168 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells (SCs) secrete neurotrophic factors and provide structural support and guidance during axonal regeneration. However, nearby nerves may be damaged to obtain primary SCs, and there is a lack of nervous tissue donors. We investigated the potential of Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) in differentiating into Schwann cell-like cells (WJ-SCLCs) as an alternative to SCs. We also examined whether implantation of WJ-SCLCs-laden acellular nerve grafts (ANGs) are effective in inducing functional recovery and nerve regeneration in an animal model of peripheral nerve injury. METHODS The differentiation of WJ-MSCs into WJ-SCLCs was determined by analyzing SC-specific markers. The secretion of neurotrophic factors was assessed by the Neuro Discovery antibody array. Neurite outgrowth and myelination of axons were found in a co-culture system involving motor neuron cell lines. The effects of ANGs on repairing sciatic nerves were evaluated using video gait angle test, isometric tetanic force analysis, and toluidine blue staining. RESULTS Compared with undifferentiated WJ-MSCs, WJ-SCLCs showed higher expression levels of SC-specific markers such as S100β, GFAP, KROX20, and NGFR. WJ-SCLCs also showed higher secreted amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor than did WJ-MSCs. WJ-SCLCs effectively promoted the outgrowth and myelination of neurites in motor neuron cells, and WJ-SCLCs laden ANGs significantly facilitated peripheral nerve regeneration in an animal model of sciatic nerve injury. CONCLUSION WJ-MSCs were readily differentiated into WJ-SCLCs, which effectively promoted the regeneration of peripheral nerves. Transplantation of WJ-SCLCs with ANGs might be useful for assisting peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jin Choi
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Young Park
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic Road 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Heo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Lee
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Asan Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Lab Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic Road 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
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Henzi A, Aguzzi A. The prion protein is not required for peripheral nerve de- and remyelination after crush injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245944. [PMID: 33481951 PMCID: PMC7822300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP) is essential to the long-term maintenance of myelin sheaths in peripheral nerves. PrP activates the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor Adgrg6 on Schwann cells and initiates a pro-myelination cascade of molecular signals. Because Adgrg6 is crucial for peripheral myelin development and regeneration after nerve injury, we investigated the role of PrP in peripheral nerve repair. We performed experimental sciatic nerve crush injuries in co-isogenic wild-type and PrP-deficient mice, and examined peripheral nerve repair processes. Generation of repair Schwann cells, macrophage recruitment and remyelination were similar in PrP-deficient and wild-type mice. We conclude that PrP is dispensable for sciatic nerve de- and remyelination after crush injury. Adgrg6 may sustain its function in peripheral nerve repair independently of its activation by PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Chen SH, Chou PY, Chen ZY, Chuang DCC, Hsieh ST, Lin FH. An electrospun nerve wrap comprising Bletilla striata polysaccharide with dual function for nerve regeneration and scar prevention. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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A Novel HGF/SF Receptor (MET) Agonist Transiently Delays the Disease Progression in an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Model by Promoting Neuronal Survival and Dampening the Immune Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228542. [PMID: 33198383 PMCID: PMC7696450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment. The Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF), through its receptor MET, is one of the most potent survival-promoting factors for motor neurons (MN) and is known as a modulator of immune cell function. We recently developed a novel recombinant MET agonist optimized for therapy, designated K1K1. K1K1 was ten times more potent than HGF/SF in preventing MN loss in an in vitro model of ALS. Treatments with K1K1 delayed the onset of muscular impairment and reduced MN loss and skeletal muscle denervation of superoxide dismutase 1 G93A (SOD1G93A) mice. This effect was associated with increased levels of phospho-extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK) in the spinal cord and sciatic nerves and the activation of non-myelinating Schwann cells. Moreover, reduced activated microglia and astroglia, lower T cells infiltration and increased interleukin 4 (IL4) levels were found in the lumbar spinal cord of K1K1 treated mice. K1K1 treatment also prevented the infiltration of T cells in skeletal muscle of SOD1G93A mice. All these protective effects were lost on long-term treatment suggesting a mechanism of drug tolerance. These data provide a rational justification for further exploring the long-term loss of K1K1 efficacy in the perspective of providing a potential treatment for ALS.
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Cheong Y, Kim M, Kim N, Hwang B. Effect of two-week continuous epidural administration of 2% lidocaine on mechanical allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2020; 15:334-343. [PMID: 33329833 PMCID: PMC7713833 DOI: 10.17085/apm.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lidocaine is an effective against certain types of neuropathic pain. This study aimed to investigate whether timing of initiating continuous epidural infusion of lidocaine affected the glial activation and development of neuropathic pain induced by L5/6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. Methods Following L5/6 SNL, rats were epidurally infused 2% lidocaine (drug infusion initiated on days 1, and 7 post SNL model establishment) or saline (saline infusion initiated on day 1 post SNL model establishment) continuously for 14 days. Mechanical allodynia of the hind paw to von Frey filament stimuli was determined prior to surgery, postoperative day 3, and once weekly after SNL model establishment. At 7 days after the infusion of saline or lidocaine ended, spinal activation of proinflammatory cytokines and astrocytes was evaluated immunohistochemically, using antibodies to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results Continuous epidural administration of 2% lidocaine for 14 days increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold regardless of the difference in timing of initiating lidocaine administration. Epidurally infusing 2% lidocaine inhibited nerve ligation-induced IL-6 and GFAP activation. In the 2% lidocaine infusion group, rats maintained the increased mechanical withdrawal threshold even at 7 days after the discontinuation of 2% lidocaine infusion. Conclusions Continuous epidural administration of 2% lidocaine inhibited the development of SNL-induced mechanical allodynia and suppressed IL-6 and GFAP activation regardless of the difference in timing of initiating lidocaine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseon Cheong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Namyoong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeongmun Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Toxin and Neuronal Regeneration after Traumatic Injury of Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E434. [PMID: 32630737 PMCID: PMC7404966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridiumbotulinum, the causing agent for botulism, in different serotypes, seven of which (A-G) are well characterized, while others, such as H or FA, are still debated. BoNTs exert their action by blocking SNARE (soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) complex formation and vesicle release from the neuronal terminal through the specific cleavage of SNARE proteins. The action of BoNTs at the neuromuscular junction has been extensively investigated and knowledge gained in this field has set the foundation for the use of these toxins in a variety of human pathologies characterized by excessive muscle contractions. In parallel, BoNTs became a cosmetic drug due to its power to ward off facial wrinkles following the activity of the mimic muscles. Successively, BoNTs became therapeutic agents that have proven to be successful in the treatment of different neurological disorders, with new indications emerging or being approved each year. In particular, BoNT/A became the treatment of excellence not only for muscle hyperactivity conditions, such as dystonia and spasticity, but also to reduce pain in a series of painful states, such as neuropathic pain, lumbar and myofascial pain, and to treat various dysfunctions of the urinary bladder. This review summarizes recent experimental findings on the potential efficacy of BoNTs in favoring nerve regeneration after traumatic injury in the peripheral nervous system, such as the injury of peripheral nerves, like sciatic nerve, and in the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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Hydroxytyrosol Promotes Proliferation of Human Schwann Cells: An In Vitro Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124404. [PMID: 32575426 PMCID: PMC7344605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in phytomedicine have explored some potential candidates for nerve regeneration, including hydroxytyrosol (HT). This study was undertaken to explore the potential effects of HT on human Schwann cells' proliferation. Methods: The primary human Schwann cell (hSC) was characterized, and the proliferation rate of hSC supplemented with various concentrations of HT was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle analysis and protein expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and p75 nerve growth factor receptor (p75 NGFR) were evaluated via the immunofluorescence technique. Results: In vitro culture of hSCs revealed spindle-like, bipolar morphology with the expression of specific markers of hSC. Hydroxytyrosol at 10 and 20 ng/mL significantly increased the proliferation of hSCs by 30.12 ± 5.9% and 47.8 ± 6.7% compared to control (p < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis showed that HT-treated hSCs have a higher proliferation index (16.2 ± 0.2%) than the control (12.4 ± 0.4%) (p < 0.01). In addition, HT significantly increased the protein expression of GFAP and p75NGFR (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HT stimulates the proliferation of hSCs in vitro, indicated by a significant increase in the hSC proliferation index and protein expression of hSCs' proliferation markers, namely p75 NGFR and GFAP.
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GFAP IgG associated inflammatory polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577233. [PMID: 32272393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-IgG is predominantly associated with meningoencephalomyelitis, and neuropathy presentations are rare. METHODS We reviewed clinical, electrodiagnostic and histopathological presentations of GFAP-IgG associated peripheral neuropathy. RESULTS We identified six cases, five of whom had peripheral neuropathy as the initial presentation. Acute/subacute polyradicluoneuropathy or proximal nerve involvement was a common presentation. Three had demyelinating neuropathies on electrophysiological studies. Nerve biopsies (n = 2) demonstrated T-cell predominant perivascular inflammatory collections, and all patients with clinical follow up responded favorably to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION GFAP neuropathy represents a potentially treatable immune-mediated neuropathy and can occur with or without co-existing meningoencephalomyelitis.
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Torres-Mejía E, Trümbach D, Kleeberger C, Dornseifer U, Orschmann T, Bäcker T, Brenke JK, Hadian K, Wurst W, López-Schier H, Desbordes SC. Sox2 controls Schwann cell self-organization through fibronectin fibrillogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1984. [PMID: 32029747 PMCID: PMC7005302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is known to modulate cell adhesion and migration during tissue regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms that fine-tune cells to extra-cellular matrix dynamics during regeneration of the peripheral nervous system remain poorly understood. Using the RSC96 Schwann cell line, we show that Sox2 directly controls fibronectin fibrillogenesis in Schwann cells in culture, to provide a highly oriented fibronectin matrix, which supports their organization and directional migration. We demonstrate that Sox2 regulates Schwann cell behaviour through the upregulation of multiple extracellular matrix and migration genes as well as the formation of focal adhesions during cell movement. We find that mouse primary sensory neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motoneurons require the Sox2-dependent fibronectin matrix in order to migrate along the oriented Schwann cells. Direct loss of fibronectin in Schwann cells impairs their directional migration affecting the alignment of the axons in vitro. Furthermore, we show that Sox2 and fibronectin are co-expressed in proregenerative Schwann cells in vivo in a time-dependent manner during sciatic nerve regeneration. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which Schwann cells regulate their own extracellular microenvironment in a Sox2-dependent manner to ensure the proper migration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Torres-Mejía
- Stem Cells in Neural Development and Disease group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit Sensory Biology and Organogenesis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kleeberger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand and Burn Surgery, Academic Hospital Bogenhausen, Munich, 81925, Germany
| | - Ulf Dornseifer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand and Burn Surgery, Academic Hospital Bogenhausen, Munich, 81925, Germany
| | - Tanja Orschmann
- Stem Cells in Neural Development and Disease group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Stem Cell Based-Assay Development Platform (SCADEV), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bäcker
- Stem Cells in Neural Development and Disease group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Stem Cell Based-Assay Development Platform (SCADEV), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jara Kerstin Brenke
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Hernán López-Schier
- Research Unit Sensory Biology and Organogenesis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina C Desbordes
- Stem Cells in Neural Development and Disease group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Stem Cell Based-Assay Development Platform (SCADEV), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Institute for Stem Cell & Applied Regenerative Medicine Research, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Munich, Germany.
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Hercher D, Redl H, Schuh CMAP. Motor and sensory Schwann cell phenotype commitment is diminished by extracorporeal shockwave treatment in vitro. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:32-43. [PMID: 31983073 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gold standard for peripheral nerve regeneration uses a sensory autograft to bridge a motor/sensory defect site. For motor nerves to regenerate, Schwann cells (SC) myelinate the newly grown axon. Sensory SCs have a reduced ability to produce myelin, partially explaining low success rates of autografts. This issue is masked in pre-clinical research by the excessive use of the rat sciatic nerve defect model, utilizing a mixed nerve with motor and sensory SCs. Aim of this study was to utilize extracorporeal shockwave treatment as a novel tool to influence SC phenotype. SCs were isolated from motor, sensory and mixed rat nerves and in vitro differences between them were assessed concerning initial cell number, proliferation rate, neurite outgrowth as well as ability to express myelin. We verified the inferior capacity of sensory SCs to promote neurite outgrowth and express myelin-associated proteins. Motor Schwann cells demonstrated low proliferation rates, but strongly reacted to pro-myelination stimuli. It is noteworthy for pre-clinical research that sciatic SCs are a strongly mixed culture, not representing one or the other. Extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT), induced in motor SCs an increased proliferation profile, while sensory SCs gained the ability to promote neurite outgrowth and express myelin-associated markers. We demonstrate a strong phenotype commitment of sciatic, motor, and sensory SCs in vitro, proposing the experimental use of SCs from pure cultures to better mimic clinical situations. Furthermore we provide arguments for using ESWT on autografts to improve the regenerative capacity of sensory SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Much More Than a Scaffold: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020358. [PMID: 32033020 PMCID: PMC7072452 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent observations related to the structure of the cytoskeleton in neurons and novel cytoskeletal abnormalities involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological diseases are changing our view on the function of the cytoskeletal proteins in the nervous system. These efforts allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and allow us to see beyond our current knowledge for the development of new treatments. The neuronal cytoskeleton can be described as an organelle formed by the three-dimensional lattice of the three main families of filaments: actin filaments, microtubules, and neurofilaments. This organelle organizes well-defined structures within neurons (cell bodies and axons), which allow their proper development and function through life. Here, we will provide an overview of both the basic and novel concepts related to those cytoskeletal proteins, which are emerging as potential targets in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurological disorders.
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Rigoglio NN, Smith OE, Matias GSS, Miglino MA, Smith LC. Development of the central nervous system in equine twin fetuses derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:941-952. [PMID: 30689958 DOI: 10.1071/rd18215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the growing importance of horses in leisure and several sports, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is being used more frequently for cloning animals for performance and reproductive purposes. However, because of the need to perforate the zona pellucida during microsurgical reconstruction of the oocyte, it is possible that SCNT-derived embryos undergo premature hatching, resulting in embryo bisection and twinning. Therefore, because equine twin pregnancies often lead to abnormal embryo development and pregnancy failure, we performed a detailed comparative assessment of equine twin fetuses derived by SCNT with particular attention on the development of the central nervous system at 40 and 60 days gestation. The results of this study indicate that although cloned twin embryos show small differences in size, they do not exhibit apparent macro- or microscopic developmental discrepancies in the central nervous system, suggesting that the twining phenomenon resulting from SCNT does not affect fetal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rigoglio
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité, Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, 3200 Rue Sicotte - QC J2S 2M2, Canada; and Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Butanta, 87 Ave. Dr. Prof. Orlando de Marques Paiva - 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - O E Smith
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité, Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, 3200 Rue Sicotte - QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - G S S Matias
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Butanta, 87 Ave. Dr. Prof. Orlando de Marques Paiva - 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Butanta, 87 Ave. Dr. Prof. Orlando de Marques Paiva - 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Corresponding author.
| | - L C Smith
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité, Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, 3200 Rue Sicotte - QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Zhang H, Wu J, Shen FF, Yuan YS, Li X, Ji P, Zhu L, Sun L, Ding J, Niu Q, Zhang KZ. Activated Schwann cells and increased inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients' sural nerve are lack of tight relationship with specific sensory disturbances in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:518-526. [PMID: 31828965 PMCID: PMC7163790 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Neuroinflammation is one of the most important processes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sensory disturbances are common in patients with PD, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to characterize the activation of Schwann cells (SCs) and the increase of expression of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in the sural nerve of PD, and further explore whether peripheral nerve inflammation is the cause of PD sensory disturbances. Methods A total of 14 patients with PD (including 5 with sensory disturbances and 9 without sensory disturbances) and 6 controls were included. The excitation and conduction function of sural nerve was detected by sural nerve electrophysiological examination. With sural nerve biopsy samples, ultrastructural changes of sural nerve were observed by electron microscopy; Schwann cell biomarker glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the outcome of immunostaining slice was semiquantitatively counted; double immunofluorescence was used to identify the locus immunoreactive for inflammatory cytokines. Results Compared with healthy controls, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) slowed down and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude decreased in PD patients, accompanied by axonal degeneration and demyelinating lesions, and expression of GFAP and inflammatory cytokines was increased. Inflammatory cytokines were significantly colocalized with GFAP and slightly colocalized with NF. These indicators did not differ significantly between PD patients with and without sensory disturbances. Conclusion Our study results suggest that peripheral sensory nerve injury exists in PD patients, accompanied by Schwann cell activation and inflammation, thus demonstrate peripheral nerve inflammation participates in the pathophysiological process of PD but it is not necessarily related to the patient's sensory disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Ji
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Qi Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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44
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Cheng KW, Alhasan L, Rezk AR, Al-Abboodi A, Doran PM, Yeo LY, Chan PPY. Fast three-dimensional micropatterning of PC12 cells in rapidly crosslinked hydrogel scaffolds using ultrasonic standing waves. Biofabrication 2019; 12:015013. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab4cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Abstract
The cornea is a transparent outermost structure of the eye anterior segment comprising the highest density of innervated tissue. In the process of corneal innervation, trigeminal ganglion originated corneal nerves diligently traverse different corneal cell types in different corneal layers including the corneal stroma and epithelium. While crossing the stromal and epithelial cell layers during innervation, due to the existing physical contacts, close interactions occur between stromal keratocytes, epithelial cells, resident immune cells and corneal nerves. Furthermore, by producing various trophic and growth factors corneal cells assist in maintaining the growth and function of corneal nerves. Similarly, corneal nerve generated growth factors critically modify the corneal cell function in all the corneal layers. Due to their close association and contacts, on-going cross-communication between these cell types and corneal nerves play a vital role in the modulation of corneal nerve function, regeneration during wound healing. The present review highlights the influence of different corneal cell types and growth factors released from these cells on corneal nerve regeneration and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
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46
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Patel M, Lee HJ, Son S, Kim H, Kim J, Jeong B. Iron Ion-Releasing Polypeptide Thermogel for Neuronal Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:143-151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungyi Son
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heeju Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Mao S, Zhang S, Zhou S, Huang T, Feng W, Gu X, Yu B. A Schwann cell-enriched circular RNA circ-Ankib1 regulates Schwann cell proliferation following peripheral nerve injury. FASEB J 2019; 33:12409-12424. [PMID: 31415184 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900965r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) play an essential role in nerve injury repair. A striking feature of the cellular response to peripheral nerve injury is the proliferation of SCs. Circular (circ)RNAs are enriched in the nervous system and are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. However, the potential role of circRNAs in SC proliferation post nerve injury remains largely unknown. Using a sciatic nerve crush model, we obtained an expression profiling of circRNAs in injured sciatic nerves in rats by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, and we further identified a circRNA [circ-ankyrin repeat and in-between Ring finger (IBR) domain containing 1 (Ankib1)] involved in SC proliferation by the transfection of specific small interfering RNAs. Overexpression of circ-Ankib1, which was specifically and highly enriched in SCs, impaired SC proliferation and axon regeneration following sciatic nerve injury. Mechanistically, increased expression of DEx/H-box helicase 9 (DHX9) postinjury might contribute to the down-regulation of circ-Ankib1, which further suppressed cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 expression by sponging miR-423-5p, miR-485-5p, and miR-666-3p, leading to the induction of SC proliferation and nerve regeneration. Taken together, our results reveal a crucial role for circRNAs in regulating proliferation of SCs involved in sciatic nerve regeneration; as such, circRNAs may serve as a potential therapeutic avenue for nerve injury repair.-Mao, S., Zhang, S., Zhou, S., Huang, T., Feng, W., Gu, X., Yu, B. A Schwann cell-enriched circular RNA circ-Ankib1 regulates Schwann cell proliferation following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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48
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Azedi F, Mehrpour M, Talebi S, Zendedel A, Kazemnejad S, Mousavizadeh K, Beyer C, Zarnani AH, Joghataei MT. Melatonin regulates neuroinflammation ischemic stroke damage through interactions with microglia in reperfusion phase. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146401. [PMID: 31445031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Even today, ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disabilities because of its high incidence, limited treatments and poor understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion, neuroinflammation and secondary injuries following ischemic stroke. The function of microglia as a part of the immune system of the brain following ischemic stroke can be destructive or protective. Recent surveys indicate that melatonin, a strong antioxidant agent, has receptors on microglial cells and can regulate them to protective form; yet, more findings are required for better understanding of this mechanism, particularly in the reperfusion phase. In this study, we initially aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin intra-arterially and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. After that by using an in vitro approach, we evaluated the protective effects of melatonin on microglial cells following the hypoxia condition. Our results proved that a single dose of melatonin at the beginning of reperfusion phase improved structural and behavioral outcomes. Melatonin increased NeuN and decreased GFAP, Iba1 and active caspase-3 at protein level. Furthermore, melatonin elevated BDNF, MAP2, HSPA1A and reduced VEGF at mRNA level. We also showed that melatonin receptor 1B highly expressed in microglial cells after 3 h hypoxia. Besides, melatonin increased the ratio of TREM2/iNOS as a marker of the most protective form of microglia (M2). In summary, our data suggest that melatonin has the possibility to serve as targeting microglial action for preventing secondary injury of reperfusion phase after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Azedi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mehrpour
- Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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49
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Nune M, Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Peptide nanostructures on nanofibers for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1059-1070. [PMID: 30946535 DOI: 10.1002/term.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled peptide nanofibrous scaffolds with designer sequences, similar to neurite growth promoting molecules enhance the differentiation of neural stem cells. However, self-assembled peptide nanofibrous scaffolds lack the required mechanical strength to suffice to bridge long critical-sized peripheral nerve defects. Hence, there is a demand for a potential neural substrate, which could be biomimetic coupled with bioactive nanostructures to regrow the denuded axons towards the distal end. In the present study, we developed designer self-assembling peptide-based aligned poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibrous scaffolds by simple surface coating of peptides or coelectrospinning. Retention of secondary structures of peptides in peptide-coated and cospun fibers was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The rod-like peptide nanostructures enhance the typical bipolar morphology of Schwann cells. Although the peptide-coated PLGA scaffolds exhibited significant increase in Schwann cell proliferation than pristine PLGA and PLGA-peptide cospun scaffolds (p < .05), peptide cospun scaffolds demonstrated better cellular infiltration and significantly higher gene expression of neural cell adhesion molecule, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and peripheral myelin protein22 compared to the pristine PLGA and PLGA-peptide-coated scaffolds. Our results demonstrate the positive effects of aligned peptide coelectrospun scaffolds with biomimetic cell recognition motifs towards functional proliferation of Schwann cells. These scaffolds could subsequently repair peripheral nerve defects by augmenting axonal regeneration and functional nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Nune
- Centre of Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Centre of Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre of Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre of Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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50
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Hercher D, Kerbl M, Schuh CMAP, Heinzel J, Gal L, Stainer M, Schmidhammer R, Hausner T, Redl H, Nógrádi A, Hacobian A. Spatiotemporal Differences in Gene Expression Between Motor and Sensory Autografts and Their Effect on Femoral Nerve Regeneration in the Rat. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 31139050 PMCID: PMC6519304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the outcome after autologous nerve grafting in the clinic, it is important to understand the limiting variables such as distinct phenotypes of motor and sensory Schwann cells. This study investigated the properties of phenotypically different autografts in a 6 mm femoral nerve defect model in the rat, where the respective femoral branches distally of the inguinal bifurcation served as homotopic, or heterotopic autografts. Axonal regeneration and target reinnervation was analyzed by gait analysis, electrophysiology, and wet muscle mass analysis. We evaluated regeneration-associated gene expression between 5 days and 10 weeks after repair, in the autografts as well as the proximal, and distal segments of the femoral nerve using qRT-PCR. Furthermore we investigated expression patterns of phenotypically pure ventral and dorsal roots. We identified highly significant differences in gene expression of a variety of regeneration-associated genes along the central – peripheral axis in healthy femoral nerves. Phenotypically mismatched grafting resulted in altered spatiotemporal expression of neurotrophic factor BDNF, GDNF receptor GFRα1, cell adhesion molecules Cadm3, Cadm4, L1CAM, and proliferation associated Ki67. Although significantly higher quadriceps muscle mass following homotopic nerve grafting was measured, we did not observe differences in gait analysis, and electrophysiological parameters between treatment paradigms. Our study provides evidence for phenotypic commitment of autologous nerve grafts after injury and gives a conclusive overview of temporal expression of several important regeneration-associated genes after repair with sensory or motor graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kerbl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Johannes Heinzel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - László Gal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michaela Stainer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Schmidhammer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hausner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ara Hacobian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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