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Li Z, Jia Z, Li J, Kang D, Li M, Ma S, Cheng Q, Shen H, Sun L. Development of a 45K pepper GBTS liquid-phase gene chip and its application in genome-wide association studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1405190. [PMID: 38984163 PMCID: PMC11231373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1405190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is a vegetable that is cultivated globally and has undergone extensive domestication, leading to a significant diversification in its agronomic traits. With the advancement of genomics in pepper and the reduction in sequencing costs, the high-throughput detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions-deletions (indels) has become increasingly critical for analyzing pepper germplasms and improving breeding programs. As a result, there is a pressing need for a cost-effective, high-throughput, and versatile technique suitable for both foreground and background selection in pepper breeding. Methods In the present study, Python-based web scraping scripts were utilized to systematically extract data from published literatures and relevant sequence databases focusing on pepper genomes. Subsequent to data extraction, SNPs and indels were meticulously identified and filtered. This process culminated in the delineation of core polymorphic sites, which were instrumental in the development of specific probes. Following this, comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic analyses were conducted on a diverse collection of 420 pepper germplasms. Concurrently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to elucidate the genetic determinants of helical fruit shape in peppers. Results In this study, a 45K pepper Genotyping-By-Target-Sequencing (GBTS) liquid-phase gene chip was developed on the GenoBaits platform. This chip is composed of 45,389 probes, of which 42,535 are derived from core polymorphic sites (CPS) in the background genetic landscape, while 2,854 are associated with foreground agronomic traits, spanning across 43 traits. The CPS probes are spaced at an average interval of 68 Kb. We have assessed the performance of this chip on 420 pepper germplasms, with successful capture of target DNA fragments by 45,387 probes. Furthermore, the probe capture ratio surpassed 70% in 410 of the 420 germplasms tested. Using this chip, we have efficiently genotyped 273 germplasms for spiciness levels and elucidated the genetic relationships among 410 pepper germplasms. Our results allowed for precise clustering of sister lines and C. chinense germplasms. In addition, through a GWAS for helical fruit shape, we identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs): heli2.1, heli11.1, and heli11.2. Within the heli11.1 QTL, a gene encoding the tubulin alpha chain was identified, suggesting its potential role in the helical growth pattern of pepper fruits. Discussion In summary, the 45K pepper GBTS liquid-phase gene chip offers robust detection of polymorphic sites and is a promising tool for advancing research into pepper germplasm and the breeding of new pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Jia
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jisuo Li
- Beijing Bona Oriental Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmu Kang
- Beijing Bona Oriental Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chettoor AM, Yang B, Evans MMS. Control of cellularization, nuclear localization, and antipodal cell cluster development in maize embryo sacs. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad101. [PMID: 37232380 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The maize female gametophyte contains four cell types: two synergids, an egg cell, a central cell, and a variable number of antipodal cells. In maize, these cells are produced after three rounds of free-nuclear divisions followed by cellularization, differentiation, and proliferation of the antipodal cells. Cellularization of the eight-nucleate syncytium produces seven cells with two polar nuclei in the central cell. Nuclear localization is tightly controlled in the embryo sac. This leads to precise allocation of the nuclei into the cells upon cellularization. Nuclear positioning within the syncytium is highly correlated with their identity after cellularization. Two mutants are described with extra polar nuclei, abnormal antipodal cell morphology, and reduced antipodal cell number, as well as frequent loss of antipodal cell marker expression. Mutations in one of these genes, indeterminate gametophyte2 encoding a MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN65-3 homolog, shows a requirement for MAP65-3 in cellularization of the syncytial embryo sac as well as for normal seed development. The timing of the effects of ig2 suggests that the identity of the nuclei in the syncytial female gametophyte can be changed very late before cellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Chettoor
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Matthew M S Evans
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang J, Wang G, Liu W, Yang H, Wang C, Chen W, Zhang X, Tian J, Yu Y, Li J, Xue Y, Kong Z. Brassinosteroid signals cooperate with katanin-mediated microtubule severing to control stamen filament elongation. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111883. [PMID: 36546550 PMCID: PMC9929639 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper stamen filament elongation is essential for pollination and plant reproduction. Plant hormones are extensively involved in every stage of stamen development; however, the cellular mechanisms by which phytohormone signals couple with microtubule dynamics to control filament elongation remain unclear. Here, we screened a series of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants showing different microtubule defects and revealed that only those unable to sever microtubules, lue1 and ktn80.1234, displayed differential floral organ elongation with less elongated stamen filaments. Prompted by short stamen filaments and severe decrease in KTN1 and KTN80s expression in qui-2 lacking five BZR1-family transcription factors (BFTFs), we investigated the crosstalk between microtubule severing and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. The BFTFs transcriptionally activate katanin-encoding genes, and the microtubule-severing frequency was severely reduced in qui-2. Taken together, our findings reveal how BRs can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to coordinate the proper development of reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Houji Laboratory of Shanxi Province, Academy of AgronomyShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Feed ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiyue Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Houji Laboratory of Shanxi Province, Academy of AgronomyShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Wang H, Sun J, Yang F, Weng Y, Chen P, Du S, Wei A, Li Y. CsKTN1 for a katanin p60 subunit is associated with the regulation of fruit elongation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2429-2441. [PMID: 34043036 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified a short fruit3 (sf3) mutant in cucumber. Map-based cloning revealed that CsKTN1 gene encodes a katanin p60 subunit, which is associated with the regulation of fruit elongation. Fruit length is an important horticultural trait for both fruit yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Knowledge on the molecular regulation of fruit elongation in cucumber is very limited. In this study, we identified and characterized a cucumber short fruit3 (sf3) mutant. Histological examination indicated that the shorter fruit in the mutant was due to reduced cell numbers. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of the sf3 mutant was controlled by a single gene with semi-dominant inheritance. By map-based cloning and Arabidopsis genetic transformation, we showed that Sf3 was a homolog of KTN1 (CsKTN1) encoding a katanin p60 subunit. A non-synonymous mutation in the fifth exon of CsKTN1 resulted in an amino acid substitution from Serine in the wild type to Phenylalanine in the sf3 mutant. CsKTN1 expressed in all tissues of both the wild type and the sf3 mutant. However, there was no significant difference in CsKTN1 expression levels between the wild type and the sf3 mutant. The hormone quantitation and RNA-seq analysis suggested that auxin and gibberellin contents are decreased in sf3 by changing the expression levels of genes related with auxin and gibberellin metabolism and signaling. This work helps understand the function of the katanin and the molecular mechanisms of fruit growth regulation in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengli Du
- Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin, 300192, China
- National Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Aimin Wei
- Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin, 300192, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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An anchoring complex recruits katanin for microtubule severing at the plant cortical nucleation sites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3687. [PMID: 34140499 PMCID: PMC8211667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are severed by katanin at distinct cellular locations to facilitate reorientation or amplification of dynamic microtubule arrays, but katanin targeting mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that a centrosomal microtubule-anchoring complex is used to recruit katanin in acentrosomal plant cells. The conserved protein complex of Msd1 (also known as SSX2IP) and Wdr8 is localized at microtubule nucleation sites along the microtubule lattice in interphase Arabidopsis cells. Katanin is recruited to these sites for efficient release of newly formed daughter microtubules. Our cell biological and genetic studies demonstrate that Msd1-Wdr8 acts as a specific katanin recruitment factor to cortical nucleation sites (but not to microtubule crossover sites) and stabilizes the association of daughter microtubule minus ends to their nucleation sites until they become severed by katanin. Molecular coupling of sequential anchoring and severing events by the evolutionarily conserved complex renders microtubule release under tight control of katanin activity.
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Mani N, Wijeratne SS, Subramanian R. Micron-scale geometrical features of microtubules as regulators of microtubule organization. eLife 2021; 10:e63880. [PMID: 34114950 PMCID: PMC8195601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of micron-sized, multi-microtubule arrays from individual microtubules is essential for diverse cellular functions. The microtubule polymer is largely viewed as a passive building block during the organization process. An exception is the 'tubulin code' where alterations to tubulin at the amino acid level can influence the activity of microtubule-associated proteins. Recent studies reveal that micron-scale geometrical features of individual microtubules and polymer networks, such as microtubule length, overlap length, contact angle, and lattice defects, can also regulate the activity of microtubule-associated proteins and modulate polymer dynamics. We discuss how the interplay between such geometrical properties of the microtubule lattice and the activity of associated proteins direct multiple aspects of array organization, from microtubule nucleation and coalignment to specification of array dimensions and remodeling of dynamic networks. The mechanisms reviewed here highlight micron-sized features of microtubules as critical parameters to be routinely investigated in the study of microtubule self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sithara S Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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7
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Li Y, Huang Y, Wen Y, Wang D, Liu H, Li Y, Zhao J, An L, Yu F, Liu X. The domain of unknown function 4005 (DUF4005) in an Arabidopsis IQD protein functions in microtubule binding. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100849. [PMID: 34058197 PMCID: PMC8246641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic responses of microtubules (MTs) to internal and external signals are modulated by a plethora of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In higher plants, many plant-specific MAPs have emerged during evolution as advantageous to their sessile lifestyle. Some members of the IQ67 domain (IQD) protein family have been shown to be plant-specific MAPs. However, the mechanisms of interaction between IQD proteins and MTs remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that the domain of unknown function 4005 (DUF4005) of the Arabidopsis IQD family protein ABS6/AtIQD16 is a novel MT-binding domain. Cosedimentation assays showed that the DUF4005 domain binds directly to MTs in vitro. GFP-labeled DUF4005 also decorates all types of MT arrays tested in vivo. Furthermore, we showed that a conserved stretch of 15 amino acid residues within the DUF4005 domain, which shares sequence similarity with the C-terminal MT-binding domain of human MAP Kif18A, is required for the binding to MTs. Transgenic lines overexpressing the DUF4005 domain displayed a spectrum of developmental defects, including spiral growth and stunted growth at the organismal level. At the cellular level, DUF4005 overexpression caused defects in epidermal pavement cell and trichome morphogenesis, as well as abnormal anisotropic cell elongation in the hypocotyls of dark-grown seedlings. These data establish that the DUF4005 domain of ABS6/AtIQD16 is a new MT-binding domain, overexpression of which perturbs MT homeostasis in plants. Our findings provide new insights into the MT-binding mechanisms of plant IQD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunze Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Ma D, Gao L, Han R. Effects of the protein GCP4 on gametophyte development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:483-493. [PMID: 33155064 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
γ-Tubulin complex protein 4 (GCP4, encoded by AT3G53760) participates in microtubule (MT) nucleation in Arabidopsis thaliana, affecting the MT nucleation angles in cortical MTs, and the formation of the spindle and phragmoplasts during mitosis. Here, we report that GCP4 plays a critical role in gametophyte development. The results indicate that the gcp4 mutant caused by T-DNA insertion may express an aberrant gene product interfering with normal GCP4 expression, ultimately leading to the formation of desiccated ovules and aborted seeds. An analysis of transmission efficiency (TE) indicated that female gametophytes were more impaired in development than male gametophytes, and so observation and analysis of gametophyte defects were conducted. Complementation lines obtained by the native promoter and GCP4-coded CDS gene sequence fused with GFP reduced the numbers of lethal phenotypes of the gcp4 mutant. The localization of GCP4 in the gametophyte was detected in cytoplasm around nuclei and in vicinity of plasma membrane of pollen grains, and also detected in full cytoplasm and around the nuclei of ovules in complementation line. Thus, it was established that GCP4 influences the functionality of gametophytes during gametophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjing Ma
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Han
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Chumová J, Kourová H, Trögelová L, Daniel G, Binarová P. γ-Tubulin Complexes and Fibrillar Arrays: Two Conserved High Molecular Forms with Many Cellular Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040776. [PMID: 33915825 PMCID: PMC8066788 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants represent a large group of eukaryotes where centrosomes are absent. The functions of γ-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs) and γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) in metazoans and fungi in microtubule nucleation are well established and the majority of components found in the complexes are present in plants. However, plant microtubules are also nucleated in a γ-tubulin-dependent but γ-TuRC-independent manner. There is growing evidence that γ-tubulin is a microtubule nucleator without being complexed in γ-TuRC. Fibrillar arrays of γ-tubulin were demonstrated in plant and animal cells and the ability of γ-tubulin to assemble into linear oligomers/polymers was confirmed in vitro for both native and recombinant γ-tubulin. The functions of γ-tubulin as a template for microtubule nucleation or in promoting spontaneous nucleation is outlined. Higher plants represent an excellent model for studies on the role of γ-tubulin in nucleation due to their acentrosomal nature and high abundancy and conservation of γ-tubulin including its intrinsic ability to assemble filaments. The defining scaffolding or sequestration functions of plant γ-tubulin in microtubule organization or in nuclear processes will help our understanding of its cellular roles in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Chumová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (H.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Hana Kourová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (H.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Lucie Trögelová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (H.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Biomaterials and Technology/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Pavla Binarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (H.K.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-241-062-130
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Abstract
The latent left–right asymmetry (chirality) of vascular plants is best witnessed as a helical elongation of cylindrical organs in climbing plants. Interestingly, helical handedness is usually fixed in given species, suggesting genetic control of chirality. Arabidopsis thaliana, a small mustard plant, normally does not twist but can be mutated to exhibit helical growth in elongating organs. Genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses of these twisting mutants are providing mechanistic insights into the left–right handedness as well as how potential organ skewing is suppressed in most plants. Growth direction of elongating plant cells is determined by alignment of cellulose microfibrils in cell walls, which is guided by cortical microtubules localized just beneath the plasma membrane. Mutations in tubulins and regulators of microtubule assembly or organization give rise to helical arrangements of cortical microtubule arrays in Arabidopsis cells and cause helical growth of fixed handedness in axial organs such as roots and stems. Whether tubulins are assembled into a microtubule composed of straight or tilted protofilaments might determine straight or twisting growth. Mechanistic understanding of helical plant growth will provide a paradigm for connecting protein filament structure to cellular organization.
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Ma D, Han R. Microtubule organization defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:971-980. [PMID: 32215997 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) are critical cytoskeletal filaments that have several functions in cell morphogenesis, cell division, vesicle transport and cytoplasmic separation in the spatiotemporal regulation of eukaryotic cells. Formation of MT requires the co-interaction of MT nucleation and α-β-tubulins, as well as MT-associated proteins (MAP). Many key MAP contributing to MT nucleation and elongation are essential for MT nucleation and regulation of MT dynamics, and are conserved in the plant kingdom. Therefore, the deletion or decrease of γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) components and related MAP, such as the augmin complex, NEDD1, MZT1, EB1, MAP65, etc., in Arabidopsis thaliana results in MT organizational defects in the spindle and phragmoplast MT, as well as in chromosome defects. In addition, similar defects in MT organization and chromosome structure have been observed in plants under abiotic stress conditions, such as under high UV-B radiation. The MT can sense the signal from UV-B radiation, resulting in abnormal MT arrangement. Further studies are required to determine whether the abnormal chromosomes induced by UV-B radiation can be attributed to the involvement of abnormal MT arrays in chromosome migration after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen, China
| | - R Han
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Linfen, China
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12
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Yang Q, Wan X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Yang C, Ye Z. The loss of function of HEL, which encodes a cellulose synthase interactive protein, causes helical and vine-like growth of tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:180. [PMID: 33328443 PMCID: PMC7603515 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Helical growth is an economical way for plant to obtain resources. The classic microtubule-microfibril alignment model of Arabidopsis helical growth involves restriction of the appropriate orientation of cellulose microfibrils appropriately in the cell walls. However, the molecular mechanism underlying tomato helical growth remains unknown. Here, we identified a spontaneous tomato helical (hel) mutant with right-handed helical cotyledons and petals but left-handed helical stems and true leaves. Genetic analysis revealed that the hel phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using map-based cloning, we cloned the HEL gene, which encodes a cellulose interacting protein homologous to CSI1 of Arabidopsis. We identified a 27 bp fragment replacement that generated a premature stop codon. Transgenic experiments showed that the helical growth phenotype could be restored by the allele of this gene from wild-type Pyriforme. In contrast, the knockout mutation of HEL in Pyriforme via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in helical growth. These findings shed light on the molecular control of the helical growth of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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13
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ELLIOTT L, KIRCHHELLE C. The importance of being edgy: cell geometric edges as an emerging polar domain in plant cells. J Microsc 2020; 278:123-131. [PMID: 31755561 PMCID: PMC7318577 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is an essential feature of multicellular organisms and underpins growth and development as well as physiological functions. In polyhedral plant cells, polar domains at different faces have been studied in detail. In recent years, cell edges (where two faces meet) have emerged as discrete spatial domains with distinct biochemical identities. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in our understanding of cell edges as functional polar domains in plant cells and other organisms, highlighting conceptual parallels and open questions regarding edge polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. ELLIOTT
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
| | - C. KIRCHHELLE
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
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14
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The γ-tubulin complex protein GCP6 is crucial for spindle morphogenesis but not essential for microtubule reorganization in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:27115-27123. [PMID: 31818952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912240116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin typically forms a ring-shaped complex with 5 related γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCP2 to GCP6), and this γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) serves as a template for microtubule (MT) nucleation in plants and animals. While the γTuRC takes part in MT nucleation in most eukaryotes, in fungi such events take place robustly with just the γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC) assembled by γ-tubulin plus GCP2 and GCP3. To explore whether the γTuRC is the sole functional γ-tubulin complex in plants, we generated 2 mutants of the GCP6 gene encoding the largest subunit of the γTuRC in Arabidopsis thaliana Both mutants showed similar phenotypes of dwarfed vegetative growth and reduced fertility. The gcp6 mutant assembled the γTuSC, while the wild-type cells had GCP6 join other GCPs to produce the γTuRC. Although the gcp6 cells had greatly diminished γ-tubulin localization on spindle MTs, the protein was still detected there. The gcp6 cells formed spindles that lacked MT convergence and discernable poles; however, they managed to cope with the challenge of MT disorganization and were able to complete mitosis and cytokinesis. Our results reveal that the γTuRC is not the only functional form of the γ-tubulin complex for MT nucleation in plant cells, and that γ-tubulin-dependent, but γTuRC-independent, mechanisms meet the basal need of MT nucleation. Moreover, we show that the γTuRC function is more critical for the assembly of spindle MT array than for the phragmoplast. Thus, our findings provide insight into acentrosomal MT nucleation and organization.
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15
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Pradillo M, Evans D, Graumann K. The nuclear envelope in higher plant mitosis and meiosis. Nucleus 2019; 10:55-66. [PMID: 30879391 PMCID: PMC6527396 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2019.1587277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis and meiosis in higher plants involve significant reconfiguration of the nuclear envelope and the proteins that interact with it. The dynamic series of events involves a range of interactions, movement, breakdown, and reformation of this complex system. Recently, progress has been made in identifying and characterizing the protein and membrane interactome that performs these complex tasks, including constituents of the nuclear envelope, the cytoskeleton, nucleoskeleton, and chromatin. This review will present the current understanding of these interactions and advances in knowledge of the processes for the breakdown and reformation of the nuclear envelope during cell divisions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Evans
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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16
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Yang Y, Chen B, Dang X, Zhu L, Rao J, Ren H, Lin C, Qin Y, Lin D. Arabidopsis IPGA1 is a microtubule-associated protein essential for cell expansion during petal morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5231-5243. [PMID: 31198941 PMCID: PMC6793458 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not possess centrosomes that serve as microtubule organizing centers; how microtubule arrays are organized throughout plant morphogenesis remains poorly understood. We report here that Arabidopsis INCREASED PETAL GROWTH ANISOTROPY 1 (IPGA1), a previously uncharacterized microtubule-associated protein, regulates petal growth and shape by affecting cortical microtubule organization. Through a genetic screen, we showed that IPGA1 loss-of-function mutants displayed a phenotype of longer and narrower petals, as well as increased anisotropic cell expansion of the petal epidermis in the late phases of flower development. Map-based cloning studies revealed that IPGA1 encodes a previously uncharacterized protein that colocalizes with and directly binds to microtubules. IPGA1 plays a negative role in the organization of cortical microtubules into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation, with the ipga1-1 mutant displaying increased microtubule ordering in petal abaxial epidermal cells. The IPGA1 family is conserved among land plants and its homologs may have evolved to regulate microtubule organization. Taken together, our findings identify IPGA1 as a novel microtubule-associated protein and provide significant insights into IPGA1-mediated microtubule organization and petal growth anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binqinq Chen
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xie Dang
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lilan Zhu
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- College of Life Science, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Kirchhelle C, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Irani NG, Jérusalem A, Moore I. Two mechanisms regulate directional cell growth in Arabidopsis lateral roots. eLife 2019; 8:e47988. [PMID: 31355749 PMCID: PMC6748828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants depends critically on directional (anisotropic) growth. This occurs principally perpendicular to the net orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), which is in turn controlled by cortical microtubules (CMTs). In young lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, growth anisotropy also depends on RAB-A5c, a plant-specific small GTPase that specifies a membrane trafficking pathway to the geometric edges of cells. Here we investigate the functional relationship between structural anisotropy at faces and RAB-A5c activity at edges during lateral root development. We show that surprisingly, inhibition of RAB-A5c function is associated with increased CMT/CMF anisotropy. We present genetic, pharmacological, and modelling evidence that this increase in CMT/CMF anisotropy partially compensates for loss of an independent RAB-A5c-mediated mechanism that maintains anisotropic growth in meristematic cells. We show that RAB-A5c associates with CMTs at cell edges, indicating that CMTs act as an integration point for both mechanisms controlling cellular growth anisotropy in lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural AnalysisUniversity Carlos III of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Niloufer G Irani
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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18
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Tian J, Kong Z. The role of the augmin complex in establishing microtubule arrays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3035-3041. [PMID: 30882862 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation occurs on the lateral surface of pre-existing microtubules and provides a highly efficient means of amplifying their populations and reorganizing their architectures. The γ‑tubulin ring complex serves as the template to initiate nascent microtubule polymerization. Augmin, a hetero-octameric protein complex, acts as a recruiting factor to target the γ‑tubulin ring complex to pre-existing microtubules and trigger new microtubule growth. Although microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation has been extensively studied in both animal and plant cells, it remains unclear how the augmin complex assembles in plant cells, especially in cell-cycle-specific and cell-type-specific manners, and how its spatial structure orchestrates the nucleation geometry. In this review, we summarize the advances in knowledge of augmin-dependent microtubule nucleation and the regulation of its geometry, and highlight recent findings and emerging questions concerning the role of the augmin complex in establishing microtubule arrays and the cell-cycle-specific composition of augmin in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Lee YRJ, Liu B. Microtubule nucleation for the assembly of acentrosomal microtubule arrays in plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1705-1718. [PMID: 30681146 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary I. Introduction II. MT arrays in plant cells III. γ-Tubulin and MT nucleation IV. MT nucleation sites or flexible MTOCs in plant cells V. MT-dependent MT nucleation VI. Generating new MTs for spindle assembly VII. Generation of MTs for phragmoplast expansion during cytokinesis VIII. MT generation for the cortical MT array IX. MT nucleation: looking forward Acknowledgements References SUMMARY: Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) have a multitude of functions including intracellular distribution of molecules and organelles, cell morphogenesis, as well as segregation of the genetic material and separation of the cytoplasm during cell division among eukaryotic organisms. In response to internal and external cues, eukaryotic cells remodel their MT network in a regulated manner in order to assemble physiologically important arrays for cell growth, cell proliferation, or for cells to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. Nucleation of new MTs is a critical step for MT remodeling. Although many key factors contributing to MT nucleation and organization are well conserved in different kingdoms, the centrosome, representing the most prominent microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), disappeared during plant evolution as angiosperms lack the structure. Instead, flexible MTOCs may emerge on the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and even organelles depending on types of cells and organisms and/or physiological conditions. MT-dependent MT nucleation is particularly noticeable in plant cells because it accounts for the primary source of MT generation for assembling spindle, phragmoplast, and cortical arrays when the γ-tubulin ring complex is anchored and activated by the augmin complex. It is intriguing what proteins are associated with plant-specific MTOCs and how plant cells activate or inactivate MT nucleation activities in spatiotemporally regulated manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Ru Julie Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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20
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Erbasol Serbes I, Palovaara J, Groß-Hardt R. Development and function of the flowering plant female gametophyte. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 131:401-434. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Nakamura M, Lindeboom JJ, Saltini M, Mulder BM, Ehrhardt DW. SPR2 protects minus ends to promote severing and reorientation of plant cortical microtubule arrays. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:915-927. [PMID: 29339437 PMCID: PMC5839793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical microtubule arrays of higher plants are organized without centrosomes and feature treadmilling polymers that are dynamic at both ends. The control of polymer end stability is fundamental for the assembly and organization of cytoskeletal arrays, yet relatively little is understood about how microtubule minus ends are controlled in acentrosomal microtubule arrays, and no factors have been identified that act at the treadmilling minus ends in higher plants. Here, we identify Arabidopsis thaliana SPIRAL2 (SPR2) as a protein that tracks minus ends and protects them against subunit loss. SPR2 function is required to facilitate the rapid reorientation of plant cortical arrays as stimulated by light perception, a process that is driven by microtubule severing to create a new population of microtubules. Quantitative live-cell imaging and computer simulations reveal that minus protection by SPR2 acts by an unexpected mechanism to promote the lifetime of potential SPR2 severing sites, increasing the likelihood of severing and thus the rapid amplification of the new microtubule array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nakamura
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
| | - Jelmer J Lindeboom
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Bela M Mulder
- Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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22
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Abstract
Many plants show some form of helical growth, such as the circular searching movements of growing stems and other organs (circumnutation), tendril coiling, leaf and bud reversal (resupination), petal arrangement (contortion) and leaf blade twisting. Recent genetic findings have revealed that such helical growth may be associated with helical arrays of cortical microtubules and of overlying cellulose microfibrils. An alternative mechanism of coiling that is based on differential contraction within a bilayer has also recently been identified and underlies at least some of these growth patterns. Here, I provide an overview of the genes and cellular processes that underlie helical patterning. I also discuss the diversity of helical growth patterns in plants, highlighting their potential adaptive significance and comparing them with helical growth patterns in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Li YJ, Zhu SH, Zhang XY, Liu YC, Xue F, Zhao LJ, Sun J. Expression and functional analyses of a Kinesin gene GhKIS13A1 from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:50. [PMID: 28606082 PMCID: PMC5469014 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton fiber, a natural fiber widely used in the textile industry, is differentiated from single cell of ovule epidermis. A large number of genes are believed to be involved in fiber formation, but so far only a few fiber genes have been isolated and functionally characterized in this developmental process. The Kinesin13 subfamily was found to play key roles during cell division and cell elongation, and was considered to be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development. Results The full length of coding sequence of GhKIS13A1 was cloned using cDNA from cotton fiber for functional characterization. Expression pattern analysis showed that GhKIS13A1 maintained a lower expression level during cotton fiber development. Biochemical assay showed that GhKIS13A1 has microtubule binding activity and basal ATPase activity that can be activated significantly by the presence of microtubules. Overexpression of GhKIS13A1 in Arabidopsis reduced leaf trichomes and the percentage of three-branch trichomes, and increased two-branch and shriveled trichomes compared to wild-type. Additionally, the expression of GhKIS13A1 in the Arabidopsis Kinesin-13a-1 mutant rescued the defective trichome branching pattern of the mutant, making its overall trichome branching pattern back to normal. Conclusions Our results suggested that GhKIS13A1 is functionally compatible with AtKinesin-13A regarding their role in regulating the number and branching pattern of leaf trichomes. Given the developmental similarities between cotton fibers and Arabidopsis trichomes, it is speculated that GhKIS13A1 may also be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shou-Hong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong-Chang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fei Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lan-Jie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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24
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Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, which is perforated by the nuclear pores, the gateways of macromolecular exchange between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleoplasm is organized in a complex three-dimensional fashion that changes over time and in response to stimuli. Within the cell, the nucleus must be viewed as an organelle (albeit a gigantic one) that is a recipient of cytoplasmic forces and capable of morphological and positional dynamics. The most dramatic reorganization of this organelle occurs during mitosis and meiosis. Although many of these aspects are less well understood for the nuclei of plants than for those of animals or fungi, several recent discoveries have begun to place our understanding of plant nuclei firmly into this broader cell-biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom;
| | | | - David E Evans
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom;
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25
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McDowell GS, Lemire JM, Paré JF, Cammarata G, Lowery LA, Levin M. Conserved roles for cytoskeletal components in determining laterality. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:267-86. [PMID: 26928161 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00281h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consistently-biased left-right (LR) patterning is required for the proper placement of organs including the heart and viscera. The LR axis is especially fascinating as an example of multi-scale pattern formation, since here chiral events at the subcellular level are integrated and amplified into asymmetric transcriptional cascades and ultimately into the anatomical patterning of the entire body. In contrast to the other two body axes, there is considerable controversy about the earliest mechanisms of embryonic laterality. Many molecular components of asymmetry have not been widely tested among phyla with diverse bodyplans, and it is unknown whether parallel (redundant) pathways may exist that could reverse abnormal asymmetry states at specific checkpoints in development. To address conservation of the early steps of LR patterning, we used the Xenopus laevis (frog) embryo to functionally test a number of protein targets known to direct asymmetry in plants, fruit fly, and rodent. Using the same reagents that randomize asymmetry in Arabidopsis, Drosophila, and mouse embryos, we show that manipulation of the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton immediately post-fertilization, but not later, results in laterality defects in Xenopus embryos. Moreover, we observed organ-specific randomization effects and a striking dissociation of organ situs from effects on the expression of left side control genes, which parallel data from Drosophila and mouse. Remarkably, some early manipulations that disrupt laterality of transcriptional asymmetry determinants can be subsequently "rescued" by the embryo, resulting in normal organ situs. These data reveal the existence of novel corrective mechanisms, demonstrate that asymmetric expression of Nodal is not a definitive marker of laterality, and suggest the existence of amplification pathways that connect early cytoskeletal processes to control of organ situs bypassing Nodal. Counter to alternative models of symmetry breaking during neurulation (via ciliary structures absent in many phyla), our data suggest a widely-conserved role for the cytoskeleton in regulating left-right axis formation immediately after fertilization of the egg. The novel mechanisms that rescue organ situs, even after incorrect expression of genes previously considered to be left-side master regulators, suggest LR patterning as a new context in which to explore multi-scale redundancy and integration of patterning from the subcellular structure to the entire bodyplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S McDowell
- Biology Department, and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA. and Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Biology Department, and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA.
| | - Jean-Francois Paré
- Biology Department, and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA.
| | | | | | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA.
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26
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Lin TC, Neuner A, Flemming D, Liu P, Chinen T, Jäkle U, Arkowitz R, Schiebel E. MOZART1 and γ-tubulin complex receptors are both required to turn γ-TuSC into an active microtubule nucleation template. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:823-840. [PMID: 27920216 PMCID: PMC5166503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells use γ-tubulin complex to nucleate microtubules. The assembly of active microtubule nucleator is spatially and temporally regulated through the cell cycle. Lin et al. show that the protein Mzt1/MOZART1 and γ-tubulin complex receptors directly interact and act together to assemble the γ-tubulin small complex into an active microtubule nucleation template and that such interaction is conserved between Candida albicans and human cells. MOZART1/Mzt1 is required for the localization of γ-tubulin complexes to microtubule (MT)–organizing centers from yeast to human cells. Nevertheless, the molecular function of MOZART1/Mzt1 is largely unknown. Taking advantage of the minimal MT nucleation system of Candida albicans, we reconstituted the interactions of Mzt1, γ-tubulin small complex (γ-TuSC), and γ-tubulin complex receptors (γ-TuCRs) Spc72 and Spc110 in vitro. With affinity measurements, domain deletion, and swapping, we show that Spc110 and Mzt1 bind to distinct regions of the γ-TuSC. In contrast, both Mzt1 and γ-TuSC interact with the conserved CM1 motif of Spc110/Spc72. Spc110/Spc72 and Mzt1 constitute “oligomerization chaperones,” cooperatively promoting and directing γ-TuSC oligomerization into MT nucleation-competent rings. Consistent with the functions of Mzt1, human MOZART1 directly interacts with the CM1-containing region of the γ-TuCR CEP215. MOZART1 depletion in human cells destabilizes the large γ-tubulin ring complex and abolishes CEP215CM1-induced ectopic MT nucleation. Together, we reveal conserved functions of MOZART1/Mzt1 through interactions with γ-tubulin complex subunits and γ-TuCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Chen Lin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peng Liu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Jäkle
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Arkowitz
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Bailey ME, Sackett DL, Ross JL. Katanin Severing and Binding Microtubules Are Inhibited by Tubulin Carboxy Tails. Biophys J 2016; 109:2546-2561. [PMID: 26682813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics in cells are regulated by associated proteins that can be either stabilizers or destabilizers. A class of destabilizers that is important in a large number of cellular activities is the microtubule-severing enzymes, yet little is known about how they function. Katanin p60 was the first ATPase associated with microtubule severing. Here, we investigate the activity of katanin severing using a GFP-labeled human version. We quantify the effect of katanin concentration on katanin binding and severing activity. We find that free tubulin can inhibit severing activity by interfering with katanin binding to microtubules. The inhibition is mediated by the sequence of the tubulin and specifically depends on the carboxy-terminal tails. We directly investigate the inhibition effect of tubulin carboxy-terminal tails using peptide sequences of α-, β-, or detyrosinated α-tubulin tails that have been covalently linked to bovine serum albumin. Our results show that β-tubulin tails are the most effective at inhibiting severing, and that detyrosinated α-tubulin tails are the least effective. These results are distinct from those for other severing enzymes and suggest a scheme for regulation of katanin activity in cells dependent on free tubulin concentration and the modification state of the tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
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28
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Chi Z, Ambrose C. Microtubule encounter-based catastrophe in Arabidopsis cortical microtubule arrays. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 26774503 PMCID: PMC4715342 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortical microtubules (CMTs) that line the plasma membrane of interphase plant cells are extensively studied owing to their importance in forming cell walls, and their usefulness as a model system for the study of MT dynamic instability and acentrosomal MT organization. CMTs influence the orientation and structure of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall by cooperatively forming arrays of varied patterns from parallel to netted. These CMT patterns are controlled by the combined activities of MT dynamic instability and MT-MT interactions. However, it is an open question as to how CMT patterns may feedback to influence CMT dynamics and interactions. RESULTS To address this question, we investigated the effects of CMT array patterning on encounter-based CMT catastrophe, which occurs when one CMT grows into another and is unable to cross over. We hypothesized that the varied CMT angles present in disordered (mixed CMTs) arrays will create more opportunities for MT-MT interactions, and thus increase encounter-based catastrophe rates and distribution. Using live-cell imaging of Arabidopsis cotyledon and leaf epidermal cells, we found that roughly 87% of catastrophes occur via the encounter-based mechanism, with the remainder occurring without encounter (free). When comparing ordered (parallel) and disordered (mixed orientation) CMT arrays, we found that disordered configurations show higher proportions of encounter-based catastrophe relative to free. Similarly, disordered CMT arrays have more catastrophes in general than ordered arrays. Encounter-based catastrophes were associated with frequent and sustained periods of pause prior to depolymerization, and CMTs with tight anchoring to the plasma membrane were more prone to undergo encounter-based catastrophe than weakly-attached ones. This suggests that encounter-based catastrophe has a mechanical basis, wherein MTs form physical barriers to one another. Lastly, we show that the commonly used measure of catastrophe frequencies (Fcat) can also be influenced by CMT ordering and plasma membrane anchoring. CONCLUSIONS Our observations add a new layer of complexity to our current understanding of MT organization in plants, showing that not only do individual CMT dynamics influence CMT array organization, but that CMT organization itself has a strong effect on the behavior of individual MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Chi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
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29
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Abstract
Microtubules mediate important cellular processes by forming highly ordered arrays. Organization of these networks is achieved by nucleating and anchoring microtubules at centrosomes and other structures collectively known as microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs). However, the diverse microtubule configurations found in different cell types may not be generated and maintained by MTOCs alone. Work over the last few years has revealed a mechanism that has the capacity to generate cell-type-specific microtubule arrays independently of a specific organizer: nucleation of microtubules from the lateral surface of pre-existing microtubules. This type of nucleation requires cooperation between two different multi-subunit protein complexes, augmin and the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). Here we review recent molecular insight into microtubule-dependent nucleation and discuss the possibility that the augmin-γTuRC module, initially described in mitosis, may broadly contribute to microtubule organization also in non-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Takatani S, Otani K, Kanazawa M, Takahashi T, Motose H. Structure, function, and evolution of plant NIMA-related kinases: implication for phosphorylation-dependent microtubule regulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:875-91. [PMID: 26354760 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that control the spatiotemporal pattern of cell growth and division. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation involving both protein kinases and phosphatases. Never in mitosis A (NIMA)-related kinases (NEKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate microtubule-related mitotic events in fungi and animal cells (e.g. centrosome separation and spindle formation). Although plants contain multiple members of the NEK family, their functions remain elusive. Recent studies revealed that NEK6 of Arabidopsis thaliana regulates cell expansion and morphogenesis through β-tubulin phosphorylation and microtubule destabilization. In addition, plant NEK members participate in organ development and stress responses. The present phylogenetic analysis indicates that plant NEK genes are diverged from a single NEK6-like gene, which may share a common ancestor with other kinases involved in the control of microtubule organization. On the contrary, another mitotic kinase, polo-like kinase, might have been lost during the evolution of land plants. We propose that plant NEK members have acquired novel functions to regulate cell growth, microtubule organization, and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takatani
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kento Otani
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mai Kanazawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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31
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Tian J, Han L, Feng Z, Wang G, Liu W, Ma Y, Yu Y, Kong Z. Orchestration of microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in trichome cell shape determination by a plant-unique kinesin. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26287478 PMCID: PMC4574192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) function cooperatively to regulate plant cell morphogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems, particularly in cell shape control, remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that introduction of the MyTH4-FERM tandem into KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein) during evolution conferred novel functions. The MyTH4 domain and the FERM domain in the N-terminal tail of KCBP physically bind to MTs and F-actin, respectively. During trichome morphogenesis, KCBP distributes in a specific cortical gradient and concentrates at the branching sites and the apexes of elongating branches, which lack MTs but have cortical F-actin. Further, live-cell imaging and genetic analyses revealed that KCBP acts as a hub integrating MTs and actin filaments to assemble the required cytoskeletal configuration for the unique, polarized diffuse growth pattern during trichome cell morphogenesis. Our findings provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal regulation of cell shape determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Nakamura M. Microtubule nucleating and severing enzymes for modifying microtubule array organization and cell morphogenesis in response to environmental cues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1022-7. [PMID: 25729799 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays has been postulated to be of importance for modifying cell growth to adapt to environmental conditions. However, the process of microtubule reorientation is largely unknown. Recent genetic and live cell imaging studies of microtubule dynamics shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of microtubule molecular nucleation and severing apparatuses, which are required for array reorientation in response to blue light signaling. Branching nucleation from γ-tubulin complexes creates a small population of discordant microtubules that are acted on by KATANIN-mediated severing in two ways. KATANIN releases microtubules from nucleation sites and rapidly amplifies discordant microtubules by severing at microtubule crossovers. In this review, I focus on the molecular details of these two enzymes, which enable microtubule array transition.
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33
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Oda Y. Cortical microtubule rearrangements and cell wall patterning. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 25904930 PMCID: PMC4389349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cortical microtubules, which form a highly ordered array beneath the plasma membrane, play essential roles in determining cell shape and function by directing the arrangement of cellulosic and non-cellulosic compounds on the cell surface. Interphase transverse arrays of cortical microtubules self-organize through their dynamic instability and inter-microtubule interactions, and by branch-form microtubule nucleation and severing. Recent studies revealed that distinct spatial signals including ROP GTPase, cellular geometry, and mechanical stress regulate the behavior of cortical microtubules at the subcellular and supercellular levels, giving rise to dramatic rearrangements in the cortical microtubule array in response to internal and external cues. Increasing evidence indicates that negative regulators of microtubules also contribute to the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array. In this review, I summarize recent insights into how the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array leads to proper, flexible cell wall patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihisa Oda, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8540, Japan
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34
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Nakaoka Y, Kimura A, Tani T, Goshima G. Cytoplasmic nucleation and atypical branching nucleation generate endoplasmic microtubules in Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:228-42. [PMID: 25616870 PMCID: PMC4330588 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying microtubule (MT) generation in plants has been primarily studied using the cortical MT array, in which fixed-angled branching nucleation and katanin-dependent MT severing predominate. However, little is known about MT generation in the endoplasm. Here, we explored the mechanism of endoplasmic MT generation in protonemal cells of Physcomitrella patens. We developed an assay that utilizes flow cell and oblique illumination fluorescence microscopy, which allowed visualization and quantification of individual MT dynamics. MT severing was infrequently observed, and disruption of katanin did not severely affect MT generation. Branching nucleation was observed, but it showed markedly variable branch angles and was occasionally accompanied by the transport of nucleated MTs. Cytoplasmic nucleation at seemingly random locations was most frequently observed and predominated when depolymerized MTs were regrown. The MT nucleator γ-tubulin was detected at the majority of the nucleation sites, at which a single MT was generated in random directions. When γ-tubulin was knocked down, MT generation was significantly delayed in the regrowth assay. However, nucleation occurred at a normal frequency in steady state, suggesting the presence of a γ-tubulin-independent backup mechanism. Thus, endoplasmic MTs in this cell type are generated in a less ordered manner, showing a broader spectrum of nucleation mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakaoka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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35
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Li S, Sun T, Ren H. The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:282. [PMID: 25964792 PMCID: PMC4410512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, microtubule (MT)-based, and actin filament (AF)-based structures play important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Besides the mitotic spindle, the evolution of a band comprising cortical MTs and AFs, namely, the preprophase band (PPB), is evident in plant cells. This band forecasts a specific division plane before the initiation of mitosis. During cytokinesis, another plant-specific cytoskeletal structure called the phragmoplast guides vesicles in the creation of a new cell wall. In addition, a number of cytoskeleton-associated proteins are reportedly involved in the formation and function of the PPB, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that mediate the cytoskeletal arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells and discusses the interaction between MTs and AFs involved in mitosis and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyun Ren
- *Correspondence: Haiyun Ren, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, No.19, XinJieKouWai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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36
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Atkinson S, Kirik A, Kirik V. Microtubule array reorientation in response to hormones does not involve changes in microtubule nucleation modes at the periclinal cell surface. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5867-75. [PMID: 25135522 PMCID: PMC4203123 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aligned microtubule arrays spatially organize cell division, trafficking, and determine the direction of cell expansion in plant cells. In response to changes in environmental and developmental signals, cells reorganize their microtubule arrays into new configurations. Here, we tested the role of microtubule nucleation during hormone-induced microtubule array reorientation. We have found that in the process of microtubule array reorientation the ratios between branching, parallel, and de-novo nucleations remained constant, suggesting that the microtubule reorientation mechanism does not involve changes in nucleation modes. In the ton2/fass mutant, which has reduced microtubule branching nucleation frequency and decreased nucleation activity of the γ-tubulin complexes, microtubule arrays were able to reorient. Presented data suggest that reorientation of microtubules into transverse arrays in response to hormones does not involve changes in microtubule nucleation at the periclinal cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Atkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Angela Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
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37
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Walia A, Nakamura M, Moss D, Kirik V, Hashimoto T, Ehrhardt DW. GCP-WD mediates γ-TuRC recruitment and the geometry of microtubule nucleation in interphase arrays of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2548-55. [PMID: 25438942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many differentiated animal cells, and all higher plant cells, build interphase microtubule arrays of specific architectures without benefit of a central organizer, such as a centrosome, to control the location and geometry of microtubule nucleation. These acentrosomal arrays support essential cell functions such as morphogenesis, but the mechanisms by which the new microtubules are positioned and oriented are poorly understood. In higher plants, nucleation of microtubules arises from distributed γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) at the cell cortex that are associated primarily with existing microtubules and from which new microtubules are nucleated in a geometrically bimodal fashion, either in parallel to the mother microtubule or as a branching event at a mean angle of approximately 40° to the mother microtubule. By imaging the dynamics of individual nucleation events in Arabidopsis, we found that a conserved peripheral protein of the γ-TuRC, GCP-WD/NEDD1, associated with motile γ-TuRCs and localized to nucleation events. Knockdown of this essential protein resulted in reduction of γ-TuRC recruitment to cortical microtubules and total nucleation frequency, showing that GCP-WD controls γ-TuRC positioning and function in these interphase arrays. Further, we discovered an unexpected role for GCP-WD in determining the geometry of microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation, where it acts to increase the likelihood of branching over parallel nucleation. Cells with normally complex patterns of cortical array organization constructed simpler arrays with cell-wide ordering, suggesting that control of nucleation frequency, positioning, and geometry by GCP-WD allows plant cells to build alternative cortical array architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Walia
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dorianne Moss
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61710, USA
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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38
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Wan L, Wang X, Li S, Hu J, Huang W, Zhu Y. Overexpression of OsKTN80a, a katanin P80 ortholog, caused the repressed cell elongation and stalled cell division mediated by microtubule apparatus defects in primary root in Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:622-34. [PMID: 24450597 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Katanin, a microtubule-severing enzyme, consists of two subunits: the catalytic subunit P60, and the regulatory subunit P80. In several species, P80 functions in meiotic spindle organization, the flagella biogenesis, the neuronal development, and the male gamete production. However, the P80 function in higher plants remains elusive. In this study, we found that there are three katanin P80 orthologs (OsKTN80a, OsKTN80b, and OsKTN80c) in Oryza sativa L. Overexpression of OsKTN80a caused the retarded root growth of rice seedlings. Further investigation indicates that the retained root growth was caused by the repressed cell elongation in the elongation zone and the stalled cytokinesis in the division zone in the root tip. The in vivo examination suggests that OsKTN80a acts as a microtubule stabilizer. We prove that OsKTN80a, possibly associated with OsKTN60, is involved in root growth via regulating the cell elongation and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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39
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Roy R, Bassham DC. Root growth movements: waving and skewing. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 221-222:42-7. [PMID: 24656334 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots anchor a plant in the soil, acquire nutrition and respond to environmental cues. Roots perform these functions using intricate movements and a variety of pathways have been implicated in mediating their growth patterns. These include endogenous genetic factors, perception of multiple environmental stimuli, signaling pathways interacting with hormonal dynamics and cellular processes of rapid cell elongation. In this review we attempt to consolidate our understanding of two specific types of root movements, waving and skewing, that arise on the surface of growth media, and how they are regulated by various genes and factors. These include crucial factors that are part of a complex nexus of processes including polar auxin transport and cytoskeletal dynamics. This knowledge can be extrapolated in the future for engineering plants with root architecture better suited for different soil and growth conditions such as abiotic stresses or even extended spaceflight. Technological innovations and interdisciplinary approaches promise to allow the tracking of root movements on a much finer scale, thus helping to expedite the discovery of more nodes in the regulation of root waving and skewing and movement in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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40
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Komis G, Mistrik M, Šamajová O, Doskočilová A, Ovečka M, Illés P, Bartek J, Šamaj J. Dynamics and organization of cortical microtubules as revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:129-48. [PMID: 24686112 PMCID: PMC4012574 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ acentrosomal mechanisms to organize cortical microtubule arrays essential for cell growth and differentiation. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) adopted for the optimal documentation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyl epidermal cells, dynamic cortical microtubules labeled with green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule-binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-associated protein MAP4 and with green fluorescent protein-fused to the alpha tubulin6 were comparatively recorded in wild-type Arabidopsis plants and in the mitogen-activated protein kinase mutant mpk4 possessing the former microtubule marker. The mpk4 mutant exhibits extensive microtubule bundling, due to increased abundance and reduced phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein MAP65-1, thus providing a very useful genetic tool to record intrabundle microtubule dynamics at the subdiffraction level. SIM imaging revealed nano-sized defects in microtubule bundling, spatially resolved microtubule branching and release, and finally allowed the quantification of individual microtubules within cortical bundles. Time-lapse SIM imaging allowed the visualization of subdiffraction, short-lived excursions of the microtubule plus end, and dynamic instability behavior of both ends during free, intrabundle, or microtubule-templated microtubule growth and shrinkage. Finally, short, rigid, and nondynamic microtubule bundles in the mpk4 mutant were observed to glide along the parent microtubule in a tip-wise manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of SIM for superresolution time-lapse imaging of plant cells, showing unprecedented details accompanying microtubule dynamic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Peter Illés
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
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Li S, Bashline L, Lei L, Gu Y. Cellulose synthesis and its regulation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0169. [PMID: 24465174 PMCID: PMC3894906 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer synthesized on land, is made of linear chains of ß (1-4) linked D-glucose. As a major structural component of the cell wall, cellulose is important not only for industrial use but also for plant growth and development. Cellulose microfibrils are tethered by other cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized rosette cellulose synthase complexes. Despite the recent advances using a combination of molecular genetics, live cell imaging, and spectroscopic tools, many aspects of the cellulose synthesis remain a mystery. In this chapter, we highlight recent research progress towards understanding the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Address correspondence to
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Struk S, Dhonukshe P. MAPs: cellular navigators for microtubule array orientations in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1-21. [PMID: 23903948 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are subcellular nanotubes composed of α- and β-tubulin that arise from microtubule nucleation sites, mainly composed of γ-tubulin complexes [corrected]. Cell wall encased plant cells have evolved four distinct microtubule arrays that regulate cell division and expansion. Microtubule-associated proteins, the so called MAPs, construct, destruct and reorganize microtubule arrays thus regulating their spatiotemporal transitions during the cell cycle. By physically binding to microtubules and/or modulating their functions, MAPs control microtubule dynamic instability and/or interfilament cross talk. We survey the recent analyses of Arabidopsis MAPs such as MAP65, MOR1, CLASP, katanin, TON1, FASS, TRM, TAN1 and kinesins in terms of their effects on microtubule array organizations and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hashimoto T. A ring for all: γ-tubulin-containing nucleation complexes in acentrosomal plant microtubule arrays. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:698-703. [PMID: 24075308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of dynamic polar microtubules from 13 protofilaments consisting of α-tubulin and β-tubulin heterodimers requires a preformed nucleation seed that specifies subcellular localization and timing of microtubule polymerization in vivo. An evolutionarily conserved γ-tubulin-containing ring complex is recruited to the lateral wall of preexisting microtubules or outer nuclear membranes in plant cells, and is then activated as a template for new microtubules of defined geometry. Specific regulators are thought to target/activate the ring complex to nucleate nascent microtubules in distinct polymerization patterns, as seen in interphase and mitotic arrays. The augmin complex, which was initially identified in metazoan cells, recruits the ring complex to plant mitotic microtubules, where new polymers are abundantly generated at shallow angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Japan.
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45
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Shaw SL. Reorganization of the plant cortical microtubule array. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:693-7. [PMID: 24446545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interphase microtubule arrays in flowering plant cells assemble at the cell cortex into patterns that affect cellular morphogenesis. A decade of live cell imaging studies has provided significant information about the in vivo properties of the microtubule polymers. Efforts to extrapolate individual properties to larger roles in organizing or patterning the microtubule array have produced models focused on self-organization and local levels of biological control. Recent studies looking at cortical microtubule arrays as they transition from an existing pattern to a new pattern have re-emerged as a testbed for examining these models and the molecular hypotheses underpinning them. The evidence suggests that microtubule patterning is locally controlled on the scale of a cell face, using or circumventing self-organizating properties as necessary.
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46
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Vandenberg LN, Lemire JM, Levin M. It's never too early to get it Right: A conserved role for the cytoskeleton in left-right asymmetry. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e27155. [PMID: 24505508 PMCID: PMC3912007 DOI: 10.4161/cib.27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, scientists and physicians have been captivated by the consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain. A recent study implicated tubulin proteins in establishing laterality in several experimental models, including asymmetric chemosensory receptor expression in C. elegans neurons, polarization of HL-60 human neutrophil-like cells in culture, and asymmetric organ placement in Xenopus. The same mutations that randomized asymmetry in these diverse systems also affect chirality in Arabidopsis, revealing a remarkable conservation of symmetry-breaking mechanisms among kingdoms. In Xenopus, tubulin mutants only affected LR patterning very early, suggesting that this axis is established shortly after fertilization. This addendum summarizes and extends the knowledge of the cytoskeleton's role in the patterning of the LR axis. Results from many species suggest a conserved role for the cytoskeleton as the initiator of asymmetry, and indicate that symmetry is first broken during early embryogenesis by an intracellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Biology Department; Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology; Tufts University; Medford, MA USA ; Current affiliation: Department of Public Health; Division of Environmental Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Amherst, MA USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Biology Department; Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology; Tufts University; Medford, MA USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department; Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology; Tufts University; Medford, MA USA
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Lindeboom JJ, Nakamura M, Hibbel A, Shundyak K, Gutierrez R, Ketelaar T, Emons AMC, Mulder BM, Kirik V, Ehrhardt DW. A Mechanism for Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays Driven by Microtubule Severing. Science 2013; 342:1245533. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1245533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Masoud K, Herzog E, Chabouté ME, Schmit AC. Microtubule nucleation and establishment of the mitotic spindle in vascular plant cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:245-257. [PMID: 23521421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The microtubular cytoskeleton plays a major role in cellular organization and proliferation. The first step in construction of a microtubule is microtubule nucleation. Individual microtubules then participate in organization of more complex microtubule arrays. A strong body of evidence suggests that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve protein complexes that are conserved among eukaryotes. However, plant cell specificities, mainly characterized by the presence of a cell wall and the absence of centrosomes, must be taken into account to understand their mitotic processes. The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in plant spindle assembly during early mitotic events. The functions of the proteins currently characterized at microtubule nucleation sites and involved in spindle assembly are considered during cell-cycle progression from G2 phase to metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Masoud
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire Propre du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR 2357) Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Breviario D, Gianì S, Morello L. Multiple tubulins: evolutionary aspects and biological implications. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:202-18. [PMID: 23662651 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant tubulin is a dimeric protein that contributes to formation of microtubules, major intracellular structures that are involved in the control of fundamental processes such as cell division, polarity of growth, cell-wall deposition, intracellular trafficking and communications. Because it is a structural protein whose function is confined to the role of microtubule formation, tubulin may be perceived as an uninteresting gene product, but such a perception is incorrect. In fact, tubulin represents a key molecule for studying fundamental biological issues such as (i) microtubule evolution (also with reference to prokaryotic precursors and the formation of cytomotive filaments), (ii) protein structure with reference to the various biochemical features of members of the FstZ/tubulin superfamily, (iii) isoform variations contributed by the existence of multi-gene families and various kinds of post-translational modifications, (iv) anti-mitotic drug interactions and mode of action, (v) plant and cell symmetry, as determined using a series of tubulin mutants, (vi) multiple and sophisticated mechanisms of gene regulation, and (vii) intron molecular evolution. In this review, we present and discuss many of these issues, and offer an updated interpretation of the multi-tubulin hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Breviario
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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50
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Fishel EA, Dixit R. Role of nucleation in cortical microtubule array organization: variations on a theme. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:270-7. [PMID: 23464654 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The interphase cortical microtubules (CMTs) of plant cells form strikingly ordered arrays in the absence of a dedicated microtubule-organizing center. Considerable research effort has focused on activities such as bundling and severing that occur after CMT nucleation and are thought to be important for generating and maintaining ordered arrays. In this review, we focus on how nucleation affects CMT array organization. The bulk of CMTs are initiated from γ-tubulin-containing nucleation complexes localized to the lateral walls of pre-existing CMTs. These CMTs grow either at an acute angle or parallel to the pre-existing CMT. Although the impact of microtubule-dependent nucleation is not fully understood, recent genetic, live-cell imaging and computer simulation studies have demonstrated that the location, timing and geometry of CMT nucleation have a considerable impact on the organization and orientation of the CMT array. These nucleation properties are defined by the composition, position and dynamics of γ-tubulin-containing nucleation complexes, which represent control points for the cell to regulate CMT array organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Fishel
- Biology Department, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, CB 1137, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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