1
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Wu Y, Riehle A, Pollmeier B, Kadow S, Schumacher F, Drab M, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Caveolin-1 affects early mycobacterial infection and apoptosis in macrophages and mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102493. [PMID: 38547568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the deadliest infections in humans. Because Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) share genetic similarities with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is often used as a model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of more severe tuberculosis infection. Caveolin-1 has been implied in many physiological processes and diseases, but it's role in mycobacterial infections has barely been studied. We isolated macrophages from Wildtype or Caveolin-1 deficient mice and analyzed hallmarks of infection, such as internalization, induction of autophagy and apoptosis. For in vivo assays we intravenously injected mice with BCG and investigated tissues for bacterial load with colony-forming unit assays, bioactive lipids with mass spectrometry and changes of protein expressions by Western blotting. Our results revealed that Caveolin-1 was important for early killing of BCG infection in vivo and in vitro, controlled acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-dependent ceramide formation, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines upon infection with BCG. In accordance, Caveolin-1 deficient mice and macrophages showed higher bacterial burdens in the livers. The findings indicate that Caveolin-1 plays a role in infection of mice and murine macrophages with BCG, by controlling cellular apoptosis and inflammatory host response. These clues might be useful in the fight against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Riehle
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Pollmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Marek Drab
- Unit of Nanostructural Biointeractions, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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2
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Scrima S, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Fadda E, Papaleo E. ASM variants in the spotlight: A structure-based atlas for unraveling pathogenic mechanisms in lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167260. [PMID: 38782304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a critical enzyme in lipid metabolism encoded by the SMPD1 gene, plays a crucial role in sphingomyelin hydrolysis in lysosomes. ASM deficiency leads to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, a rare genetic disorder with diverse clinical manifestations, and the protein can be found mutated in other diseases. We employed a structure-based framework to comprehensively understand the functional implications of ASM variants, integrating pathogenicity predictions with molecular insights derived from a molecular dynamics simulation in a lysosomal membrane environment. Our analysis, encompassing over 400 variants, establishes a structural atlas of missense variants of lysosomal ASM, associating mechanistic indicators with pathogenic potential. Our study highlights variants that influence structural stability or exert local and long-range effects at functional sites. To validate our predictions, we compared them to available experimental data on residual catalytic activity in 135 ASM variants. Notably, our findings also suggest applications of the resulting data for identifying cases suited for enzyme replacement therapy. This comprehensive approach enhances the understanding of ASM variants and provides valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scrima
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa Fadda
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Alkafaas SS, Abdallah AM, Hassan MH, Hussien AM, Elkafas SS, Loutfy SA, Mikhail A, Murad OG, Elsalahaty MI, Hessien M, Elshazli RM, Alsaeed FA, Ahmed AE, Kamal HK, Hafez W, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Ghosh S. Molecular docking as a tool for the discovery of novel insight about the role of acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors in SARS- CoV-2 infectivity. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:395. [PMID: 38321448 PMCID: PMC10848368 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, caused > 6 million deaths. Symptoms included respiratory strain and complications, leading to severe pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the ACE-2 receptor of the host cell membrane to enter. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 entry may effectively inhibit infection. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) is a lysosomal protein that catalyzes the conversion of sphingolipid (sphingomyelin) to ceramide. Ceramide molecules aggregate/assemble on the plasma membrane to form "platforms" that facilitate the viral intake into the cell. Impairing the ASMase activity will eventually disrupt viral entry into the cell. In this review, we identified the metabolism of sphingolipids, sphingolipids' role in cell signal transduction cascades, and viral infection mechanisms. Also, we outlined ASMase structure and underlying mechanisms inhibiting viral entry 40 with the aid of inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs). In silico molecular docking analyses of FIASMAs with inhibitors revealed that dilazep (S = - 12.58 kcal/mol), emetine (S = - 11.65 kcal/mol), pimozide (S = - 11.29 kcal/mol), carvedilol (S = - 11.28 kcal/mol), mebeverine (S = - 11.14 kcal/mol), cepharanthine (S = - 11.06 kcal/mol), hydroxyzin (S = - 10.96 kcal/mol), astemizole (S = - 10.81 kcal/mol), sertindole (S = - 10.55 kcal/mol), and bepridil (S = - 10.47 kcal/mol) have higher inhibition activity than the candidate drug amiodarone (S = - 10.43 kcal/mol), making them better options for inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- Narcotic Research Department, National Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR), Giza, 11561, Egypt
| | - Mai H Hassan
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Aya Misbah Hussien
- Biotechnology department at Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
- Faculty of Control System and Robotics, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Nanotechnology Research Center, British University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abanoub Mikhail
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Faculty of Physics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Omnia G Murad
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Elsalahaty
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Fatimah A Alsaeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Muhayl, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani K Kamal
- Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Hafez
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16Th Street, 35233, Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The National Research Centre, 12622, 33 El Buhouth St, Ad Doqi, Dokki, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- Natural & Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
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4
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:39-64. [PMID: 38888769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process, named phagocytosis, for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this, he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate immune response. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In this chapter, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis performed mainly by professional phagocytes through antibody and complement receptors and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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5
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Pan Y, Ikoma K, Matsui R, Nakayama A, Takemura N, Saitoh T. Dasatinib suppresses particulate-induced pyroptosis and acute lung inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1250383. [PMID: 37705538 PMCID: PMC10495768 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1250383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Humans are constantly exposed to various industrial, environmental, and endogenous particulates that result in inflammatory diseases. After being engulfed by immune cells, viz. Macrophages, such particulates lead to phagolysosomal dysfunction, eventually inducing pyroptosis, a form of cell death accompanied by the release of inflammatory mediators, including members of the interleukin (IL)-1 family. Phagolysosomal dysfunction results in the activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an immune complex that induces pyroptosis upon exposure to various external stimuli. However, several particulates induce pyroptosis even if the NLRP3 inflammasome is inhibited; this indicates that such inhibition is not always effective in treating diseases induced by particulates. Therefore, discovery of drugs suppressing particulate-induced NLRP3-independent pyroptosis is warranted. Methods: We screened compounds that inhibit silica particle (SP)-induced cell death and release of IL-1α using RAW264.7 cells, which are incapable of NLRP3 inflammasome formation. The candidates were tested for their ability to suppress particulate-induced pyroptosis and phagolysosomal dysfunction using mouse primary macrophages and alleviate SP-induced NLRP3-independent lung inflammation. Results: Several Src family kinase inhibitors, including dasatinib, effectively suppressed SP-induced cell death and IL-1α release. Furthermore, dasatinib suppressed pyroptosis induced by other particulates but did not suppress that induced by non-particulates, such as adenosine triphosphate. Dasatinib reduced SP-induced phagolysosomal dysfunction without affecting phagocytosis of SPs. Moreover, dasatinib treatment strongly suppressed the increase in IL-1α levels and neutrophil counts in the lungs after intratracheal SP administration. Conclusion: Dasatinib suppresses particulate-induced pyroptosis and can be used to treat relevant inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Pan
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Ikoma
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Risa Matsui
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Takemura
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Tran ML, Tüshaus J, Kim Y, Ramazanov BR, Devireddy S, Lichtenthaler SF, Ferguson SM, von Blume J. Cab45 deficiency leads to the mistargeting of progranulin and prosaposin and aberrant lysosomal positioning. Traffic 2023; 24:4-19. [PMID: 36398980 PMCID: PMC9825660 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi Network (TGN) sorts molecular "addresses" and sends newly synthesized proteins to their destination via vesicular transport carriers. Despite the functional significance of packaging processes at the TGN, the sorting of soluble proteins remains poorly understood. Recent research has shown that the Golgi resident protein Cab45 is a significant regulator of secretory cargo sorting at the TGN. Cab45 oligomerizes upon transient Ca2+ influx, recruits soluble cargo molecules (clients), and packs them in sphingomyelin-rich transport carriers. However, the identity of client molecules packed into Cab45 vesicles is scarce. Therefore, we used a precise and highly efficient secretome analysis technology called hiSPECs. Intriguingly, we observed that Cab45 deficient cells manifest hypersecretion of lysosomal hydrolases. Specifically, Cab45 deficient cells secrete the unprocessed precursors of prosaposin (PSAP) and progranulin (PGRN). In addition, lysosomes in these cells show an aberrant perinuclear accumulation suggesting a new role of Cab45 in lysosomal positioning. This work uncovers a yet unknown function of Cab45 in regulating lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ly Tran
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675
| | - Yeongho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bulat R. Ramazanov
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Swathi Devireddy
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia von Blume
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Romero-Molina C, Garretti F, Andrews SJ, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial efferocytosis: Diving into the Alzheimer's disease gene pool. Neuron 2022; 110:3513-3533. [PMID: 36327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics studies have linked specific cell types, genes, and pathways to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In particular, AD risk alleles primarily affect the abundance or structure, and thus the activity, of genes expressed in macrophages, strongly implicating microglia (the brain-resident macrophages) in the etiology of AD. These genes converge on pathways (endocytosis/phagocytosis, cholesterol metabolism, and immune response) with critical roles in core macrophage functions such as efferocytosis. Here, we review these pathways, highlighting relevant genes identified in the latest AD genetics and genomics studies, and describe how they may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Investigating the functional impact of AD-associated variants and genes in microglia is essential for elucidating disease risk mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Majumder P, Edmison D, Rodger C, Patel S, Reid E, Gowrishankar S. AP-4 regulates neuronal lysosome composition, function, and transport via regulating export of critical lysosome receptor proteins at the trans-Golgi network. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar102. [PMID: 35976706 PMCID: PMC9635302 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein complex-4 or AP-4 is known to mediate autophagosome maturation through regulating sorting of transmembrane cargo such as ATG9A at the Golgi. There is a need to understand AP-4 function in neurons, as mutations in any of its four subunits cause a complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) with intellectual disability. While AP-4 has been implicated in regulating trafficking and distribution of cargo such as ATG9A and APP, little is known about its effect on neuronal lysosomal protein traffic, lysosome biogenesis and function. In this study, we demonstrate that in human iPSC-derived neurons AP-4 regulates lysosome composition, function and transport via regulating export of critical lysosomal receptors, including Sortilin 1, from the trans-Golgi network to endo-lysosomes. Additionally, loss of AP-4 causes endo-lysosomes to stall and build up in axonal swellings potentially through reduced recruitment of retrograde transport machinery to the organelle. These findings of axonal lysosome build-up are highly reminiscent of those observed in Alzheimer's disease as well as in neurons modelling the most common form of HSP, caused by spastin mutations. Our findings implicate AP-4 as a critical regulator of neuronal lysosome biogenesis and altered lysosome function and axonal endo-lysosome transport as an underlying defect in AP-4 deficient HSP. Additionally, our results also demonstrate the utility of the human i3Neuronal model system in investigating neuronal phenotypes observed in AP-4 deficient mice and/or the human AP-4 deficiency syndrome. [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Majumder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daisy Edmison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Rodger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Sruchi Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evan Reid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Jiang J, Yang C, Ai JQ, Zhang QL, Cai XL, Tu T, Wan L, Wang XS, Wang H, Pan A, Manavis J, Gai WP, Che C, Tu E, Wang XP, Li ZY, Yan XX. Intraneuronal sortilin aggregation relative to granulovacuolar degeneration, tau pathogenesis and sorfra plaque formation in human hippocampal formation. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:926904. [PMID: 35978952 PMCID: PMC9376392 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.926904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and intraneuronal phosphorylated-tau (pTau) accumulation are the hallmark lesions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, “sorfra” plaques, named for the extracellular deposition of sortilin c-terminal fragments, are reported as a new AD-related proteopathy, which develop in the human cerebrum resembling the spatiotemporal trajectory of tauopathy. Here, we identified intraneuronal sortilin aggregation as a change related to the development of granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD), tauopathy, and sorfra plaques in the human hippocampal formation. Intraneuronal sortilin aggregation occurred as cytoplasmic inclusions among the pyramidal neurons, co-labeled by antibodies to the extracellular domain and intracellular C-terminal of sortilin. They existed infrequently in the brains of adults, while their density as quantified in the subiculum/CA1 areas increased in the brains from elderly lacking Aβ/pTau, with pTau (i.e., primary age-related tauopathy, PART cases), and with Aβ/pTau (probably/definitive AD, pAD/AD cases) pathologies. In PART and pAD/AD cases, the intraneuronal sortilin aggregates colocalized partially with various GVD markers including casein kinase 1 delta (Ck1δ) and charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B). Single-cell densitometry established an inverse correlation between sortilin immunoreactivity and that of Ck1δ, CHMP2B, p62, and pTau among pyramidal neurons. In pAD/AD cases, the sortilin aggregates were reduced in density as moving from the subiculum to CA subregions, wherein sorfra plaques became fewer and absent. Taken together, we consider intraneuronal sortilin aggregation an aging/stress-related change implicating protein sorting deficit, which can activate protein clearance responses including via enhanced phosphorylation and hydrolysis, thereby promoting GVD, sorfra, and Tau pathogenesis, and ultimately, neuronal destruction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Qi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wei-Ping Gai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Che
- GeneScience Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Changchun High-Tech Dev. Zone, Changchun, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Yan Li,
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
- Xiao-Xin Yan,
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11
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Sortilin deletion in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in mice via regulating ASM/ceramide signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1940-1954. [PMID: 34931016 PMCID: PMC9343424 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent mood despondency and loss of motivation. Although numerous hypotheses have been proposed, the possible pathogenesis of MDD remains unclear. Several recent studies show that a classic transporter protein, sortilin, is closely associated with depression. In the present study, we investigated the role of sortilin in MDD using a well-established rodent model of depression. Mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. We showed that the expression levels of sortilin were significantly increased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of CUMS mice. The depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS were alleviated by specific knockdown of sortilin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We revealed that sortilin facilitated acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/ceramide signaling, which activated RhoA/ROCK2 signaling, ultimately causing the transformation of dendritic spine dynamics. Specific overexpression of sortilin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus induced depressive-like behaviors, which was mitigated by injection of ASM inhibitor SR33557 (4 µg/μL) into the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, sortilin knockdown in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus plays an important role in ameliorating depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS, which is mainly evidenced by decreasing the trafficking of ASM from the trans-Golgi network to the lysosome and reducing the ceramide levels. Our results provide a new insight into the pathology of depression, and demonstrate that sortilin may be a potential therapeutic target for MDD.
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12
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Lysosomal functions and dysfunctions: Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Gaucher disease and its association with Parkinson disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. Acid Sphingomyelinase, a Lysosomal and Secretory Phospholipase C, Is Key for Cellular Phospholipid Catabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9001. [PMID: 34445706 PMCID: PMC8396676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the main features of human acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), its biosynthesis, processing and intracellular trafficking, its structure, its broad substrate specificity, and the proposed mode of action at the surface of the phospholipid substrate carrying intraendolysosomal luminal vesicles. In addition, we discuss the complex regulation of its phospholipid cleaving activity by membrane lipids and lipid-binding proteins. The majority of the literature implies that ASM hydrolyses solely sphingomyelin to generate ceramide and ignores its ability to degrade further substrates. Indeed, more than twenty different phospholipids are cleaved by ASM in vitro, including some minor but functionally important phospholipids such as the growth factor ceramide-1-phosphate and the unique lysosomal lysolipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. The inherited ASM deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease type A and B, impairs mainly, but not only, cellular sphingomyelin catabolism, causing a progressive sphingomyelin accumulation, which furthermore triggers a secondary accumulation of lipids (cholesterol, glucosylceramide, GM2) by inhibiting their turnover in late endosomes and lysosomes. However, ASM appears to be involved in a variety of major cellular functions with a regulatory significance for an increasing number of metabolic disorders. The biochemical characteristics of ASM, their potential effect on cellular lipid turnover, as well as a potential impact on physiological processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Dixon CL, Mekhail K, Fairn GD. Examining the Underappreciated Role of S-Acylated Proteins as Critical Regulators of Phagocytosis and Phagosome Maturation in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659533. [PMID: 33868308 PMCID: PMC8047069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process used by cells to engulf a wide variety of particulates, including microorganisms and apoptotic cells. Many of the proteins involved in this highly orchestrated process are post-translationally modified with lipids as a means of regulating signal transduction, membrane remodeling, phagosome maturation and other immunomodulatory functions of phagocytes. S-acylation, generally referred to as S-palmitoylation, is the post-translational attachment of fatty acids to a cysteine residue exposed topologically to the cytosol. This modification is reversible due to the intrinsically labile thioester bond between the lipid and sulfur atom of cysteine, and thus lends itself to a variety of regulatory scenarios. Here we present an overview of a growing number of S-acylated proteins known to regulate phagocytosis and phagosome biology in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charneal L Dixon
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Mekhail
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Acid Sphingomyelinase Contributes to the Control of Mycobacterial Infection via a Signaling Cascade Leading from Reactive Oxygen Species to Cathepsin D. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112406. [PMID: 33153072 PMCID: PMC7693114 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most severe diseases worldwide. The initial pulmonary localization of the pathogen often develops into systemic infection with high lethality. The present work investigated the role of sphingolipids, specifically the function of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) and ceramide, in infection of murine macrophages in vitro and mice in vivo with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In vitro, we investigated macrophages from wild-type (wt) and Asm deficient (Asm−/−) mice to define signaling events induced by BCG infection and mediated by Asm. We demonstrate that infection of wt macrophages results in activation of Asm, which increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) via stimulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. ROS promote BCG degradation by cathepsin D. Asm deficiency in macrophages abrogates these effects. In vivo studies reveal that wt mice rapidly control BCG infection, while Asm−/− mice fail to control the infection and kill the bacteria. Transplantation of wt macrophages into Asm−/− mice reversed their susceptibility to BCG, demonstrating the importance of Asm in macrophages for defense against BCG. These findings indicate that Asm is important for the control of BCG infection.
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16
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Li C, Guo S, Pang W, Zhao Z. Crosstalk Between Acid Sphingomyelinase and Inflammasome Signaling and Their Emerging Roles in Tissue Injury and Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:378. [PMID: 32010692 PMCID: PMC6971222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes that are assembled by pattern recognition receptors following the recognition of invading pathogens or host-derived danger signals. Inflammasomes such as NLRP3 mediate the activation of caspase-1 and the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β. Regulation of inflammasome signaling is critical for host defense against infections and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon exposure to multiple harmful stimuli. Recent studies have highlighted an important role of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in regulating inflammasome activation. ASM hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide, which further fuses to large ceramide-enriched platforms functioning in stabilizing and amplifying molecules and receptors. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of the ASM-ceramide system in inflammasome activation, and how it contributes to multiple diseases. Insights into such mechanisms would pave the way for further exploration of novel diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic targets against tissue injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Wu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. The function of sphingomyelinases in mycobacterial infections. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1125-1133. [PMID: 29924725 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the deadliest and most important infectious diseases worldwide. The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system, which has been shown several times to be a crucial factor in the internalization, processing and killing of diverse pathogens, also modulates the pro-inflammatory response and the state of mycobacteria in macrophages. Both acid and neutral sphingomyelinases are important in this activity. However, studies of the role of sphingomyelinases in TB are still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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18
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Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
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19
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Wu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Crosstalk Between Sphingomyelinases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Mycobacterial Infection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:935-948. [PMID: 28276697 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most important infections worldwide. The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system, which has been shown to be a crucial factor in internalizing and killing various pathogens, modulates both the proinflammatory response and the state of mycobacteria in macrophages. However, studies about the role of sphingomyelinases in TB are still at an early stage. Recent Advances: Recent studies elucidated several roles of sphingomyelinases in manipulating mycobacterial infections. On the one hand, acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) promotes the fusion of bacteria-containing phagosomes and lysosomes, whereas on the other hand, Asm-derived ceramide induces cell death. Neutral sphingomyelinase (Nsm) enhances the release of reactive oxygen species, which suppress autophagy in infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo, allowing the pathogen to survive within macrophages. These findings indicate that the sphingomyelinase/ceramide system plays an important role in the attack of mycobacteria against the host. Critical Issues: Autophagy is a main strategy of mycobacterial clearance in TB, but the relevant mechanisms are still unknown. Additionally, there are indications that both Asm and Nsm are crucially involved in the formation of granulomas, which are a hallmark and a special structure of TB. However, very few findings have yet been published. Future Directions: Additional studies of the Nsm/ceramide system, which contributes to the resistance or susceptibility, respectively, of the host to mycobacterial infections, will detect currently unknown molecular mechanisms. Because inhibitors of Nsm already exist, targeting Nsm may be a novel approach to developing treatment options for mycobacterial infections. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 935-948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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20
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Naqvi AR, Shango J, Seal A, Shukla D, Nares S. Viral miRNAs Alter Host Cell miRNA Profiles and Modulate Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:433. [PMID: 29559974 PMCID: PMC5845630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of the members of herpesvirus family in oral inflammatory diseases is increasingly acknowledged suggesting their likely role as an etiological factor. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In our recent miRNA profiling of healthy and diseased human tooth pulps, elevated expression of human herpesvirus encoded viral microRNAs (v-miRs) were identified. Based on the fold induction and significance values, we selected three v-miRs namely miR-K12-3-3p [Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV)], miR-H1 [herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1)], and miR-UL-70-3p [human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)] to further examine their impact on host cellular functions. We examined their impact on cellular miRNA profiles of primary human oral keratinocytes (HOK). Our results show differential expression of several host miRNAs in v-miR-transfected HOK. High levels of v-miRs were detected in exosomes derived from v-miR transfected HOK as well as the KSHV-infected cell lines. We show that HOK-derived exosomes release their contents into macrophages (Mφ) and alter expression of endogenous miRNAs. Concurrent expression analysis of precursor (pre)-miRNA and mature miRNA suggest transcriptional or posttranscriptional impact of v-miRs on the cellular miRNAs. Employing bioinformatics, we predicted several pathways targeted by deregulated cellular miRNAs that include cytoskeletal organization, endocytosis, and cellular signaling. We validated three novel targets of miR-K12-3-3p and miR-H1 that are involved in endocytic and intracellular trafficking pathways. To evaluate the functional consequence of this regulation, we performed phagocytic uptake of labeled bacteria and noticed significant attenuation in miR-H1 and miR-K12-3-3p but not miR-UL70-3p transfected primary human Mφ. Multiple cytokine analysis of E. coli challenged Mφ revealed marked reduction of secreted cytokine levels with important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses suggesting a role of v-miRs in immune subversion. Our findings reveal that oral disease associated v-miRs can dysregulate functions of key host cells that shape oral mucosal immunity thus exacerbating disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics-Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer Shango
- Department of Periodontics-Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexandra Seal
- Department of Periodontics-Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics-Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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21
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Levin R, Grinstein S, Canton J. The life cycle of phagosomes: formation, maturation, and resolution. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:156-79. [PMID: 27558334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (>0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis can be conceptually divided into three stages: phagosome, formation, maturation, and resolution. Each of these involves multiple reactions that require exquisite spatial and temporal orchestration. The molecular events underlying these stages are being unraveled and the current state of knowledge is briefly summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9042851. [PMID: 28691037 PMCID: PMC5485277 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9042851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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23
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Hubel E, Saroha A, Park WJ, Pewzner-Jung Y, Lavoie EG, Futerman AH, Bruck R, Fishman S, Dranoff JA, Shibolet O, Zvibel I. Sortilin Deficiency Reduces Ductular Reaction, Hepatocyte Apoptosis, and Liver Fibrosis in Cholestatic-Induced Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Subcellular Trafficking of Mammalian Lysosomal Proteins: An Extended View. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010047. [PMID: 28036022 PMCID: PMC5297682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes clear macromolecules, maintain nutrient and cholesterol homeostasis, participate in tissue repair, and in many other cellular functions. To assume these tasks, lysosomes rely on their large arsenal of acid hydrolases, transmembrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins. It is therefore imperative that, post-synthesis, these proteins are specifically recognized as lysosomal components and are correctly sorted to this organelle through the endosomes. Lysosomal transmembrane proteins contain consensus motifs in their cytosolic regions (tyrosine- or dileucine-based) that serve as sorting signals to the endosomes, whereas most lysosomal acid hydrolases acquire mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) moieties that mediate binding to two membrane receptors with endosomal sorting motifs in their cytosolic tails. These tyrosine- and dileucine-based motifs are tickets for boarding in clathrin-coated carriers that transport their cargo from the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane to the endosomes. However, increasing evidence points to additional mechanisms participating in the biogenesis of lysosomes. In some cell types, for example, there are alternatives to the Man-6-P receptors for the transport of some acid hydrolases. In addition, several “non-consensus” sorting motifs have been identified, and atypical transport routes to endolysosomes have been brought to light. These “unconventional” or “less known” transport mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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25
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Image-Based Analysis of Phagocytosis: Measuring Engulfment and Internalization. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27815881 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6581-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The process of phagocytosis is crucial for fighting infection in innate immunity, for maintaining homeostasis through clearing cell debris, and for tissue remodeling in development. Here we describe two semi-automated image-based assays for the quantitative characterization of the early stages of phagocytosis and pathogen entry. A feature of these assays is the ability to detect and assess molecules or agents that subtly affect the stages both before and after cup closure or internalization.
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26
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Vázquez CL, Rodgers A, Herbst S, Coade S, Gronow A, Guzman CA, Wilson MS, Kanzaki M, Nykjaer A, Gutierrez MG. The proneurotrophin receptor sortilin is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis control by macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29332. [PMID: 27389464 PMCID: PMC4937236 DOI: 10.1038/srep29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting of luminal and membrane proteins into phagosomes is critical for the immune function of this organelle. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the spatiotemporal regulation of this process. Here, we investigated the role of the proneurotrophin receptor sortilin during phagosome maturation and mycobacterial killing. We show that this receptor is acquired by mycobacteria-containing phagosomes via interactions with the adaptor proteins AP-1 and GGAs. Interestingly, the phagosomal association of sortilin is critical for the delivery of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and required for efficient phagosome maturation. Macrophages from Sort1(-/-) mice are less efficient in restricting the growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. In vivo, Sort1(-/-) mice showed a substantial increase in cellular infiltration of neutrophils in their lungs and higher bacterial burden after infection with M. tuberculosis. Altogether, sortilin defines a pathway required for optimal intracellular mycobacteria control and lung inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Vázquez
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angela Rodgers
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Stephen Coade
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Achim Gronow
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark S Wilson
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Xiong ZJ, Huang J, Poda G, Pomès R, Privé GG. Structure of Human Acid Sphingomyelinase Reveals the Role of the Saposin Domain in Activating Substrate Hydrolysis. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3026-42. [PMID: 27349982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lysosomal phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to produce ceramide and phosphocholine. While other lysosomal sphingolipid hydrolases require a saposin activator protein for full activity, the ASM polypeptide incorporates a built-in N-terminal saposin domain and does not require an external activator protein. Here, we report the crystal structure of human ASM and describe the organization of the three main regions of the enzyme: the N-terminal saposin domain, the proline-rich connector, and the catalytic domain. The saposin domain is tightly associated along an edge of the large, bowl-shaped catalytic domain and adopts an open form that exposes a hydrophobic concave surface approximately 30Å from the catalytic center. The calculated electrostatic potential of the enzyme is electropositive at the acidic pH of the lysosome, consistent with the strict requirement for the presence of acidic lipids in target membranes. Docking studies indicate that sphingomyelin binds with the ceramide-phosphate group positioned at the binuclear zinc center and molecular dynamic simulations indicate that the intrinsic flexibility of the saposin domain is important for monomer-dimer exchange and for membrane interactions. Overall, ASM uses a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to cause local disruptions of target bilayers in order to bring the lipid headgroup to the catalytic center in a membrane-bound reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Régis Pomès
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhong LY, Cayabyab FS, Tang CK, Zheng XL, Peng TH, Lv YC. Sortilin: A novel regulator in lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:11-7. [PMID: 27312323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown that SORT1 gene within 1p13.3 locus is an important modulator of the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level and atherosclerosis risk. Here, we summarize the effects of SORT1, which codes for sortilin, on lipid metabolism and development of atherosclerosis and explore the mechanisms underlying sortilin effects on lipid metabolism especially in hepatocytes and macrophages. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrated that sortilin has been implicated as the causative factor and regulates lipid metabolism in vivo. Hepatic sortilin overexpression leads to both increased and decreased LDL-C levels by several different mechanisms, suggesting the complex roles of sortilin in hepatic lipid metabolism. Macrophage sortilin causes internalization of LDL and probably a reduction in cholesterol efflux, resulting in the intracellular accumulation of excessive lipids. In addition, sortilin deficiency in an atherosclerotic mouse model results in decreased aortic atherosclerotic lesion. Sortilin involves in lipid metabolism, promotes the development of atherosclerosis, and possibly becomes a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Zhong
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tian-Hong Peng
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Yabe-Wada T, Matsuba S, Takeda K, Sato T, Suyama M, Ohkawa Y, Takai T, Shi H, Philpott CC, Nakamura A. TLR signals posttranscriptionally regulate the cytokine trafficking mediator sortilin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26566. [PMID: 27220277 PMCID: PMC4879639 DOI: 10.1038/srep26566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulating the transcription, translation and secretion of cytokines is crucial for controlling the appropriate balance of inflammation. Here we report that the sorting receptor sortilin plays a key role in cytokine production. We observed interactions of sortilin with multiple cytokines including IFN-α, and sortilin depletion in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) led to a reduction of IFN-α secretion, suggesting a pivotal role of sortilin in the exocytic trafficking of IFN-α in pDCs. Moreover, sortilin mRNA was degraded posttranscriptionally upon stimulation with various TLR ligands. Poly-rC-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) recognized the C-rich element (CRE) in the 3′ UTR of sortilin mRNA, and depletion of PCBP1 enhanced the degradation of sortilin transcripts, suggesting that PCBP1 can act as a trans-acting factor to stabilize sortilin transcripts. The nucleotide-binding ability of PCBP1 was impaired by zinc ions and alterations of intracellular zinc affect sortilin expression. PCBP1 may therefore control the stability of sortilin transcripts by sensing intracellular zinc levels. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the posttranslational regulation of cytokine production through the posttranscriptional control of sortilin expression by TLR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Yabe-Wada
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, JAPAN.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shintaro Matsuba
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, JAPAN
| | - Kazuya Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, JAPAN
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline C Philpott
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, JAPAN
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Vidoni C, Follo C, Savino M, Melone MAB, Isidoro C. The Role of Cathepsin D in the Pathogenesis of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:845-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Miriam Savino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Mariarosa A. B. Melone
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine and Surgery; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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Teo WX, Kerr MC, Huston WM, Teasdale RD. Sortilin is associated with the chlamydial inclusion and is modulated during infection. Biol Open 2016; 5:429-35. [PMID: 26962046 PMCID: PMC4890668 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens that have a major impact on human health. The pathogen replicates within an intracellular niche called an inclusion and is thought to rely heavily on host-derived proteins and lipids, including ceramide. Sortilin is a transmembrane receptor implicated in the trafficking of acid sphingomyelinase, which is responsible for catalysing the breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide. In this study, we examined the role of sortilin in Chlamydia trachomatis L2 development. Western immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry analysis revealed that endogenous sortilin is not only associated with the inclusion, but that protein levels increase in infected cells. RNAi-mediated depletion of sortilin, however, had no detectable impact on ceramide delivery to the inclusion or the production of infectious progeny. This study demonstrates that whilst Chlamydia redirects sortilin trafficking to the chlamydial inclusion, RNAi knockdown of sortilin expression is insufficient to determine if this pathway is requisite for the development of the pathogen. Summary: The acid sphingomyelinase trafficking protein sortilin is modulated by chlamydial infection. RNAi-mediated depletion of sortilin does not, however, perturb chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan Teo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Markus Charles Kerr
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina May Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Rohan David Teasdale
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Moors T, Paciotti S, Chiasserini D, Calabresi P, Parnetti L, Beccari T, van de Berg WDJ. Lysosomal Dysfunction and α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease: Diagnostic Links. Mov Disord 2016; 31:791-801. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Moors
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Section Quantitative Morphology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Section of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Roma Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Department of Medicine; Section of Neurology, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Section of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Wilma D. J. van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Section Quantitative Morphology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Boonen M, Staudt C, Gilis F, Oorschot V, Klumperman J, Jadot M. Cathepsin D and its newly identified transport receptor SEZ6L2 can modulate neurite outgrowth. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:557-68. [PMID: 26698217 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How, in the absence of a functional mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-signal-dependent transport pathway, some acid hydrolases remain sorted to endolysosomes in the brain is poorly understood. We demonstrate that cathepsin D binds to mouse SEZ6L2, a type 1 transmembrane protein predominantly expressed in the brain. Studies of the subcellular trafficking of SEZ6L2, and its silencing in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line reveal that SEZ6L2 is involved in the trafficking of cathepsin D to endosomes. Moreover, SEZ6L2 can partially correct the cathepsin D hypersecretion resulting from the knockdown of UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase in HeLa cells (i.e. in cells that are unable to synthesize Man-6-P signals). Interestingly, cleavage of SEZ6L2 by cathepsin D generates an N-terminal soluble fragment that induces neurite outgrowth, whereas its membrane counterpart prevents this. Taken together, our findings highlight that SEZ6L2 can serve as receptor to mediate the sorting of cathepsin D to endosomes, and suggest that proteolytic cleavage of SEZ6L2 by cathepsin D modulates neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Boonen
- URPhyM-Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Catherine Staudt
- URPhyM-Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Florentine Gilis
- URPhyM-Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Jadot
- URPhyM-Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium
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Reuter E, Weber J, Paterka M, Ploen R, Breiderhoff T, van Horssen J, Willnow TE, Siffrin V, Zipp F. Role of Sortilin in Models of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5762-9. [PMID: 26566674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The proneurotrophin receptor sortilin is a protein with dual functions, being involved in intracellular protein transport, as well as cellular signal transduction. The relevance of the receptor for various neuronal disorders, such as dementia, seizures, and brain injury, is well established. In contrast, little is known about the role of sortilin in immune cells and inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to elucidate the distribution of sortilin in different immune cell types in mice and humans and to analyze its function in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Sortilin was expressed most profoundly in murine and human macrophages and dendritic cells and to a much lesser extent in B and T cells. In dendritic cells, sortilin had an impact on Ag processing. Accordingly, sortilin was highly expressed by infiltrated perivascular myeloid cells, mainly in vessel cuffs, in the CNS of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS. Yet, sortilin gene-targeted mice (Sort1(-/-)) and chimeras deficient in sortilin in the immune system were as susceptible as wild-type littermates to T cell-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Considering our results and recent data from other investigators, we conclude that the proneurotrophin receptor sortilin plays a role in innate, rather than in adaptive, immune processes and, thus, not in autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Reuter
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Juliane Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Paterka
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Ploen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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Markmann S, Thelen M, Cornils K, Schweizer M, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Willnow T, Heeren J, Gieselmann V, Braulke T, Kollmann K. Lrp1/LDL Receptor Play Critical Roles in Mannose 6-Phosphate-Independent Lysosomal Enzyme Targeting. Traffic 2015; 16:743-59. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Markmann
- Department for Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; D-20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Thelen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Bonn; Nussallee 11 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Kerstin Cornils
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; D-20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, ZMNH; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Bonn; Nussallee 11 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Willnow
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; 13125 Berlin-Buch Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; D-20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Bonn; Nussallee 11 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department for Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; D-20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Katrin Kollmann
- Department for Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; D-20246 Hamburg Germany
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Sortilin, Encoded by the Cardiovascular Risk Gene SORT1, and Its Suggested Functions in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:496. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Patel KM, Strong A, Tohyama J, Jin X, Morales CR, Billheimer J, Millar J, Kruth H, Rader DJ. Macrophage sortilin promotes LDL uptake, foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015; 116:789-96. [PMID: 25593281 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Noncoding gene variants at the SORT1 locus are strongly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as with coronary artery disease. SORT1 encodes a protein called sortilin, and hepatic sortilin modulates LDL metabolism by targeting apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins to the lysosome. Sortilin is also expressed in macrophages, but its role in macrophage uptake of LDL and in atherosclerosis independent of plasma LDL-C levels is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of macrophage sortilin expression on LDL uptake, foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We crossed Sort1(-/-) mice onto a humanized Apobec1(-/-); hAPOB transgenic background and determined that Sort1 deficiency on this background had no effect on plasma LDL-C levels but dramatically reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta and aortic root. To test whether this effect was a result of macrophage sortilin deficiency, we transplanted Sort1(-/-);LDLR(-/-) or Sort1(+/+);LDLR(-/-) bone marrow into Ldlr(-/-) mice and observed a similar reduction in atherosclerosis in mice lacking hematopoetic sortilin without an effect on plasma LDL-C levels. In an effort to determine the mechanism by which hematopoetic sortilin deficiency reduced atherosclerosis, we found no effect of sortilin deficiency on macrophage recruitment or lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release in vivo. In contrast, sortilin-deficient macrophages had significantly reduced uptake of native LDL ex vivo and reduced foam cell formation in vivo, whereas sortilin overexpression in macrophages resulted in increased LDL uptake and foam cell formation. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage sortilin deficiency protects against atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage uptake of LDL. Sortilin-mediated uptake of native LDL into macrophages may be an important mechanism of foam cell formation and contributor to atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Patel
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Alanna Strong
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Junichiro Tohyama
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Xueting Jin
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Carlos R Morales
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Jeffery Billheimer
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - John Millar
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Howard Kruth
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Department of Medicine (K.M.P., A.S., J.T., J.B., J.M., D.J.R.) and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (X.J., H.K.); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.R.M.).
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Rabinowich L, Fishman S, Hubel E, Thurm T, Park WJ, Pewzner-Jung Y, Saroha A, Erez N, Halpern Z, Futerman AH, Zvibel I. Sortilin deficiency improves the metabolic phenotype and reduces hepatic steatosis of mice subjected to diet-induced obesity. J Hepatol 2015; 62:175-81. [PMID: 25173968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sortilin traffics newly synthesized molecules from the trans-Golgi apparatus along secretory pathways to endosomes, lysosomes or to the cell surface. Sortilin trafficking of acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) may regulate ceramide levels, a major modulator of insulin signalling. We therefore tested whether sortilin deficiency reduces hepatic and adipose tissue aSMase activity, improving insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity (DIO). METHODS DIO in C57BL/6 (WT) and sortilin(-/-) mice was induced by high-fat diet feeding for 10 weeks. RESULTS Sortilin(-/-) mice gained less body weight and less visceral fat, despite similar food intake compared to WT type mice and had enhanced glucose uptake in insulin tolerance tests, which was further corroborated by enhanced hepatic pAkt expression. Sortilin deficiency led to attenuated hepatic steatosis, reduced expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, ceramide synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production and reduced activity of ceramide synthase 5/6 (CerS5/6). Sortilin(-/-) mice had reduced hepatic aSMase activity under both steady-state and DIO. Likewise, sortilin(-/-) hepatocytes displayed hypersensitivity to insulin, due to enhanced insulin receptor downstream signalling. In adipose tissue, sortilin(-/-) mice exhibited lower expression of inflammatory cytokines and lower expression and activity of CerS5/6. As in liver, adipose tissue displayed increased insulin signalling, accompanied by attenuated aSMase activity. CONCLUSIONS Sortilin deficiency induces a beneficial metabolic phenotype in liver and adipose tissue upon DIO, mediated in part by reduced aSMase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Rabinowich
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Fishman
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Einav Hubel
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Thurm
- Internal Medicine D, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashish Saroha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zamir Halpern
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isabel Zvibel
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Riddell CE, Lobaton Garces JD, Adams S, Barribeau SM, Twell D, Mallon EB. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1031. [PMID: 25431190 PMCID: PMC4302123 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ecological studies routinely show genotype-genotype interactions between insects and their parasites. The mechanisms behind these interactions are not clearly understood. Using the bumblebee Bombus terrestris/trypanosome Crithidia bombi model system (two bumblebee colonies by two Crithidia strains), we have carried out a transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression and alternative splicing in bees during C. bombi infection. We have performed four analyses, 1) comparing gene expression in infected and non-infected bees 24 hours after infection by Crithidia bombi, 2) comparing expression at 24 and 48 hours after C. bombi infection, 3) determining the differential gene expression associated with the bumblebee-Crithidia genotype-genotype interaction at 24 hours after infection and 4) determining the alternative splicing associated with the bumblebee-Crithidia genotype-genotype interaction at 24 hours post infection. Results We found a large number of genes differentially regulated related to numerous canonical immune pathways. These genes include receptors, signaling pathways and effectors. We discovered a possible interaction between the peritrophic membrane and the insect immune system in defense against Crithidia. Most interestingly, we found differential expression and alternative splicing of immunoglobulin related genes (Dscam and Twitchin) are associated with the genotype-genotype interactions of the given bumblebee colony and Crithidia strain. Conclusions In this paper we have shown that the expression and alternative splicing of immune genes is associated with specific interactions between different host and parasite genotypes in this bumblebee/trypanosome model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eamonn B Mallon
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
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Mortensen MB, Kjolby M, Gunnersen S, Larsen JV, Palmfeldt J, Falk E, Nykjaer A, Bentzon JF. Targeting sortilin in immune cells reduces proinflammatory cytokines and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5317-22. [PMID: 25401472 DOI: 10.1172/jci76002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified a link between genetic variation at the human chromosomal locus 1p13.3 and coronary artery disease. The gene encoding sortilin (SORT1) has been implicated as the causative gene within the locus, as sortilin regulates hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Here we demonstrated that sortilin also directly affects atherogenesis, independent of its regulatory role in lipoprotein metabolism. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, deletion of Sort1 did not alter plasma cholesterol levels, but reduced the development of both early and late atherosclerotic lesions. We determined that sortilin is a high-affinity receptor for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ. Moreover, macrophages and Th1 cells (both of which mediate atherosclerotic plaque formation) lacking sortilin had reduced secretion of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but not of other measured cytokines. Transfer of sortilin-deficient BM into irradiated atherosclerotic mice reduced atherosclerosis and systemic markers of inflammation. Together, these data demonstrate that sortilin influences cytokine secretion and that targeting sortilin in immune cells attenuates inflammation and reduces atherosclerosis.
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Kowalewski B, Lübke T, Kollmann K, Braulke T, Reinheckel T, Dierks T, Damme M. Molecular characterization of arylsulfatase G: expression, processing, glycosylation, transport, and activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27992-8005. [PMID: 25135642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.584144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatase G (ARSG) is a recently identified lysosomal sulfatase that was shown to be responsible for the degradation of 3-O-sulfated N-sulfoglucosamine residues of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Deficiency of ARSG leads to a new type of mucopolysaccharidosis, as described in a mouse model. Here, we provide a detailed molecular characterization of the endogenous murine enzyme. ARSG is expressed and proteolytically processed in a tissue-specific manner. The 63-kDa single-chain precursor protein localizes to pre-lysosomal compartments and tightly associates with organelle membranes, most likely the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, proteolytically processed ARSG fragments of 34-, 18-, and 10-kDa were found in lysosomal fractions and lost their membrane association. The processing sites and a disulfide bridge between the 18- and 10-kDa chains could be roughly mapped. Proteases participating in the processing were identified as cathepsins B and L. Proteolytic processing is dispensable for hydrolytic sulfatase activity in vitro. Lysosomal transport of ARSG in the liver is independent of mannose 6-phosphate, sortilin, and Limp2. However, mutation of glycosylation site N-497 abrogates transport of ARSG to lysosomes in human fibrosarcoma cells, due to impaired mannose 6-phosphate modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kowalewski
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Torben Lübke
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Katrin Kollmann
- the Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, and
| | - Thomas Braulke
- the Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, and
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld,
| | - Markus Damme
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld,
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Pei G, Repnik U, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Identification of an immune-regulated phagosomal Rab cascade in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2071-82. [PMID: 24569883 PMCID: PMC4004979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has been shown to regulate phagosome trafficking and function in macrophages, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we identify Rab20 as part of the machinery by which IFN-γ controls phagosome maturation. We found that IFN-γ stimulates the association of Rab20 with early phagosomes in macrophages. By using imaging of single phagosomes in live cells, we found that Rab20 induces an early delay in phagosome maturation and extends the time for which Rab5a and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) remain associated with phagosomes. Moreover, Rab20 depletion in macrophages abrogates the delay in phagosome maturation induced by IFN-γ. Finally, we demonstrate that Rab20 interacts with the Rab5a guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rabex-5 (also known as RABGEF1) and that Rab20 knockdown impairs the IFN-γ-dependent recruitment of Rabex-5 and Rab5a into phagosomes. Taken together, here, we uncover Rab20 as a key player in the Rab cascade by which IFN-γ induces a delay in phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
The sortilin family of Vps10p-domain receptors includes sortilin, SorLA, and SorCS1-3. These type-I transmembrane receptors predominate in distinct neuronal tissues, but expression is also present in certain specialized non-neuronal cell populations including hepatocytes and cells of the immune system. The biology of sortilins is complex as they participate in both cell signaling and in intracellular protein sorting. Sortilins function physiologically in signaling by pro- and mature neurotrophins in neuronal viability and functionality. Recent genome-wide association studies have linked members to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and bipolar disorder and outside the nervous system to development of coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Particularly well described are the receptor functions in neuronal signaling by pro- (proNT) and mature (NT) neurotrophins and in the processing/metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glerup
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract
Rab GTPases are at the central node of the machinery that regulates trafficking of organelles, including phagosomes. Thanks to the unique combination of high quality phagosome purification with highly sensitive proteomic studies, the network of Rab proteins that are dynamically associated with phagosomes during the process of maturation of this organelle is relatively well known. Whereas the phagosomal functions of many of the Rab proteins associated with phagosomes are characterized, the role(s) of most of these trafficking regulators remains to be identified. In some cases, even when the function in the context of phagosome biology is described, phagosomal Rab proteins seem to have similar roles. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the identity and function of phagosomal Rab GTPases, with a particular emphasis on new evidence that clarify these seemingly overlapping Rab functions during phagosome maturation.
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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Schuchman EH, Simonaro CM. The genetics of sphingolipid hydrolases and sphingolipid storage diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:3-32. [PMID: 23579447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1368-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of sphingolipids with human disease first arose from the study of sphingolipid storage diseases over 50 years ago. Most of these disorders are due to inherited deficiencies of specific sphingolipid hydrolases, although a small number also result from defects in sphingolipid transport or activator proteins. Due to the primary protein deficiencies sphingolipids and other macromolecules accumulate in cells and tissues of affected patients, leading to a diverse presentation of clinical abnormalities. Over 25 sphingolipid storage diseases have been described to date. Most of the genes have been isolated, disease-causing mutations have been identified, the recombinant proteins have been produced and characterized, and animal models exist for most of the human diseases. Since most sphingolipid hydrolases are enriched within the endosomal/lysosomal system, macromolecules first accumulate within these compartments. However, these abnormalities rapidly spread to other compartments and cause a wide range of cellular dysfunction. This review focuses on the genetics of sphingolipid storage diseases and related hydrolytic enzymes with an emphasis on the relationship between genetic mutations and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Size-dependent mechanism of cargo sorting during lysosome-phagosome fusion is controlled by Rab34. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23197834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206811109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagosome maturation is an essential part of the innate and adaptive immune response. Although it is well established that several Ras-related proteins in brain (Rab) proteins become associated to phagosomes, little is known about how these phagosomal Rab proteins influence phagosome maturation. Here, we show a specific role for Rab34 and mammalian uncoordinated 13-2 (Munc13-2) in phagolysosome biogenesis and cargo delivery. Rab34 knockdown impaired the fusion of phagosomes with late endosomes/lysosomes and high levels of active Rab34 promoted this process. We demonstrate that Rab34 enhances phagosome maturation independently of Rab7 and coordinates phagolysosome biogenesis through size-selective transfer of late endosomal/lysosomal cargo into phagosomes. More importantly, we show that Rab34 mediates phagosome maturation through the recruitment of the protein Munc13-2. Finally, we report that the alternative maturation pathway controlled by Rab34 is critical for mycobacterial killing because Rab34 silencing resulted in mycobacterial survival, and Rab34 expression led to mycobacterial killing. Altogether, our studies uncover Rab34/Munc13-2 as a critical part of an alternative Rab7-independent phagosome maturation machinery and lysosome-mediated killing of mycobacteria.
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Coutinho MF, Prata MJ, Alves S. A shortcut to the lysosome: the mannose-6-phosphate-independent pathway. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:257-66. [PMID: 22884962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal hydrolases have long been known to be responsible for the degradation of different substrates in the cell. These acid hydrolases are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported through the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). From there, they are delivered to endosomal/lysosomal compartments, where they finally become active due to the acidic pH characteristic of the lysosomal compartment. The majority of the enzymes leave the TGN after modification with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) residues, which are specifically recognized by M6P receptors (MPRs), ensuring their transport to the endosomal/lysosomal system. Although M6P receptors play a major role in the intracellular transport of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes in mammalian cells, several lines of evidence suggest the existence of alternative processes of lysosomal targeting. Among them, the two that are mediated by the M6P alternative receptors, lysosomal integral membrane protein (LIMP-2) and sortilin, have gained unequivocal support. LIMP-2 was shown to be implicated in the delivery of beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) to the lysosomes, whereas sortilin has been suggested to be a multifunctional receptor capable of binding several different ligands, including neurotensin and receptor-associated protein (RAP), and of targeting several proteins to the lysosome, including sphingolipid activator proteins (prosaposin and GM2 activator protein), acid sphingomyelinase and cathepsins D and H. Here, we review the current knowledge on these two proteins: their discovery, study, structural features and cellular function, with special attention to their role as alternative receptors to lysosomal trafficking. Recent studies associating both LIMP2 and sortilin to disease are also extensively reviewed.
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49
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Fairn GD, Grinstein S. How nascent phagosomes mature to become phagolysosomes. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Marian AJ. Genome-wide association studies complemented with mechanistic biological studies identify sortilin 1 as a novel regulator of cholesterol trafficking. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:190-2. [PMID: 21287300 PMCID: PMC7089479 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6770 Bertner Street, DAC 900, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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