1
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Keeley O, Coyne AN. Nuclear and degradative functions of the ESCRT-III pathway: implications for neurodegenerative disease. Nucleus 2024; 15:2349085. [PMID: 38700207 PMCID: PMC11073439 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2349085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery plays a pivotal role in membrane-remodeling events across multiple cellular processes including nuclear envelope repair and reformation, nuclear pore complex surveillance, endolysosomal trafficking, and neuronal pruning. Alterations in ESCRT-III functionality have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In addition, mutations in specific ESCRT-III proteins have been identified in FTD/ALS. Thus, understanding how disruptions in the fundamental functions of this pathway and its individual protein components in the human central nervous system (CNS) may offer valuable insights into mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and identification of potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss ESCRT components, dynamics, and functions, with a focus on the ESCRT-III pathway. In addition, we explore the implications of altered ESCRT-III function for neurodegeneration with a primary emphasis on nuclear surveillance and endolysosomal trafficking within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Keeley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa N. Coyne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Srivastava LK, Ehrlicher AJ. Sensing the squeeze: nuclear mechanotransduction in health and disease. Nucleus 2024; 15:2374854. [PMID: 38951951 PMCID: PMC11221475 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2374854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus not only is a repository for DNA but also a center of cellular and nuclear mechanotransduction. From nuclear deformation to the interplay between mechanosensing components and genetic control, the nucleus is poised at the nexus of mechanical forces and cellular function. Understanding the stresses acting on the nucleus, its mechanical properties, and their effects on gene expression is therefore crucial to appreciate its mechanosensitive function. In this review, we examine many elements of nuclear mechanotransduction, and discuss the repercussions on the health of cells and states of illness. By describing the processes that underlie nuclear mechanosensation and analyzing its effects on gene regulation, the review endeavors to open new avenues for studying nuclear mechanics in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen J. Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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3
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Chi WY, Hu Y, Huang HC, Kuo HH, Lin SH, Kuo CTJ, Tao J, Fan D, Huang YM, Wu AA, Hung CF, Wu TC. Molecular targets and strategies in the development of nucleic acid cancer vaccines: from shared to personalized antigens. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:94. [PMID: 39379923 PMCID: PMC11463125 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapies have emphasized the importance of harnessing the immune system for treating cancer. Vaccines, which have traditionally been used to promote protective immunity against pathogens, are now being explored as a method to target cancer neoantigens. Over the past few years, extensive preclinical research and more than a hundred clinical trials have been dedicated to investigating various approaches to neoantigen discovery and vaccine formulations, encouraging development of personalized medicine. Nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) have become particularly promising platform for the development of these cancer immunotherapies. This shift towards nucleic acid-based personalized vaccines has been facilitated by advancements in molecular techniques for identifying neoantigens, antigen prediction methodologies, and the development of new vaccine platforms. Generating these personalized vaccines involves a comprehensive pipeline that includes sequencing of patient tumor samples, data analysis for antigen prediction, and tailored vaccine manufacturing. In this review, we will discuss the various shared and personalized antigens used for cancer vaccine development and introduce strategies for identifying neoantigens through the characterization of gene mutation, transcription, translation and post translational modifications associated with oncogenesis. In addition, we will focus on the most up-to-date nucleic acid vaccine platforms, discuss the limitations of cancer vaccines as well as provide potential solutions, and raise key clinical and technical considerations in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chi
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yingying Hu
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui-Hsuan Kuo
- Pharmacology PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston and MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Tien Jimmy Kuo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Tao
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Darrell Fan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yi-Min Huang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Annie A Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Zhang Y, Kang HR, Jun Y, Kang H, Bang G, Ma R, Ju S, Yoon DE, Kim Y, Kim K, Kim JY, Han K. Neurodevelopmental disorder-associated CYFIP2 regulates membraneless organelles and eIF2α phosphorylation via protein interactors and actin cytoskeleton. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1671-1687. [PMID: 38981622 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
De novo variants in the Cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) have been repeatedly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy, underscoring its critical role in brain development and function. While CYFIP2's role in regulating actin polymerization as part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) is well-established, its additional molecular functions remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we performed unbiased quantitative proteomic analysis, revealing 278 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the forebrain of Cyfip2 knock-out embryonic mice compared to wild-type mice. Unexpectedly, these DEPs, in conjunction with previously identified CYFIP2 brain interactors, included not only other WRC components but also numerous proteins associated with membraneless organelles (MLOs) involved in mRNA processing and translation within cells, including the nucleolus, stress granules, and processing bodies. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the Cyfip2 knock-out forebrain revealed gene expression changes linked to cellular stress responses and MLOs. We also observed morphological changes in MLOs in Cyfip2 knock-out brains and CYFIP2 knock-down cells under basal and stress conditions. Lastly, we demonstrated that CYFIP2 knock-down in cells, potentially through WRC-dependent actin regulation, suppressed the phosphorylation levels of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), thereby enhancing protein synthesis. These results suggest a physical and functional connection between CYFIP2 and various MLO proteins and also extend CYFIP2's role within the WRC from actin regulation to influencing eIF2α phosphorylation and protein synthesis. With these dual functions, CYFIP2 may fine-tune the balance between MLO formation/dynamics and protein synthesis, a crucial aspect of proper mRNA processing and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Rim Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukyung Jun
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), 245, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), 245, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Digital Omics Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongwon-gu, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruiying Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Digital Omics Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongwon-gu, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sun M, Huang X, Ruan X, Shang X, Zhang M, Liu L, Wang P, An P, Lin Y, Yang J, Xue Y. Cpeb4-mediated Dclk2 promotes neuronal pyroptosis induced by chronic cerebral ischemia through phosphorylation of Ehf. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1655-1673. [PMID: 38513137 PMCID: PMC11418732 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241240590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is a clinical syndrome characterised by brain dysfunction due to decreased chronic cerebral perfusion. CCI initiates several inflammatory pathways, including pyroptosis. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play important roles in CCI. This study aimed to explore whether the interaction between RBP-Cpeb4 and Dclk2 affected Ehf phosphorylation to regulate neuronal pyroptosis. HT22 cells and mice were used to construct oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/CCI models. We found that Cpeb4 and Dclk2 were upregulated in OGD-treated HT22 cells and CCI-induced hippocampal CA1 tissues. Cpeb4 upregulated Dclk2 expression by increasing Dclk2 mRNA stability. Knockdown of Cpeb4 or Dclk2 inhibited neuronal pyroptosis in OGD-treated HT22 cells and CCI-induced hippocampal CA1 tissues. By binding to the promoter regions of Caspase1 and Caspase3, the transcription factor Ehf reduced their promoter activities and inhibited the transcription. Dclk2 phosphorylated Ehf and changed its nucleoplasmic distribution, resulting in the exit of p-Ehf from the nucleus and decreased Ehf levels. It promoted the expression of Caspase1 and Caspase3 and stimulated neuronal pyroptosis of HT22 cells induced by OGD. Cpeb4/Dclk2/Ehf pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuli Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping An
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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6
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Cha HJ. Nuclear structures and their emerging roles in cell differentiation and development. BMB Rep 2024; 57:381-387. [PMID: 39219044 PMCID: PMC11444988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus, a highly organized and dynamic organelle, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes. During cell differentiation, profound changes occur in gene expression, chromatin organization, and nuclear morphology. This review explores the intricate relationship between nuclear architecture and cellular function, focusing on the roles of the nuclear lamina, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), sub-nuclear bodies, and the nuclear scaffold. These components collectively maintain nuclear integrity, organize chromatin, and interact with key regulatory factors. The dynamic remodeling of chromatin, its interactions with nuclear structures, and epigenetic modifications work in concert to modulate gene accessibility and ensure precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression. The nuclear lamina stabilizes nuclear shape and is associated with inactive chromatin regions, while NPCs facilitate selective transport. Sub-nuclear bodies contribute to genome organization and gene regulation, often by influencing RNA processing. The nuclear scaffold provides structural support, impacting 3D genome organization, which is crucial for proper gene expression during differentiation. This review underscores the significance of nuclear architecture in regulating gene expression and guiding cell differentiation. Further investigation into nuclear structure and 3D genome organization will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms governing cell fate determination. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(9): 381-387].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ji Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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7
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Gorav G, Khedekar V, Varier GK, Nandakumar P. Role of charge in enhanced nuclear transport and retention of graphene quantum dots. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19044. [PMID: 39152185 PMCID: PMC11329721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complexes on the nuclear membrane serve as the exclusive gateway for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, regulating the transport of various molecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. The present work investigates the kinetics of the transport of negatively charged graphene quantum dots through nuclear membranes, focusing on quantifying their transport characteristics. Experiments are carried out in permeabilized HeLa cells using time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy. Our findings indicate that negatively charged graphene quantum dots exhibit rapid transport to the nuclei, involving two distinct transport pathways in the translocation process. Complementary experiments on the nuclear import and export of graphene quantum dots validate the bi-directionality of transport, as evidenced by comparable transport rates. The study also shows that the negatively charged graphene quantum dots possess favorable retention properties, underscoring their potential as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorav Gorav
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Vrushali Khedekar
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Geetha K Varier
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - P Nandakumar
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India.
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8
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Skowicki M, Tarvirdipour S, Kraus M, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Nanoassemblies designed for efficient nuclear targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 211:115354. [PMID: 38857762 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the key aspects of coping efficiently with complex pathological conditions is delivering the desired therapeutic compounds with precision in both space and time. Therefore, the focus on nuclear-targeted delivery systems has emerged as a promising strategy with high potential, particularly in gene therapy and cancer treatment. Here, we explore the design of supramolecular nanoassemblies as vehicles to deliver specific compounds to the nucleus, with the special focus on polymer and peptide-based carriers that expose nuclear localization signals. Such nanoassemblies aim at maximizing the concentration of genetic and therapeutic agents within the nucleus, thereby optimizing treatment outcomes while minimizing off-target effects. A complex scenario of conditions, including cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and nuclear translocation, requires fine tuning of the nanocarriers' properties. First, we introduce the principles of nuclear import and the role of nuclear pore complexes that reveal strategies for targeting nanosystems to the nucleus. Then, we provide an overview of cargoes that rely on nuclear localization for optimal activity as their integrity and accumulation are crucial parameters to consider when designing a suitable delivery system. Considering that they are in their early stages of research, we present various cargo-loaded peptide- and polymer nanoassemblies that promote nuclear targeting, emphasizing their potential to enhance therapeutic response. Finally, we briefly discuss further advancements for more precise and effective nuclear delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skowicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Wang C, Yuan F. A comprehensive comparison of DNA and RNA vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115340. [PMID: 38810703 PMCID: PMC11181159 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid technology has revolutionized vaccine development, enabling rapid design and production of RNA and DNA vaccines for prevention and treatment of diseases. The successful deployment of mRNA and plasmid DNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the technology. At present, mRNA platform is prevailing due to its higher efficacy, while DNA platform is undergoing rapid evolution because it possesses unique advantages that can potentially overcome the problems associated with the mRNA platform. To help understand the recent performances of the two vaccine platforms and recognize their clinical potentials in the future, this review compares the advantages and drawbacks of mRNA and DNA vaccines that are currently known in the literature, in terms of development timeline, financial cost, ease of distribution, efficacy, safety, and regulatory approval of products. Additionally, the review discusses the ongoing clinical trials, strategies for improvement, and alternative designs of RNA and DNA platforms for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, United States
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
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10
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Farooqui S, Narayanan DL, Mascarenhas S, do Rosario MC, Nair KV, Periyasamy R, Shukla A. c.202_204del in NUP214 causes late onset form of febrile encephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63529. [PMID: 38179855 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoporins (NUPs) are a group of transporter proteins that maintain homeostasis of nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins and ribonucleic acids under physiological conditions. Biallelic pathogenic variants in NUP214 are known to cause susceptibility to acute infection-induced encephalopathy-9 (IIAE9, MIM#618426), which is characterized by severe and early-onset febrile encephalopathy causing neuroregression, developmental delay, microcephaly, epilepsy, ataxia, brain atrophy, and early death. NUP214-related IIAE9 has been reported in eight individuals from four distinct families till date. We identified a novel in-frame deletion, c.202_204del p.(Leu68del), in NUP214 by exome sequencing in a 20-year-old male with episodic ataxia, seizures, and encephalopathy, precipitated by febrile illness. Neuroimaging revealed progressive cerebellar atrophy. In silico predictions show a change in the protein conformation that may alter the downstream protein interactions with the NUP214 N-terminal region, probably impacting the mRNA export. We report this novel deletion in NUP214 as a cause for a late onset and less severe form of IIAE9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Farooqui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Dhanya Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Early Career Clinical and Public Health Research Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Selinda Mascarenhas
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Michelle C do Rosario
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Karthik Vijay Nair
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Periyasamy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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11
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Shakhi PK, Bijeesh MM, Hareesh J, Joseph T, Nandakumar P, K. Varier G. Size-dependent steady state saturation limit in biomolecular transport through nuclear membranes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297738. [PMID: 38626108 PMCID: PMC11020410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus preserves the genomic DNA of eukaryotic organisms and maintains the integrity of the cell by regulating the transport of molecules across the nuclear membrane. It is hitherto assumed that small molecules having a size below the passive permeability limit are allowed to diffuse freely to the nucleus while the transport of larger molecules is regulated via an active mechanism involving energy. Here we report on the kinetics of nuclear import and export of dextran molecules having a size below the passive permeability limit. The studies carried out using time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy show a clear deviation from the passive diffusion model. In particular, it is observed that the steady-state concentration of dextran molecules inside the nucleus is consistently less than the concentration outside, in contradiction to the predictions of the passive diffusion model. Detailed analysis and modeling of the transport show that the nuclear export rates significantly differ from the import rates, and the difference in rates is dependent on the size of the molecules. The nuclear export rates are further confirmed by an independent experimental study where we observe the diffusion of dextran molecules from the nucleus directly. Our experiments and transport model would suggest that the nucleus actively rejects exogenous macromolecules even below the passive permeability limit. This result can have a significant impact on biomedical research, especially in areas related to targeted drug delivery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Shakhi
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - M. M. Bijeesh
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - J. Hareesh
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Toby Joseph
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - P. Nandakumar
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Geetha K. Varier
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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Chintala K, Yandrapally S, Faiz W, Kispotta CR, Sarkar S, Mishra K, Banerjee S. The nuclear pore protein NUP98 impedes LTR-driven basal gene expression of HIV-1, viral propagation, and infectivity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330738. [PMID: 38449868 PMCID: PMC10914986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporins (NUPs) are cellular effectors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication that support nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral components. However, these also non-canonically function as positive effectors, promoting proviral DNA integration into the host genome and viral gene transcription, or as negative effectors by associating with HIV-1 restriction factors, such as MX2, inhibiting the replication of HIV-1. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of NUP98 on HIV-1 as we observed a lowering of its endogenous levels upon HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells. Using complementary experiments in NUP98 overexpression and knockdown backgrounds, we deciphered that NUP98 negatively affected HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter activity and lowered released virus levels. The negative effect on promoter activity was independent of HIV-1 Tat, suggesting that NUP98 prevents the basal viral gene expression. ChIP-qPCR showed NUP98 to be associated with HIV-1 LTR, with the negative regulatory element (NRE) of HIV-1 LTR playing a dominant role in NUP98-mediated lowering of viral gene transcription. Truncated mutants of NUP98 showed that the attenuation of HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription is primarily contributed by its N-terminal region. Interestingly, the virus generated from the producer cells transiently expressing NUP98 showed lower infectivity, while the virus generated from NUP98 knockdown CD4+ T cells showed higher infectivity as assayed in TZM-bl cells, corroborating the anti-HIV-1 properties of NUP98. Collectively, we show a new non-canonical function of a nucleoporin adding to the list of moonlighting host factors regulating viral infections. Downregulation of NUP98 in a host cell upon HIV-1 infection supports the concept of evolutionary conflicts between viruses and host antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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13
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Yuan D, Shen H, Bai L, Li M, Ye Q. Identification of Key Ubiquitination-Related Genes and Their Association with Immune Infiltration in Osteoarthritis Based on the mRNA-miRNA Network. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:91-102. [PMID: 38505924 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2024051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease that is closely associated with functions of ubiquitination and immune cells, yet the mechanism remains ambiguous. This study aimed to find core ubiquitination-related genes and their correlative immune infiltration in OA using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The ubiquitination-related genes, datasets GSE55235 and GSE143514 were obtained from open databases. WGCNA got used to investigate key co-expressed genes. Then, we screened differentially expressed miRNAs by "limma" package in R, and constructed mRNA-miRNA network. We conducted function enrichment analysis on the identified genes. CIBERSORT was then utilized to analyze the relevance between immune infiltration and genes. Lastly, RT-qPCR was further used to verify the prediction of bioinformatics. A sum of 144 ubiquitination-related genes in OA were acquired. Enrichment analysis indicated that obtained genes obviously involved in mTOR pathway to regulate the OA development. GRB2 and SEH1L and L-arginine synergistically regulate the mTOR signaling pathway in OA. Moreover, GRB2 and SEH1L were remarkably bound up with immune cell infiltration. Additionally, GRB2 expression was upregulated and SEH1L level was downregulated in the OA development by RT-qPCR experiment. The present study identified GRB2 and SEH1L as key ubiquitination-related genes which were involved in immune infiltration in OA patients, thereby providing new drug targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalu Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiujie Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital)
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14
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Patel MK, Chakrabarti B, Panwar AS. Emergence of selectivity and specificity in a coarse-grained model of the nuclear pore complex with sequence-agnostic FG-Nups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32824-32836. [PMID: 38018404 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of hydrophobicity of phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins (FG-Nups) in determining the transport of receptor-bound cargo across the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is investigated using Langevin dynamics simulations. A coarse-grained, minimal model of the NPC, comprising a cylindrical pore and hydrophobic-hydrophilic random copolymers for FG-Nups was employed. Karyopherin-bound receptor-cargo complexes (Kaps) were modeled as rigid, coarse-grained spheres without (inert) and with (patchy) FG-binding hydrophobic domains. With a sequence-agnostic description of FG-Nups and the absence of any anisotropies associated with either NPC or cargo, the model described tracer transport only as a function of FG-Nup hydrophobicity, f. The simulations showed the emergence of two important features of cargo transport, namely, NPC selectivity and specificity. NPC selectivity to patchy tracers emerged due to hydrophobic Kap-FG interactions and despite the sequence-agnostic description of FG-Nups. Furthermore, NPC selectivity was observed only in a specific range of FG-hydrophobic fraction, 0.05 ≤ f ≤ 0.20, resulting in specificity of NPC transport with respect to f. Significantly, this range corresponded to the number fraction of FG-repeats observed in both S. cerevisiae and H. sapiens NPCs. This established the central role of the FG-hydrophobic fraction in determining NPC transport, and provided a biophysical basis for conservation of the FG-Nup hydrophobic fraction across evolutionarily distant NPCs. Specificity in NPC transport emerged from the formation of a hydrogel-like network inside the pore with a characteristic mesh size dependent on f. This network rejected cargo for f > 0.2 based on size exclusion, which resulted in enhanced translocation probability for 0.05 ≤ f ≤ 0.20. Extended brush configurations outside the pore resulted in entropic repulsion and exclusion of inert cargo in this range. Thus, our minimal NPC model exhibited a hybrid cargo translocation mechanism, with aspects of both virtual gate and selective-phase models, in this range of FG-hydrophobic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Patel
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | | | - Ajay S Panwar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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15
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Keuenhof KS, Kohler V, Broeskamp F, Panagaki D, Speese SD, Büttner S, Höög JL. Nuclear envelope budding and its cellular functions. Nucleus 2023; 14:2178184. [PMID: 36814098 PMCID: PMC9980700 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2178184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) has long been assumed to be the sole route across the nuclear envelope, and under normal homeostatic conditions it is indeed the main mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. However, it has also been known that e.g. herpesviruses cross the nuclear envelope utilizing a pathway entitled nuclear egress or envelopment/de-envelopment. Despite this, a thread of observations suggests that mechanisms similar to viral egress may be transiently used also in healthy cells. It has since been proposed that mechanisms like nuclear envelope budding (NEB) can facilitate the transport of RNA granules, aggregated proteins, inner nuclear membrane proteins, and mis-assembled NPCs. Herein, we will summarize the known roles of NEB as a physiological and intrinsic cellular feature and highlight the many unanswered questions surrounding these intriguing nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Panagaki
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sean D. Speese
- Knight Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Johanna L. Höög
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Yan H, Xu P, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang R, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Enzyme-triggered transcytosis of drug carrier system for deep penetration into hepatoma tumors. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122213. [PMID: 37385137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems have made considerable progress in the direction of tumor treatment, but the low permeability of drugs has restricted the development of nano drugs. To solve this problem, we constructed a nano-drug delivery system with the dual effects of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) reaction and high nuclear targeting in tumor microenvironment to promote the deep penetration of drugs. Over-expression of GGT in tumor cells can specifically recognize γ-glutamyl substrate and release amino group from the hydrolysis reaction, which makes the whole system change from negative or neutral to positive charge system. The conjugated complex with positive charge rapidly endocytosis through electrostatic interaction, enhancing its permeability in tumor parenchyma. At the same time, the cell penetrating TAT contains a large amount of lysine, which can be identified by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) on the surface of the nuclear membrane, showing excellent nuclear localization function. The active DOX is released in the nucleus, which inhibits the mitosis of cancer cells and enhances the active transport ability of drugs in tumor cells. Therefore, this drug delivery system actively transports adriamycin into the tumor to achieve deep penetration of drugs through enzyme response and nuclear targeting, showing high anti-tumor activity and can be effectively applied to the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Pengchao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runfeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, And Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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17
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Cristi AC, Rapuri S, Coyne AN. Nuclear pore complex and nucleocytoplasmic transport disruption in neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2546-2566. [PMID: 37657945 PMCID: PMC10612469 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) play a critical role in maintaining the equilibrium between the nucleus and cytoplasm, enabling bidirectional transport across the nuclear envelope, and are essential for proper nuclear organization and gene regulation. Perturbations in the regulatory mechanisms governing NPCs and nuclear envelope homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The ESCRT-III pathway emerges as a critical player in the surveillance and preservation of well-assembled, functional NPCs, as well as nuclear envelope sealing. Recent studies have provided insights into the involvement of nuclear ESCRT-III in the selective reduction of specific nucleoporins associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. Thus, maintaining quality control of the nuclear envelope and NPCs represents a pivotal element in the pathological cascade leading to neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes the constituents of the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport machinery, encompassing the nuclear envelope, NPC, and ESCRT proteins, and how their structural and functional alterations contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- América Chandía Cristi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Sampath Rapuri
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Alyssa N Coyne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
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18
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Diaz C, Thankam FG, Agrawal DK. Karyopherins in the Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix: Implications in Tendon Injury. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 5:357-374. [PMID: 37829147 PMCID: PMC10569131 DOI: 10.26502/josm.511500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathies (RCT) are debilitating conditions characterized by alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the shoulder tendon, resulting in pain, discomfort, and functional limitations. Specific mediators, including HIF-1α, TGF-β, MMP-9 and others have been implicated in the morphological changes observed in the tendon ECM. These mediators rely on karyopherins, a family of nuclear proteins involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport; however, the role of karyopherins in RCT remains understudied despite their potential role in nuclear transport mechanisms. Also, the understanding regarding the precise contributions of karyopherins in RCT holds great promise for deciphering the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and potentially fostering the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. This article critically discusses the implications, possibilities, and perspectives of karyopherins in the pathophysiology of RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Diaz
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Springfield Clinical Campus, Springfield, MO 65807, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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19
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Potgieter S, Eddy C, Badrinath A, Chukrallah L, Lo T, Mohanty G, Visconti PE, Snyder EM. ADAD1 is required for normal translation of nuclear pore and transport protein transcripts in spermatids of Mus musculus†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:340-355. [PMID: 37399121 PMCID: PMC10502568 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAD1 is a testis-specific RNA-binding protein expressed in post-meiotic spermatids whose loss leads to defective sperm and male infertility. However, the drivers of the Adad1 phenotype remain unclear. Morphological and functional analysis of Adad1 mutant sperm showed defective DNA compaction, abnormal head shaping, and reduced motility. Mutant testes demonstrated minimal transcriptome changes; however, ribosome association of many transcripts was reduced, suggesting ADAD1 may be required for their translational activation. Further, immunofluorescence of proteins encoded by select transcripts showed delayed protein accumulation. Additional analyses demonstrated impaired subcellular localization of multiple proteins, suggesting protein transport is also abnormal in Adad1 mutants. To clarify the mechanism giving rise to this, the manchette, a protein transport microtubule network, and the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex, which connects the manchette to the nuclear lamin, were assessed across spermatid development. Proteins of both displayed delayed translation and/or localization in mutant spermatids implicating ADAD1 in their regulation, even in the absence of altered ribosome association. Finally, ADAD1's impact on the NPC (nuclear pore complex), a regulator of both the manchette and the LINC complex, was examined. Reduced ribosome association of NPC encoding transcripts and reduced NPC protein abundance along with abnormal localization in Adad1 mutants confirmed ADAD1's impact on translation is required for a NPC in post-meiotic germ cells. Together, these studies lead to a model whereby ADAD1's influence on nuclear transport leads to deregulation of the LINC complex and the manchette, ultimately generating the range of physiological defects observed in the Adad1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Potgieter
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Eddy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Aditi Badrinath
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren Chukrallah
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Toby Lo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gayatri Mohanty
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Pablo E Visconti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Snyder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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20
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Klyosova E, Azarova I, Buikin S, Polonikov A. Differentially Expressed Genes Regulating Glutathione Metabolism, Protein-Folding, and Unfolded Protein Response in Pancreatic β-Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12059. [PMID: 37569434 PMCID: PMC10418503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired redox homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may contribute to proinsulin misfolding and thus to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptotic pathways, culminating in pancreatic β-cell loss and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present study was designed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding enzymes for glutathione metabolism and their impact on the expression levels of genes regulating protein folding and UPR in β-cells of T2D patients. The GEO transcriptome datasets of β-cells of diabetics and non-diabetics, GSE20966 and GSE81608, were analyzed for 142 genes of interest using limma and GREIN software, respectively. Diabetic β-cells showed dataset-specific patterns of DEGs (FDR ≤ 0.05) implicated in the regulation of glutathione metabolism (ANPEP, PGD, IDH2, and CTH), protein-folding (HSP90AB1, HSP90AA1, HSPA1B, HSPA8, BAG3, NDC1, NUP160, RLN1, and RPS19BP1), and unfolded protein response (CREB3L4, ERP27, and BID). The GCLC gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis, was moderately down-regulated in diabetic β-cells from both datasets (p ≤ 0.05). Regression analysis established that genes involved in the de novo synthesis of glutathione, GCLC, GCLM, and GSS affect the expression levels of genes encoding molecular chaperones and those involved in the UPR pathway. This study showed for the first time that diabetic β-cells exhibit alterations in the expression of genes regulating glutathione metabolism, protein-folding, and UPR and provided evidence for the molecular crosstalk between impaired redox homeostasis and abnormal protein folding, underlying ER stress in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (E.K.); (I.A.)
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Iuliia Azarova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (E.K.); (I.A.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Stepan Buikin
- Centre of Omics Technology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Internal Diseases, Yaroslav the Wise Novgorod State University, 41 Bolshaya St. Petersburg Street, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
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21
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Xu S, Suttapitugsakul S, Tong M, Wu R. Systematic analysis of the impact of phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation on protein subcellular localization. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112796. [PMID: 37453062 PMCID: PMC10530397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcellular localization of proteins is critical for their functions in eukaryotic cells and is tightly correlated with protein modifications. Here, we comprehensively investigate the nuclear-cytoplasmic distributions of the phosphorylated, O-GlcNAcylated, and non-modified forms of proteins to dissect the correlation between protein distribution and modifications. Phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated proteins have overall higher nuclear distributions than non-modified ones. Different distributions among the phosphorylated, O-GlcNAcylated, and non-modified forms of proteins are associated with protein size, structure, and function, as well as local environment and adjacent residues around modification sites. Moreover, we perform site-mutagenesis experiments using phosphomimetic and phospho-null mutants of two proteins to validate the proteomic results. Additionally, the effects of the OGT/OGA inhibition on glycoprotein distribution are systematically investigated, and the distribution changes of glycoproteins are related to their abundance changes under the inhibitions. Systematic investigation of the relationship between protein modification and localization advances our understanding of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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22
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Bana J, Warwar J, Bayer EA, Livnah O. Self-assembly of a dimeric avidin into unique higher-order oligomers. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36853192 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric avidin family has been expanded in recent years to include many new members. All of them lack the intermonomeric Trp that plays a critical role in biotin-binding. Nevertheless, these new members of the avidins maintain the high affinity towards biotin. Additionally, all of the dimeric avidins share a very unique property: namely, the cylindrical oligomerization in the crystal structure. The newest member described here, agroavidin from the agrobacterium, Rhizobium sp. AAP43, shares their important structural features. However, the affinity of agroavidin towards biotin is lower than all other members of the avidin family, due to the presence of phenylalanine instead of a conserved tyrosine in the biotin-binding site. Mutating this phenylalanine into tyrosine regenerated the high affinity, which emphasizes the importance of this particular tyrosine residue. Another unique feature that distinguishes agroavidin from the other dimeric avidins is that it does not produce oligomers in its crystal structure. In order to understand the factors that promote oligomerization in dimeric avidins, we exchanged the C-terminal region of agroavidin with that of hoefavidin that produced octamers. This exchange resulted in a decamer rather than an octamer. This unusual outcome demonstrates the impact of the C-terminal region on the ability to produce oligomers. The decameric assembly of agroavidin expands the avidin-biotin toolbox even further and could well pave the path into new biotin-based technologies. Moreover, uncovering the factors that induce dimeric avidins into oligomeric assemblies may aid in better understanding the general molecular determinants that promote oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Bana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jessica Warwar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oded Livnah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Transport of ZIKV Non-Structural 3 Protein Is Mediated by Importin-α/β and Exportin CRM-1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0177322. [PMID: 36475764 PMCID: PMC9888292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01773-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have a cytoplasmic replicative cycle, and crucial events, such as genome translation and replication, occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, some viral proteins, such as C, NS1, and NS5 from Zika virus (ZIKV) containing nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nuclear export signals (NESs), are also located in the nucleus of Vero cells. The NS2A, NS3, and NS4A proteins from dengue virus (DENV) have also been reported to be in the nucleus of A549 cells, and our group recently reported that the NS3 protein is also located in the nucleus of Huh7 and C636 cells during DENV infection. However, the NS3 protease-helicase from ZIKV locates in the perinuclear region of infected cells and alters the morphology of the nuclear lamina, a component of the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, ZIKV NS3 has been reported to accumulate on the concave face of altered kidney-shaped nuclei and may be responsible for modifying other elements of the nuclear envelope. However, nuclear localization of NS3 from ZIKV has not been substantially investigated in human host cells. Our group has recently reported that DENV and ZIKV NS3 alter the nuclear pore complex (NPC) by cleaving some nucleoporins. Here, we demonstrate the presence of ZIKV NS3 in the nucleus of Huh7 cells early in infection and in the cytoplasm at later times postinfection. In addition, we found that ZIKV NS3 contains an NLS and a putative NES and uses the classic import (importin-α/β) and export pathway via CRM-1 to be transported between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses have a cytoplasmic replication cycle, but recent evidence indicates that nuclear elements play a role in their viral replication. Viral proteins, such as NS5 and C, are imported into the nucleus, and blocking their import prevents replication. Because of the importance of the nucleus in viral replication and the role of NS3 in the modification of nuclear components, we investigated whether NS3 can be localized in the nucleus during ZIKV infection. We found that NS3 is imported into the nucleus via the importin pathway and exported to the cytoplasm via CRM-1. The significance of viral protein nuclear import and export and its relationship with infection establishment is highlighted, emphasizing the development of new host-directed antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Bierzynska A, Bull K, Miellet S, Dean P, Neal C, Colby E, McCarthy HJ, Hegde S, Sinha MD, Bugarin Diz C, Stirrups K, Megy K, Mapeta R, Penkett C, Marsh S, Forrester N, Afzal M, Stark H, BioResource NIHR, Williams M, Welsh GI, Koziell AB, Hartley PS, Saleem MA. Exploring the relevance of NUP93 variants in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome using next generation sequencing and a fly kidney model. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:2643-2656. [PMID: 35211795 PMCID: PMC9489583 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in genes encoding nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins are a newly identified cause of paediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Recent reports describing NUP93 variants suggest these could be a significant cause of paediatric onset SRNS. We report NUP93 cases in the UK and demonstrate in vivo functional effects of Nup93 depletion in a fly (Drosophila melanogaster) nephrocyte model. METHODS Three hundred thirty-seven paediatric SRNS patients from the National cohort of patients with Nephrotic Syndrome (NephroS) were whole exome and/or whole genome sequenced. Patients were screened for over 70 genes known to be associated with Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). D. melanogaster Nup93 knockdown was achieved by RNA interference using nephrocyte-restricted drivers. RESULTS Six novel homozygous and compound heterozygous NUP93 variants were detected in 3 sporadic and 2 familial paediatric onset SRNS characterised histologically by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and progressing to kidney failure by 12 months from clinical diagnosis. Silencing of the two orthologs of human NUP93 expressed in D. melanogaster, Nup93-1, and Nup93-2 resulted in significant signal reduction of up to 82% in adult pericardial nephrocytes with concomitant disruption of NPC protein expression. Additionally, nephrocyte morphology was highly abnormal in Nup93-1 and Nup93-2 silenced flies surviving to adulthood. CONCLUSION We expand the spectrum of NUP93 variants detected in paediatric onset SRNS and demonstrate its incidence within a national cohort. Silencing of either D. melanogaster Nup93 ortholog caused a severe nephrocyte phenotype, signaling an important role for the nucleoporin complex in podocyte biology. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bierzynska
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
| | - Katherine Bull
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara Miellet
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB England, UK
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Molecular Horizons and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Philip Dean
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Neal
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
| | - Elizabeth Colby
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
| | - Hugh J. McCarthy
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Shivaram Hegde
- Children’s Kidney Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Manish D. Sinha
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St, Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carmen Bugarin Diz
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Karyn Megy
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rutendo Mapeta
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Chris Penkett
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Sarah Marsh
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalie Forrester
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Molecular Horizons and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Maryam Afzal
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
| | - Hannah Stark
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - NIHR BioResource
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Maggie Williams
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin I. Welsh
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
| | - Ania B. Koziell
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St, Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Paul S. Hartley
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB England, UK
| | - Moin A. Saleem
- Bristol Renal and Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY UK
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English KG, Reid AL, Samani A, Coulis GJF, Villalta SA, Walker CJ, Tamir S, Alexander MS. Next-Generation SINE Compound KPT-8602 Ameliorates Dystrophic Pathology in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of DMD. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2400. [PMID: 36289662 PMCID: PMC9598711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, X-linked childhood neuromuscular disorder that results from loss-of-function mutations in the DYSTROPHIN gene. DMD patients exhibit muscle necrosis, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure, and loss of ambulation. One of the major driving forces of DMD disease pathology is chronic inflammation. The current DMD standard of care is corticosteroids; however, there are serious side effects with long-term use, thus identifying novel anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic treatments for DMD is of high priority. We investigated the next-generation SINE compound, KPT-8602 (eltanexor) as an oral therapeutic to alleviate dystrophic symptoms. We performed pre-clinical evaluation of the effects of KPT-8602 in DMD zebrafish (sapje) and mouse (D2-mdx) models. KPT-8602 improved dystrophic skeletal muscle pathologies, muscle architecture and integrity, and overall outcomes in both animal models. KPT-8602 treatment ameliorated DMD pathology in D2-mdx mice, with increased locomotor behavior and improved muscle histology. KPT-8602 altered the immunological profile of the dystrophic mice, and reduced circulating osteopontin serum levels. These findings demonstrate KPT-8602 as an effective therapeutic in DMD through by promotion of an anti-inflammatory environment and overall improvement of DMD pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G. English
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Andrea L. Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Adrienne Samani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Gerald J. F. Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92967, USA
| | - S. Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92967, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Civitan International Research Center (CIRC), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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26
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Bell PJL. Eukaryogenesis: The Rise of an Emergent Superorganism. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:858064. [PMID: 35633668 PMCID: PMC9130767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.858064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely taught that all modern life descended via modification from a last universal common ancestor (LUCA), this dominant paradigm is yet to provide a generally accepted explanation for the chasm in design between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Counter to this dominant paradigm, the viral eukaryogenesis (VE) hypothesis proposes that the eukaryotes originated as an emergent superorganism and thus did not evolve from LUCA via descent with incremental modification. According to the VE hypothesis, the eukaryotic nucleus descends from a viral factory, the mitochondrion descends from an enslaved alpha-proteobacteria and the cytoplasm and plasma membrane descend from an archaeal host. A virus initiated the eukaryogenesis process by colonising an archaeal host to create a virocell that had its metabolism reprogrammed to support the viral factory. Subsequently, viral processes facilitated the entry of a bacterium into the archaeal cytoplasm which was also eventually reprogrammed to support the viral factory. As the viral factory increased control of the consortium, the archaeal genome was lost, the bacterial genome was greatly reduced and the viral factory eventually evolved into the nucleus. It is proposed that the interaction between these three simple components generated a superorganism whose emergent properties allowed the evolution of eukaryotic complexity. If the radical tenets of the VE hypothesis are ultimately accepted, current biological paradigms regarding viruses, cell theory, LUCA and the universal Tree of Life (ToL) should be fundamentally altered or completely abandoned.
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27
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Valov AF, Avetisov VA. Fluctuational Features of Diffusive Passage of Particles in Narrow Channels with Obstacles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Hegedűsová E, Maršalová V, Kulkarni S, Paris Z. Trafficking and/or division: Distinct roles of nucleoporins based on their location within the nuclear pore complex. RNA Biol 2022; 19:650-661. [PMID: 35491934 PMCID: PMC9067531 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2067711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) facilitates the trafficking of proteins and RNA between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The role of nucleoporins (Nups) in transport in the context of the NPC is well established, yet their function in tRNA export has not been fully explored. We selected several nucleoporins from different parts of the NPC to investigate their potential role in tRNA trafficking in Trypanosoma brucei. We show that while all of the nucleoporins studied are essential for cell viability, only TbNup62 and TbNup53a function in tRNA export. In contrast to homologs in yeast TbNup144 and TbNup158, which are part of the inner and outer ring of the NPC, have no role in nuclear tRNA trafficking. Instead, TbNup144 plays a critical role in nuclear division, highlighting the role of nucleoporins beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport. These results suggest that the location of nucleoporins within the NPC is crucial to maintaining various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hegedűsová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Maršalová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Kulkarni
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Paris
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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29
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Raices M, D'Angelo MA. Structure, Maintenance, and Regulation of Nuclear Pore Complexes: The Gatekeepers of the Eukaryotic Genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040691. [PMID: 34312247 PMCID: PMC8789946 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is segregated inside the nucleus. This compartmentalization of the genome requires a transport system that allows cells to move molecules across the nuclear envelope, the membrane-based barrier that surrounds the chromosomes. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the central component of the nuclear transport machinery. These large protein channels penetrate the nuclear envelope, creating a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through which nucleocytoplasmic molecule exchange occurs. NPCs are one of the largest protein assemblies of eukaryotic cells and, in addition to their critical function in nuclear transport, these structures also play key roles in many cellular processes in a transport-independent manner. Here we will review the current knowledge of the NPC structure, the cellular mechanisms that regulate their formation and maintenance, and we will provide a brief description of a variety of processes that NPCs regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Raices
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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30
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Musacchio A. On the role of phase separation in the biogenesis of membraneless compartments. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109952. [PMID: 35107832 PMCID: PMC8886532 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanistic biology has ushered us into the world of life’s building blocks, revealing their interactions in macromolecular complexes and inspiring strategies for detailed functional interrogations. The biogenesis of membraneless cellular compartments, functional mesoscale subcellular locales devoid of strong internal order and delimiting membranes, is among mechanistic biology’s most demanding current challenges. A developing paradigm, biomolecular phase separation, emphasizes solvation of the building blocks through low‐affinity, weakly adhesive unspecific interactions as the driver of biogenesis of membraneless compartments. Here, I discuss the molecular underpinnings of the phase separation paradigm and demonstrate that validating its assumptions is much more challenging than hitherto appreciated. I also discuss that highly specific interactions, rather than unspecific ones, appear to be the main driver of biogenesis of subcellular compartments, while phase separation may be harnessed locally in selected instances to generate material properties tailored for specific functions, as exemplified by nucleocytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Dharan A, Campbell EM. Teaching old dogmas new tricks: recent insights into the nuclear import of HIV-1. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101203. [PMID: 35121335 PMCID: PMC9175559 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of lentiviruses, which separates them from other members of the retrovirus family, is their ability to infect non-dividing cells by traversing the nuclear pore complex. The viral determinant that mediates HIV-1 nuclear import is the viral capsid (CA) protein, which forms the conical core protecting the HIV-1 genome in a mature virion. Recently, a series of novel approaches developed to monitor post-fusion events in infection have challenged previous textbook models of the viral life cycle, which envisage reverse transcription and disassembly of the capsid core as events that complete in the cytoplasm. In this review, we summarize these recent findings and describe their implications on our understanding of the spatiotemporal staging of HIV-1 infection with a focus on the nuclear import and its implications in other aspects of the viral lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Dharan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA.
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32
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Takata T, Matsumura M. The LINC Complex Assists the Nuclear Import of Mechanosensitive Transcriptional Regulators. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:315-337. [PMID: 36348113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play pivotal roles in directing cell functions and fate. To elicit gene expression, either intrinsic or extrinsic mechanical information are transmitted into the nucleus beyond the nuclear envelope via at least two distinct pathways, possibly more. The first and well-known pathway utilizes the canonical nuclear transport of mechanoresponsive transcriptional regulators through the nuclear pore complex, which is an exclusive route for macromolecular trafficking between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The second pathway depends on the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, which is a molecular bridge traversing the nuclear envelope between the cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton. This protein complex is a central component in mechanotransduction at the nuclear envelope that transmits mechanical information from the cytoskeleton into the nucleus to influence the nuclear structure, nuclear stiffness, chromatin organization, and gene expression. Besides the mechanical force transducing function, recent increasing evidence shows that the LINC complex plays a role in controlling nucleocytoplasmic transport of mechanoresponsive transcriptional regulators. Here we discuss recent findings regarding the contribution of the LINC complex to the regulation of intracellular localization of the most-notable mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators, β-catenin, YAP, and TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Takata
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Ehime, Japan
| | - Miki Matsumura
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Ehime, Japan.
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33
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Bindra D, Mishra RK. In Pursuit of Distinctiveness: Transmembrane Nucleoporins and Their Disease Associations. Front Oncol 2022; 11:784319. [PMID: 34970494 PMCID: PMC8712647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bi-directional nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of macromolecules like molecular signals, transcription factors, regulatory proteins, and RNAs occurs exclusively through Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) residing in the nuclear membrane. This magnanimous complex is essentially a congregation of ~32 conserved proteins termed Nucleoporins (Nups) present in multiple copies and mostly arranged as subcomplexes to constitute a functional NPC. Nups participate in ancillary functions such as chromatin organization, transcription regulation, DNA damage repair, genome stabilization, and cell cycle control, apart from their central role as nucleocytoplasmic conduits. Thus, Nups exert a role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In mammals, precisely three nucleoporins traverse the nuclear membrane, are called transmembrane Nups (TM-Nups), and are involved in multiple cellular functions. Owing to their vital roles in cellular processes and homeostasis, dysregulation of nucleoporin function is implicated in various diseases. The deregulated functioning of TM-Nups can thus act as an opportune window for the development of diseases. Indeed, mounting evidence exhibits a strong association of TM-Nups in cancer and numerous other physiological disorders. These findings have provided much-needed insights into the novel mechanisms of disease progression. While nucleoporin’s functions have often been summarized in the disease context, a focus on TM-Nups has always lacked. This review emphasizes the elucidation of distinct canonical and non-canonical functions of mammalian TM-Nups and the underlying mechanisms of their disease association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bindra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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34
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Ou L, Honda A, Miyasaka N, Akaji S, Omori I, Ishikawa R, Li Y, Ueda K, Takano H. Application of three-dimensional Raman imaging to determination of the relationship between cellular localization of diesel exhaust particles and the toxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:333-340. [PMID: 34794370 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.2008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A diesel exhaust particle (DEP) is a type of particulate matter that is easily produced from combustion in a diesel power engine. It has been reported that DEPs can cause short- and long-term health problems. This is because DEPs are complex mixtures that are highly inhalable through the airways due to their small particle size. However, the relationship between intracellular localization of DEPs after their deposition in the lungs and the subsequent biological responses remains to be clarified. This is due to difficulties in distinguishing particles that are inside the cells from those that are outside. In this study, A549 human lung epithelial cells were exposed to DEPs at concentrations of 0, 25, 75, or 200 µg/mL for different periods, after that particles in the A549 cells were analyzed by three-dimensional (3D) images obtained from a Raman microscope. The cytotoxic effects of DEPs on the A549 cells were investigated by measuring cell viability, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. The Raman microscopy revealed that the particles invaded the A549 cells, and at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, they markedly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular ROS production, triggered late apoptosis/necrosis and induced nuclear damage. These results suggest that intracellular DEPs exposed at a high concentration may be highly toxic and can impair the viability of A549 cells. Furthermore, the 3D images from the Raman microscopy can be used to evaluate intracellular particle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langying Ou
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Natsuko Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Sakiko Akaji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Issei Omori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Raga Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yinpeng Li
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
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35
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Targa A, Larrimore KE, Wong CK, Chong YL, Fung R, Lee J, Choi H, Rancati G. Non-genetic and genetic rewiring underlie adaptation to hypomorphic alleles of an essential gene. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107839. [PMID: 34528284 PMCID: PMC8561638 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution to cellular stress is a process implicated in a wide range of biological and clinical phenomena. Two major routes of adaptation have been identified: non-genetic changes, which allow expression of different phenotypes in novel environments, and genetic variation achieved by selection of fitter phenotypes. While these processes are broadly accepted, their temporal and epistatic features in the context of cellular evolution and emerging drug resistance are contentious. In this manuscript, we generated hypomorphic alleles of the essential nuclear pore complex (NPC) gene NUP58. By dissecting early and long-term mechanisms of adaptation in independent clones, we observed that early physiological adaptation correlated with transcriptome rewiring and upregulation of genes known to interact with the NPC; long-term adaptation and fitness recovery instead occurred via focal amplification of NUP58 and restoration of mutant protein expression. These data support the concept that early phenotypic plasticity allows later acquisition of genetic adaptations to a specific impairment. We propose this approach as a genetic model to mimic targeted drug therapy in human cells and to dissect mechanisms of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altea Targa
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Katherine E Larrimore
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Cheng Kit Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yu Lin Chong
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Ronald Fung
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNUS and National University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNUS and National University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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36
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Miron A, Mukamel D, Posch HA. Attraction and condensation of driven tracers in a narrow channel. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024123. [PMID: 34525576 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emergent bath-mediated attraction and condensation arise when multiple particles are simultaneously driven through an equilibrated bath under geometric constraints. While such scenarios are observed in a variety of nonequilibrium phenomena with an abundance of experimental and numerical evidence, little quantitative understanding of how these interactions arise is currently available. Here we approach the problem by studying the behavior of two driven "tracer" particles, propagating through a bath in a 1D lattice with excluded-volume interactions. We apply the mean-field approximation to analytically explore the mechanism responsible for the tracers' emergent interactions and compute the resulting effective attractive potential. This mechanism is then numerically shown to extend to a realistic model of hard driven Brownian disks confined to a narrow 2D channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Miron
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Mukamel
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Harald A Posch
- Computational Physics Group, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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37
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Sorel N, Raimbault A, Brizard F, Depaire T, Pierini V, Dupraz C, Millot F, Mecucci C, Chomel JC. Identification and genetic characterization of a NUP98-HHEX molecular rearrangement in a pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:3531-3535. [PMID: 34399652 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1966784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sorel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Onco-Hematology Unit, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Anna Raimbault
- Department of Cancer Biology, Onco-Hematology Unit, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Hematology Laboratory, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Valentina Pierini
- Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christelle Dupraz
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, CIC 1402 INSERM, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Millot
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, CIC 1402 INSERM, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean-Claude Chomel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Onco-Hematology Unit, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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38
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Kang Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Yin S, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Chen L, Shao L. Understanding the interactions between inorganic-based nanomaterials and biological membranes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113820. [PMID: 34087327 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between inorganic-based nanomaterials (NMs) and biological membranes are among the most important phenomena for developing NM-based therapeutics and resolving nanotoxicology. Herein, we introduce the structural and functional effects of inorganic-based NMs on biological membranes, mainly the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system, with an emphasis on the interface, which involves highly complex networks between NMs and biomolecules (such as membrane proteins and lipids). Significant efforts have been devoted to categorizing and analyzing the interaction mechanisms in terms of the physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of NMs, which can directly or indirectly influence the effects of NMs on membranes. Importantly, we summarize that the biological membranes act as platforms and thereby mediate NMs-immune system contacts. In this overview, the existing challenges and potential applications in the areas are addressed. A strong understanding of the discussed concepts will promote therapeutic NM designs for drug delivery systems by leveraging the NMs-membrane interactions and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Kang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Suhan Yin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhendong Huang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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39
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Panagaki D, Croft JT, Keuenhof K, Larsson Berglund L, Andersson S, Kohler V, Büttner S, Tamás MJ, Nyström T, Neutze R, Höög JL. Nuclear envelope budding is a response to cellular stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020997118. [PMID: 34290138 PMCID: PMC8325156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020997118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope budding (NEB) is a recently discovered alternative pathway for nucleocytoplasmic communication distinct from the movement of material through the nuclear pore complex. Through quantitative electron microscopy and tomography, we demonstrate how NEB is evolutionarily conserved from early protists to human cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NEB events occur with higher frequency during heat shock, upon exposure to arsenite or hydrogen peroxide, and when the proteasome is inhibited. Yeast cells treated with azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analog that induces protein misfolding, display the most dramatic increase in NEB, suggesting a causal link to protein quality control. This link was further supported by both localization of ubiquitin and Hsp104 to protein aggregates and NEB events, and the evolution of these structures during heat shock. We hypothesize that NEB is part of normal cellular physiology in a vast range of species and that in S. cerevisiae NEB comprises a stress response aiding the transport of protein aggregates across the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Panagaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacob T Croft
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katharina Keuenhof
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Larsson Berglund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Bioscienses, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Bioscienses, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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40
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Al-jubori AA, Sulaiman GM, Tawfeeq AT, Mohammed HA, Khan RA, Mohammed SAA. Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticles of Tamoxifen and Resveratrol for Dual Drug Delivery System and Potential Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1098. [PMID: 34371789 PMCID: PMC8309206 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle development demonstrates use in various physicochemical, biological, and functional properties for biomedical applications, including anti-cancer applications. In the current study, a cancer therapeutic conjugate was produced consisting of tamoxifen (TAM) and resveratrol (RES) by layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles based on lipid-based drug delivery systems and liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) coated with multiple layers of positively charged chitosan and negatively charged hyaluronic acid for the evaluation of biocompatibility and therapeutic properties against cancer cells. Multiple techniques characterized the synthesis of TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), Zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro cytotoxic effects of TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs were investigated against human breast cancer cell line, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), and human triple-negative breast cancer cell line, Centre Antoine Lacassagne-51 (CAL-51), using various parameters. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed that the treatment of cells with TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs caused a reduction in cell proliferation, and no such inhibition was observed with human normal liver cell line: American Type Culture Collection Cell Line-48 (WRL-68 [ATCC CL-48]). Fluorescent microscopy examined the ability of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to bind to TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs along with their cellular uptake. Apoptosis determination was performed using hematoxylin-eosin and acridine orange-propidium iodide double staining. The expression of P53 and caspase-8 was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. An in vivo study determined the toxicity of TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs in mice and assessed the functional marker changes in the liver and kidneys. No significant statistical differences were found for the tested indicators. TAM/RES-LbL-LCNP treatment showed no apparent damages or histopathological abnormalities in the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney histological images. The current findings observed for the first time propose that TAM/RES-LbL-LCNPs provide a new and safer method to use phytochemicals in combinatorial therapy and provide a novel treatment approach against breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Al-jubori
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; (A.A.A.-j.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; (A.A.A.-j.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Amer T. Tawfeeq
- Molecular Biology Department, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetics Research, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Salman A. A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
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41
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Shen Q, Wang YE, Palazzo AF. Crosstalk between nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and the innate immune response to viral infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100856. [PMID: 34097873 PMCID: PMC8254040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex is the sole gateway connecting the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. In humans, the nuclear pore complex is one of the largest multiprotein assemblies in the cell, with a molecular mass of ∼110 MDa and consisting of 8 to 64 copies of about 34 different nuclear pore proteins, termed nucleoporins, for a total of 1000 subunits per pore. Trafficking events across the nuclear pore are mediated by nuclear transport receptors and are highly regulated. The nuclear pore complex is also used by several RNA viruses and almost all DNA viruses to access the host cell nucleoplasm for replication. Viruses hijack the nuclear pore complex, and nuclear transport receptors, to access the nucleoplasm where they replicate. In addition, the nuclear pore complex is used by the cell innate immune system, a network of signal transduction pathways that coordinates the first response to foreign invaders, including viruses and other pathogens. Several branches of this response depend on dynamic signaling events that involve the nuclear translocation of downstream signal transducers. Mounting evidence has shown that these signaling cascades, especially those steps that involve nucleocytoplasmic trafficking events, are targeted by viruses so that they can evade the innate immune system. This review summarizes how nuclear pore proteins and nuclear transport receptors contribute to the innate immune response and highlights how viruses manipulate this cellular machinery to favor infection. A comprehensive understanding of nuclear pore proteins in antiviral innate immunity will likely contribute to the development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtang Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yifan E Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander F Palazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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42
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De Jesús-González LA, Palacios-Rápalo S, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Osuna-Ramos JF, Cordero-Rivera CD, Farfan-Morales CN, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL, del Ángel RM. The Nuclear Pore Complex Is a Key Target of Viral Proteases to Promote Viral Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040706. [PMID: 33921849 PMCID: PMC8073804 DOI: 10.3390/v13040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various viruses alter nuclear pore complex (NPC) integrity to access the nuclear content favoring their replication. Alteration of the nuclear pore complex has been observed not only in viruses that replicate in the nucleus but also in viruses with a cytoplasmic replicative cycle. In this last case, the alteration of the NPC can reduce the transport of transcription factors involved in the immune response or mRNA maturation, or inhibit the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, favoring the translation of viral mRNAs or allowing access to nuclear factors necessary for viral replication. In most cases, the alteration of the NPC is mediated by viral proteins, being the viral proteases, one of the most critical groups of viral proteins that regulate these nucleus–cytoplasmic transport changes. This review focuses on the description and discussion of the role of viral proteases in the modification of nucleus–cytoplasmic transport in viruses with cytoplasmic replicative cycles and its repercussions in viral replication.
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43
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Ding B, Sepehrimanesh M. Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: Regulatory Mechanisms and the Implications in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4165. [PMID: 33920577 PMCID: PMC8072611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) across the nuclear envelope is precisely regulated in eukaryotic cells, and it plays critical roles in maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dysregulations of NCT are implicated in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington disease (HD). This is an emerging research field. The molecular mechanisms underlying impaired NCT and the pathogenesis leading to neurodegeneration are not clear. In this review, we comprehensively described the components of NCT machinery, including nuclear envelope (NE), nuclear pore complex (NPC), importins and exportins, RanGTPase and its regulators, and the regulatory mechanisms of nuclear transport of both protein and transcript cargos. Additionally, we discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of impaired NCT underlying aging and neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS/FTD, HD, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ding
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 East Saint Mary Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA;
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44
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Recent advances in peptide-targeted micelleplexes: Current developments and future perspectives. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120362. [PMID: 33556489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The decoding of the human genome revolutionized the understanding of how genetics influence the interplay between health and disease, in a multidisciplinary perspective. Thus, the development of exogenous nucleic acids-based therapies has increased to overcome hereditary or acquired genetic-associated diseases. Gene drug delivery using non-viral systems, for instance micelleplexes, have been recognized as promising options for gene-target therapies. Micelleplexes are core-shell structures, at a nanometric scale, designed using amphiphilic block copolymers. These can self-assemble in an aqueous medium, leading to the formation of a hydrophilic and positively charged corona - that can transport nucleic acids, - and a hydrophobic core - which can transport poor water-soluble drugs. However, the performance of these types of carriers usually is hindered by several in vivo barriers. Fortunately, due to a significant amount of research, strategies to overcome these shortcomings emerged. With a wide range of structural features, good stability against proteolytic degradation, affordable characteristic, easy synthesis, low immunogenicity, among other advantages, peptides have increasingly gained popularity as target ligands for non-viral carriers. Hence, this review addresses the use of peptides with micelleplexes illustrating, through the analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies, the potential and future perspectives of this combination.
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45
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A nanobody suite for yeast scaffold nucleoporins provides details of the nuclear pore complex structure. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6179. [PMID: 33268786 PMCID: PMC7710722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the main conduits for molecular exchange across the nuclear envelope. The NPC is a modular assembly of ~500 individual proteins, called nucleoporins or nups. Most scaffolding nups are organized in two multimeric subcomplexes, the Nup84 or Y complex and the Nic96 or inner ring complex. Working in S. cerevisiae, and to study the assembly of these two essential subcomplexes, we here develop a set of twelve nanobodies that recognize seven constituent nucleoporins of the Y and Nic96 complexes. These nanobodies all bind specifically and with high affinity. We present structures of several nup-nanobody complexes, revealing their binding sites. Additionally, constitutive expression of the nanobody suite in S. cerevisiae detect accessible and obstructed surfaces of the Y complex and Nic96 within the NPC. Overall, this suite of nanobodies provides a unique and versatile toolkit for the study of the NPC.
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46
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Jabir M, Sahib UI, Taqi Z, Taha A, Sulaiman G, Albukhaty S, Al-Shammari A, Alwahibi M, Soliman D, Dewir YH, Rizwana H. Linalool-Loaded Glutathione-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with CALNN Peptide as Apoptosis Inducer and NF-κB Translocation Inhibitor in SKOV-3 Cell Line. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9025-9047. [PMID: 33235450 PMCID: PMC7680166 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Linalool is a monoterpene compound with various potential therapeutic applications in several medical fields. Previous studies have indicated the activity of linalool against cell lines; however, its high level of toxicity restricts its use. The aim of this study was to design and manufacture compounds with a novel structure that can be used for loading linalool, to reduce its toxicity and improve its reachable ability. Methods We synthesized and characterized a new molecule for loading linalool onto gold nanoparticles (GNPs) capped with glutathione and conjugated with a CALNN peptide. Linalool was loaded onto the GNPs via the reaction of the surface groups of both linalool and the GNPs. Moreover, the target peptide could be loaded onto the surface of the GNPs via a chemical reaction. The cytotoxic effects of linalool–GNP (LG) and linalool–GNP–CALNN peptide (LGC) conjugates against ovarian cancer cells were investigated, as were the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis. Results Our findings illustrated the significant antiproliferative effect of LG and LGC on SKOV-3 cells. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that LG and LGC were selectively toxic in cancer cells and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8, the p53 protein, and various proteins involved in apoptosis. The present data demonstrated that LG and LGC have a high therapeutic potential and should be given particular consideration as anticancer drug-delivery systems, as LG and LGC were remarkably more cytotoxic against a cancer cell line than were linalool and GNPs alone. Conclusion We concluded that LG and LGC are promising compounds that can be used for treating ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells via the induction of apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jabir
- University of Technology, Department of Applied Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Usama I Sahib
- University of Technology, Department of Applied Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab Taqi
- University of Technology, Department of Applied Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali Taha
- University of Technology, Department of Applied Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ghassan Sulaiman
- University of Technology, Department of Applied Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- University of Misan, Department of Basic Science, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Al-Shammari
- Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Experimental Therapy Department, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mona Alwahibi
- King Saud University, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Soliman
- King Saud University, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- King Saud University, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Humaira Rizwana
- King Saud University, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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47
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Bell PJ. Evidence supporting a viral origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. Virus Res 2020; 289:198168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Arévalo-Soliz LM, Hardee CL, Fogg JM, Corman NR, Noorbakhsh C, Zechiedrich L. Improving therapeutic potential of non-viral minimized DNA vectors. CELL & GENE THERAPY INSIGHTS 2020; 6:1489-1505. [PMID: 33953961 PMCID: PMC8095377 DOI: 10.18609/cgti.2020.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tragic deaths of three patients in a recent AAV-based X-linked myotubular myopathy clinical trial highlight once again the pressing need for safe and reliable gene delivery vectors. Non-viral minimized DNA vectors offer one possible way to meet this need. Recent pre-clinical results with minimized DNA vectors have yielded promising outcomes in cancer therapy, stem cell therapy, stem cell reprograming, and other uses. Broad clinical use of these vectors, however, remains to be realized. Further advances in vector design and production are ongoing. An intriguing and promising potential development results from manipulation of the specific shape of non-viral minimized DNA vectors. By improving cellular uptake and biodistribution specificity, this approach could impact gene therapy, DNA nanotechnology, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirio M Arévalo-Soliz
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cinnamon L Hardee
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan M Fogg
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nathan R Corman
- Rural Medical Education Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Cameron Noorbakhsh
- Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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Replication stress conferred by POT1 dysfunction promotes telomere relocalization to the nuclear pore. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1619-1636. [PMID: 33122293 PMCID: PMC7706707 DOI: 10.1101/gad.337287.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Pinzaru et al. set out to uncover the pathways that enable the proliferation of cells expressing cancer-associated POT1 mutations. Using complementary genetic and proteomic approaches, the authors identify a conserved function for the NPC in resolving replication defects at telomere loci. Mutations in the telomere-binding protein POT1 are associated with solid tumors and leukemias. POT1 alterations cause rapid telomere elongation, ATR kinase activation, telomere fragility, and accelerated tumor development. Here, we define the impact of mutant POT1 alleles through complementary genetic and proteomic approaches based on CRISPR interference and biotin-based proximity labeling, respectively. These screens reveal that replication stress is a major vulnerability in cells expressing mutant POT1, which manifests as increased telomere mitotic DNA synthesis at telomeres. Our study also unveils a role for the nuclear pore complex in resolving replication defects at telomeres. Depletion of nuclear pore complex subunits in the context of POT1 dysfunction increases DNA damage signaling, telomere fragility and sister chromatid exchanges. Furthermore, we observed telomere repositioning to the nuclear periphery driven by nuclear F-actin polymerization in cells with POT1 mutations. In conclusion, our study establishes that relocalization of dysfunctional telomeres to the nuclear periphery is critical to preserve telomere repeat integrity.
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Neil D, Moran L, Horsfield C, Curtis E, Swann O, Barclay W, Hanley B, Hollinshead M, Roufosse C. Ultrastructure of cell trafficking pathways and coronavirus: how to recognise the wolf amongst the sheep. J Pathol 2020; 252:346-357. [PMID: 32918747 DOI: 10.1002/path.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in an urgent need to understand the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, to assist in the identification of treatment strategies. Viral tissue tropism is an active area of investigation, one approach to which is identification of virus within tissues by electron microscopy of post-mortem and surgical specimens. Most diagnostic histopathologists have limited understanding of the ultrastructural features of normal cell trafficking pathways, which can resemble intra- and extracellular coronavirus; in addition, viral replication pathways make use of these trafficking pathways. Herein, we review these pathways and their ultrastructural appearances, with emphasis on structures which may be confused with coronavirus. In particular, we draw attention to the fact that, when using routine fixation and processing, the typical 'crown' that characterises a coronavirus is not readily identified on intracellular virions, which are located in membrane-bound vacuoles. In addition, the viral nucleocapsid is seen as black dots within the virion and is more discriminatory in differentiating virions from other cellular structures. The identification of the viral replication organelle, a collection of membranous structures (convoluted membranes) seen at a relatively low scanning power, may help to draw attention to infected cells, which can be sparse. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desley Neil
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda Moran
- North West London Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Horsfield
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Curtis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Olivia Swann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- North West London Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Candice Roufosse
- North West London Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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