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Bartold M, Ivanovski S. Biological processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38243683 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and iterative process involving myriad cellular and biologic processes that are highly regulated to allow satisfactory repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. This review is intended to be an introductory chapter in a volume focusing on the use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration. In order to fully appreciate the clinical utility of these preparations, a sound understanding of the processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. This encompasses an appreciation of the cellular and biological mediators of both soft and hard tissues in general as well as specific consideration of the periodontal tissues. In light of good advances in this basic knowledge, there have been improvements in clinical strategies and therapeutic management of wound repair and regeneration. The use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration offers one such strategy and is based on the principles of cellular and biologic principles of wound repair discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bartold
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Fadl A, Leask A. Hiding in Plain Sight: Human Gingival Fibroblasts as an Essential, Yet Overlooked, Tool in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2023; 12:2021. [PMID: 37626831 PMCID: PMC10453328 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), the most abundant cells in the oral cavity, are essential for maintaining oral homeostasis. Compared with other tissues, adult oral mucosal wounds heal regeneratively, without scarring. Relative to fibroblasts from other locations, HGFs are relatively refractory to myofibroblast differentiation, immunomodulatory, highly regenerative, readily obtained via minimally invasive procedures, easily and rapidly expanded in vitro, and highly responsive to growth factors and cytokines. Consequently, HGFs might be a superior, yet perhaps underappreciated, source of adult mesenchymal progenitor cells to use in tissue engineering and regeneration applications, including the treatment of fibrotic auto-immune connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma. Herein, we highlight in vitro and translational studies that have investigated the regenerative and differentiation potential of HGFs, with the objective of outlining current limitations and inspiring future research that could facilitate translating the regenerative potential of HGFs into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
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3
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Knight R, Board-Davies E, Brown H, Clayton A, Davis T, Karatas B, Burston J, Tabi Z, Falcon-Perez JM, Paisey S, Stephens P. Oral Progenitor Cell Line-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as a Treatment for Preferential Wound Healing Outcome. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:861-875. [PMID: 35716044 PMCID: PMC9397654 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation during wound repair can be devastating for affected individuals. Our group previously documented the therapeutic potential of novel progenitor cell populations from the non-scarring buccal mucosa. These Oral Mucosa Lamina Propria-Progenitor Cells (OMLP-PCs) are multipotent, immunosuppressive, and antibacterial. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may play important roles in stem cell-mediated repair in varied settings; hence, we investigated sEVs from this source for wound repair. We created an hTERT immortalized OMLP-PC line (OMLP-PCL) and confirmed retention of morphology, lineage plasticity, surface markers, and functional properties. sEVs isolated from OMLP-PCL were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Cryo-EM and flow cytometry. Compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) sEVs, OMLP-PCL sEVs were more potent at driving wound healing functions, including cell proliferation and wound repopulation and downregulated myofibroblast formation. A reduced scarring potential was further demonstrated in a preclinical in vivo model. Manipulation of OMLP-PCL sEVs may provide novel options for non-scarring wound healing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Knight
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Emma Board-Davies
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Terence Davis
- PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ben Karatas
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Burston
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stephen Paisey
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Phil Stephens
- Corresponding author: Phil Stephens, Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
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4
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Effect of Allogeneic Oral Mucosa Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Equine Wound Repair. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:5024905. [PMID: 34950446 PMCID: PMC8692048 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5024905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the clinical value and safety of the application of allogeneic equine oral mucosa mesenchymal stromal cells (OM-MSCs) to wounds. Animals. 8 healthy adult horses without front limb skin lesions or musculoskeletal disease. Procedures. Stem cells were isolated from the oral mucosa of a donor horse. Horses were subjected to the creation of eight full-thickness cutaneous wounds, two on each distal forelimb (FL) and two on both sides of the thorax (TH). Each wound was subjected to one out of four treatments: no medication (T1), hyaluronic acid- (HA-) gel containing OM-MSC (T2), HA-gel containing OM-MSC secretome (T3), and HA-gel alone (T4). Gross macroscopic evaluation and laser digital photographic documentation were regularly performed to allow wound assessment including wound surface area. Full-thickness skin punch biopsy was performed at each site before wound induction (D0, normal skin) and after complete wound healing (D62, repaired skin). Results All wounds healed without adverse effect at D62. Distal limb wounds are slower to heal than body wounds. OM-MSC and its secretome have a positive impact on TH wound contraction. OM-MSC has a positive impact on the contraction and epithelialization of FL wounds. No significant difference between wound sites before and after treatment was noted at histological examination. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance. Using horse cells harvested from oral mucosa is a feasible technique to produce OM-MSC or its secretome. The gel produced by the combination of these biologic components with HA shows a positive impact when applied during the early stage of wound healing.
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5
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Pereira D, Sequeira I. A Scarless Healing Tale: Comparing Homeostasis and Wound Healing of Oral Mucosa With Skin and Oesophagus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682143. [PMID: 34381771 PMCID: PMC8350526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are the most rapidly dividing tissues in the body, holding a natural ability for renewal and regeneration. This ability is crucial for survival as epithelia are essential to provide the ultimate barrier against the external environment, protecting the underlying tissues. Tissue stem and progenitor cells are responsible for self-renewal and repair during homeostasis and following injury. Upon wounding, epithelial tissues undergo different phases of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling, often resulting in fibrosis and scarring. In this review, we explore the phenotypic differences between the skin, the oesophagus and the oral mucosa. We discuss the plasticity of these epithelial stem cells and contribution of different fibroblast subpopulations for tissue regeneration and wound healing. While these epithelial tissues share global mechanisms of stem cell behaviour for tissue renewal and regeneration, the oral mucosa is known for its outstanding healing potential with minimal scarring. We aim to provide an updated review of recent studies that combined cell therapy with bioengineering exporting the unique scarless properties of the oral mucosa to improve skin and oesophageal wound healing and to reduce fibrotic tissue formation. These advances open new avenues toward the ultimate goal of achieving scarless wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Schor AM, Woolston AM, Kankova K, Harada K, Aljorani LE, Perrier S, Felts PA, Keatch RP, Schor SL. Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF): Its Role in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:351-397. [PMID: 34664248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF) is a 70 kDa truncated isoform of fibronectin (FN); its mRNA is generated from the FN gene by an unusual two-stage processing. Unlike full-length FN, MSF is not a matrix molecule but a soluble protein which displays cytokine-like activities not displayed by any other FN isoform due to steric hindrance. There are two isoforms of MSF; these are referred to as MSF+aa and MSF-aa, while the term MSF is used to include both.MSF was first identified as a motogen secreted by foetal and cancer-associated fibroblasts in tissue culture. It is also produced by sprouting (angiogenic) endothelial cells, tumour cells and activated macrophages. Keratinocytes and resting endothelial cells secrete inhibitors of MSF that have been identified as NGAL and IGFBP-7, respectively. MSF+aa and MSF-aa show distinct functionality in that only MSF+aa is inhibited by NGAL.MSF is present in 70-80% of all tumours examined, expressed by the tumour cells as well as by fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages in the tumour microenvironment (TME). High MSF expression is associated with tumour progression and poor prognosis in all tumours examined, including breast carcinomas, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), salivary gland tumours (SGT) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Epithelial and stromal MSF carry independent prognostic value. MSF is also expressed systemically in cancer patients, being detected in serum and produced by fibroblast from distal uninvolved skin. MSF-aa is the main isoform associated with cancer, whereas MSF+aa may be expressed by both normal and malignant tissues.The expression of MSF is not invariant; it may be switched on and off in a reversible manner, which requires precise interactions between soluble factors present in the TME and the extracellular matrix in contact with the cells. MSF expression in fibroblasts may be switched on by a transient exposure to several molecules, including TGFβ1 and MSF itself, indicating an auto-inductive capacity.Acting by both paracrine and autocrine mechanisms, MSF stimulates cell migration/invasion, induces angiogenesis and cell differentiation and alters the matrix and cellular composition of the TME. MSF is also a survival factor for sprouting endothelial cells. IGD tri- and tetra-peptides mimic the motogenic and angiogenic activities of MSF, with both molecules inhibiting AKT activity and requiring αvβ3 functionality. MSF is active at unprecedently low concentrations in a manner which is target cell specific. Thus, different bioactive motifs and extracellular matrix requirements apply to fibroblasts, endothelial cells and tumour cells. Unlike other motogenic and angiogenic factors, MSF does not affect cell proliferation but it stimulates tumour growth through its angiogenic effect and downstream mechanisms.The epithelial-stromal pattern of expression and range of bioactivities displayed puts MSF in the unique position of potentially promoting tumour progression from both the "seed" and the "soil" perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schor
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A M Woolston
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - K Kankova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - L E Aljorani
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S Perrier
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - P A Felts
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - R P Keatch
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S L Schor
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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7
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Identification of novel fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:3959-3966. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Ghuman MS, Al-Masri M, Xavier G, Cobourne MT, McKay IJ, Hughes FJ. Gingival fibroblasts prevent BMP-mediated osteoblastic differentiation. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:300-309. [PMID: 30511378 PMCID: PMC6492095 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The inhibitory action of the superficial gingival connective tissues may limit the regenerative potential of alveolar bone in periodontal therapy or dental implant applications. The aims of this study were to investigate the hypothesis that gingival fibroblasts (GF) can inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐induced osteoblastic differentiation, to determine their expression of BMP inhibitors, and finally to determine whether reduction of these inhibitors can relieve suppression of osteoblastic differentiation. Methods Gingival fibroblasts were co‐cultured either directly or indirectly with calvarial osteoblasts to assess alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. To test total BMP‐inhibitory activity of rat GF, conditioned media (GFCM) were collected from cultures. ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic cells were stimulated with BMP2, together with GFCM. Inhibitor expression was tested using RT‐qPCR, Western blotting and in situ hybridization. Removal of inhibitors was carried out using immunoprecipitation beads. Results Co‐culture experiments showed GF‐secreted factors that inhibit BMP‐stimulated ALP activity. 10 ng/ml BMP2 increased alkaline phosphatase expression in ROS cells by 41%. GFCM blocked BMP activity which was equivalent to the activity of 100 ng/ml Noggin, a well‐described BMP inhibitor. Cultured gingival fibroblasts constitutively expressed BMP antagonist genes from the same subfamily, Grem1, Grem2 and Nbl1 and the Wnt inhibitor Sfrp1. Gremlin1 (6.7 × reference gene expression) had highest levels of basal expression. ISH analysis showed Gremlin1 expression was restricted to the inner half of the gingival lamina propria and the PDL. Removal of Gremlin1 protein from GFCM eliminated the inhibitory effect of GFCM on ALP activity in ROS cells. Subsequent addition of recombinant Gremlin1 restored the inhibitory activity. Conclusions Factors secreted by gingival fibroblasts inhibit BMP‐induced bone formation and a range of BMP inhibitors are constitutively expressed in gingival connective tissues. These inhibitors, particularly Gremlin1, may limit coronal alveolar bone regenerative potential during oral and periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Ghuman
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guilherme Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian J McKay
- Department of Adult Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francis J Hughes
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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9
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Fahmy RA, Kotry GS, Ramadan OR. Periodontal regeneration of dehisence defects using a modified perforated collagen membrane. A comparative experimental study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fdj.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Isaac J, Nassif A, Asselin A, Taïhi I, Fohrer-Ting H, Klein C, Gogly B, Berdal A, Robert B, Fournier BP. Involvement of neural crest and paraxial mesoderm in oral mucosal development and healing. Biomaterials 2018; 172:41-53. [PMID: 29715594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering therapies using adult stem cells derived from neural crest have sought accessible tissue sources of these cells because of their potential pluripotency. In this study, the gingiva and oral mucosa and their associated stem cells were investigated. Biopsies of these tissues produce neither scarring nor functional problems and are relatively painless, and fresh tissue can be obtained readily during different chairside dental procedures. However, the embryonic origin of these cells needs to be clarified, as does their evolution from the perinatal period to adulthood. In this study, the embryonic origin of gingival fibroblasts were determined, including gingival stem cells. To do this, transgenic mouse models were used to track neural crest derivatives as well as cells derived from paraxial mesoderm, spanning from embryogenesis to adulthood. These cells were compared with ones derived from abdominal dermis and facial dermis. Our results showed that gingival fibroblasts are derived from neural crest, and that paraxial mesoderm is involved in the vasculogenesis of oral tissues during development. Our in vitro studies revealed that the neuroectodermal origin of gingival fibroblasts (or gingival stem cells) endows them with multipotential properties as well as a specific migratory and contractile phenotype which may participate to the scar-free properties of the oral mucosa. Together, these results illustrate the high regenerative potential of neural crest-derived stem cells of the oral mucosa, including the gingiva, and strongly support their use in cell therapy to regenerate tissues with impaired healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Isaac
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, URA CNRS 2578, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75724, France
| | - Ali Nassif
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Bretonneau Hospital, Dental Department, Paris 75018, France; Institut Pasteur, URA CNRS 2578, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75724, France
| | - Audrey Asselin
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ihsène Taïhi
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hospital Complex Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Hélène Fohrer-Ting
- Cell Imaging and Flow Cytometry Platform (CICC), Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Klein
- Cell Imaging and Flow Cytometry Platform (CICC), Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gogly
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hospital Complex Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; Reference Center for Dental Rare Disease, Rothschild Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Robert
- Institut Pasteur, URA CNRS 2578, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75724, France
| | - Benjamin P Fournier
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, INSERM UMRS 1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes and Paris-Diderot Universities, UFR Odontology, 75006 Paris, France; Reference Center for Dental Rare Disease, Rothschild Hospital, 75012 Paris, France.
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Rodas-Junco BA, Canul-Chan M, Rojas-Herrera RA, De-la-Peña C, Nic-Can GI. Stem Cells from Dental Pulp: What Epigenetics Can Do with Your Tooth. Front Physiol 2017; 8:999. [PMID: 29270128 PMCID: PMC5724083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells have attracted scientific attention because they are able to self-renew and differentiate into several specialized cell types. In this context, human dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hDT-MSCs) have emerged as a possible solution for repairing or regenerating damaged tissues. These cells can be isolated from primary teeth that are naturally replaced, third molars, or other dental tissues and exhibit self-renewal, a high proliferative rate and a great multilineage potential. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine lineage specification are still largely unknown. It is known that a change in cell fate requires the deletion of existing transcriptional programs, followed by the establishment of a new developmental program to give rise to a new cell lineage. Increasing evidence indicates that chromatin structure conformation can influence cell fate. In this way, reversible chemical modifications at the DNA or histone level, and combinations thereof can activate or inactivate cell-type-specific gene sequences, giving rise to an alternative cell fates. On the other hand, miRNAs are starting to emerge as a possible player in establishing particular somatic lineages. In this review, we discuss two new and promising research fields in medicine and biology, epigenetics and stem cells, by summarizing the properties of hDT-MSCs and highlighting the recent findings on epigenetic contributions to the regulation of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Rodas-Junco
- CONACYT-Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Michel Canul-Chan
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Rojas-Herrera
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Geovanny I Nic-Can
- CONACYT-Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
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12
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Gamal AY, Al-Berry NN, Hassan AA, Rashed LA, Iacono VJ. In vitro
evaluation of the human gingival fibroblast/gingival mesenchymal stem cell dynamics through perforated guided tissue membranes: cell migration, proliferation and membrane stiffness assay. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:628-635. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Gamal
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - N. N. Al-Berry
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - A. A. Hassan
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - L. A. Rashed
- Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - V. J. Iacono
- School of Dental Medicine; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY USA
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13
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Chiquet M, Katsaros C, Kletsas D. Multiple functions of gingival and mucoperiosteal fibroblasts in oral wound healing and repair. Periodontol 2000 2017; 68:21-40. [PMID: 25867977 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are cells of mesenchymal origin. They are responsible for the production of most extracellular matrix in connective tissues and are essential for wound healing and repair. In recent years, it has become clear that fibroblasts from different tissues have various distinct traits. Moreover, wounds in the oral cavity heal under very special environmental conditions compared with skin wounds. Here, we reviewed the current literature on the various interconnected functions of gingival and mucoperiosteal fibroblasts during the repair of oral wounds. The MEDLINE database was searched with the following terms: (gingival OR mucoperiosteal) AND fibroblast AND (wound healing OR repair). The data gathered were used to compare oral fibroblasts with fibroblasts from other tissues in terms of their regulation and function during wound healing. Specifically, we sought answers to the following questions: (i) what is the role of oral fibroblasts in the inflammatory response in acute wounds; (ii) how do growth factors control the function of oral fibroblasts during wound healing; (iii) how do oral fibroblasts produce, remodel and interact with extracellular matrix in healing wounds; (iv) how do oral fibroblasts respond to mechanical stress; and (v) how does aging affect the fetal-like responses and functions of oral fibroblasts? The current state of research indicates that oral fibroblasts possess unique characteristics and tightly controlled specific functions in wound healing and repair. This information is essential for developing new strategies to control the intraoral wound-healing processes of the individual patient.
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Differential Matrix Metalloprotease (MMP) Expression Profiles Found in Aged Gingiva. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158777. [PMID: 27391467 PMCID: PMC4938517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontium undergoes age-related cellular and clinical changes, but the involved genes are not yet known. Here, we investigated age-related genetic changes in gingiva at the transcriptomic level. Genes that were differentially expressed between young and old human gingiva were identified by RNA sequencing and verified by real-time PCR. A total of 1939 mRNA transcripts showed significantly differential expression between young and old gingival tissues. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) regulation was the top pathway involved in gingival aging. MMP3, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP13 were upregulated in old gingival tissues, concomitantly with interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) expression. In vitro experiments using human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) showed that MMP12 was upregulated in old hGFs compared to young hGFs. Moreover, the MMP3, MMP9 and IL1B levels were more highly stimulated by infection with the oral bacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum, in old hGFs compared to young hGFs. Collectively, these findings suggest that, in gingiva, the upregulation of MMP12 may be a molecular hallmark of natural aging, while the upregulations of MMP3, MMM9, and IL1B may indicate externally (e.g., infection)-induced aging. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular targets involved in gingival aging.
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Shikama Y, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N, Funaki M. Possible Involvement of Palmitate in Pathogenesis of Periodontitis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2981-9. [PMID: 25921577 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity and higher concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) in plasma. Among FFAs, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as palmitate, have been suggested to promote inflammatory responses. Although many epidemiological studies have shown a link between periodontitis and T2D, little is known about the clinical significance of SFAs in periodontitis. In this study, we showed that gingival fibroblasts have cell-surface expression of CD36, which is also known as FAT/fatty acid translocase. Moreover, CD36 expression was increased in gingival fibroblasts of high-fat diet-induced T2D model mice, compared with gingival fibroblasts of mice fed a normal diet. DNA microarray analysis revealed that palmitate increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Consistent with these results, we confirmed that palmitate-induced interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 secretion in HGF, using a cytokine array and ELISA. SFAs, but not an unsaturated fatty acid, oleate, induced IL-8 production. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is one of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly suppressed palmitate-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. Treatment of HGF with a CD36 inhibitor also inhibited palmitate-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Finally, we demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) lipopolysaccharide and heat-killed P.g. augmented palmitate-induced chemokine secretion in HGF. These results suggest a potential link between SFAs in plasma and the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shikama
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Funaki
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
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Characterization of Skin Aging-Associated Secreted Proteins (SAASP) Produced by Dermal Fibroblasts Isolated from Intrinsically Aged Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1954-1968. [PMID: 25815425 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most molecular hallmarks of cellular senescence have been identified in studies of cells aged in vitro by driving them into replicative or stress-induced senescence. Comparatively, less is known about the characteristic features of cells that have aged in vivo. Here we provide a systematic molecular analysis of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) that were isolated from intrinsically aged human skin of young versus middle aged versus old donors. Intrinsically aged NHDFs in culture exhibited more frequently nuclear foci positive for p53 binding protein 1 and promyelocytic leukemia protein reminiscent of 'DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence (DNA-SCARS)'. Formation of such foci was neither accompanied by increased DNA double strand breaks, nor decreased cell viability, nor telomere shortening. However, it was associated with the development of a secretory phenotype, indicating incipient cell senescence. By quantitative analysis of the entire secretome present in conditioned cell culture supernatant, combined with a multiplex cytokine determination, we identified 998 proteins secreted by intrinsically aged NHDFs in culture. Seventy of these proteins exhibited an age-dependent secretion pattern and were accordingly denoted 'skin aging-associated secreted proteins (SAASP)'. Systematic comparison of SAASP with the classical senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) revealed that matrix degradation as well as proinflammatory processes are common aspects of both conditions. However, secretion of 27 proteins involved in the biological processes of 'metabolism' and 'adherens junction interactions' was unique for NHDFs isolated from intrinsically aged skin. In conclusion, fibroblasts isolated from intrinsically aged skin exhibit some, but not all, molecular hallmarks of cellular senescence. Most importantly, they secrete a unique pattern of proteins that is distinct from the canonical SASP and might reflect specific processes of skin aging.
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Matsumura S, Higa K, Igarashi T, Takaichi S, Tonogi M, Shinozaki N, Shimazaki J, Yamane GY. Characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cell populations from non-epithelial oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2014; 21:361-72. [PMID: 25180458 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The characteristics of cell populations extracted from oral mucosal non-epithelial tissues and their ability to differentiate were evaluated in vitro as a potential source of cells for mandibular and corneal regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral mucosal non-epithelial cells (OMNECs) were extracted from tissue samples and were studied by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Cells differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, neurocytes, or keratocytes were characterized by RT-PCR and cell staining. RESULTS OMNECs expressed CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, and STRO-1 antigens, which are markers for mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, Oct3/4, c-Myc, Nanog, KLF4, and Rex, which are expressed by embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of CD49d, CD56, and PDGFRα, proteins closely associated with the neural crest, was observed in OMNECs, as was expression of Twist1, Sox9, Snail1 and Snail2, which are early neural crest and neural markers. Specific differentiation markers were expressed in OMNECs after differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, or keratocytes. CONCLUSIONS Populations of OMNECs may contain both mesenchymal stem cells and neural crest origin cells and are a potential cell source for autologous regeneration of mandibular or corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsumura
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Glim JE, Everts V, Niessen FB, Ulrich MM, Beelen RHJ. Extracellular matrix components of oral mucosa differ from skin and resemble that of foetal skin. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1048-55. [PMID: 24973518 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wounds of both the oral mucosa and early-to-mid gestation foetuses have a propensity to heal scarless. Repair of skin wounds in adults, however, regularly results in scar formation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the process of healing. The fate of scarless or scar forming healing may already be defined by the ECM composition, prior to wounding. In this study, the presence of several ECM components in oral mucosa (palatum) and skin was investigated. DESIGN Immunohistochemical stainings of different ECM components were performed on skin, obtained from abdominal dermolipectomy surgery, and oral mucosa, derived after pharynx reconstruction. RESULTS Expression of fibronectin, its splice variant ED-A, and chondroitin sulphate was elevated in oral tissue, whereas elastin expression was higher in skin. Tenascin-C, hyaluronic acid, biglycan, decorin, and syndecan-1 were expressed at similar levels in both tissues. Oral mucosa contained more blood vessels than skin samples. Finally, oral keratinocytes proliferated more, while dermal keratinocytes demonstrated higher differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Comparing ECM components of the skin and oral mucosa coincides with differences earlier observed between foetal and adult skin, and this might indicate that some ECM components are involved in the mode of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Glim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Move Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda M Ulrich
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Häkkinen L, Larjava H, Fournier BPJ. Distinct phenotype and therapeutic potential of gingival fibroblasts. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1171-86. [PMID: 24934304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gingiva of the oral mucosa provides a practical source to isolate fibroblasts for therapeutic purposes because the tissue is easily accessible, tissue discards are common during routine clinical procedures and wound healing after biopsy is fast and results in complete wound regeneration with very little morbidity or scarring. In addition, gingival fibroblasts have unique traits, including neural crest origin, distinct gene expression and synthetic properties and potent immunomodulatory functions. These characteristics may provide advantages for certain therapeutic approaches over other more commonly used cells, including skin fibroblasts, both in intraoral and extra-oral sites. However, identity and phenotype of gingival fibroblasts, like other fibroblasts, are still not completely understood. Gingival fibroblasts are phenotypically heterogeneous, and these…fibroblast subpopulations may play different roles in tissue maintenance, regeneration and pathologies. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is currently known about gingival fibroblasts, their distinct potential for tissue regeneration and their potential therapeutic uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lari Häkkinen
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benjamin P J Fournier
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Paris Diderot University, Dental School, Rotschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; UMRS872, Team 5, Molecular Oral Physiopathology, CRC Les Cordeliers, Paris, 75006, INSERM UMRS872, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Fournier BPJ, Larjava H, Häkkinen L. Gingiva as a source of stem cells with therapeutic potential. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3157-77. [PMID: 23944935 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal connective tissues contain phenotypically heterogeneous cells populations that include distinct fibroblast subpopulations, pericytes, myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells play key roles in tissue development, maintenance, and repair and contribute to various pathologies. Depending on the origin of tissue, connective tissue cells, including MSCs, have different phenotypes. Understanding the identity and specific functions of these distinct tissue-specific cell populations may allow researchers to develop better treatment modalities for tissue regeneration and find novel approaches to prevent pathological conditions. Interestingly, MSCs from adult oral mucosal gingiva possess distinct characteristics, including neural crest origin, multipotent differentiation capacity, fetal-like phenotype, and potent immunomodulatory properties. These characteristics and an easy, relatively noninvasive access to gingival tissue, and fast tissue regeneration after tissue biopsy make gingiva an attractive target for cell isolation for therapeutic purposes aiming to promote tissue regeneration and fast, scar-free wound healing. The purpose of this review is to discuss the identity, phenotypical heterogeneity, and function of gingival MSCs and summarize what is currently known about their properties, role in scar-free healing, and their future therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P J Fournier
- 1 Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
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22
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Glim JE, van Egmond M, Niessen FB, Everts V, Beelen RHJ. Detrimental dermal wound healing: what can we learn from the oral mucosa? Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:648-60. [PMID: 23927738 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wounds in adults are frequently accompanied by scar formation. This scar can become fibrotic due to an imbalance between extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and ECM degradation. Oral mucosal wounds, however, heal in an accelerated fashion, displaying minimal scar formation. The exact mechanisms of scarless oral healing are yet to be revealed. This review highlights possible mechanisms involved in the difference between scar-forming dermal vs. scarless oral mucosal wound healing. Differences were found in expression of ECM components, such as procollagen I and tenascin-C. Oral wounds contained fewer immune mediators, blood vessels, and profibrotic mediators but had more bone marrow-derived cells, a higher reepithelialization rate, and faster proliferation of fibroblasts compared with dermal wounds. These results form a basis for further research that should be focused on the relations among ECM, immune cells, growth factors, and fibroblast phenotypes, as understanding scarless oral mucosal healing may ultimately lead to novel therapeutic strategies to prevent fibrotic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Glim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In this chapter a review of animal model systems already being utilized to study normal and pathologic wound healing is provided. We also go into details on alternatives for animal wound model systems. The case is made for limitations in the various approaches. We also discuss the benefits/limitations of in vitro/ex vivo systems bringing everything up to date with our current work on developing a cell-based reporter system for diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Stephens
- Wound Biology Group, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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24
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Häkkinen L, Larjava H, Koivisto L. Granulation tissue formation and remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Candidates cell sources to regenerate alveolar bone from oral tissue. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:857192. [PMID: 22505911 PMCID: PMC3296193 DOI: 10.1155/2012/857192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cases of dental implant surgery, especially the bone defect extensively, are essential for alveolar ridge augmentation. As known as cell therapy exerts valuable effects on bone regeneration, numerous reports using various cells from body to regenerate bone have been published, including clinical reports. Mesenchymal cells that have osteogenic activity and have potential to be harvested from intra oral site might be a candidate cells to regenerate alveolar bone, even dentists have not been harvested the cells outside of mouth. This paper presents a summary of somatic cells in edentulous tissues which could subserve alveolar bone regeneration. The candidate tissues that might have differentiation potential as mesenchymal cells for bone regeneration are alveolar bone chip, bone marrow from alveolar bone, periosteal tissue, and gingival tissue. Understanding their phenotype consecutively will provide a rational approach for alveolar ridge augmentation.
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26
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Fetal Skin Possesses the Ability to Regenerate Completely: Complete Regeneration of Skin. Keio J Med 2012; 61:101-8. [DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2011-0002-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wada N, Wang B, Lin NH, Laslett AL, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:438-47. [PMID: 21443752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which have similar properties to human embryonic stem (hES) cells, have been generated from neonatal and adult human dermal fibroblasts by reprogramming. iPS cells have high pluripotency and differentiation potential, and may be a potential autologous stem cell source for future regenerative therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS iPS cell lines from human gingival fibroblasts and, for the first time, from periodontal ligament fibroblasts, were generated by reprogramming using a retroviral transduction cocktail of OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. iPS induction was investigated through expression of the embryonic stem cell markers SSEA4, OCT4, NANOG, GCTM-2, TG30 and TRA-1-60. Following in vitro differentiation, the expression of genes for differentiation markers for ectoderm (SOX1, PAX6), mesoderm [RUNX1, T(Brachyury)] and endoderm (GATA4, AFP) was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. The ability to form teratomas following implantation into mouse testes was assessed by histology. RESULTS Human gingival fibroblast- and periodontal ligament fibroblast-derived iPS cells showed similar characteristics to hES cells. Both sets of iPS cells displayed colony morphology comparable to that of hES cells and expressed the hES cell-associated cell-surface antigens, SSEA3, SSEA4, GCTM-2, TG30 (CD9) and Tra-1-60, and the hES cell marker genes, OCT4, NANOG and GDF3. These iPS cells showed differentiation potential to form embryoid bodies in vitro and expressed genes for endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. Teratoma formation following implantation into mouse testes was observed. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that iPS cells can be successfully generated from adult human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wada
- School of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ebisawa K, Kato R, Okada M, Sugimura T, Latif MA, Hori Y, Narita Y, Ueda M, Honda H, Kagami H. Gingival and dermal fibroblasts: their similarities and differences revealed from gene expression. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:255-8. [PMID: 21288768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles in normal human gingival and dermal fibroblasts were investigated using DNA microarrays. Their fundamental characteristics were almost identical, but 5% of their genes were uniquely expressed. These results help us to choose an optimal cell source for effective fibroblast-based cell therapy that is dependent on differential gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Ebisawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Tang L, Li N, Xie H, Jin Y. Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human normal and hyperplastic gingiva. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:832-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Davies LC, Locke M, Webb RDJ, Roberts JT, Langley M, Thomas DW, Archer CW, Stephens P. A multipotent neural crest-derived progenitor cell population is resident within the oral mucosa lamina propria. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:819-30. [PMID: 20132052 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds within the oral mucosa, similarly to fetal wounds, exhibit rapid healing with reduced scarring. We hypothesized that a progenitor population resident within the oral mucosal lamina propria (OMLP) contributes to this preferential healing. Progenitor cells (PC) were reliably isolated from the OMLP by differential adhesion to fibronectin. Isolated colonies originating from a single cell demonstrated a rapid initial phase of proliferation, completing in excess of 50 population doublings (PDs) before entering cellular senescence. These data were supported by the expression of active telomerase within both developing colonies and expanded clones as assessed by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and the quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol. FACS analysis confirmed expression of the stem cell markers CD44, CD90, CD105, and CD166, but negative expression of CD34 and CD45 ruling out a hematopoietic or fibrocyte origin for these progenitors. A neural crest origin was confirmed by increased colony-forming efficiency (CFE) in the presence of Jagged 1 and the expression of a number of neural crest markers within the developing colonies by ICC and serially passaged clones by Western blotting. The multipotency of this novel PC population was demonstrated by differentiation of the cells down both mesenchymal (chondrogenic, osteoblastic, and adipogenic) and neuronal (neuron and Schwann-like cells) cell lineages. This article reports for the first time, the isolation and characterization of a novel, clonally derived PC population resident within the OMLP. The attributes of this adult stem cell (ASC) population and its accessibility lends itself to future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Davies
- Wound Biology Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Fournier BP, Ferre FC, Couty L, Lataillade JJ, Gourven M, Naveau A, Coulomb B, Lafont A, Gogly B. Multipotent Progenitor Cells in Gingival Connective Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2891-9. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P.J. Fournier
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Dental Department, Hospital Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - François C. Ferre
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Dental Department, Hospital Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Couty
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Murielle Gourven
- Unité de thérapie cellulaire, CTS des armées, Hôpital Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Adrien Naveau
- Dental Department, Hospital Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Coulomb
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Lafont
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gogly
- Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U970, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Dental Department, Hospital Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Killough SA, Lundy FT, Irwin CR. Dental pulp fibroblasts express neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor but not neuropeptide Y. Int Endod J 2010; 43:835-42. [PMID: 20636351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether dental pulp fibroblasts express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY-Y1 in vitro and to determine the effects of the cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TGF- β(1) , substance P and NPY on the expression of NPY Y1. METHODOLOGY Three primary fibroblast cell strains were obtained from freshly extracted human third molar teeth. RT-PCR was utilized to detect expression of NPY and mRNA expression. Membrane protein samples were isolated, and protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantify NPY expression in healthy (n = 35) and carious (n = 39) whole pulp samples, and the student's t-test was used to test for statistical significance. In addition, the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol,2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assay fibroblast cell growth. RESULTS mRNA transcripts were found in all three fibroblast cell populations with the cytokines having a stimulatory effect on its expression (P < 0.05). NPY mRNA was not detected in the cell strains. NPY-Y1 receptor protein expression was visualized by Western blotting, and there was no effect of IL-1β or TGF- β(1) on its expression. The mean concentration of NPY-Ir determined by radioimmunoassay in non-carious teeth was 19.40 ng x g(-1) (±17.03 SD) compared to 29.95 ng x g(-1) (±20.99 SD) in carious teeth (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Human dental pulp fibroblasts express, but do not synthesize, NPY, demonstrating that the fibroblast is a target cell for NPY. The effect of proinflammatory cytokines suggests that fibroblasts play a neuroimmunomodulatory role in the pulpal response to dental caries and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Killough
- Centre for Dental Education Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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Zhang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Uyanne J, Shi Y, Shi S, Le AD. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingiva are capable of immunomodulatory functions and ameliorate inflammation-related tissue destruction in experimental colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7787-98. [PMID: 19923445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aside from the well-established self-renewal and multipotent differentiation properties, mesenchymal stem cells exhibit both immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory roles in several experimental autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we isolated a new population of stem cells from human gingiva, a tissue source easily accessible from the oral cavity, namely, gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), which exhibited clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation capacities. Most importantly, GMSCs were capable of immunomodulatory functions, specifically suppressed peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation, induced expression of a wide panel of immunosuppressive factors including IL-10, IDO, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in response to the inflammatory cytokine, IFN-gamma. Cell-based therapy using systemic infusion of GMSCs in experimental colitis significantly ameliorated both clinical and histopathological severity of the colonic inflammation, restored the injured gastrointestinal mucosal tissues, reversed diarrhea and weight loss, and suppressed the overall disease activity in mice. The therapeutic effect of GMSCs was mediated, in part, by the suppression of inflammatory infiltrates and inflammatory cytokines/mediators and the increased infiltration of regulatory T cells and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at the colonic sites. Taken together, GMSCs can function as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory component of the immune system in vivo and is a promising cell source for cell-based treatment in experimental inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Lin A, Hokugo A, Choi J, Nishimura I. Small cytoskeleton-associated molecule, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 oncogene partner 2/wound inducible transcript-3.0 (FGFR1OP2/wit3.0), facilitates fibroblast-driven wound closure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:108-21. [PMID: 19959814 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wounds created in the oral cavity heal rapidly and leave minimal scarring. We have examined a role of a previously isolated cDNA from oral wounds encoding wound inducible transcript-3.0 (wit3.0), also known as fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 oncogene partner 2 (FGFR1OP2). FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 was highly expressed in oral wound fibroblasts without noticeable up-regulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin. In silico analyses, denaturing and nondenaturing gel Western blot, and immunocytology together demonstrated that FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 were able to dimerize and oligomerize through coiled-coil structures and appeared to associate with cytoskeleton networks in oral wound fibroblasts. Overexpression of FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 increased the floating collagen gel contraction of naïve oral fibroblasts to the level of oral wound fibroblasts, which was in turn attenuated by small-interfering RNA knockdown. The FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 synthesis did not affect the expression of collagen I as well as procontractile peptides such as alpha-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-beta1 had no effect on FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 expression. Fibroblastic cells derived from embryonic stem cells carrying FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 (+/-) mutation showed significant retardation in cell migration. Thus, we postulate that FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 may regulate cell motility and stimulate wound closure. FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 was not up-regulated during skin wound healing; however, when treated with FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 -expression vector, the skin wound closure was significantly accelerated, resulting in the limited granulation tissue formation. Our data suggest that FGFR1OP2/wit3.0 may possess a therapeutic potential for wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lin
- The Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Substance P expression by human dental pulp fibroblasts: a potential role in neurogenic inflammation. J Endod 2009; 35:73-7. [PMID: 19084129 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation describes the local release of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), from afferent neurons and might play a role in the pathogenesis of pulpal disease. The fibroblast is the most numerous cell type in the dental pulp, and recent work has suggested that it is involved in the inflammatory response. Primary pulp fibroblast cell populations were isolated by enzymatic digestion. Whole pulp tissue was obtained from freshly extracted sound (n = 35) and carious (n = 39) teeth. Expression of SP and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1) mRNA by pulp fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SP was expressed by pulpal fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, NK-1 mRNA and protein expression was detected in fibroblast cultures by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. SP levels, determined by radioimmunoassay, were significantly greater (P < .05) in carious compared with sound teeth. These findings suggest that pulp fibroblasts play a role in neurogenic inflammation in pulpal disease.
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Aging alters functionally human dermal papillary fibroblasts but not reticular fibroblasts: a new view of skin morphogenesis and aging. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4066. [PMID: 19115004 PMCID: PMC2605251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of the dermis in skin aging is a key question, since this tissue is particularly important for skin integrity, and because its properties can affect the epidermis. Characteristics of matched pairs of dermal papillary and reticular fibroblasts (Fp and Fr) were investigated throughout aging, comparing morphology, secretion of cytokines, MMPs/TIMPs, growth potential, and interaction with epidermal keratinocytes. We observed that Fp populations were characterized by a higher proportion of small cells with low granularity and a higher growth potential than Fr populations. However, these differences became less marked with increasing age of donors. Aging was also associated with changes in the secretion activity of both Fp and Fr. Using a reconstructed skin model, we evidenced that Fp and Fr cells do not possess equivalent capacities to sustain keratinopoiesis. Comparing Fp and Fr from young donors, we noticed that dermal equivalents containing Fp were more potent to promote epidermal morphogenesis than those containing Fr. These data emphasize the complexity of dermal fibroblast biology and document the specific functional properties of Fp and Fr. Our results suggest a new model of skin aging in which marked alterations of Fp may affect the histological characteristics of skin.
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Locke M, Hyland PL, Irwin CR, Mackenzie IC. Modulation of gingival epithelial phenotypes by interactions with regionally defined populations of fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:279-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions mediated by paracrine signaling mechanisms dictate prostate development and progression of prostate cancer. The regulatory role of androgens in both the prostate stromal and epithelial compartments set the prostate apart from many other organs and tissues with regard to gene targeting. The identification of androgen-dependent prostate epithelial promoters has allowed successful gene targeting to the prostate epithelial compartment. Currently, there are no transgenic mouse models available to specifically alter gene expression within the prostate stromal compartment. As a primary metastatic site for prostate cancer is bone, the functional dissection of the bone stromal compartment is important for understanding stromal-epithelial interactions associated with metastatic tumor growth. Use of currently available methodologies for the expression or deletion of gene expression in recent research studies has advanced our understanding of the stroma. However, the complexity of stromal heterogeneity within the prostate remains a challenge to obtaining compartment or cell-lineage-specific in vivo models necessary for furthering our understanding of prostatic developmental, benign, tumorigenic, and metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Jackson
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA
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Enoch S, Moseley R, Stephens P, Thomas D. The oral mucosa: a model of wound healing with reduced scarring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-248x.2007.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McGuire MK, Scheyer ET. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of Cultured and Expanded Autologous Fibroblast Injections for the Treatment of Interdental Papillary Insufficiency Associated With the Papilla Priming Procedure. J Periodontol 2007; 78:4-17. [PMID: 17199533 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of using autologous fibroblast injections following a minimally invasive papilla priming procedure to augment open interproximal spaces. METHODS Twenty-one patients with open interproximal spaces were enrolled in this study, with 20 patients retained to study completion. Two primary sites were selected and randomized to receive autologous fibroblast injections or placebo injections beginning 1 week following the papilla priming procedure; two additional injections were performed 7 to 14 days following the initial injections. Up to seven additional sites could be treated per patient, and the analyses were conducted for the primary and secondary sites. The primary efficacy parameter was the percentage change in papillary height of the primary treatment areas from baseline to the 4-month visit, as measured by a periodontal probe from the base of the contact area to the tip of the interproximal papilla. Digital image analysis and diagnostic models were used to confirm clinical measurements. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used by the examiner and subject to assess the defect change from baseline to 2, 3, and 4 months. Tissue texture also was assessed by the examiner. RESULTS The primary efficacy analysis failed to show a significant treatment effect at 4 months, but the treatment areas showed a statistically significant mean percentage increase from baseline in papillary height (P = 0.0067; signed-rank test) at 2 months. The difference between test and placebo sites in papillary height at 2 months approached statistical significance (P = 0.0730), suggesting that the test treatment was superior to the placebo treatment. The examiner and subject VASs were statistically significantly different from baseline for both treatment groups, and the VAS was superior for the test sites over the placebo. Based on safety data, the test treatment was deemed safe. CONCLUSIONS This early-phase study using cell transplantation of autologous cultured and expanded fibroblasts following a papilla priming procedure suggests that the treatment is safe and may be efficacious for treating papillary insufficiency, especially in the early phases (2 months) of healing. The analysis of the investigator and subject VAS assessments indicates that the test treatment was superior to the placebo treatment. The finite measurement required to detect a change creates a problem that needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K McGuire
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Branch at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77063, USA
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Abstract
This review considers the potential existence and role of stem or progenitor cell populations within the non-epithelial tissues of the oral mucosa. Currently, there is little published evidence supporting this hypothesis; however, because of the similarities in structure and function of the oral mucosa and skin, findings within the dermis of the skin may potentially reflect the situation within the oral mucosa. Over recent years, the identification of the skin as a local reservoir of adult stem cell populations and the idea that multipotent cell populations exist within the dermal tissues of skin has gained increasing credibility. Indeed, numerous multipotent progenitor cells have been identified within the dermis and resident appendages, all capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages. Furthermore, a number of these cell populations have been implicated in the repair of these tissues following injury. There is increasing evidence suggesting that such populations of progenitor cells may also reside within the lamina propria. In this respect, the ability to isolate large numbers of multipotent progenitor cells from a tissue which when biopsied heals without a scar would be of great interest scientifically and commercially, particularly with respect to future therapeutic applications and the developing discipline of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephens
- Wound Biology Group, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Department of Oral Surgery, Medicine & Pathology, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Zhou J, Windsor LJ. Heterogeneity in the collagen-degrading ability ofPorphyromonas gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2006; 42:77-84. [PMID: 17214643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to characterize the heterogeneity of the collagen-degrading ability of different human gingival fibroblast cell lines treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis supernatant. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven human gingival fibroblast cell lines were analyzed for their ability to cleave Type I collagen in the presence and absence of culture supernatant from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 (10% v/v). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) produced by these human gingival fibroblasts were monitored at the protein level by zymography and/or western blot analyses, as well as at the mRNA level by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The collagen-degrading ability of the human gingival fibroblasts increased in four cell lines (aggressive) and was only slightly altered in the other three cell lines (nonaggressive) in the presence of P. gingivalis supernatant. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 more readily underwent activation while the TIMP-1 level was decreased in the conditioned media from a P. gingivalis-treated human gingival fibroblast aggressive cell line. None of these was altered in a nonaggressive cell line. The mRNA levels of the MMPs and TIMPs were only slightly different between these two cell lines. CONCLUSION Heterogeneity exists in human gingival fibroblasts in regard to their collagenolytic activity in the presence of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Shannon DB, McKeown STW, Lundy FT, Irwin CR. Phenotypic differences between oral and skin fibroblasts in wound contraction and growth factor expression. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:172-8. [PMID: 16630106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wounds of the oral mucosa heal in an accelerated fashion with reduced scarring compared with cutaneous wounds. The differences in healing outcome between oral mucosa and skin could be because of phenotypic differences between the respective fibroblast populations. This study compared paired mucosal and dermal fibroblasts in terms of collagen gel contraction, alpha-smooth muscle actin expression (alpha-SMA), and production of the epithelial growth factors: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF). The effects of transforming growth factor -beta1 and -beta3 on each parameter were also determined. Gel contraction in floating collagen lattices was determined over a 7-day period. alpha-SMA expression by fibroblasts was determined by Western blotting. KGF and HGF expression were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral fibroblasts induced accelerated collagen gel contraction, yet surprisingly expressed lower levels of alpha-SMA. Oral cells also produced significantly greater levels of both KGF and HGF than their dermal counterparts. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta3, over the concentration range of 0.1-10 ng/mL, had similar effects on cell function, stimulating both gel contraction and alpha-SMA production, but inhibiting KGF and HGF production by both cell types. These data indicate phenotypic differences between oral and dermal fibroblasts that may well contribute to the differences in healing outcome between these two tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Shannon
- Oral Science Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Van Beurden HE, Snoek PAM, Von den Hoff JW, Torensma R, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. In vitro migration and adhesion of fibroblasts from different phases of palatal wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2005.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Discussion. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000182344.80686.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ren L, Leung WK, Loo TW, Jin L. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein down-regulates the expression of interleukin-6 by human gingival fibroblast. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:407-16. [PMID: 16105094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) participates in the interaction of lipopolysacchaide (LPS) with CD14 to modulate the expression of cytokines. Human gingival fibroblast may actively participate in LPS-induced immuno-inflammatory responses through CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily, MD-2 and related adaptive proteins, leading to the expression of cytokines. OBJECTIVES The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the possible effect of LBP and E. coli LPS interaction on the expression of cellular LPS receptors and IL-6 by human gingival fibroblast. METHODS The mRNA expression of CD14, LBP, TLR-2, TLR-4, MD-2 and IL-6 in human gingival fibroblast explants was detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the presence or absence of E. coli LPS and recombinant human LBP (rhLBP), while IL-6 peptides were analyzed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Human gingival fibroblast could constitutively express CD14, MD-2 and IL-6 mRNAs, but not TLR-2, TLR-4 and LBP mRNAs. E. coli LPS induced the messages expression of MD-2, TLR-2 and -4. The expression of both IL-6 message and peptide was up-regulated by E. coli LPS in a dose dependent manner. Whereas rhLBP could significantly down-regulate the expression of both mRNAs and peptides of CD14 and IL-6 but not MD-2 signals in the presence or absence of E. coli LPS. The up-regulated expression of TLR-2 and -4 by E. coli LPS no longer existed in the presence of rhLBP. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that LBP may down-regulate the expression of IL-6 by human gingival fibroblast. Further studies are warranted to clarify the molecular mechanisms of LBP in regulation of cytokine expression by host cells and to elaborate the relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Pourzarandian A, Watanabe H, Ruwanpura SMPM, Aoki A, Noguchi K, Ishikawa I. Er:YAG laser irradiation increases prostaglandin E2 production via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:182-6. [PMID: 15733154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It has been reported that both prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Er:YAG laser irradiation accelerate wound healing. The stimulatory action of laser seems to occur during the proliferative stage of healing by stimulation of prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are crucial early mediators in the natural healing process. We have then investigated the effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on PGE2 production and COX-2 gene expression in human gingival fibroblast in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured fibroblasts were exposed to low-power Er:YAG laser irradiation with an energy density of 3.37 J/cm2. The amount of PGE2 production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). COX-2 mRNA level, which is a critical enzyme for PGE2 production, was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Er:YAG laser significantly increased PGE2 production by human gingival fibroblasts. COX-2 mRNA, which was hardly detectable in control, increased dramatically after irradiation. COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, completely inhibited the PGE2 synthesis stimulated by Er:YAG laser irradiation. CONCLUSION Our results showed that Er:YAG laser irradiation appears to exert its stimulative action on gingival fibroblasts proliferation through the production of PGE2 via the expression of COX-2. This should be considered as one of the important regulatory pathways to accelerate wound healing after Er:YAG laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pourzarandian
- Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pourzarandian A, Watanabe H, Ruwanpura SMPM, Aoki A, Ishikawa I. Effect of Low-Level Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2005; 76:187-93. [PMID: 15974841 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-level laser irradiation has been reported to enhance wound healing. Activation of gingival fibroblasts (GF) has a potential for early wound healing in periodontal treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the direct effect of low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation on gingival fibroblasts proliferation in order to clarify the laser effect on healing. METHODS Cultured human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) were exposed to low-power, pulsed Er:YAG laser irradiation with different energy densities ranging from 1.68 to 5.0 J/cm(2). The cultures were analyzed by means of trypan blue staining and counted under a light microscope. The effect of Er:YAG laser on hGF was also evaluated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS Cultures irradiated with Er:YAG laser presented faster cell growth when compared with untreated controls. This difference was statistically significant. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi complexes, and mitochondria after laser irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation stimulates the proliferation of cultured gingival fibroblasts. The optimal stimulative energy density was found to be 3.37 J/cm(2). This result suggests that Er:YAG laser irradiation may be of therapeutic benefit for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pourzarandian
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Wang PL, Ohura K. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide signaling in gingival fibroblasts-CD14 and Toll-like receptors. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:132-42. [PMID: 12097356 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the major cause of adult tooth loss and is commonly characterized by a chronic inflammation caused by infection of oral bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the suspected periodontopathic bacteria and is frequently isolated from the periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontal disease. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis is a key factor in the development of periodontitis. Gingival fibroblasts, which are the major constituents of gingival connective tissue, may directly interact with bacteria and bacterial products, including LPS, in periodontitis lesions. It is suggested that gingival fibroblasts play an important role in the host responses to LPS in periodontal disease. P. gingivalis LPS enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in gingival fibroblasts. However, the receptor that binds with P. gingivalis LPS on gingival fibroblasts remained unknown for many years. Recently, it was demonstrated that P. gingivalis LPS binds to gingival fibroblasts. It was also found that gingival fibroblasts express CD14, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). P. gingivalis LPS treatment of gingival fibroblasts activates several intracellular proteins, including protein tyrosine kinases, and up-regulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), and signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activating protein-1 (AP-1). These results suggest that the binding of P. gingivalis LPS to CD14 and TLR4 on gingival fibroblasts activates various second-messenger systems. In this article, we review recent findings on the signaling pathways induced by the binding of P. gingivalis LPS to CD14 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-L Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
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Wagener FADTG, van Beurden HE, von den Hoff JW, Adema GJ, Figdor CG. The heme-heme oxygenase system: a molecular switch in wound healing. Blood 2003; 102:521-8. [PMID: 12649161 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells are injured they release their contents, resulting in a local accumulation of free heme proteins and heme. Here, we investigated the involvement of heme and its degrading enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) in the inflammatory process during wound healing. We observed that heme directly accumulates at the edges of the wound after inflicting a wound in the palate of Wistar rats. This coincided with an increased adhesion molecule expression and the recruitment of leukocytes. To prove that heme is responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes, heme was administered intradermally 24 hours prior to injury. A clear heme-induced influx of both macrophages and granulocytes was observed. When examining the HO isoforms, HO-1 and HO-2, we found that HO-2 was present in the entire submucosa. Surprisingly, we observed also that HO-1 is significantly expressed in the epithelium of both the mucosa and the skin of animals without wounds. On inflammation, HO-1 expression increased, particularly in infiltrating cells during the resolution phase of inflammation. Interestingly, we observed that heme-induced influx of leukocytes was highly elevated after pharmacologic inhibition of HO activity. These observations suggest that the heme-HO system is closely involved in the control of wound healing. Our results demonstrate that the local release of heme may be a physiologic trigger to start inflammatory processes, whereas HO-1 antagonizes inflammation by attenuating adhesive interactions and cellular infiltration. Moreover, the basal level of HO expression in the skin may serve as a first protective environment against acute oxidative and inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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