1
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Fritz-Laylin LK, Titus MA. The evolution and diversity of actin-dependent cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:pe6. [PMID: 37906436 PMCID: PMC10846614 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells, including animal cells and unicellular amoebae, use dynamic-actin networks to crawl across solid surfaces. Recent discoveries of actin-dependent crawling in additional lineages have sparked interest in understanding how and when this type of motility evolved. Tracing the evolution of cell crawling requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying motility. Here we outline what is known about the diversity and evolution of the molecular mechanisms that drive cell motility, with a focus on actin-dependent crawling. Classic studies and recent work have revealed a surprising number of distinct mechanical modes of actin-dependent crawling used by different cell types and species to navigate different environments. The overlap in actin network regulators driving multiple types of actin-dependent crawling, along with cortical-actin networks that support the plasma membrane in these cells, suggest that actin motility and cortical actin networks might have a common evolutionary origin. The rapid development of additional evolutionarily diverse model systems, advanced imaging technologies, and CRISPR-based genetic tools, is opening the door to testing these and other new ideas about the evolution of actin-dependent cell crawling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A. Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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2
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Dragon AH, Rowe CJ, Rhodes AM, Pak OL, Davis TA, Ronzier E. Systematic Identification of the Optimal Housekeeping Genes for Accurate Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiling of Tissues following Complex Traumatic Injury. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6020022. [PMID: 36961042 PMCID: PMC10037587 DOI: 10.3390/mps6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma triggers critical molecular and cellular signaling cascades that drive biological outcomes and recovery. Variations in the gene expression of common endogenous reference housekeeping genes (HKGs) used in data normalization differ between tissue types and pathological states. Systematically, we investigated the gene stability of nine HKGs (Actb, B2m, Gapdh, Hprt1, Pgk1, Rplp0, Rplp2, Tbp, and Tfrc) from tissues prone to remote organ dysfunction (lung, liver, kidney, and muscle) following extremity trauma. Computational algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, ΔCt, BestKeeper, RefFinder) were applied to estimate the expression stability of each HKG or combinations of them, within and between tissues, under both steady-state and systemic inflammatory conditions. Rplp2 was ranked as the most suitable in the healthy and injured lung, kidney, and skeletal muscle, whereas Rplp2 and either Hprt1 or Pgk1 were the most suitable in the healthy and injured liver, respectively. However, the geometric mean of the three most stable genes was deemed the most stable internal reference control. Actb and Tbp were the least stable in normal tissues, whereas Gapdh and Tbp were the least stable across all tissues post-trauma. Ct values correlated poorly with the translation from mRNA to protein. Our results provide a valuable resource for the accurate normalization of gene expression in trauma-related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Dragon
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Cassie J Rowe
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Alisha M Rhodes
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Olivia L Pak
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
| | - Elsa Ronzier
- Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 2081, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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3
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Kage F, Döring H, Mietkowska M, Schaks M, Grüner F, Stahnke S, Steffen A, Müsken M, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Lamellipodia-like actin networks in cells lacking WAVE regulatory complex. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276259. [PMID: 35971979 PMCID: PMC9511706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodia induced by Rac GTPases activating WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly. Previous genome editing studies in B16-F1 melanoma cells solidified the view of an essential, linear pathway employing the aforementioned components. Here, disruption of the WRC subunit Nap1 (encoded by Nckap1) and its paralog Hem1 (encoded by Nckap1l) followed by serum and growth factor stimulation, or active GTPase expression, revealed a pathway to formation of Arp2/3 complex-dependent lamellipodia-like structures (LLS) that requires both Rac and Cdc42 GTPases, but not WRC. These phenotypes were independent of the WRC subunit eliminated and coincided with the lack of recruitment of Ena/VASP family actin polymerases. Moreover, aside from Ena/VASP proteins, LLS contained all lamellipodial regulators tested, including cortactin (also known as CTTN), the Ena/VASP ligand lamellipodin (also known as RAPH1) and FMNL subfamily formins. Rac-dependent but WRC-independent actin remodeling could also be triggered in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by growth factor (HGF) treatment or by gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes usurping HGF receptor signaling for host cell invasion. Taken together, our studies thus establish the existence of a signaling axis to Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling at the cell periphery that operates without WRC and Ena/VASP. Summary: Rac-dependent actin remodeling can occur in the absence of WAVE regulatory complex, triggered by active Cdc42. WAVE regulatory complex-independent actin structures harbor Arp2/3 complex but not VASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franziska Grüner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Law AL, Jalal S, Pallett T, Mosis F, Guni A, Brayford S, Yolland L, Marcotti S, Levitt JA, Poland SP, Rowe-Sampson M, Jandke A, Köchl R, Pula G, Ameer-Beg SM, Stramer BM, Krause M. Nance-Horan Syndrome-like 1 protein negatively regulates Scar/WAVE-Arp2/3 activity and inhibits lamellipodia stability and cell migration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5687. [PMID: 34584076 PMCID: PMC8478917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is important for development and its aberrant regulation contributes to many diseases. The Scar/WAVE complex is essential for Arp2/3 mediated lamellipodia formation during mesenchymal cell migration and several coinciding signals activate it. However, so far, no direct negative regulators are known. Here we identify Nance-Horan Syndrome-like 1 protein (NHSL1) as a direct binding partner of the Scar/WAVE complex, which co-localise at protruding lamellipodia. This interaction is mediated by the Abi SH3 domain and two binding sites in NHSL1. Furthermore, active Rac binds to NHSL1 at two regions that mediate leading edge targeting of NHSL1. Surprisingly, NHSL1 inhibits cell migration through its interaction with the Scar/WAVE complex. Mechanistically, NHSL1 may reduce cell migration efficiency by impeding Arp2/3 activity, as measured in cells using a Arp2/3 FRET-FLIM biosensor, resulting in reduced F-actin density of lamellipodia, and consequently impairing the stability of lamellipodia protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Lai Law
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Shamsinar Jalal
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Tommy Pallett
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fuad Mosis
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ahmad Guni
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon Brayford
- Stramer Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lawrence Yolland
- Stramer Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Stramer Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James A Levitt
- Ameer-Beg Group, Richard Dimbleby Cancer Research Laboratories, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon P Poland
- Ameer-Beg Group, Richard Dimbleby Cancer Research Laboratories, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maia Rowe-Sampson
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Stramer Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anett Jandke
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Robert Köchl
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Giordano Pula
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, O26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon M Ameer-Beg
- Ameer-Beg Group, Richard Dimbleby Cancer Research Laboratories, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Brian Marc Stramer
- Stramer Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Krause Group, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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5
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Stahnke S, Döring H, Kusch C, de Gorter DJJ, Dütting S, Guledani A, Pleines I, Schnoor M, Sixt M, Geffers R, Rohde M, Müsken M, Kage F, Steffen A, Faix J, Nieswandt B, Rottner K, Stradal TEB. Loss of Hem1 disrupts macrophage function and impacts migration, phagocytosis, and integrin-mediated adhesion. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2051-2064.e8. [PMID: 33711252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic-specific protein 1 (Hem1) is an essential subunit of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) in immune cells. WRC is crucial for Arp2/3 complex activation and the protrusion of branched actin filament networks. Moreover, Hem1 loss of function in immune cells causes autoimmune diseases in humans. Here, we show that genetic removal of Hem1 in macrophages diminishes frequency and efficacy of phagocytosis as well as phagocytic cup formation in addition to defects in lamellipodial protrusion and migration. Moreover, Hem1-null macrophages displayed strong defects in cell adhesion despite unaltered podosome formation and concomitant extracellular matrix degradation. Specifically, dynamics of both adhesion and de-adhesion as well as concomitant phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were significantly compromised. Accordingly, disruption of WRC function in non-hematopoietic cells coincided with both defects in adhesion turnover and altered FAK and paxillin phosphorylation. Consistently, platelets exhibited reduced adhesion and diminished integrin αIIbβ3 activation upon WRC removal. Interestingly, adhesion phenotypes, but not lamellipodia formation, were partially rescued by small molecule activation of FAK. A full rescue of the phenotype, including lamellipodia formation, required not only the presence of WRCs but also their binding to and activation by Rac. Collectively, our results uncover that WRC impacts on integrin-dependent processes in a FAK-dependent manner, controlling formation and dismantling of adhesions, relevant for properly grabbing onto extracellular surfaces and particles during cell edge expansion, like in migration or phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David J J de Gorter
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aleks Guledani
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School MHH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
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6
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Ouyang M, Yu JY, Chen Y, Deng L, Guo CL. Cell-extracellular matrix interactions in the fluidic phase direct the topology and polarity of self-organized epithelial structures. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13014. [PMID: 33615615 PMCID: PMC8016639 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In vivo, cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM). To build organs from single cells, it is generally believed that ECM serves as scaffolds to coordinate cell positioning and differentiation. Nevertheless, how cells utilize cell‐ECM interactions for the spatiotemporal coordination to different ECM at the tissue scale is not fully understood. Methods Here, using in vitro assay with engineered MDCK cells expressing H2B‐mCherry (nucleus) and gp135/Podocalyxin‐GFP (apical marker), we show in multi‐dimensions that such coordination for epithelial morphogenesis can be determined by cell‐soluble ECM interaction in the fluidic phase. Results The coordination depends on the native topology of ECM components such as sheet‐like basement membrane (BM) and type I collagen (COL) fibres: scaffold formed by BM (COL) facilitates a close‐ended (open‐ended) coordination that leads to the formation of lobular (tubular) epithelium. Further, cells form apicobasal polarity throughout the entire lobule/tubule without a complete coverage of ECM at the basal side, and time‐lapse two‐photon scanning imaging reveals the polarization occurring early and maintained through the lobular expansion. During polarization, gp135‐GFP was converged to the apical surface collectively in the lobular/tubular structures, suggesting possible intercellular communications. Under suspension culture, the polarization was impaired with multi‐lumen formation in the tubules, implying the importance of ECM biomechanical microenvironment. Conclusion Our results suggest a biophysical mechanism for cells to form polarity and coordinate positioning at tissue scale, and in engineering epithelium through cell‐soluble ECM interaction and self‐assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Ouyang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Jiun-Yann Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Yenyu Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Linhong Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chin-Lin Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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7
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Vemula V, Huber T, Ušaj M, Bugyi B, Månsson A. Myosin and gelsolin cooperate in actin filament severing and actomyosin motor activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100181. [PMID: 33303625 PMCID: PMC7948409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a major intracellular protein with key functions in cellular motility, signaling, and structural rearrangements. Its dynamic behavior, such as polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in response to intracellular and extracellular cues, is regulated by an abundance of actin binding proteins. Out of these, gelsolin is one of the most potent for filament severing. However, myosin motor activity also fragments actin filaments through motor-induced forces, suggesting that these two proteins could cooperate to regulate filament dynamics and motility. To test this idea, we used an in vitro motility assay, where actin filaments are propelled by surface-adsorbed heavy meromyosin (HMM) motor fragments. This allows studies of both motility and filament dynamics using isolated proteins. Gelsolin, at both nanomolar and micromolar Ca2+ concentration, appreciably enhanced actin filament severing caused by HMM-induced forces at 1 mM MgATP, an effect that was increased at higher HMM motor density. This finding is consistent with cooperativity between actin filament severing by myosin-induced forces and by gelsolin. We also observed reduced sliding velocity of the HMM-propelled filaments in the presence of gelsolin, providing further support of myosin-gelsolin cooperativity. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy–based single molecule studies corroborated that the velocity reduction was a direct effect of gelsolin binding to the filament and revealed different filament severing pattern of stationary and HMM propelled filaments. Overall, the results corroborate cooperative effects between gelsolin-induced alterations in the actin filaments and changes due to myosin motor activity leading to enhanced F-actin severing of possible physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venukumar Vemula
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Tamás Huber
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marko Ušaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Beáta Bugyi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Alf Månsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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8
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Sbai O, Soussi R, Bole A, Khrestchatisky M, Esclapez M, Ferhat L. The actin binding protein α-actinin-2 expression is associated with dendritic spine plasticity and migrating granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus following pilocarpine-induced seizures. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113512. [PMID: 33098872 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-actinin-2 (α-actn-2) is an F-actin-crosslinking protein, localized in dendritic spines. In vitro studies suggested that it is involved in spinogenesis, morphogenesis, actin organization, cell migration and anchoring of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in dendritic spines. However, little is known regarding its function in vivo. We examined the levels of α-actn-2 expression within the dentate gyrus (DG) during the development of chronic limbic seizures (epileptogenesis) induced by pilocarpine in rats. In this model, plasticity of the DG glutamatergic granule cells including spine loss, spinogenesis, morphogenesis, neo-synaptogenesis, aberrant migration, and alterations of NMDA receptors have been well characterized. We showed that α-actn-2 immunolabeling was reduced in the inner molecular layer at 1-2 weeks post-status epilepticus (SE), when granule cell spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur. This low level persisted at the chronic stage when new functional synapses are established. This decreased of α-actn-2 protein is concomitant with the recovery of drebrin A (DA), another actin-binding protein, at the chronic stage. Indeed, we demonstrated in cultured cells that in contrast to DA, α-actn-2 did not protect F-actin destabilization and DA inhibited α-actn-2 binding to F-actin. Such alteration could affect the anchoring of NR1 in dendritic spines. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of α-actn-2 and NR1 are co-down-regulated in membrane fractions of pilocarpine animals at chronic stage. Last, we showed that α-actn-2 is expressed in migrating newly born granule cells observed within the hilus of pilocarpine-treated rats. Altogether, our results suggest that α-actn-2 is not critical for the structural integrity and stabilization of granule cell dendritic spines. Instead, its expression is regulated when spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur and within migrating granule cells. Our data also suggest that the balance between α-actn-2 and DA expression levels may modulate NR1 anchoring within dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Rabia Soussi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Bole
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Monique Esclapez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Lotfi Ferhat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
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9
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Kukkurainen S, Azizi L, Zhang P, Jacquier MC, Baikoghli M, von Essen M, Tuukkanen A, Laitaoja M, Liu X, Rahikainen R, Orłowski A, Jänis J, Määttä JAE, Varjosalo M, Vattulainen I, Róg T, Svergun D, Cheng RH, Wu J, Hytönen VP, Wehrle-Haller B. The F1 loop of the talin head domain acts as a gatekeeper in integrin activation and clustering. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239202. [PMID: 33046605 PMCID: PMC10679385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin activation and clustering by talin are early steps of cell adhesion. Membrane-bound talin head domain and kindlin bind to the β integrin cytoplasmic tail, cooperating to activate the heterodimeric integrin, and the talin head domain induces integrin clustering in the presence of Mn2+ Here we show that kindlin-1 can replace Mn2+ to mediate β3 integrin clustering induced by the talin head, but not that induced by the F2-F3 fragment of talin. Integrin clustering mediated by kindlin-1 and the talin head was lost upon deletion of the flexible loop within the talin head F1 subdomain. Further mutagenesis identified hydrophobic and acidic motifs in the F1 loop responsible for β3 integrin clustering. Modeling, computational and cysteine crosslinking studies showed direct and catalytic interactions of the acidic F1 loop motif with the juxtamembrane domains of α- and β3-integrins, in order to activate the β3 integrin heterodimer, further detailing the mechanism by which the talin-kindlin complex activates and clusters integrins. Moreover, the F1 loop interaction with the β3 integrin tail required the newly identified compact FERM fold of the talin head, which positions the F1 loop next to the inner membrane clasp of the talin-bound integrin heterodimer.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampo Kukkurainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Latifeh Azizi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jacquier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Mo Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Magdaléna von Essen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Tuukkanen
- EMBL Hamburg c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mikko Laitaoja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rolle Rahikainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Adam Orłowski
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- EMBL Hamburg c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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10
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Sarker SR, Takikawa M, Takeoka S. In Vitro Delivery of Cell Impermeable Phallotoxin Using Cationic Liposomes Composed of Lipids Bearing Lysine Headgroup. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2048-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satya Ranjan Sarker
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masato Takikawa
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeoka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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11
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de Magalhães AC, Guimarães-Filho Z, Yoshimura EM, Lilge L. Photobiomodulation therapy can change actin filaments of 3T3 mouse fibroblast. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:585-597. [PMID: 31410615 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that photobiomodulation therapy might produce in cells, in particular, related to their structure. Thus, this paper presents the results of morphological changes in fibroblasts following low-intensity light illumination. Mouse fibroblasts were grown on glass coverslips on either 4 kPa or 16 kPa gels, to mimic normal tissue conditions. Cells were photo-irradiated with laser light at either 625 nm or 808 nm (total energies ranging from 34 to 47 J). Cells were fixed at 5 min, 1 h, or 24 h after photo-irradiation, stained for both actin filaments and the cell nucleus, and imaged by confocal microscopy. A non-light exposed group was also imaged. A detailed analysis of the images demonstrated that the total polymerized actin and number of actin filaments decrease, while the nucleus area increases in treated cells shortly after photo-irradiation, regardless of substrate and wavelength. This experiment indicated that photobiomodulation therapy could change the morphological properties of cells and affect their cytoskeleton. Further investigations are required to determine the specific mechanisms involved and how this phenomenon is related to the photobiomodulation therapy mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lothar Lilge
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Endothelial Protrusions in Junctional Integrity and Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:93-140. [PMID: 30360784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the microcirculation form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier between the blood and tissues. This permeability of the endothelium, particularly in the capillaries and postcapillary venules, is a normal physiological function needed for blood-tissue exchange in the microcirculation. During inflammation, microvascular permeability increases dramatically and can lead to tissue edema, which in turn can lead to dysfunction of tissues and organs. The molecular mechanisms that control the barrier function of endothelial cells have been under investigation for several decades and remain an important topic due to the potential for discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce edema. This review highlights current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammatory conditions associated with injury and disease. This includes a discussion of recent findings demonstrating temporal protrusions by endothelial cells that may contribute to intercellular junction integrity between endothelial cells and affect the diffusion distance for solutes via the paracellular pathway.
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13
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Jones BH, Bachand GD, Shin SHR, Firestone MA, Paxton WF. Dynamic Control over Aqueous Poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) Self-Assembly through Olefin Metathesis. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Millicent A. Firestone
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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14
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Eno C, Pelegri F. Modulation of F-actin dynamics by maternal Mid1ip1L controls germ plasm aggregation and furrow recruitment in the zebrafish embryo. Development 2018; 145:dev.156596. [PMID: 29724756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the early embryonic cell cycles, zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) gradually multimerize and become recruited to the forming furrows. RNPs multimerization occurs prior to and during furrow initiation, as forming aggregates move outward through their association with the tips of growing interphase astral microtubules. Germ plasm RNPs are also associated with short cortical F-actin. We show that, in embryos mutant for the cytoskeletal regulator mid1ip1l, germ plasm RNPs fail to become recruited to the furrow, accumulating instead at the periphery of the blastodisc. RNP aggregates are associated with zones of mid1ip1l-dependent cyclical local cortical F-actin network enrichments, as well as contractions at both the cortex and the contractile ring. F-actin inhibition in wild-type embryos mimics the RNP peripheral accumulation defect of mid1ip1l mutants. Our studies suggest that a common mechanism underlies distinct steps of germ plasm RNP segregation. At the cortex, this process attenuates microtubule-dependent outward RNP movement to retain RNPs in the blastodisc cortex and allow their recruitment to the furrows. F-actin network contraction likely also facilitates higher-order germ plasm RNP multimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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15
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Vedula P, Kashina A. The makings of the 'actin code': regulation of actin's biological function at the amino acid and nucleotide level. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/9/jcs215509. [PMID: 29739859 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays key roles in every eukaryotic cell and is essential for cell adhesion, migration, mechanosensing, and contractility in muscle and non-muscle tissues. In higher vertebrates, from birds through to mammals, actin is represented by a family of six conserved genes. Although these genes have evolved independently for more than 100 million years, they encode proteins with ≥94% sequence identity, which are differentially expressed in different tissues, and tightly regulated throughout embryogenesis and adulthood. It has been previously suggested that the existence of such similar actin genes is a fail-safe mechanism to preserve the essential function of actin through redundancy. However, knockout studies in mice and other organisms demonstrate that the different actins have distinct biological roles. The mechanisms maintaining this distinction have been debated in the literature for decades. This Review summarizes data on the functional regulation of different actin isoforms, and the mechanisms that lead to their different biological roles in vivo We focus here on recent studies demonstrating that at least some actin functions are regulated beyond the amino acid level at the level of the actin nucleotide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Lopata A, Hughes R, Tiede C, Heissler SM, Sellers JR, Knight PJ, Tomlinson D, Peckham M. Affimer proteins for F-actin: novel affinity reagents that label F-actin in live and fixed cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6572. [PMID: 29700342 PMCID: PMC5920084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging the actin cytoskeleton in cells uses a wide range of approaches. Typically, a fluorescent derivative of the small cyclic peptide phalloidin is used to image F-actin in fixed cells. Lifeact and F-tractin are popular for imaging the cytoskeleton in live cells. Here we characterised novel affinity reagents called Affimers that specifically bind to F-actin in vitro to determine if they are suitable alternatives as eGFP-fusion proteins, to label actin in live cells, or for labeling F-actin in fixed cells. In vitro experiments showed that 3 out of the 4 Affimers (Affimers 6, 14 and 24) tested bind tightly to purified F-actin, and appear to have overlapping binding sites. As eGFP-fusion proteins, the same 3 Affimers label F-actin in live cells. FRAP experiments suggest that eGFP-Affimer 6 behaves most similarly to F-tractin and Lifeact. However, it does not colocalise with mCherry-actin in dynamic ruffles, and may preferentially bind stable actin filaments. All 4 Affimers label F-actin in methanol fixed cells, while only Affimer 14 labels F-actin after paraformaldehyde fixation. eGFP-Affimer 6 has potential for use in selectively imaging the stable actin cytoskeleton in live cells, while all 4 Affimers are strong alternatives to phalloidin for labelling F-actin in fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lopata
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah M Heissler
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter J Knight
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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17
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Šuštar V, Vainio M, Mattila PK. Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of the Actin Cytoskeleton Upon B Cell Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1707:243-257. [PMID: 29388113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the immunological synapse upon B cell activation critically depends on the rearrangement of the submembranous actin cytoskeleton. Polymerization of actin monomers into filaments provides the force required for B cell spreading on the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Interestingly, the actin network also participates in cellular signaling at multiple levels. Fluorescence microscopy plays a critical role in furthering our understanding of the various functions of the cytoskeleton, and has become an important tool in the studies on B cell activation. The actin cytoskeleton can be tracked in live cells with various fluorescent probes binding to actin, or in fixed cells typically with phalloidin staining. Here, we present the usage of TIRF microscopy and an image analysis workflow for studying the overall density and organization of the actin network upon B cell spreading on antigen-coated glass, a widely used model system for the formation of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Šuštar
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Vainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Abstract
Animal cell migration constitutes a complex process involving a multitude of forces generated and maintained by the actin cytoskeleton. Dynamic changes of the cell surface, for instance to effect cell edge protrusion, are at the core of initiating migratory processes, both in tissue culture models and whole animals. Here we sketch different aspects of imaging representative molecular constituents in such actin-driven processes, which power and regulate the polymerisation of actin filaments into bundles and networks, constituting the building blocks of such protrusions. The examples presented illustrate both the diversity of subcellular distributions of distinct molecular components, according to their function, and the complexity of dynamic changes in protrusion size, shape, and/or orientation in 3D. Considering these dynamics helps mechanistically connecting subcellular distributions of molecular machines driving protrusion and migration with their biochemical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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19
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Stojkov D, Amini P, Oberson K, Sokollik C, Duppenthaler A, Simon HU, Yousefi S. ROS and glutathionylation balance cytoskeletal dynamics in neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4073-4090. [PMID: 29150539 PMCID: PMC5716265 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils can release their genomic DNA as extracellular traps (NETs), which ensnare bacteria and limit their replication. Stojkov et al. find that modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics by reactive oxygen species and glutathionylation controls the degranulation and release of mitochondrial DNA required for NET formation. The antimicrobial defense activity of neutrophils partly depends on their ability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but the underlying mechanism controlling NET formation remains unclear. We demonstrate that inhibiting cytoskeletal dynamics with pharmacological agents or by genetic manipulation prevents the degranulation of neutrophils and mitochondrial DNA release required for NET formation. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein–deficient neutrophils are unable to polymerize actin and exhibit a block in both degranulation and DNA release. Similarly, neutrophils with a genetic defect in NADPH oxidase fail to induce either actin and tubulin polymerization or NET formation on activation. Moreover, neutrophils deficient in glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme required for deglutathionylation of actin and tubulin, are unable to polymerize either cytoskeletal network and fail to degranulate or release DNA. Collectively, cytoskeletal dynamics are achieved as a balance between reactive oxygen species–regulated effects on polymerization and glutathionylation on the one hand and the Grx1-mediated deglutathionylation that is required for NET formation on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Poorya Amini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Oberson
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sokollik
- Unit of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Duppenthaler
- Unit of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Actin Waves: Origin of Cell Polarization and Migration? Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:515-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Lupak M, Hachkova H, Khokhla M, Chajka Y, Skybitska M, Sybirna N. Leukocyte actin cytoskeleton reorganization and redistribution of sialylated membrane glycoconjugates under experimental diabetes mellitus and against the administration of the Galega officinalis L. extract. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Atherton P, Lausecker F, Harrison A, Ballestrem C. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes cell motility through vinculin-controlled Rac1 GTPase activity. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2277-2291. [PMID: 28576970 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a therapy used clinically to promote healing. Using live-cell imaging we show that LIPUS stimulation, acting through integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions, rapidly induces Rac1 activation associated with dramatic actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Our study demonstrates that the mechanosensitive focal adhesion (FA) protein vinculin, and both focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) and Rab5 (both the Rab5a and Rab5b isoforms) have key roles in regulating these effects. Inhibiting the link of vinculin to the actin-cytoskeleton abolished LIPUS sensing. We show that this vinculin-mediated link was not only critical for Rac1 induction and actin rearrangements, but was also important for the induction of a Rab5-dependent increase in the number of early endosomes. Expression of dominant-negative Rab5, or inhibition of endocytosis with dynasore, also blocked LIPUS-induced Rac1 signalling events. Taken together, our data show that LIPUS is sensed by cell matrix adhesions through vinculin, which in turn modulates a Rab5-Rac1 pathway to control ultrasound-mediated endocytosis and cell motility. Finally, we demonstrate that a similar FAK-Rab5-Rac1 pathway acts to control cell spreading upon fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
| | - Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Bioventus Cooperatief, Taurusavenue 31, 2132 LS Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
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23
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Falkenberg CV, Azeloglu EU, Stothers M, Deerinck TJ, Chen Y, He JC, Ellisman MH, Hone JC, Iyengar R, Loew LM. Fragility of foot process morphology in kidney podocytes arises from chaotic spatial propagation of cytoskeletal instability. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005433. [PMID: 28301477 PMCID: PMC5373631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney podocytes' function depends on fingerlike projections (foot processes) that interdigitate with those from neighboring cells to form the glomerular filtration barrier. The integrity of the barrier depends on spatial control of dynamics of actin cytoskeleton in the foot processes. We determined how imbalances in regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics could result in pathological morphology. We obtained 3-D electron microscopy images of podocytes and used quantitative features to build dynamical models to investigate how regulation of actin dynamics within foot processes controls local morphology. We find that imbalances in regulation of actin bundling lead to chaotic spatial patterns that could impair the foot process morphology. Simulation results are consistent with experimental observations for cytoskeletal reconfiguration through dysregulated RhoA or Rac1, and they predict compensatory mechanisms for biochemical stability. We conclude that podocyte morphology, optimized for filtration, is intrinsically fragile, whereby local transient biochemical imbalances may lead to permanent morphological changes associated with pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele V Falkenberg
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis & Modeling, U. Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark Stothers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Yibang Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John C He
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Leslie M Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis & Modeling, U. Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
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Methyl Gallate Inhibits Osteoclast Formation and Function by Suppressing Akt and Btk-PLCγ2-Ca 2+ Signaling and Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bone Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030581. [PMID: 28272351 PMCID: PMC5372597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of bone research, various natural derivatives have emerged as candidates for osteoporosis treatment by targeting abnormally elevated osteoclastic activity. Methyl gallate, a plant-derived phenolic compound, is known to have numerous pharmacological effects against inflammation, oxidation, and cancer. Our purpose was to explore the relation between methyl gallate and bone metabolism. Herein, we performed screening using methyl gallate by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and revealed intracellular mechanisms responsible for methyl gallate-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, we assessed the effects of methyl gallate on the characteristics of mature osteoclasts. We found that methyl gallate significantly suppressed osteoclast formation through Akt and Btk-PLCγ2-Ca2+ signaling. The blockade of these pathways was confirmed through transduction of cells with a CA-Akt retrovirus and evaluation of Ca2+ influx intensity (staining with Fluo-3/AM). Indeed, methyl gallate downregulated the formation of actin ring-positive osteoclasts and resorption pit areas. In agreement with in vitro results, we found that administration of methyl gallate restored osteoporotic phenotype stimulated by acute systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide in vivo according to micro-computed tomography and histological analysis. Our data strongly indicate that methyl gallate may be useful for the development of a plant-based antiosteoporotic agent.
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Abstract
Actin functions in a multitude of cellular processes owing to its ability to polymerize into filaments, which can be further organized into higher-order structures by an array of actin-binding and regulatory proteins. Therefore, research on actin and actin-related functions relies on the visualization of actin structures without interfering with the cycles of actin polymerization and depolymerization that underlie cellular actin dynamics. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we briefly evaluate the different techniques and approaches currently applied to analyze and visualize cellular actin structures, including in the nuclear compartment. Referring to the gold standard F-actin marker phalloidin to stain actin in fixed samples and tissues, we highlight methods for visualization of actin in living cells, which mostly apply the principle of genetically fusing fluorescent proteins to different actin-binding domains, such as LifeAct, utrophin and F-tractin, as well as anti-actin-nanobody technology. In addition, the compound SiR-actin and the expression of GFP-actin are also applicable for various types of live-cell analyses. Overall, the visualization of actin within a physiological context requires a careful choice of method, as well as a tight control of the amount or the expression level of a given detection probe in order to minimize its influence on endogenous actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
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Feng C, Wee WK, Chen H, Ong LT, Qu J, Tan HF, Tan SM. Expression of kindlin-3 in melanoma cells impedes cell migration and metastasis. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:419-433. [PMID: 27715393 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1243645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kindlins are a small family of 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM)-containing cytoplasmic proteins. Kindlin-3 is expressed in platelets, hematopoietic cells, and endothelial cells. Kindlin-3 promotes integrin activation, clustering and outside-in signaling. Aberrant expression of kindlin-3 was reported in melanoma and breast cancer. Intriguingly, kindlin-3 has been reported to either positively or negatively regulate cancer cell metastasis. In this study, we sought to clarify the expression of kindlin-3 in melanoma cells and its role in melanoma metastasis. Two widely used metastatic mouse and human melanoma cell lines B16-F10 and M10, respectively, were examined and found to lack kindlin-3 mRNA and protein expression. When kindlin-3 was ectopically expressed in these cells, cell migration was markedly reduced. These are attributed to aberrant Rac1 and RhoA activation and overt membrane ruffling. Our data demonstrate for the first time that despite its well established role as a positive regulator of integrin-mediated cell adhesion, aberrant expression of kindlin-3 could lead to imbalanced RhoGTPases signaling that impedes rather than promotes cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Wei-Kiat Wee
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Huizhi Chen
- b School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
| | - Li-Teng Ong
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Jing Qu
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Hui-Foon Tan
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Suet-Mien Tan
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
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Abstract
Genetic studies of hereditary forms of nephrotic syndrome have identified several proteins that are involved in regulating the permselective properties of the glomerular filtration system. Further extensive research has elucidated the complex molecular basis of the glomerular filtration barrier and clearly established the pivotal role of podocytes in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. Podocyte architecture is centred on focal adhesions and slit diaphragms - multiprotein signalling hubs that regulate cell morphology and function. A highly interconnected actin cytoskeleton enables podocytes to adapt in order to accommodate environmental changes and maintain an intact glomerular filtration barrier. Actin-based endocytosis has now emerged as a regulator of podocyte integrity, providing an impetus for understanding the precise mechanisms that underlie the steady-state control of focal adhesion and slit diaphragm components. This Review outlines the role of actin dynamics and endocytosis in podocyte biology, and discusses how molecular heterogeneity in glomerular disorders could be exploited to deliver more rational therapeutic interventions, paving the way for targeted medicine in nephrology.
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Ojima K, Lin ZX, de Andrade IR, Costa ML, Mermelstein C. Distinctive Effects of Cytochalasin B in Chick Primary Myoblasts and Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154109. [PMID: 27119825 PMCID: PMC4847871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based structures play fundamental roles in cellular functions. However it remains controversial how cells cope with the absence of F-actin structures. This report focuses on short- and long-term effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on actin-complexes in fibroblasts and myoblasts. Thirty min of CB treatment dispersed subplasma actin cortices, lamellipodia, ruffled membranes, stress fibers and adhesion plaques into actin patches in fibroblasts and muscle cells. In contrast, 72 hrs CB treatment showed distinct morphological effects. Fibroblasts became giant multinucleated-finger shaped with 5 to 10 protrusions, 3-8 μm in width, and >200 μm in length. They lacked cortical actin, stress fibers, adhesion plaques and ruffled membranes but contained immense lamelliopodia with abnormal adhesion plaque protein complexes. Muscle cells transformed into multinucleated globular-shaped but contained normal I-Z-I and A-bands, indicating that CB did not interfere with the assembly of myofibrils. Within 30 min after CB removal, finger-shaped fibroblasts returned to their original shape and actin-containing structures rapidly reappeared, whereas muscle cells respond slowly to form elongated myotubes following CB washout. The capacity to grow, complete several nuclear cycles, assemble intermediate filaments and microtubules without a morphologically recognizable actin cytoskeleton raises interesting issues related to the role of the actin compartments in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ojima
- Animal Products Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0901, Japan
| | - Zhong-Xiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ivone Rosa de Andrade
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941–902, Brasil
| | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941–902, Brasil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941–902, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Cruz LA, Vedula P, Gutierrez N, Shah N, Rodriguez S, Ayee B, Davis J, Rodriguez AJ. Balancing spatially regulated β-actin translation and dynamin-mediated endocytosis is required to assemble functional epithelial monolayers. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:597-608. [PMID: 26615964 PMCID: PMC4968411 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulating adherens junction complex assembly/disassembly is critical to maintaining epithelial homeostasis in healthy epithelial tissues. Consequently, adherens junction structure and function is often perturbed in clinically advanced tumors of epithelial origin. Some of the most studied factors driving adherens junction complex perturbation in epithelial cancers are transcriptional and epigenetic down-regulation of E-cadherin expression. However, numerous reports demonstrate that post-translational regulatory mechanisms such as endocytosis also regulate early phases of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic progression. In already assembled healthy epithelia, E-cadherin endocytosis recycles cadherin-catenin complexes to regulate the number of mature adherens junctions found at cell-cell contact sites. However, following de novo epithelial cell-cell contact, endocytosis negatively regulates adherens junction assembly by removing E-cadherin from the cell surface. By contrast, following de novo epithelial cell-cell contact, spatially localized β-actin translation drives cytoskeletal remodeling and consequently E-cadherin clustering at cell-cell contact sites and therefore positively regulates adherens junction assembly. In this report we demonstrate that dynamin-mediated endocytosis and β-actin translation-dependent cadherin-catenin complex anchoring oppose each other following epithelial cell-cell contact. Consequently, the final extent of adherens junction assembly depends on which of these processes is dominant following epithelial cell-cell contact. We expressed β-actin transcripts impaired in their ability to properly localize monomer synthesis (Δ3'UTR) in MDCK cells to perturb actin filament remodeling and anchoring, and demonstrate the resulting defect in adherens junction structure and function is rescued by inhibiting dynamin mediated endocytosis. Therefore, we demonstrate balancing spatially regulated β-actin translation and dynamin-mediated endocytosis regulates epithelial monolayer structure and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette A. Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Natasha Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Neel Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Steven Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Brian Ayee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Justin Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Alexis J. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Nukada Y, Horie M, Fukui A, Kotani T, Yamashita M. Real-time imaging of actin filaments in the zebrafish oocyte and embryo. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:491-501. [PMID: 26335601 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes of cytoplasmic and cortical actin filaments drive various cellular and developmental processes. Although real-time imaging of actin filaments in living cells has been developed, imaging of actin filaments in specific cells of living organisms remains limited, particularly for the analysis of gamete formation and early embryonic development. Here, we report the production of transgenic zebrafish expressing the C-terminus of Moesin, an actin filament-binding protein, fused with green fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein (GFP/RFP-MoeC), under the control of a cyclin B1 promoter. GFP/RFP-MoeC was expressed maternally, which labels the cortical actin cytoskeleton of blastula-stage cells. High levels of GFP/RFP fluorescence were detected in the adult ovary and testis. In the ovaries, GFP/RFP-MoeC was expressed in oocytes but not in follicle cells, which allows us to clearly visualize the organization of actin filaments in different stages of the oocyte. Using full-grown oocytes, we revealed the dynamic changes of actin columns assembled in the cortical cytoplasm during oocyte maturation. The number of columns slightly decreased in the early period before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and then significantly decreased at GVBD, followed by recovery after GVBD. Our transgenic fish are useful for analyzing the dynamics of actin filaments in oogenesis and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nukada
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayu Horie
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akimasa Fukui
- Laboratory of Tissue and Polymer Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kotani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masakane Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chaotham C, Chanvorachote P. A bibenzyl from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum inhibits migration in lung cancer cells. J Nat Med 2015; 69:565-74. [PMID: 26109451 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells have been shown to have aggressive behaviors accounting for the high incidence of chemotherapeutic failure and mortality. Because migration and invasion are crucial behaviors for cancer cell dissemination, promising compounds exhibiting potential antimigration effects are of interest for metastasis-based therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of a bibenzyl, 4,5,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxybibenzyl (TDB), isolated from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum Tang and Wang, in the suppression of migration in human lung cancer cells. TDB at nontoxic concentrations (1 and 5 µM) significantly inhibited the motility of lung cancer cells in scratch-wound assay. Chemotaxis-induced migration and invasion assays also revealed that the cell motility dramatically diminished in the cells treated with 1-5 µM TDB. Western blot analysis provided the underlying molecular mechanism, showing that TDB reduced such cell migration and invasion by decreasing migration-regulating proteins, including integrins αv, α4, β1, β3 and β5, as well as downstream signaling proteins, such as activated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), activated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1-GTP) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). As the presence of cellular protrusion, called filopodia, has been indicated as a hallmark of migrating cells, we showed that the reduction of the mentioned proteins correlated well with the disappearance of filopodia. In summary, this study demonstrates the promising activity of TDB and its mechanism in the inhibition of lung cancer cell migration, which might be useful for encouraging the development of this compound for antimetastatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Chaotham
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular matrix nanostructure and dimensionality. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1356-66. [PMID: 25233415 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobile cells discriminate and adapt to mechanosensory input from extracellular matrix (ECM) topographies to undergo actin-based polarization, shape change and migration. We tested 'cell-intrinsic' and adaptive components of actin-based cell migration in response to widely used in vitro collagen-based substrates, including a continuous 2D surface, discontinuous fibril-based surfaces (2.5D) and fibril-based 3D geometries. Migrating B16F1 mouse melanoma cells expressing GFP-actin developed striking diversity and adaptation of cytoskeletal organization and migration efficacy in response to collagen organization. 2D geometry enabled keratinocyte-like cell spreading and lamellipod-driven motility, with barrier-free movement averaging the directional vectors from one or several leading edges. 3D fibrillar collagen imposed spindle-shaped polarity with a single cylindrical actin-rich leading edge and terminal filopod-like protrusions generating a single force vector. As a mixed phenotype, 2.5D environments prompted a broad but fractalized leading lamella, with multiple terminal filopod-like protrusions engaged with collagen fibrils to generate an average directional vector from multiple, often divergent, interactions. The migratory population reached >90% of the cells with high speeds for 2D, but only 10-30% of the cells and a 3-fold lower speed range for 2.5D and 3D substrates, suggesting substrate continuity as a major determinant of efficient induction and maintenance of migration. These findings implicate substrate geometry as an important input for plasticity and adaptation of the actin cytoskeleton to cope with varying ECM topography and highlight striking preference of moving cells for 2D continuous-shaped over more complex-shaped discontinuous 2.5 and 3D substrate geometries.
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Lee JH, Jeon WY, Kim HH, Lee EJ, Kim HW. Electrical stimulation by enzymatic biofuel cell to promote proliferation, migration and differentiation of muscle precursor cells. Biomaterials 2015; 53:358-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shrivastava R, Köster D, Kalme S, Mayor S, Neerathilingam M. Tailor-made ezrin actin binding domain to probe its interaction with actin in-vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123428. [PMID: 25860910 PMCID: PMC4393143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, a member of the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) protein family, is an Actin-plasma membrane linker protein mediating cellular integrity and function. In-vivo study of such interactions is a complex task due to the presence of a large number of endogenous binding partners for both Ezrin and Actin. Further, C-terminal actin binding capacity of the full length Ezrin is naturally shielded by its N-terminal, and only rendered active in the presence of Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) or phosphorylation at the C-terminal threonine. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for the design, expression and purification of constructs, combining the Ezrin C-terminal actin binding domain, with functional elements such as fusion tags and fluorescence tags to facilitate purification and fluorescence microscopy based studies. For the first time, internal His tag was employed for purification of Ezrin actin binding domain based on in-silico modeling. The functionality (Ezrin-actin interaction) of these constructs was successfully demonstrated by using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. This design can be extended to other members of the ERM family as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Shrivastava
- Protein Technology Core, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms NCBS-TIFR, GKVK Post, Bangalore, India
| | - Darius Köster
- NationalCentre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Sheetal Kalme
- Protein Technology Core, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms NCBS-TIFR, GKVK Post, Bangalore, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- NationalCentre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Muniasamy Neerathilingam
- Protein Technology Core, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms NCBS-TIFR, GKVK Post, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Analysis of CCR7 mediated T cell transfectant migration using a microfluidic gradient generator. J Immunol Methods 2015; 419:9-17. [PMID: 25733353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte migration is crucial for adaptive immunity. Manipulation of signaling molecules controlling cell migration combined with in-vitro cell migration analysis provides a powerful research approach. Microfluidic devices, which can precisely configure chemoattractant gradients and allow quantitative single cell analysis, have been increasingly applied to cell migration and chemotaxis studies. However, there are a very limited number of published studies involving microfluidic migration analysis of genetically manipulated immune cells. In this study, we describe a simple microfluidic method for quantitative analysis of T cells expressing transfected chemokine receptors and other cell migration signaling probes. Using this method, we demonstrated chemotaxis of Jurkat transfectants expressing wild-type or C-terminus mutated CCR7 within a gradient of chemokine CCL19, and characterized the difference in transfectant migration mediated by wild-type and mutant CCR7. The EGFP-tagged CCR7 allows identification of CCR7-expressing transfectants in cell migration analysis and microscopy assessment of CCR7 dynamics. Collectively, our study demonstrated the effective use of the microfluidic method for studying CCR7 mediated T cell transfectant migration. We envision this developed method will provide a useful platform to functionally test various signaling mechanisms at the cell migration level.
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Breslin JW, Zhang XE, Worthylake RA, Souza-Smith FM. Involvement of local lamellipodia in endothelial barrier function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117970. [PMID: 25658915 PMCID: PMC4320108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we observed that endothelial cells cultured in tightly confluent monolayers display frequent local lamellipodia, and that thrombin, an agent that increases endothelial permeability, reduces lamellipodia protrusions. This led us to test the hypothesis that local lamellipodia contribute to endothelial barrier function. Movements of subcellular structures containing GFP-actin or VE-cadherin-GFP expressed in endothelial cells were recorded using time-lapse microscopy. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) served as an index of endothelial barrier function. Changes in both lamellipodia dynamics and TER were assessed during baseline and after cells were treated with either the barrier-disrupting agent thrombin, or the barrier-stabilizing agent sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin was used to selectively block lamellipodia formation, and was used to test their role in the barrier function of endothelial cell monolayers and isolated, perfused rat mesenteric venules. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Rac1 and RhoA activation were evaluated using G-LISA assays. The role of Rac1 was tested with the specific inhibitor NSC23766 or by expressing wild-type or dominant negative GFP-Rac1. The results show that thrombin rapidly decreased both TER and the lamellipodia protrusion frequency. S1P rapidly increased TER in association with increased protrusion frequency. Blebbistatin nearly abolished local lamellipodia protrusions while cortical actin fibers and stress fibers remained intact. Blebbistatin also significantly decreased TER of cultured endothelial cells and increased permeability of isolated rat mesenteric venules. Both thrombin and S1P increased MLC phosphorylation and activation of RhoA. However, thrombin and S1P had differential impacts on Rac1, correlating with the changes in TER and lamellipodia protrusion frequency. Overexpression of Rac1 elevated, while NSC23766 and dominant negative Rac1 reduced barrier function and lamellipodia activity. Combined, these data suggest that local lamellipodia, driven by myosin II and Rac1, are important for dynamic changes in endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xun E. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Worthylake
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Flavia M. Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Semenov AN. Long-range correlation effects in directional living polymers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:9534-9561. [PMID: 25354201 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The statistics of (equilibrium) living polymers including both linear chains and rings are considered theoretically. Particular attention is addressed to directional polymers characterized by an arrow along the backbone defined by its chemical structure. Thermodynamic and correlation properties of living polymers are studied both in the mean-field and in the critical scaling regimes. It is shown that living polymers with no rings, classical living polymers with rings, and directional living polymers with rings form three distinct classes characterized by different critical exponents and qualitatively different long-range correlation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Semenov
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS - UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Fediuk J, Sikarwar AS, Nolette N, Dakshinamurti S. Thromboxane-induced actin polymerization in hypoxic neonatal pulmonary arterial myocytes involves Cdc42 signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L877-87. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In hypoxic pulmonary arterial (PA) myocytes, challenge with thromboxane mimetic U46619 induces marked actin polymerization and contraction, phenotypic features of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Rho GTPases regulate the actin cytoskeleton. We previously reported that U46619-induced actin polymerization in hypoxic PA myocytes occurs independently of the RhoA pathway and hypothesized involvement of the Cdc42 pathway. PA myocytes grown in normoxia or hypoxia for 72 h were stimulated with U46619, then analyzed for Rac/Cdc42 activation by affinity precipitation, phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) activity by phospho-Akt, phospho-p21-activated kinase (PAK) by immunoblot, and association of Cdc42 with neuronal Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASp) by immunoprecipitation. The effect of Rac or PAK inhibition on filamentous actin was quantified by laser-scanning cytometry and by cytoskeletal fractionation; effects of actin-modifying agents were measured by isometric myography. Basal Cdc42 activity increased in hypoxia, whereas Rac activity decreased. U46619 challenge increased Cdc42 and Rac activity in hypoxic cells, independently of PI3K. Hypoxia increased phospho-PAK, unaltered by U46619. Association of Cdc42 with N-WASp decreased in hypoxia but increased after U46619 exposure. Hypoxia doubled filamentous-to-globular ratios of α- and γ-actin isoforms. Jasplakinolide stabilized γ-filaments, increasing force; cytochalasin D depolymerized all actin isoforms, decreasing force. Rac and PAK inhibition decreased filamentous actin in tissues although without decrease in force. Rho inhibition decreased myosin phosphorylation and force. Hypoxia induces actin polymerization in PA myocytes, particularly increasing filamentous α- and γ-actin, contributing to U46619-induced contraction. Hypoxic PA myocytes challenged with a thromboxane mimetic polymerize actin via the Cdc42 pathway, reflecting increased Cdc42 association with N-WASp. Mechanisms regulating thromboxane-mediated actin polymerization are potential targets for future PPHN pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Fediuk
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anurag S. Sikarwar
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nora Nolette
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Patil H, Saha A, Senda E, Cho KI, Haque M, Yu M, Qiu S, Yoon D, Hao Y, Peachey NS, Ferreira PA. Selective impairment of a subset of Ran-GTP-binding domains of ran-binding protein 2 (Ranbp2) suffices to recapitulate the degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) triggered by Ranbp2 ablation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29767-89. [PMID: 25187515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration underpins diseases triggered by disparate genetic lesions, noxious insults, or both. The pleiotropic Ranbp2 controls the expression of intrinsic and extrinsic pathological stressors impinging on cellular viability. However, the physiological targets and mechanisms controlled by Ranbp2 in tissue homeostasis, such as RPE, are ill defined. We show that mice, RPE-cre::Ranbp2(-/-), with selective Ranbp2 ablation in RPE develop pigmentary changes, syncytia, hypoplasia, age-dependent centrifugal and non-apoptotic degeneration of the RPE, and secondary leakage of choriocapillaris. These manifestations are accompanied by the development of F-actin clouds, metalloproteinase-11 activation, deregulation of expression or subcellular localization of critical RPE proteins, atrophic cell extrusions into the subretinal space, and compensatory proliferation of peripheral RPE. To gain mechanistic insights into what Ranbp2 activities are vital to the RPE, we performed genetic complementation analyses of transgenic lines of bacterial artificial chromosomes of Ranbp2 harboring loss of function of selective Ranbp2 domains expressed in a Ranbp2(-/-) background. Among the transgenic lines produced, only Tg(RBD2/3*-HA)::RPE-cre::Ranbp2(-/-)-expressing mutations, which selectively impair binding of RBD2/3 (Ran-binding domains 2 and 3) of Ranbp2 to Ran-GTP, recapitulate RPE degeneration, as observed with RPE-cre::Ranbp2(-/-). By contrast, Tg(RBD2/3*-HA) expression rescues the degeneration of cone photoreceptors lacking Ranbp2. The RPE of RPE-cre::Ranbp2(-/-) and Tg(RBD2/3*-HA)::RPE-cre::Ranbp2(-/-) share proteostatic deregulation of Ran GTPase, serotransferrin, and γ-tubulin and suppression of light-evoked electrophysiological responses. These studies unravel selective roles of Ranbp2 and its RBD2 and RBD3 in RPE survival and functions. We posit that the control of Ran GTPase by Ranbp2 emerges as a novel therapeutic target in diseases promoting RPE degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjun Saha
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and
| | | | | | | | - Minzhong Yu
- the Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Sunny Qiu
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and
| | - Dosuk Yoon
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and
| | - Ying Hao
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and
| | - Neal S Peachey
- the Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, the Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and the Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Paulo A Ferreira
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710,
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40
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Luo Q, Dong Z, Hou C, Liu J. Protein-based supramolecular polymers: progress and prospect. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9997-10007. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gutierrez N, Eromobor I, Petrie RJ, Vedula P, Cruz L, Rodriguez AJ. The β-actin mRNA zipcode regulates epithelial adherens junction assembly but not maintenance. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:689-701. [PMID: 24681968 PMCID: PMC3988570 DOI: 10.1261/rna.043208.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell-cell contact stimulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling to down-regulate branched filament polymerization-driven lamellar protrusion and subsequently to assemble linear actin filaments required for E-cadherin anchoring during adherens junction complex assembly. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that de novo protein synthesis, the β-actin 3' UTR, and the β-actin mRNA zipcode are required for epithelial adherens junction complex assembly but not maintenance. Specifically, we demonstrate that perturbing cell-cell contact-localized β-actin monomer synthesis causes epithelial adherens junction assembly defects. Consequently, inhibiting β-actin mRNA zipcode/ZBP1 interactions with β-actin mRNA zipcode antisense oligonucleotides, to intentionally delocalize β-actin monomer synthesis, is sufficient to perturb adherens junction assembly following epithelial cell-cell contact. Additionally, we demonstrate active RhoA, the signal required to drive zipcode-mediated β-actin mRNA targeting, is localized at epithelial cell-cell contact sites in a β-actin mRNA zipcode-dependent manner. Moreover, chemically inhibiting Src kinase activity prevents the local stimulation of β-actin monomer synthesis at cell-cell contact sites while inhibiting epithelial adherens junction assembly. Together, these data demonstrate that epithelial cell-cell contact stimulates β-actin mRNA zipcode-mediated monomer synthesis to spatially regulate actin filament remodeling, thereby controlling adherens junction assembly to modulate cell and tissue adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Itua Eromobor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Ryan J. Petrie
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Lissette Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Alexis J. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Stan MS, Memet I, Fratila C, Krasicka-Cydzik E, Roman I, Dinischiotu A. Effects of titanium-based nanotube films on osteoblast behaviorin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:48-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miruna-Silvia Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
| | - Indira Memet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
| | - Cornel Fratila
- Research and Development National Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals; 102 Biruintei Blvd Pantelimon 077145 Romania
| | - Elzbieta Krasicka-Cydzik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Zielona Gora; ul. Licealna 9 Zielona Góra 65-417 Poland
| | - Ioan Roman
- METAV Research & Development; 31 C.A. Rosetti Bucharest 020011 Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Popow-Woźniak A, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M, Nowak D. Effect of overexpression of β- and γ-actin isoforms on actin cytoskeleton organization and migration of human colon cancer cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:307-22. [PMID: 24682235 PMCID: PMC4133152 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Actins are eukaryotic proteins, which are involved in diverse cellular functions including muscle contraction, cell motility, adhesion and maintenance of cell shape. Cytoplasmic actin isoforms β and γ are ubiquitously expressed and essential for cell functioning. However, their unique contributions are not very well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of β- and γ-actin overexpression on the migration capacity and actin cytoskeleton organization of human colon adenocarcinoma BE cells. In cells overexpressing β- or γ-actin, distinct cytoskeletal actin rearrangements were observed under the laser scanning confocal microscope. Overexpressed actins localized at the submembranous region of the cell body, especially near to the leading edge and on the tips of pseudopodia. The cells transfected with plasmids containing cDNA for β- or γ-actin were characterized by increased migration and invasion capacities. However, the migration velocity was statistically significantly higher only in the case of γ-actin overexpressing cells. In conclusion, the increased level of β- or γ-actin leads to actin cytoskeletal remodeling followed by an increase in migration and invasion capacities of human colon BE cells. These data suggest that expression of both actin isoforms has an impact on cancer cell motility, with the subtle predominance of γ-actin, and may influence invasiveness of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Popow-Woźniak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Malicka-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Pakhomov AG, Xiao S, Pakhomova ON, Semenov I, Kuipers MA, Ibey BL. Disassembly of actin structures by nanosecond pulsed electric field is a downstream effect of cell swelling. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 100:88-95. [PMID: 24507565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton structures was reported as one of the characteristic effects of nanosecond-duration pulsed electric field (nsPEF) in both mammalian and plant cells. We utilized CHO cells that expressed the monomeric fluorescent protein (mApple) tagged to actin to test if nsPEF modifies the cell actin directly or as a consequence of cell membrane permeabilization. A train of four 600-ns pulses at 19.2 kV/cm (2 Hz) caused immediate cell membrane poration manifested by YO-PRO-1 dye uptake, gradual cell rounding and swelling. Concurrently, bright actin features were replaced by dimmer and uniform fluorescence of diffuse actin. To block the nsPEF-induced swelling, the bath buffer was isoosmotically supplemented with an electropore-impermeable solute (sucrose). A similar addition of a smaller, electropore-permeable solute (adonitol) served as a control. We demonstrated that sucrose efficiently blocked disassembly of actin features by nsPEF, whereas adonitol did not. Sucrose also attenuated bleaching of mApple-tagged actin in nsPEF-treated cells (as integrated over the cell volume), although did not fully prevent it. We conclude that disintegration of the actin cytoskeleton was a result of cell swelling, which, in turn, was caused by cell permeabilization by nsPEF and transmembrane diffusion of solutes which led to the osmotic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Marjorie A Kuipers
- Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bennett L Ibey
- Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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Fluorescent protein-based biosensors and their clinical applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:313-48. [PMID: 23244794 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein and its relatives have shed their light on a wide range of biological problems. To date, with a color palette consisting of fluorescent proteins with different spectra, researchers can "paint" living cells as they desire. Moreover, sophisticated biosensors engineered to contain single or multiple fluorescent proteins, including FRET-based biosensors, spatiotemporally unveil molecular mechanisms underlying physiological processes. Although such molecules have contributed considerably to basic research, their abilities to be used in applied life sciences have yet to be fully explored. Here, we review the molecular bases of fluorescent proteins and fluorescent protein-based biosensors and focus on approaches aimed at applying such proteins to the clinic.
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46
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Starke J, Maaser K, Wehrle-Haller B, Friedl P. Mechanotransduction of mesenchymal melanoma cell invasion into 3D collagen lattices: Filopod-mediated extension–relaxation cycles and force anisotropy. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2424-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Loss of NAC1 expression is associated with defective bony patterning in the murine vertebral axis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69099. [PMID: 23922682 PMCID: PMC3724875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NAC1 encoded by NACC1 is a member of the BTB/POZ family of proteins and participates in several pathobiological processes. However, its function during tissue development has not been elucidated. In this study, we compared homozygous null mutant Nacc1-/- and wild type Nacc1+/+ mice to determine the consequences of diminished NAC1 expression. The most remarkable change in Nacc1-/- mice was a vertebral patterning defect in which most knockout animals exhibited a morphological transformation of the sixth lumbar vertebra (L6) into a sacral identity; thus, the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae was decreased by one (to 25) in Nacc1-/- mice. Heterozygous Nacc1+/- mice had an increased tendency to adopt an intermediate phenotype in which L6 underwent partial sacralization. Nacc1-/- mice also exhibited non-closure of the dorsal aspects of thoracic vertebrae T10-T12. Chondrocytes from Nacc1+/+ mice expressed abundant NAC1 while Nacc1-/- chondrocytes had undetectable levels. Loss of NAC1 in Nacc1-/- mice was associated with significantly reduced chondrocyte migratory potential as well as decreased expression of matrilin-3 and matrilin-4, two cartilage-associated extracellular matrix proteins with roles in the development and homeostasis of cartilage and bone. These data suggest that NAC1 participates in the motility and differentiation of developing chondrocytes and cartilaginous tissues, and its expression is necessary to maintain normal axial patterning of murine skeleton.
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48
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Johnson MA, Sharma M, Mok MTS, Henderson BR. Stimulation of in vivo nuclear transport dynamics of actin and its co-factors IQGAP1 and Rac1 in response to DNA replication stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2334-47. [PMID: 23770048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Actin, a constituent of the cytoskeleton, is now recognized to function in the nucleus in gene transcription, chromatin remodeling and DNA replication/repair. Actin shuttles in and out of the nucleus through the action of transport receptors importin-9 and exportin-6. Here we have addressed the impact of cell cycle progression and DNA replication stress on actin nuclear localization, through study of actin dynamics in living cells. First, we showed that thymidine-induced G1/S phase cell cycle arrest increased the nuclear levels of actin and of two factors that stimulate actin polymerization: IQGAP1 and Rac1 GTPase. When cells were exposed to hydroxyurea to induce DNA replication stress, the nuclear localization of actin and its regulators was further enhanced. We employed live cell photobleaching assays and discovered that in response to DNA replication stress, GFP-actin nuclear import and export rates increased by up to 250%. The rate of import was twice as fast as export, accounting for actin nuclear accumulation. The faster shuttling dynamics correlated with reduced cellular retention of actin, and our data implicate actin polymerization in the stress-dependent uptake of nuclear actin. Furthermore, DNA replication stress induced a nuclear shift in IQGAP1 and Rac1 with enhanced import dynamics. Proximity ligation assays revealed that IQGAP1 associates in the nucleus with actin and Rac1, and formation of these complexes increased after hydroxyurea treatment. We propose that the replication stress checkpoint triggers co-ordinated nuclear entry and trafficking of actin, and of factors that regulate actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Johnson
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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49
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Xi Y, Dong H, Sun K, Liu H, Liu R, Qin Y, Hu Z, Zhao Y, Nie F, Wang S. Scab-inspired cytophilic membrane of anisotropic nanofibers for rapid wound healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4821-4826. [PMID: 23629385 DOI: 10.1021/am4004683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of cytophilic and anisotropic nanomaterials on accelerated cell attachment and directional migration toward rapid wound healing. Inspired by the anisotropic protein nanofibers in scab, a polyurethane (PU) nanofibrous membrane with an aligned structure was fabricated. The membrane showed good affinity for wound-healing-related cells and could guide cell migration in the direction of PU nanofibers. Also, the morphology and distribution of F-actin and paxillin of attached cells were influenced by the underlying nanofibers. The randomly distributed PU nanofibers and planar PU membrane did not show a distinct impact on cell migration. This scab-inspired cytophilic membrane is promising in applications as functional interfacial biomaterials for rapid wound healing, bone repair, and construction of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Human endothelial cells internalize Candida parapsilosis via N-WASP-mediated endocytosis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2777-87. [PMID: 23690407 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00535-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of disseminated candidiasis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although important in pathogenesis, interactions of this organism with endothelial cells have received less attention than those of Candida albicans. Internalization of C. parapsilosis by monolayers of human endothelial cells was examined in an in vitro assay and compared to that of C. albicans. Both live and heat-killed yeast were efficiently internalized, with heat-killed yeast subsequently being detected in an acidic subcompartment. Internalization was marked by a process of engulfment by thin membrane extensions from the endothelium. Efficiency of internalization differed among different clinical isolates and species of yeast. Opsonization of C. parapsilosis by serum factors was not sufficient to cause endocytosis; instead, serum appeared to directly stimulate endothelial uptake. Colocalization of endothelial actin and N-WASP at sites of C. parapsilosis internalization was observed. A Förster-resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe for N-WASP activity showed active N-WASP at sites of internalization for both live and heat-killed C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. An actin nucleation inhibitor (cytochalasin D) and an N-WASP inhibitor (wiskostatin) both inhibited uptake of heat-killed C. parapsilosis, as did short interfering RNA-mediated ablation of N-WASP. Thus, endocytosis by endothelial cells may represent a means of traversal of the blood vessel wall by yeast during disseminated candidiasis, and N-WASP may play a key role in the process.
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