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Felipe-López A, Hansmeier N, Hensel M. Destruction of the brush border by Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium subverts resorption by polarized epithelial cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329798. [PMID: 38894970 PMCID: PMC11183102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an invasive, facultative intracellular gastrointestinal pathogen that destroys the brush border of polarized epithelial cells (PEC). The brush border is critical for the functions of PEC because it resorbs nutrients from the intestinal lumen and builds a physical barrier to infecting pathogens. The manipuation of PEC during infection by Salmonella was investigated by live-cell imaging and ultrastructural analysed of the brush border. We demonstrate that the destruction of the brush border by Salmonella significantly reduces the resorption surface of PEC along with the abrogation of endocytosis at the apical side of PEC. Both these changes in the physiology of PEC were associated with the translocation of type III secretion system effector protein SopE. Additionally, the F-actin polymerization rate at the apical side of PEC was highly altered by SopE, indicating that reduced endocytosis observed in infected PEC is related to the manipulation of F-actin polymerization mediated by SopE and, to a lesser extent, by effectors SopE2 or SipA. We further observed that in the absence of SopE, Salmonella effaced microvilli and induced reticular F-actin by bacterial accumulation during prolonged infection periods. In contrast to strains translocating SopE, strains lacking SopE did not alter resorption by PEC. Finally, we observed that after engulfment of Salmonella, ezrin was lost from the apical side of PEC and found later in early endosomes containing Salmonella. Our observations suggest that the destruction of the brush border by Salmonella may contribute to the pathogenesis of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs—Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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2
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Pasquier N, Jaulin F, Peglion F. Inverted apicobasal polarity in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261659. [PMID: 38465512 PMCID: PMC10984280 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Apicobasal epithelial polarity controls the functional properties of most organs. Thus, there has been extensive research on the molecular intricacies governing the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Whereas loss of apicobasal polarity is a well-documented phenomenon associated with multiple diseases, less is known regarding another type of apicobasal polarity alteration - the inversion of polarity. In this Review, we provide a unifying definition of inverted polarity and discuss multiple scenarios in mammalian systems and human health and disease in which apical and basolateral membrane domains are interchanged. This includes mammalian embryo implantation, monogenic diseases and dissemination of cancer cell clusters. For each example, the functional consequences of polarity inversion are assessed, revealing shared outcomes, including modifications in immune surveillance, altered drug sensitivity and changes in adhesions to neighboring cells. Finally, we highlight the molecular alterations associated with inverted apicobasal polarity and provide a molecular framework to connect these changes with the core cell polarity machinery and to explain roles of polarity inversion in health and disease. Based on the current state of the field, failure to respond to extracellular matrix (ECM) cues, increased cellular contractility and membrane trafficking defects are likely to account for most cases of inverted apicobasal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pasquier
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
- Cell Adhesion and Cancer lab, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Jaulin
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Florent Peglion
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
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3
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Jewett CE, Soh AWJ, Lin CH, Lu Q, Lencer E, Westlake CJ, Pearson CG, Prekeris R. RAB19 Directs Cortical Remodeling and Membrane Growth for Primary Ciliogenesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:325-340.e8. [PMID: 33561422 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that utilize the compartmentalization of membrane and cytoplasm to communicate signaling events, and yet, how the formation of a cilium is coordinated with reorganization of the cortical membrane and cytoskeleton is unclear. Using polarized epithelia, we find that cortical actin clearing and apical membrane partitioning occur where the centrosome resides at the cell surface prior to ciliation. RAB19, a previously uncharacterized RAB, associates with the RAB-GAP TBC1D4 and the HOPS-tethering complex to coordinate cortical clearing and ciliary membrane growth, which is essential for ciliogenesis. This RAB19-directed pathway is not exclusive to polarized epithelia, as RAB19 loss in nonpolarized cell types blocks ciliogenesis with a docked ciliary vesicle. Remarkably, inhibiting actomyosin contractility can substitute for the function of the RAB19 complex and restore ciliogenesis in knockout cells. Together, this work provides a mechanistic understanding behind a cytoskeletal clearing and membrane partitioning step required for ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Adam W J Soh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Carrie H Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ezra Lencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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4
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Madrid RR, Mathews PD, Patta AC, Gonzales-Flores AP, Ramirez CA, Rigoni VL, Tavares-Dias M, Mertins O. Safety of oral administration of high doses of ivermectin by means of biocompatible polyelectrolytes formulation. Heliyon 2020; 7:e05820. [PMID: 33426351 PMCID: PMC7775035 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA-approved drug ivermectin is applied for treatments of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. The anti-cancer and anti-viral activities have been demonstrated stressing possibilities for the drug repurposing and therefore new information on high dosage safety is on demand. We analyzed in vivo tissue responses for high doses of ivermectin using Corydoras fish as animal model. We made intestinal histology and hematologic assays after oral administration of ivermectin transported with polyelectrolytes formulation. Histology showed any apparent damage of intestinal tissues at 0.22–170 mg of ivermectin/kg body weight. Immunofluorescence evidenced delocalization of Myosin-Vb at enterocytes only for the higher dose. Hematology parameters showed random variations after 7 days from administration, but a later apparent recover after 14 and 21 days. The study evaluated the potential of high doses of oral administration of ivermectin formulation, which could be an alternative with benefits in high compliance therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R.M. Madrid
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick D. Mathews
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ana C.M.F. Patta
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anai P. Gonzales-Flores
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, 68903-419 Macapá, AP, Brazil
- Institute of Research of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP, AQUAREC), 17000 Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Carlos A.B. Ramirez
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L.S. Rigoni
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Leng C, Rings EHHM, de Wildt SN, van IJzendoorn SCD. Pharmacological and Parenteral Nutrition-Based Interventions in Microvillus Inclusion Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010022. [PMID: 33374831 PMCID: PMC7794843 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare inherited and invariably fatal enteropathy, characterized by severe intractable secretory diarrhea and nutrient malabsorption. No cure exists, and patients typically die during infancy because of treatment-related complications. The need for alternative treatment strategies is evident. Several pharmacological interventions with variable successes have been tried and reported for individual patients as part of their clinical care. Unfortunately, these interventions and their outcomes have remained hidden in case reports and have not been reviewed. Further, recent advances regarding MVID pathogenesis have shed new light on the outcomes of these pharmacological interventions and offer suggestions for future clinical research and trials. Hence, an inventory of reported pharmacological interventions in MVID, their rationales and outcomes, and a discussion of these in the light of current knowledge is opportune. Together with a discussion on MVID-specific pharmacokinetic, -dynamic, and -genetic concerns that pose unique challenges regarding pharmacological strategies, we envision that this paper will aid researchers and clinicians in their efforts to develop pharmacological interventions to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Edmond H. H. M. Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C. D. van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)50-3616209
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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Overeem AW, Li Q, Qiu Y, Cartón‐García F, Leng C, Klappe K, Dronkers J, Hsiao N, Wang J, Arango D, van Ijzendoorn SC. A Molecular Mechanism Underlying Genotype-Specific Intrahepatic Cholestasis Resulting From MYO5B Mutations. Hepatology 2020; 72:213-229. [PMID: 31750554 PMCID: PMC7496772 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) 6 has been associated with missense but not biallelic nonsense or frameshift mutations in MYO5B, encoding the motor protein myosin Vb (myoVb). This genotype-phenotype correlation and the mechanism through which MYO5B mutations give rise to PFIC are not understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether the loss of myoVb or expression of patient-specific myoVb mutants can be causally related to defects in canalicular protein localization and, if so, through which mechanism. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrate that the cholestasis-associated substitution of the proline at amino acid position 600 in the myoVb protein to a leucine (P660L) caused the intracellular accumulation of bile canalicular proteins in vesicular compartments. Remarkably, the knockout of MYO5B in vitro and in vivo produced no canalicular localization defects. In contrast, the expression of myoVb mutants consisting of only the tail domain phenocopied the effects of the Myo5b-P660L mutation. Using additional myoVb and rab11a mutants, we demonstrate that motor domain-deficient myoVb inhibited the formation of specialized apical recycling endosomes and that its disrupting effect on the localization of canalicular proteins was dependent on its interaction with active rab11a and occurred at the trans-Golgi Network/recycling endosome interface. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a mechanism through which MYO5B motor domain mutations can cause the mislocalization of canalicular proteins in hepatocytes which, unexpectedly, does not involve myoVb loss-of-function but, as we propose, a rab11a-mediated gain-of-toxic function. The results explain why biallelic MYO5B mutations that affect the motor domain but not those that eliminate myoVb expression are associated with PFIC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend W. Overeem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Qinghong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Yi‐Ling Qiu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver DiseasesChildren’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Department of PediatricsJinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fernando Cartón‐García
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract TumorsCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Barcelona08035Spain
| | - Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Karin Klappe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Just Dronkers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Nai‐Hua Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jian‐She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver DiseasesChildren’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Department of PediatricsJinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract TumorsCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Barcelona08035Spain
| | - Sven C.D. van Ijzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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8
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Luan D, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Chu Z, Ma L, Xu Y, Zhao S. MST4 modulates the neuro-inflammatory response by regulating IκBα signaling pathway and affects the early outcome of experimental ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 154:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Uretmen Kagiali ZC, Saner N, Akdag M, Sanal E, Degirmenci BS, Mollaoglu G, Ozlu N. CLIC4 and CLIC1 bridge plasma membrane and cortical actin network for a successful cytokinesis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 3:3/2/e201900558. [PMID: 31879279 PMCID: PMC6933522 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CLIC members are required for the progression of cytokinesis by coupling the plasma membrane and cortical actin network at the cleavage furrow and polar cortex. CLIC4 and CLIC1 are members of the well-conserved chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) structurally related to glutathione-S-transferases. Here, we report new roles of CLICs in cytokinesis. At the onset of cytokinesis, CLIC4 accumulates at the cleavage furrow and later localizes to the midbody in a RhoA-dependent manner. The cell cycle–dependent localization of CLIC4 is abolished when its glutathione S-transferase activity–related residues (C35A and F37D) are mutated. Ezrin, anillin, and ALIX are identified as interaction partners of CLIC4 at the cleavage furrow and midbody. Strikingly, CLIC4 facilitates the activation of ezrin at the cleavage furrow and reciprocally inhibition of ezrin activation diminishes the translocation of CLIC4 to the cleavage furrow. Furthermore, knockouts of CLIC4and CLIC1 cause abnormal blebbing at the polar cortex and regression of the cleavage furrow at late cytokinesis leading to multinucleated cells. We conclude that CLIC4 and CLIC1 function together with ezrin where they bridge plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton at the polar cortex and cleavage furrow to promote cortical stability and successful completion of cytokinesis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazan Saner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akdag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Sanal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gurkan Mollaoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey .,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Jayawardena D, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK, Gill RK. Recent advances in understanding and managing malabsorption: focus on microvillus inclusion disease. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31824659 PMCID: PMC6896243 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20762.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare congenital severe malabsorptive and secretory diarrheal disease characterized by blunted or absent microvilli with accumulation of secretory granules and inclusion bodies in enterocytes. The typical clinical presentation of the disease is severe chronic diarrhea that rapidly leads to dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the causative factors, to date, no curative therapy for MVID and associated diarrhea exists. Prognosis mainly relies on life-long total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and eventual small bowel and/or liver transplantation. Both TPN and intestinal transplantation are challenging and present with many side effects. A breakthrough in the understanding of MVID emanated from seminal findings revealing mutations in
MYO5B as a cause for MVID. During the last decade, many studies have thus utilized cell lines and animal models with knockdown of
MYO5B to closely recapitulate the human disease and investigate potential therapeutic options in disease management. We will review the most recent advances made in the research pertaining to MVID. We will also highlight the tools and models developed that can be utilized for basic and applied research to increase our understanding of MVID and develop novel and effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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van IJzendoorn SCD, Agnetti J, Gassama-Diagne A. Mechanisms behind the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183145. [PMID: 31809710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are polarized cells and typically display distinct plasma membrane domains: basal plasma membrane domains face the underlying tissue, lateral domains contact adjacent cells and apical domains face the exterior lumen. Each membrane domain is endowed with a specific macromolecular composition that constitutes the functional identity of that domain. Defects in apical-basal plasma membrane polarity altogether or more subtle defects in the composition of either apical or basal plasma membrane domain can give rise to severe diseases. Lipids are the main component of cellular membranes and mechanisms that control their polarized distribution in epithelial cells are emerging. In particular sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositol lipids have taken center stage in the organization of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domain. This short review article discusses mechanisms that contribute to the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Agnetti
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
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12
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Leng C, Overeem AW, Cartón-Garcia F, Li Q, Klappe K, Kuipers J, Cui Y, Zuhorn IS, Arango D, van IJzendoorn SCD. Loss of MYO5B expression deregulates late endosome size which hinders mitotic spindle orientation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000531. [PMID: 31682603 PMCID: PMC6855566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes regulate plasma membrane recycling. Recently, recycling endosome–associated proteins have been implicated in the positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindle and cytokinesis. Loss of MYO5B, encoding the recycling endosome–associated myosin Vb, is associated with tumor development and tissue architecture defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Whether loss of MYO5B expression affects mitosis is not known. Here, we demonstrate that loss of MYO5B expression delayed cytokinesis, perturbed mitotic spindle orientation, led to the misorientation of the plane of cell division during the course of mitosis, and resulted in the delamination of epithelial cells. Remarkably, the effects on spindle orientation, but not cytokinesis, were a direct consequence of physical hindrance by giant late endosomes, which were formed in a chloride channel–sensitive manner concomitant with a redistribution of chloride channels from the cell periphery to late endosomes upon loss of MYO5B. Rab7 availability was identified as a limiting factor for the development of giant late endosomes. In accordance, increasing rab7 availability corrected mitotic spindle misorientation and cell delamination in cells lacking MYO5B expression. In conclusion, we identified a novel role for MYO5B in the regulation of late endosome size control and identify the inability to control late endosome size as an unexpected novel mechanism underlying defects in cell division orientation and epithelial architecture. Loss of the recycling endosome-associated motor protein myosin Vb causes the formation of giant late endo-lysosomes; these in turn hinder the orientation of the mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation. Deregulated endosome size thus hampers faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend W. Overeem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Cartón-Garcia
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qinghong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Klappe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven C. D. van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Magre I, Fandade V, Damle I, Banerjee P, Yadav SK, Sonawane M, Joseph J. Nup358 regulates microridge length by controlling SUMOylation-dependent activity of aPKC in zebrafish epidermis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224501. [PMID: 31164446 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Par polarity complex, consisting of Par3, Par6 and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), plays a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Although activation of aPKC is critical for polarity, how this is achieved is unclear. The developing zebrafish epidermis, along with its apical actin-based projections, called microridges, offers a genetically tractable system for unraveling the mechanisms of the cell polarity control. The zebrafish aPKC regulates elongation of microridges by controlling levels of apical Lgl, which acts as a pro-elongation factor. Here, we show that the nucleoporin Nup358 (also known as RanBP2) - a component of the nuclear pore complex and a part of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (AL) - SUMOylates zebrafish aPKC. Nup358-mediated SUMOylation controls aPKC activity to regulate Lgl-dependent microridge elongation. Our data further suggest that cytoplasmic AL structures are the possible site for Nup358-mediated aPKC SUMOylation. We have unraveled a hitherto unappreciated contribution of Nup358-mediated aPKC SUMOylation in cell polarity regulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrasen Magre
- National Center for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Vikas Fandade
- National Center for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Indraneel Damle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Poulomi Banerjee
- National Center for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Yadav
- National Center for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Jomon Joseph
- National Center for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
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14
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Bidaud-Meynard A, Nicolle O, Heck M, Le Cunff Y, Michaux G. A V0-ATPase-dependent apical trafficking pathway maintains the polarity of the intestinal absorptive membrane. Development 2019; 146:dev174508. [PMID: 31110027 PMCID: PMC7376742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestine function relies on the strong polarity of intestinal epithelial cells and the array of microvilli forming a brush border at their luminal pole. Combining a genetic RNA interference (RNAi) screen with in vivo super-resolution imaging in the Caenorhabditiselegans intestine, we found that the V0 sector of the vacuolar ATPase (V0-ATPase) controls a late apical trafficking step, involving Ras-related protein 11 (RAB-11)+ endosomes and the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) synaptosome-associated protein 29 (SNAP-29), and is necessary to maintain the polarized localization of both apical polarity modules and brush border proteins. We show that the V0-ATPase pathway also genetically interacts with glycosphingolipids and clathrin in enterocyte polarity maintenance. Finally, we demonstrate that silencing of the V0-ATPase fully recapitulates the severe structural, polarity and trafficking defects observed in enterocytes from individuals with microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) and use this new in vivo MVID model to follow the dynamics of microvillus inclusions. Thus, we describe a new function for V0-ATPase in apical trafficking and epithelial polarity maintenance and the promising use of the C. elegans intestine as an in vivo model to better understand the molecular mechanisms of rare genetic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Markus Heck
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Cunff
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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15
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Murata M, Osanai M, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Kawada Y, Yamamoto A, Ono Y, Hiratsuka Y, Kojima T, Sawada N. Occludin induces microvillus formation via phosphorylation of ezrin in a mouse hepatic cell line. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:172-180. [PMID: 29555369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apical and basolateral cell membranes are separated by tight junctions (TJs). Microvilli are limited to the apical cell membrane. TJs and microvilli are the landmarks for epithelial cell polarity. However, the direct relationship between TJ proteins (TJPs) and the components of microvilli remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether occludin, which is considered to be a functional TJP, is involved in microvillus formation. In occludin knockout mouse hepatic cells (OcKO cells), the microvillus density was less than that in wild-type (WT) cells and the length of microvilli was short. Immunoreactivity of ezrin was decreased in OcKO cells compared with that in WT cells. Although there was no change in the expression level of ezrin, phosphorylation of ezrin was decreased in OcKO cells. The microvillus density and the length of microvilli were increased in OcKO cells by transfection of full-length mouse occludin and COOH-terminal domains of occludin. These results suggested that occludin induced microvillus formation via phosphorylation of ezrin and that the COOH-terminal domain of occludin, which is localized in non-TJ areas, might be able to induce microvilli formation. Our results provide new insights into the function of occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hiratsuka
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute of Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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16
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Schneeberger K, Roth S, Nieuwenhuis EES, Middendorp S. Intestinal epithelial cell polarity defects in disease: lessons from microvillus inclusion disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/2/dmm031088. [PMID: 29590640 PMCID: PMC5894939 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly organized tissue. The establishment of epithelial cell polarity, with distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, is pivotal for both barrier formation and for the uptake and vectorial transport of nutrients. The establishment of cell polarity requires a specialized subcellular machinery to transport and recycle proteins to their appropriate location. In order to understand and treat polarity-associated diseases, it is necessary to understand epithelial cell-specific trafficking mechanisms. In this Review, we focus on cell polarity in the adult mammalian intestine. We discuss how intestinal epithelial polarity is established and maintained, and how disturbances in the trafficking machinery can lead to a polarity-associated disorder, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Furthermore, we discuss the recent developments in studying MVID, including the creation of genetically manipulated cell lines, mouse models and intestinal organoids, and their uses in basic and applied research. Summary: Microvillus inclusion disease serves as a useful model to enhance our understanding of the intestinal trafficking and polarity machinery in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Roth
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Schlegel C, Weis VG, Knowles BC, Lapierre LA, Martin MG, Dickman P, Goldenring JR, Shub MD. Apical Membrane Alterations in Non-intestinal Organs in Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:356-365. [PMID: 29218485 PMCID: PMC5797493 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a severe form of neonatal diarrhea, caused mainly by mutations in MYO5B. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B causes depolarization of enterocytes in the small intestine, which gives rise to chronic, unremitting secretory diarrhea. While the pathology of the small intestine in MVID patients is well described, little is known about extraintestinal effects of MYO5B mutation. METHODS We examined stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, and kidney in Navajo MVID patients, who share a single homozygous MYO5B-P660L (1979C>T p.Pro660Leu, exon 16). Sections were stained for markers of the apical membrane to assess polarized trafficking. RESULTS Navajo MVID patients showed notable changes in H/K-ATPase-containing tubulovesicle structure in the stomach parietal cells. Colonic mucosa was morphologically normal, but did show losses in apical ezrin and Syntaxin 3. Hepatocytes in the MVID patients displayed aberrant canalicular expression of the essential transporters MRP2 and BSEP. The pancreas showed small fragmented islets and a decrease in apical ezrin in pancreatic ducts. Kidney showed normal primary cilia. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the effects of the P660L mutation in MYO5B in Navajo MVID patients are not limited to the small intestine, but that certain tissues may be able to compensate functionally for alterations in apical trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Schlegel
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Victoria G Weis
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Byron C Knowles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lynne A Lapierre
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Dickman
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Mitchell D Shub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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18
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Dhekne HS, Pylypenko O, Overeem AW, Zibouche M, Ferreira RJ, van der Velde KJ, Rings EHHM, Posovszky C, van der Sluijs P, Swertz MA, Houdusse A, van IJzendoorn SCD. MYO5B, STX3, and STXBP2 mutations reveal a common disease mechanism that unifies a subset of congenital diarrheal disorders: A mutation update. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:333-344. [PMID: 29266534 PMCID: PMC5838515 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare but fatal autosomal recessive congenital diarrheal disorder caused by MYO5B mutations. In 2013, we launched an open‐access registry for MVID patients and their MYO5B mutations (www.mvid-central.org). Since then, additional unique MYO5B mutations have been identified in MVID patients, but also in non‐MVID patients. Animal models have been generated that formally prove the causality between MYO5B and MVID. Importantly, mutations in two other genes, STXBP2 and STX3, have since been associated with variants of MVID, shedding new light on the pathogenesis of this congenital diarrheal disorder. Here, we review these additional genes and their mutations. Furthermore, we discuss recent data from cell studies that indicate that the three genes are functionally linked and, therefore, may constitute a common disease mechanism that unifies a subset of phenotypically linked congenital diarrheal disorders. We present new data based on patient material to support this. To congregate existing and future information on MVID geno‐/phenotypes, we have updated and expanded the MVID registry to include all currently known MVID‐associated gene mutations, their demonstrated or predicted functional consequences, and associated clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Structural Motility, Institute Curie, Centre de Reserche, Paris, France
| | - Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malik Zibouche
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosaria J Ferreira
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Joeri van der Velde
- Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institute Curie, Centre de Reserche, Paris, France
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Engevik AC, Goldenring JR. Trafficking Ion Transporters to the Apical Membrane of Polarized Intestinal Enterocytes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a027979. [PMID: 28264818 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract require distinct apical and basolateral domains to function properly. Trafficking and insertion of enzymes and transporters into the apical brush border of intestinal epithelial cells is essential for effective digestion and absorption of nutrients. Specific critical ion transporters are delivered to the apical brush border to facilitate fluid and electrolyte uptake. Maintenance of these apical transporters requires both targeted delivery and regulated membrane recycling. Examination of altered apical trafficking in patients with Microvillus Inclusion disease caused by inactivating mutations in MYO5B has led to insights into the regulation of apical trafficking by elements of the apical recycling system. Modeling of MYO5B loss in cell culture and animal models has led to recognition of Rab11a and Rab8a as critical regulators of apical brush border function. All of these studies show the importance of apical membrane trafficking dynamics in maintenance of polarized epithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christine Engevik
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - James R Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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20
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Klunder LJ, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van IJzendoorn SCD. Mechanisms of Cell Polarity-Controlled Epithelial Homeostasis and Immunity in the Intestine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027888. [PMID: 28213466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell polarity is instrumental to maintain epithelial homeostasis and balance communications between the gut lumen and bodily tissue, thereby controlling the defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and maintenance of immune tolerance to commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight recent advances with regard to the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity-controlled epithelial homeostasis and immunity in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Feng Q, Bonder EM, Engevik AC, Zhang L, Tyska MJ, Goldenring JR, Gao N. Disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a causes formation of basolateral microvilli in neonatal enteropathy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2491-2505. [PMID: 28596241 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Misplaced formation of microvilli to basolateral domains and intracellular inclusions in enterocytes are pathognomonic features in congenital enteropathy associated with mutation of the apical plasma membrane receptor syntaxin 3 (STX3). Although the demonstrated binding of Myo5b to the Rab8a and Rab11a small GTPases in vitro implicates cytoskeleton-dependent membrane sorting, the mechanisms underlying the microvillar location defect remain unclear. By selective or combinatory disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a membrane traffic in vivo, we demonstrate that transport of distinct cargo to the apical brush border rely on either individual or both Rab regulators, whereas certain basolateral cargos are redundantly transported by both factors. Enterocyte-specific Rab8a and Rab11a double-knockout mouse neonates showed immediate postnatal lethality and more severe enteropathy than single knockouts, with extensive formation of microvilli along basolateral surfaces. Notably, following an inducible Rab11a deletion from neonatal enterocytes, basolateral microvilli were induced within 3 days. These data identify a potentially important and distinct mechanism for a characteristic microvillus defect exhibited by enterocytes of patients with neonatal enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Surgery, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
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22
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Overeem AW, Posovszky C, Rings EHMM, Giepmans BNG, van IJzendoorn SCD. The role of enterocyte defects in the pathogenesis of congenital diarrheal disorders. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1-12. [PMID: 26747865 PMCID: PMC4728335 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diarrheal disorders are rare, often fatal, diseases that are difficult to diagnose (often requiring biopsies) and that manifest in the first few weeks of life as chronic diarrhea and the malabsorption of nutrients. The etiology of congenital diarrheal disorders is diverse, but several are associated with defects in the predominant intestinal epithelial cell type, enterocytes. These particular congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDENT) include microvillus inclusion disease and congenital tufting enteropathy, and can feature in other diseases, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 and trichohepatoenteric syndrome. Treatment options for most of these disorders are limited and an improved understanding of their molecular bases could help to drive the development of better therapies. Recently, mutations in genes that are involved in normal intestinal epithelial physiology have been associated with different CDDENT. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the cellular mechanisms of CDDENT. We highlight the potential of animal models and patient-specific stem-cell-based organoid cultures, as well as patient registries, to integrate basic and clinical research, with the aim of clarifying the pathogenesis of CDDENT and expediting the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Summary: Overview of the recent progress in our understanding of congenital diarrheal disorders, and the available models to study these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Edmond H M M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Román-Fernández A, Bryant DM. Complex Polarity: Building Multicellular Tissues Through Apical Membrane Traffic. Traffic 2016; 17:1244-1261. [PMID: 27281121 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of distinct subdomains of the cell surface is crucial for multicellular organism development. The most striking example of this is apical-basal polarization. What is much less appreciated is that underpinning an asymmetric cell surface is an equally dramatic intracellular endosome rearrangement. Here, we review the interplay between classical cell polarity proteins and membrane trafficking pathways, and discuss how this marriage gives rise to cell polarization. We focus on those mechanisms that regulate apical polarization, as this is providing a number of insights into how membrane traffic and polarity are regulated at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Román-Fernández
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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24
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Abstract
The brush border on the apical surface of enterocytes is a highly specialized structure well-adapted for efficient digestion and nutrient transport, whilst at the same time providing a protective barrier for the intestinal mucosa. The brush border is constituted of a densely ordered array of microvilli, protrusions of the plasma membrane, which are supported by actin-based microfilaments and interacting proteins and anchored in an apical network of actomyosin and intermediate filaments, the so-called terminal web. The highly dynamic, specialized apical domain is both an essential partner for the gut microbiota and an efficient signalling platform that enables adaptation to physiological stimuli from the external and internal milieu. Nevertheless, genetic alterations or various pathological stresses, such as infection, inflammation, and mechanical or nutritional alterations, can jeopardize this equilibrium and compromise intestinal functions. Long-time neglected, the intestinal brush-border shall be enlightening again as the central actor of the complex but essential intestinal homeostasis. Here, we review the processes and components involved in brush border organization and discuss pathological mechanisms that can induce brush border defects and their physiological consequences.
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25
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Weis VG, Knowles BC, Choi E, Goldstein AE, Williams JA, Manning EH, Roland JT, Lapierre LA, Goldenring JR. Loss of MYO5B in mice recapitulates Microvillus Inclusion Disease and reveals an apical trafficking pathway distinct to neonatal duodenum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:131-157. [PMID: 27019864 PMCID: PMC4806369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inactivating mutations in MYO5B cause severe neonatal diarrhea in Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Loss of active MYO5B causes the formation of pathognomonic inclusions and aberrations in brush border enzymes. METHODS We developed three mouse models of germline, constitutively intestinal targeted and inducible intestinal targeted deletion of MYO5B. The mice were evaluated for enterocyte cellular morphology. RESULTS Germline MYO5B KO mice showed early diarrhea and failure to thrive with evident microvillus inclusions and loss of apical transporters in the duodenum. IgG was present within inclusions. Apical transporters were lost and inclusions were present in the duodenum, but were nearly absent in the ileum. VillinCre;MYO5BF/F mice showed similar pathology and morphological changes in duodenal enterocytes. In contrast, when MYO5B KO was induced with tamoxifen treatment at 8 weeks of age, VillinCreERT2;MYO5BF/F mice developed severe diarrhea with loss of duodenal brush border enzymes, but few inclusions were observed in enterocytes. However, if tamoxifen is administered to 2-day-old VillinCreERT2;MYO5BF/F mice, prominent microvillus inclusions were observed. CONCLUSIONS The microvillus inclusions that develop after MYO5B loss reveal the presence of an unrecognized apical membrane trafficking pathway in neonatal duodenal enterocytes. However, the diarrheal pathology after MYO5B loss is due to deficits in transporter presentation at the apical membrane in duodenal enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Weis
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Byron C. Knowles
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna E. Goldstein
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Janice A. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth H. Manning
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lynne A. Lapierre
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Noordstra I, Liu Q, Nijenhuis W, Hua S, Jiang K, Baars M, Remmelzwaal S, Martin M, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Control of apico-basal epithelial polarity by the microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP3 and spectraplakin ACF7. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4278-4288. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton regulates cell polarity by spatially organizing membrane trafficking and signaling processes. In epithelial cells, microtubules form parallel arrays aligned along the apico-basal axis, and recent work has demonstrated that the members of CAMSAP/Patronin family control apical tethering of microtubule minus ends. Here, we show that in mammalian intestinal epithelial cells, the spectraplakin ACF7 specifically binds to CAMSAP3 and is required for the apical localization of CAMSAP3-decorated microtubule minus ends. Loss of ACF7 but not of CAMSAP3 or its homologue CAMSAP2 affected the formation of polarized epithelial cysts in 3D cultures. In short-term epithelial polarization assays, the knock-out of CAMSAP3, but not of CAMSAP2 caused microtubule re-organization into a more radial centrosomal array, redistribution of Rab11 endosomes from the apical cell surface to the pericentrosomal region and inhibition of actin brush border formation at the apical side of the cell. We conclude that ACF7 is an important regulator of apico-basal polarity in mammalian intestinal cells and that a radial centrosome-centered microtubule organization can act as an inhibitor of epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Baars
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Remmelzwaal
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Bruurs LJM, Donker L, Zwakenberg S, Zwartkruis FJ, Begthel H, Knisely AS, Posthuma G, van de Graaf SFJ, Paulusma CC, Bos JL. ATP8B1-mediated spatial organization of Cdc42 signaling maintains singularity during enterocyte polarization. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1055-63. [PMID: 26416959 PMCID: PMC4586737 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease-associated phospholipid flippase ATP8B1 decreases Cdc42 mobility at the apical membrane to ensure the formation of a single apical domain and to maintain healthy lumen architecture. During yeast cell polarization localization of the small GTPase, cell division control protein 42 homologue (Cdc42) is clustered to ensure the formation of a single bud. Here we show that the disease-associated flippase ATPase class I type 8b member 1 (ATP8B1) enables Cdc42 clustering during enterocyte polarization. Loss of this regulation results in increased apical membrane size with scattered apical recycling endosomes and permits the formation of more than one apical domain, resembling the singularity defect observed in yeast. Mechanistically, we show that to become apically clustered, Cdc42 requires the interaction between its polybasic region and negatively charged membrane lipids provided by ATP8B1. Disturbing this interaction, either by ATP8B1 depletion or by introduction of a Cdc42 mutant defective in lipid binding, increases Cdc42 mobility and results in apical membrane enlargement. Re-establishing Cdc42 clustering, by tethering it to the apical membrane or lowering its diffusion, restores normal apical membrane size in ATP8B1-depleted cells. We therefore conclude that singularity regulation by Cdc42 is conserved between yeast and human and that this regulation is required to maintain healthy tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J M Bruurs
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Donker
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susan Zwakenberg
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fried J Zwartkruis
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A S Knisely
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, England, UK
| | - George Posthuma
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
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28
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Michaux G, Massey-Harroche D, Nicolle O, Rabant M, Brousse N, Goulet O, Le Bivic A, Ruemmele FM. The localisation of the apical Par/Cdc42 polarity module is specifically affected in microvillus inclusion disease. Biol Cell 2015; 108:19-28. [PMID: 26526116 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a genetic disorder affecting intestinal absorption. It is caused by mutations in MYO5B or syntaxin 3 (STX3) affecting apical membrane trafficking. Morphologically, MVID is characterised by a depletion of apical microvilli and the formation of microvillus inclusions inside the cells, suggesting a loss of polarity. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the location of essential apical polarity determinants in five MVID patients. RESULTS We found that the polarity determinants Cdc42, Par6B, PKCζ/ι and the structural proteins ezrin and phospho-ezrin were lost from the apical membrane and accumulated either in the cytoplasm or on the basal side of enterocytes in patients, which suggests an inversion of cell polarity. Moreover, microvilli-like structures were observed at the basal side as per electron microscopy analysis. We next performed Myo5B depletion in three dimensional grown human Caco2 cells forming cysts and found a direct link between the loss of Myo5B and the mislocalisation of the same apical proteins; furthermore, we observed that a majority of cysts displayed an inverted polarity phenotype as seen in some patients. Finally, we found that this loss of polarity was specific for MVID: tissue samples of patients with Myo5B-independent absorption disorders showed normal polarity but we identified Cdc42 as a potentially essential biomarker for trichohepatoenteric syndrome. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the loss of Myo5B induces a strong loss of enterocyte polarity, potentially leading to polarity inversion. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that polarity determinants could be useful markers to help establishing a diagnosis in patients. Furthermore, they could be used to characterise other rare intestinal absorption diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Michaux
- CNRS, UMR6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043, Rennes, France.,UEB, SFR Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, University of Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Massey-Harroche
- CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- CNRS, UMR6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043, Rennes, France.,UEB, SFR Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, University of Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Brousse
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Frank M Ruemmele
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
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29
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van Bergeijk P, Hoogenraad CC, Kapitein LC. Right Time, Right Place: Probing the Functions of Organelle Positioning. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:121-134. [PMID: 26541125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The proper spatial arrangement of organelles underlies many cellular processes including signaling, polarization, and growth. Despite the importance of local positioning, the precise connection between subcellular localization and organelle function is often not fully understood. To address this, recent studies have developed and employed different strategies to directly manipulate organelle distributions, such as the use of (light-sensitive) heterodimerization to control the interaction between selected organelles and specific motor proteins, adaptor molecules, or anchoring factors. We review here the importance of subcellular localization as well as tools to control local organelle positioning. Because these approaches allow spatiotemporal control of organelle distribution, they will be invaluable tools to unravel local functioning and the mechanisms that control positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra van Bergeijk
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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An inducible mouse model for microvillus inclusion disease reveals a role for myosin Vb in apical and basolateral trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12408-13. [PMID: 26392529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516672112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare intestinal enteropathy with an onset within a few days to months after birth, resulting in persistent watery diarrhea. Mutations in the myosin Vb gene (MYO5B) have been identified in the majority of MVID patients. However, the exact pathophysiology of MVID still remains unclear. To address the specific role of MYO5B in the intestine, we generated an intestine-specific conditional Myo5b-deficient (Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2) mouse model. We analyzed intestinal tissues and cultured organoids of Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 mice by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Our data showed that Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 mice developed severe diarrhea within 4 d after tamoxifen induction. Periodic Acid Schiff and alkaline phosphatase staining revealed subapical accumulation of intracellular vesicles in villus enterocytes. Analysis by electron microscopy confirmed an almost complete absence of apical microvilli, the appearance of microvillus inclusions, and enlarged intercellular spaces in induced Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 intestines. In addition, we determined that MYO5B is involved not only in apical but also basolateral trafficking of proteins. The analysis of the intestine during the early onset of the disease revealed that subapical accumulation of secretory granules precedes occurrence of microvillus inclusions, indicating involvement of MYO5B in early differentiation of epithelial cells. By comparing our data with a novel MVID patient, we conclude that our mouse model completely recapitulates the intestinal phenotype of human MVID. This includes severe diarrhea, loss of microvilli, occurrence of microvillus inclusions, and subapical secretory granules. Thus, loss of MYO5B disturbs both apical and basolateral trafficking of proteins and causes MVID in mice.
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31
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Overeem AW, Bryant DM, van IJzendoorn SC. Mechanisms of apical–basal axis orientation and epithelial lumen positioning. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:476-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Cartón-García F, Overeem AW, Nieto R, Bazzocco S, Dopeso H, Macaya I, Bilic J, Landolfi S, Hernandez-Losa J, Schwartz S, Ramon y Cajal S, van Ijzendoorn SCD, Arango D. Myo5b knockout mice as a model of microvillus inclusion disease. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26201991 PMCID: PMC4511872 DOI: 10.1038/srep12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited MYO5B mutations have recently been associated with microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by intractable, life-threatening, watery diarrhea appearing shortly after birth. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease and development of novel therapeutic approaches is hampered by the lack of animal models. In this study we describe the phenotype of a novel mouse model with targeted inactivation of Myo5b. Myo5b knockout mice show perinatal mortality, diarrhea and the characteristic mislocalization of apical and basolateral plasma membrane markers in enterocytes. Moreover, in transmission electron preparations, we observed microvillus atrophy and the presence of microvillus inclusion bodies. Importantly, Myo5b knockout embryos at day 20 of gestation already display all these structural defects, indicating that they are tissue autonomous rather than secondary to environmental cues, such as the long-term absence of nutrients in the intestine. Myo5b knockout mice closely resemble the phenotype of MVID patients and constitute a useful model to further investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of this disease and to preclinically assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cartón-García
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Nieto
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sarah Bazzocco
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Higinio Dopeso
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irati Macaya
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josipa Bilic
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Simo Schwartz
- Group of Drug Delivery and Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sven C D van Ijzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Arango
- 1] Group of Molecular Oncology, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
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33
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Abstract
Epithelial cells from diverse tissues, including the enterocytes that line the intestinal tract, remodel their apical surface during differentiation to form a brush border: an array of actin-supported membrane protrusions known as microvilli that increases the functional capacity of the tissue. Although our understanding of how epithelial cells assemble, stabilize, and organize apical microvilli is still developing, investigations of the biochemical and physical underpinnings of these processes suggest that cells coordinate cytoskeletal remodeling, membrane-cytoskeleton cross-linking, and extracellular adhesion to shape the apical brush border domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Crawley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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34
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Knowles BC, Weis VG, Yu S, Roland JT, Williams JA, Alvarado GS, Lapierre LA, Shub MD, Gao N, Goldenring JR. Rab11a regulates syntaxin 3 localization and microvillus assembly in enterocytes. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1617-26. [PMID: 25673875 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab11a is a key component of the apical recycling endosome that aids in the trafficking of proteins to the luminal surface in polarized epithelial cells. Utilizing conditional Rab11a-knockout specific to intestinal epithelial cells, and human colonic epithelial CaCo2-BBE cells with stable Rab11a knockdown, we examined the molecular and pathological impact of Rab11a deficiency on the establishment of apical cell polarity and microvillus morphogenesis. We demonstrate that loss of Rab11a induced alterations in enterocyte polarity, shortened microvillar length and affected the formation of microvilli along the lateral membranes. Rab11a deficiency in enterocytes altered the apical localization of syntaxin 3. These data affirm the role of Rab11a in apical membrane trafficking and the maintenance of apical microvilli in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Knowles
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Victoria G Weis
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Joseph T Roland
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingraham Cancer Center: Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Gabriela S Alvarado
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lynne A Lapierre
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mitchell D Shub
- Phoenix Children's Hospital and the Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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35
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Kravtsov D, Mashukova A, Forteza R, Rodriguez MM, Ameen NA, Salas PJ. Myosin 5b loss of function leads to defects in polarized signaling: implication for microvillus inclusion disease pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G992-G1001. [PMID: 25258405 PMCID: PMC4233287 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00180.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is an autosomal recessive condition resulting in intractable secretory diarrhea in newborns due to loss-of-function mutations in myosin Vb (Myo5b). Previous work suggested that the apical recycling endosomal (ARE) compartment is the primary location for phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) signaling. Because the ARE is disrupted in MVID, we tested the hypothesis that polarized signaling is affected by Myo5b dysfunction. Subcellular distribution of PDK1 was analyzed in human enterocytes from MVID/control patients by immunocytochemistry. Using Myo5b knockdown (kd) in Caco-2BBe cells, we studied phosphorylated kinases downstream of PDK1, electrophysiological parameters, and net water flux. PDK1 was aberrantly localized in human MVID enterocytes and Myo5b-deficient Caco-2BBe cells. Two PDK1 target kinases were differentially affected: phosphorylated atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) increased fivefold and phosohoprotein kinase B slightly decreased compared with control. PDK1 redistributed to a soluble (cytosolic) fraction and copurified with basolateral endosomes in Myo5b kd. Myo5b kd cells showed a decrease in net water absorption that could be reverted with PDK1 inhibitors. We conclude that, in addition to altered apical expression of ion transporters, depolarization of PDK1 in MVID enterocytes may lead to aberrant activation of downstream kinases such as aPKC. The findings in this work suggest that PDK1-dependent signaling may provide a therapeutic target for treating MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Kravtsov
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- 2Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; ,3Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Radia Forteza
- 3Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Maria M. Rodriguez
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Pedro J. Salas
- 3Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; and
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36
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Mechanisms of isoform specific Rap2 signaling during enterocytic brush border formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106687. [PMID: 25203140 PMCID: PMC4159233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brush border formation during polarity establishment of intestinal epithelial cells is uniquely governed by the Rap2A GTPase, despite expression of the other highly similar Rap2 isoforms (Rap2B and Rap2C). We investigated the mechanisms of this remarkable specificity and found that Rap2C is spatially segregated from Rap2A signaling as it is not enriched at the apical membrane after polarization. In contrast, both Rap2A and Rap2B are similarly located at Rab11 positive apical recycling endosomes and inside the brush border. However, although Rap2B localizes similarly it is not equally activated as Rap2A during brush border formation. We reveal that the C-terminal hypervariable region allows selective activation of Rap2A, yet this selectivity does not originate from the known differential lipid modifications of this region. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Rap2 specificity during brush border formation is determined by two distinct mechanisms involving segregated localization and selective activation.
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37
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Abstract
The cell cortex is a dynamic and heterogeneous structure that governs cell identity and behavior. The ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin and moesin) are major architects of the cell cortex, and they link plasma membrane phospholipids and proteins to the underlying cortical actin cytoskeleton. Recent studies in several model systems have uncovered surprisingly dynamic and complex molecular activities of the ERM proteins and have provided new mechanistic insight into how they build and maintain cortical domains. Among many well-established and essential functions of ERM proteins, this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster will focus on the role of ERMs in organizing the cell cortex during cell division and apical morphogenesis. These examples highlight an emerging appreciation that the ERM proteins both locally alter the mechanical properties of the cell cortex, and control the spatial distribution and activity of key membrane complexes, establishing the ERM proteins as a nexus for the physical and functional organization of the cell cortex and making it clear that they are much more than scaffolds. This article is part of a Minifocus on Establishing polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School Department of Pathology, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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