1
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Cici M, Dilmac S, Aytac G, Tanriover G. Cerebral cavernous malformation proteins, CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3, are decreased in metastatic lesions in a murine breast carcinoma model. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:76-83. [PMID: 38293758 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2305114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Three genes are associated with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs): CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3. These genes participate in microvascular angiogenesis, cell-to-cell junctions, migration and apoptosis. We evaluated the expression in vivo of CCM genes in primary tumors and metastastases in a murine model of metastatic breast carcinoma. We used cell lines obtained from metastasis of 4T1, 4TLM and 4THM breast cancer to liver and heart. These cells were injected into the mammary ridge of Balb/C female mice. After 27 days, the primary tumors, liver and lung were removed and CCM proteins were assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. CCM proteins were expressed in primary tumor tissues of all tumor-injected animals; however, no CCM protein was expressed in metastatic tumor cells that migrated into other tissues. CCM proteins still were observed in the lung and liver tissue cells. Our findings suggest that CCM proteins are present during primary tumor formation, but when these cells develop metastatic potential, they lose CCM protein expression. CCM protein expression was lost or reduced in metastatic tissues compared to the primary tumor, which indicates that CCM proteins might participate in tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Cici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sayra Dilmac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gunes Aytac
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanriover
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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2
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Lee J, Lee H, Shin M, Park S. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM)-like Vessel Lesion in the Aged ANKS1A-deficient Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:441-452. [PMID: 38196138 PMCID: PMC10789174 DOI: 10.5607/en23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that ANKS1A is specifically expressed in the brain endothelial cells of adult mice. ANKS1A deficiency in adult mice does not affect the differentiation, growth, or patterning of the cerebrovascular system; however, its absence significantly impacts the cerebrovascular system of the aged brain. In aged ANKS1A knock-out (KO) brains, vessel lesions exhibiting cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are observed. In addition, CCM-like lesions show localized peripheral blood leakage into the brain. The CCM-like lesions reveal immune cells infiltrating the parenchyma. The CCM-like lesions also contain significantly fewer astrocyte endfeets and tight junctions, indicating that the integrity of the BBB has been partially compromised. CCM-like lesions display increased fibronectin expression in blood vessels, which is also confirmed in cultured endothelial cells deficient for ANKS1A. Therefore, we hypothesize that ANKS1A may play a role in maintaining or stabilizing healthy blood vessels in the brain during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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3
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Sanchez N, Harvey C, Vincent D, Croft J, Zhang J. Biomarkers derived from CmP signal network in triple negative breast cancers. TRANSLATIONAL BREAST CANCER RESEARCH : A JOURNAL FOCUSING ON TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN BREAST CANCER 2023; 4:21. [PMID: 38751477 PMCID: PMC11093088 DOI: 10.21037/tbcr-23-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women, accounting for approximately 30% of all new cancer cases. The prognosis of breast cancer heavily depends on the stage of diagnosis, with early detection resulting in higher survival rates. Various risk factors, including family history, alcohol consumption and hormone exposure, contribute to breast cancer development. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence of certain receptors, is particularly aggressive and heterogeneous. Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), abnormal dilations of small blood vessels in the brain, is contributed by mutated genes like CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 through the perturbed formation of the CCM signaling complex (CSC). The CSC-non-classic membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs)-progesterone (PRG) (CmP)/CSC-mPRs-PRG-classic nuclear progesterone receptors (nPRs) (CmPn) signaling network, which integrates the CSC with mPRs and nPRs, plays a role in breast cancer tumorigenesis. Understanding these pathways can provide insights into potential treatments. This paper focuses on the emerging field of CmPn/CmP signal networks, which involve PRG, its receptors (nPRs and mPRs), and the CSC. These networks play a role in tumorigenesis, particularly in TNBCs. Aims to deliver a thorough examination of the CmP/CmPn pathways concerning TNBCs, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of these pathways, explores their applications and highlights their significance in the context of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Sanchez
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Charles Harvey
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Drexell Vincent
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Croft
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso (TTUHSCEP), El Paso, TX, USA
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4
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Sartages M, García-Colomer M, Iglesias C, Howell BW, Macía M, Peña P, Pombo CM, Zalvide J. GCKIII (Germinal Center Kinase III) Kinases STK24 and STK25 (Serine/Threonine Kinase 24 and 25) Inhibit Cavernoma Development. Stroke 2022; 53:976-986. [PMID: 35130716 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous cerebral malformations can arise because of mutations in the CCM1, CCM2, or CCM3 genes, and lack of Cdc42 has also been reported to induce these malformations in mice. However, the role of the CCM3 (cerebral cavernous malformation 3)-associated kinases in cavernoma development is not known, and we, therefore, have investigated their role in the process. METHODS We used a combination of an in vivo approach, using mice genetically modified to be deficient in the CCM3-associated kinases STK24 and STK25 (serine/threonine kinases 24 and 25), and the in vitro model of human endothelial cells in which expression of STK24 and STK25 was inhibited by RNA interference. RESULTS Mice deficient for both Stk24 and Stk25, but not for either of them individually, developed aggressive vascular lesions with the characteristics of cavernomas at an early age. Stk25 deficiency also gave rise to vascular anomalies in the context of Stk24 heterozygosity. Human endothelial cells deficient for both kinases phenocopied several of the consequences of CCM3 loss, and single STK25 deficiency also induced KLF2 expression, Golgi dispersion, altered distribution of β-catenin, and appearance of stress fibers. CONCLUSIONS The CCM3-associated kinases STK24 and STK25 play a major role in the inhibition of cavernoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sartages
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Mar García-Colomer
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Cristina Iglesias
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (B.W.H.)
| | - Manuel Macía
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, Spain (M.M., P.P.)
| | - Patricia Peña
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, Spain (M.M., P.P.)
| | - Celia M Pombo
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
| | - Juan Zalvide
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.S., M.G.-C., C.I., C.M.P., J.Z.)
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5
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A novel insight into differential expression profiles of sporadic cerebral cavernous malformation patients with different symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19351. [PMID: 34588521 PMCID: PMC8481309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular lesion of the central nervous system that may lead to distinct symptoms among patients including cerebral hemorrhages, epileptic seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and/or headaches. Disease-related mutations were identified previously in one of the three CCM genes: CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3. However, the rate of these mutations in sporadic cases is relatively low, and new studies report that mutations in CCM genes may not be sufficient to initiate the lesions. Despite the growing body of research on CCM, the underlying molecular mechanism has remained largely elusive. In order to provide a novel insight considering the specific manifested symptoms, CCM patients were classified into two groups (as Epilepsy and Hemorrhage). Since the studied patients experience various symptoms, we hypothesized that the underlying cause for the disease may also differ between those groups. To this end, the respective transcriptomes were compared to the transcriptomes of the control brain tissues and among each other. This resulted into the identification of the differentially expressed coding genes and the delineation of the corresponding differential expression profile for each comparison. Notably, some of those differentially expressed genes were previously implicated in epilepsy, cell structure formation, and cell metabolism. However, no CCM1-3 gene deregulation was detected. Interestingly, we observed that when compared to the normal controls, the expression of some identified genes was only significantly altered either in Epilepsy (EGLN1, ELAVL4, and NFE2l2) or Hemorrhage (USP22, EYA1, SIX1, OAS3, SRMS) groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such effort focusing on CCM patients with epileptic and hemorrhagic symptoms with the purpose of uncovering the potential CCM-related genes. It is also the first report that presents a gene expression dataset on Turkish CCM patients. The results suggest that the new candidate genes should be explored to further elucidate the CCM pathology. Overall, this work constitutes a step towards the identification of novel potential genetic targets for the development of possible future therapies.
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6
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Valentino M, Dejana E, Malinverno M. The multifaceted PDCD10/CCM3 gene. Genes Dis 2021; 8:798-813. [PMID: 34522709 PMCID: PMC8427250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) gene was originally identified as an apoptosis-related gene, although it is now usually known as CCM3, as the third causative gene of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). CCM is a neurovascular disease that is characterized by vascular malformations and is associated with headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and cerebral hemorrhage. The PDCD10/CCM3 protein has multiple subcellular localizations and interacts with several multi-protein complexes and signaling pathways. Thus PDCD10/CCM3 governs many cellular functions, which include cell-to-cell junctions and cytoskeleton organization, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and exocytosis and angiogenesis. Given its central role in the maintenance of homeostasis of the cell, dysregulation of PDCD10/CCM3 can result in a wide range of altered cell functions. This can lead to severe diseases, including CCM, cognitive disability, and several types of cancers. Here, we review the multifaceted roles of PDCD10/CCM3 in physiology and pathology, with a focus on its functions beyond CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 7 20122, Italy.,Vascular Biology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Matteo Malinverno
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy
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7
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Choksi F, Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Fox CK, Zafar A, Mabray MC, Zabramski J, Akers A, Hart BL, Morrison L, McCulloch CE, Kim H. Assessing the association of common genetic variants in EPHB4 and RASA1 with phenotype severity in familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1794. [PMID: 34491620 PMCID: PMC8580075 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate whether common variants in EPHB4 and RASA1 are associated with cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease severity phenotypes, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), total and large lesion counts. Methods Familial CCM cases enrolled in the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium were included (n = 338). Total lesions and large lesions (≥5 mm) were counted on MRI; clinical history of ICH at enrollment was assessed by medical records. Samples were genotyped on the Affymetrix Axiom Genome‐Wide LAT1 Human Array. We tested the association of seven common variants (three in EPHB4 and four in RASA1) using multivariable logistic regression for ICH (odds ratio, OR) and multivariable linear regression for total and large lesion counts (proportional increase, PI), adjusting for age, sex, and three principal components. Significance was based on Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (0.05/7 variants = 0.007). Results EPHB4 variants were not significantly associated with CCM severity phenotypes. One RASA1 intronic variant (rs72783711 A>C) was significantly associated with ICH (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.21–2.37, p = 0.004) and nominally associated with large lesion count (PI = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.32, p = 0.02). Conclusion A common RASA1 variant may be associated with ICH and large lesion count in familial CCM. EPHB4 variants were not associated with any of the three CCM severity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Choksi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shantel Weinsheimer
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nelson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine K Fox
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marc C Mabray
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joseph Zabramski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy Akers
- Angioma Alliance, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blaine L Hart
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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CCM3 is a gatekeeper in focal adhesions regulating mechanotransduction and YAP/TAZ signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:758-770. [PMID: 34226698 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The YAP/TAZ transcriptional programme is not only a well-established driver of cancer progression and metastasis but also an important stimulator of tissue regeneration. Here we identified Cerebral cavernous malformations 3 (CCM3) as a regulator of mechanical cue-driven YAP/TAZ signalling, controlling both tumour progression and stem cell differentiation. We demonstrate that CCM3 localizes to focal adhesion sites in cancer-associated fibroblasts, where it regulates mechanotransduction and YAP/TAZ activation. Mechanistically, CCM3 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mutually compete for binding to paxillin to fine-tune FAK/Src/paxillin-driven mechanotransduction and YAP/TAZ activation. In mouse models of breast cancer, specific loss of CCM3 in cancer-associated fibroblasts leads to exacerbated tissue remodelling and force transmission to the matrix, resulting in reciprocal YAP/TAZ activation in the neighbouring tumour cells and dissemination of metastasis to distant organs. Similarly, CCM3 regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. In conclusion, CCM3 is a gatekeeper in focal adhesions that controls mechanotransduction and YAP/TAZ signalling.
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9
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Riolo G, Ricci C, Battistini S. Molecular Genetic Features of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM) Patients: An Overall View from Genes to Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:704. [PMID: 33810005 PMCID: PMC8005105 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions that affect predominantly microvasculature in the brain and spinal cord. CCM can occur either in sporadic or familial form, characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and development of multiple lesions throughout the patient's life. Three genes associated with CCM are known: CCM1/KRIT1 (krev interaction trapped 1), CCM2/MGC4607 (encoding a protein named malcavernin), and CCM3/PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10). All the mutations identified in these genes cause a loss of function and compromise the protein functions needed for maintaining the vascular barrier integrity. Loss of function of CCM proteins causes molecular disorganization and dysfunction of endothelial adherens junctions. In this review, we provide an overall vision of the CCM pathology, starting with the genetic bases of the disease, describing the role of the proteins, until we reach the cellular level. Thus, we summarize the genetics of CCM, providing a description of CCM genes and mutation features, provided an updated knowledge of the CCM protein structure and function, and discuss the molecular mechanisms through which CCM proteins may act within endothelial cells, particularly in endothelial barrier maintenance/regulation and in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.R.); (C.R.)
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10
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Retta SF, Perrelli A, Trabalzini L, Finetti F. From Genes and Mechanisms to Molecular-Targeted Therapies: The Long Climb to the Cure of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2152:3-25. [PMID: 32524540 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder of genetic origin consisting of closely clustered, abnormally dilated and leaky capillaries (CCM lesions), which occur predominantly in the central nervous system. CCM lesions can be single or multiple and may result in severe clinical symptoms, including focal neurological deficits, seizures, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Early human genetic studies demonstrated that CCM disease is linked to three chromosomal loci and can be inherited as autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity, eventually leading to the identification of three disease genes, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2, and CCM3/PDCD10, which encode for structurally unrelated intracellular proteins that lack catalytic domains. Biochemical, molecular, and cellular studies then showed that these proteins are involved in endothelial cell-cell junction and blood-brain barrier stability maintenance through the regulation of major cellular structures and mechanisms, including endothelial cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, autophagy, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that they act as pleiotropic regulators of cellular homeostasis, and opening novel therapeutic perspectives. Indeed, accumulated evidence in cellular and animal models has eventually revealed that the emerged pleiotropic functions of CCM proteins are mainly due to their ability to modulate redox-sensitive pathways and mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, thus contributing to the preservation of cellular homeostasis and stress defenses.In this introductory review, we present a general overview of 20 years of amazing progress in the identification of genetic culprits and molecular mechanisms underlying CCM disease pathogenesis, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Italy. .,CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Finetti
- CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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11
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Abstract
As multi-cellular organisms evolved from small clusters of cells to complex metazoans, biological tubes became essential for life. Tubes are typically thought of as mainly playing a role in transport, with the hollow space (lumen) acting as a conduit to distribute nutrients and waste, or for gas exchange. However, biological tubes also provide a platform for physiological, mechanical, and structural functions. Indeed, tubulogenesis is often a critical aspect of morphogenesis and organogenesis. C. elegans is made up of tubes that provide structural support and protection (the epidermis), perform the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion (the buccal cavity, pharynx, intestine, and rectum), transport fluids for osmoregulation (the excretory system), and execute the functions necessary for reproduction (the germline, spermatheca, uterus and vulva). Here we review our current understanding of the genetic regulation, molecular processes, and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis and morphogenesis of the epidermal, digestive and excretory systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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12
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De Luca E, Perrelli A, Swamy H, Nitti M, Passalacqua M, Furfaro AL, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Glading AJ, Retta SF. Protein kinase Cα regulates the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of KRIT1. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250217. [PMID: 33443102 PMCID: PMC7875496 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRIT1 is a scaffolding protein that regulates multiple molecular mechanisms, including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and redox homeostasis and signaling. However, rather little is known about how KRIT1 is itself regulated. KRIT1 is found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, yet the upstream signaling proteins and mechanisms that regulate KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling are not well understood. Here, we identify a key role for protein kinase C (PKC) in this process. In particular, we found that PKC activation promotes the redox-dependent cytoplasmic localization of KRIT1, whereas inhibition of PKC or treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine leads to KRIT1 nuclear accumulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the N-terminal region of KRIT1 is crucial for the ability of PKC to regulate KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and may be a target for PKC-dependent regulatory phosphorylation events. Finally, we found that silencing of PKCα, but not PKCδ, inhibits phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced cytoplasmic enrichment of KRIT1, suggesting a major role for PKCα in regulating KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Overall, our findings identify PKCα as a novel regulator of KRIT1 subcellular compartmentalization, thus shedding new light on the physiopathological functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 73010 Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mariapaola Nitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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13
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Ustaszewski A, Janowska-Głowacka J, Wołyńska K, Pietrzak A, Badura-Stronka M. Genetic syndromes with vascular malformations - update on molecular background and diagnostics. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:965-991. [PMID: 34336026 PMCID: PMC8314420 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.93260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations are present in a great variety of congenital syndromes, either as the predominant or additional feature. They pose a major challenge to the clinician: due to significant phenotype overlap, a precise diagnosis is often difficult to obtain, some of the malformations carry a risk of life threatening complications and, for many entities, treatment is not well established. To facilitate their recognition and aid in differentiation, we present a selection of notable congenital disorders of vascular system development, distinguishing between the heritable germinal and sporadic somatic mutations as their causes. Clinical features, genetic background and comprehensible description of molecular mechanisms is provided for each entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ustaszewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Wołyńska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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14
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Sartages M, Floridia E, García-Colomer M, Iglesias C, Macía M, Peñas P, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Pombo CM, Zalvide J. High Levels of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in CCM3-Deficient Cells Increase Their Susceptibility to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E624. [PMID: 33348877 PMCID: PMC7766026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations that can be the result of the deficiency of one of the CCM genes. Their only present treatment is surgical removal, which is not always possible, and an alternative pharmacological strategy to eliminate them is actively sought. We have studied the effect of the lack of one of the CCM genes, CCM3, in endothelial and non-endothelial cells. By comparing protein expression in control and CCM3-silenced cells, we found that the levels of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) are higher in CCM3-deficient cells, which adds to the known upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in these cells. Whereas VEGFR2 is upregulated at the mRNA level, EGFR has a prolonged half-life. Inhibition of EGFR family members in CCM3-deficient cells does not revert the known cellular effects of lack of CCM genes, but it induces significantly more apoptosis in CCM3-deficient cells than in control cells. We propose that the susceptibility to tyrosine kinase inhibitors of CCM3-deficient cells can be harnessed to kill the abnormal cells of these lesions and thus treat CCMs pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sartages
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Ebel Floridia
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
- IQVIA RDS Ireland Limited, Eastpoint Business Park, Estuary House, Fairview, Dublin 3, D03 K7W7 Leinster, Ireland
| | - Mar García-Colomer
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Cristina Iglesias
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Manuel Macía
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Patricia Peñas
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.M.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Ignacio A. Romero
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Babette Weksler
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Celia M. Pombo
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Juan Zalvide
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Instituto Sanitario de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.S.); (E.F.); (M.G.-C.); (C.I.); (C.M.P.)
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15
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular abnormalities characterized by thin, leaky blood vessels resulting in lesions that predispose to haemorrhages, stroke, epilepsy and focal neurological deficits. CCMs arise due to loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding one of three CCM complex proteins, KRIT1, CCM2 or CCM3. These widely expressed, multi-functional adaptor proteins can assemble into a CCM protein complex and (either alone or in complex) modulate signalling pathways that influence cell adhesion, cell contractility, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. Recent advances, including analysis of the structures and interactions of CCM proteins, have allowed substantial progress towards understanding the molecular bases for CCM protein function and how their disruption leads to disease. Here, we review current knowledge of CCM protein signalling with a focus on three pathways which have generated the most interest—the RhoA–ROCK, MEKK3–MEK5–ERK5–KLF2/4 and cell junctional signalling pathways—but also consider ICAP1-β1 integrin and cdc42 signalling. We discuss emerging links between these pathways and the processes that drive disease pathology and highlight important open questions—key among them is the role of subcellular localization in the control of CCM protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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16
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Muller WA. Beyond genes and transcription factors: A potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20200858. [PMID: 32941595 PMCID: PMC7537395 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Hong et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200140) identify a major step in the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), which at the same time offers insight into potential therapy for this disease.
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17
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Wan X, Saban DV, Kim SN, Weng Y, Dammann P, Keyvani K, Sure U, Zhu Y. PDCD10-Deficiency Promotes Malignant Behaviors and Tumor Growth via Triggering EphB4 Kinase Activity in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1377. [PMID: 32850441 PMCID: PMC7427606 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported an angiogenic and tumor-suppressor-like function of programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) in glioblastoma (GBM). However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that loss of PDCD10 activates GBM cells and tumor progression via EphB4. To this end, PDCD10 was knocked down in U87 and T98g by lentiviral mediated shRNA transduction (shPDCD10). GBM cell phenotype in vitro and tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model were investigated in presence or absence of the treatment with a specific EphB4 kinase inhibitor NVP-BHG712 (NVP). We demonstrated that knockdown of PDCD10 in GBM cells significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of EphB4 accompanied by the activation of Erk1/2. EphB4 kinase activity, reflected by phospho-EphB4, significantly increased in shPDCD10 GBM cells, and in tumors derived from shPDCD10 GBM xenografts, which was abolished by the treatment with NVP. Furthermore, NVP treatment significantly suppressed PDCD10-knockdown mediated aggressive GBM cell phenotype in vitro and extensive tumor cell proliferation, the tumor neo-angiogenesis, and a quick progression of tumor formation in vivo. In summary, loss of PDCD10 activates GBM cells and promotes tumor growth via triggering EphB4. Targeting EphB4 might be an effective strategy particularly for the personalized therapy in GBM patients with PDCD10-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dino Vitali Saban
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Su Na Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yinlun Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Wang K, Zhang H, He Y, Jiang Q, Tanaka Y, Park IH, Pober JS, Min W, Zhou HJ. Mural Cell-Specific Deletion of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation 3 in the Brain Induces Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2171-2186. [PMID: 32640906 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), consisting of dilated capillary channels formed by a single layer of endothelial cells lacking surrounding mural cells. It is unclear why CCM lesions are primarily confined to brain vasculature, although the 3 CCM-associated genes (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3) are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. We aimed to determine the role of CCM gene in brain mural cell in CCM pathogenesis. Approach and Results: SM22α-Cre was used to drive a specific deletion of Ccm3 in mural cells, including pericytes and smooth muscle cells (Ccm3smKO). Ccm3smKO mice developed CCM lesions in the brain with onset at neonatal stages. One-third of Ccm3smKO mice survived upto 6 weeks of age, exhibiting seizures, and severe brain hemorrhage. The early CCM lesions in Ccm3smKO neonates were loosely wrapped by mural cells, and adult Ccm3smKO mice had clustered and enlarged capillary channels (caverns) formed by a single layer of endothelium lacking mural cell coverage. Importantly, CCM lesions throughout the entire brain in Ccm3smKO mice, which more accurately mimicked human disease than the current endothelial cell-specific CCM3 deletion models. Mechanistically, CCM3 loss in brain pericytes dramatically increased paxillin stability and focal adhesion formation, enhancing ITG-β1 (integrin β1) activity and extracellular matrix adhesion but reducing cell migration and endothelial cell-pericyte associations. Moreover, CCM3-wild type, but not a paxillin-binding defective mutant, rescued the phenotypes in CCM3-deficient pericytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time that deletion of a CCM gene in the brain mural cell induces CCM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yun He
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Quan Jiang
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics (Y.T., I.-H.P.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics (Y.T., I.-H.P.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan S Pober
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Wang Min
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology (K.W., H.Z., Y.H., Q.J., J.S.P., W.M., H.J.Z.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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19
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Schwefel K, Spiegler S, Kirchmaier BC, Dellweg PKE, Much CD, Pané-Farré J, Strom TM, Riedel K, Felbor U, Rath M. Fibronectin rescues aberrant phenotype of endothelial cells lacking either CCM1, CCM2 or CCM3. FASEB J 2020; 34:9018-9033. [PMID: 32515053 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902888r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2, and CCM3/PDCD10 are associated with autosomal dominant cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CCM3 inactivation in human endothelial cells (ECs) has been shown to induce profound defects in cell-cell interaction as well as actin cytoskeleton organization. We here show that CCM3 inactivation impairs fibronectin expression and consequently leads to reduced fibers in the extracellular matrix. Despite the complexity and high molecular weight of fibronectin fibrils, our in vitro model allowed us to reveal that fibronectin supplementation restored aberrant spheroid formation as well as altered EC morphology, and suppressed actin stress fiber formation. Yet, fibronectin replacement neither enhanced the stability of tube-like structures nor inhibited the survival advantage of CCM3-/- ECs. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated introduction of biallelic loss-of-function variants into either CCM1 or CCM2 demonstrated that the impaired production of a functional fibronectin matrix is a common feature of CCM1-, CCM2-, and CCM3-deficient ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Schwefel
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spiegler
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bettina C Kirchmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patricia K E Dellweg
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane D Much
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Polster SP, Sharma A, Tanes C, Tang AT, Mericko P, Cao Y, Carrión-Penagos J, Girard R, Koskimäki J, Zhang D, Stadnik A, Romanos SG, Lyne SB, Shenkar R, Yan K, Lee C, Akers A, Morrison L, Robinson M, Zafar A, Bittinger K, Kim H, Gilbert JA, Kahn ML, Shen L, Awad IA. Permissive microbiome characterizes human subjects with a neurovascular disease cavernous angioma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2659. [PMID: 32461638 PMCID: PMC7253448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernous angiomas (CA) are common vascular anomalies causing brain hemorrhage. Based on mouse studies, roles of gram-negative bacteria and altered intestinal homeostasis have been implicated in CA pathogenesis, and pilot study had suggested potential microbiome differences between non-CA and CA individuals based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We here assess microbiome differences in a larger cohort of human subjects with and without CA, and among subjects with different clinical features, and conduct more definitive microbial analyses using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Relative abundance of distinct bacterial species in CA patients is shown, consistent with postulated permissive microbiome driving CA lesion genesis via lipopolysaccharide signaling, in humans as in mice. Other microbiome differences are related to CA clinical behavior. Weighted combinations of microbiome signatures and plasma inflammatory biomarkers enhance associations with disease severity and hemorrhage. This is the first demonstration of a sensitive and specific diagnostic microbiome in a human neurovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Polster
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Anukriti Sharma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Mericko
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Julián Carrión-Penagos
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Janne Koskimäki
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Agnieszka Stadnik
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sharbel G Romanos
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Seán B Lyne
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kimberly Yan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Cornelia Lee
- Angioma Alliance, 520W 21st Street, Norfolk, VA, 23517, USA
| | - Amy Akers
- Angioma Alliance, 520W 21st Street, Norfolk, VA, 23517, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Myranda Robinson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Issam A Awad
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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21
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Algattas H, Abou-Al-Shaar H, Mendelson M, Arnold GL, Felker J, Meade J, Greene S. Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Syndrome with Concomitant Fourth Ventricular Ependymoma: True Association or Mere Coincidence? Cancer Genet 2020; 244:36-39. [PMID: 32434131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2020.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndromes are most commonly caused by mutations in one of three genes. The overlap of these genetic malformations with other acquired neoplastic lesions and congenital malformations is still under investigation. To the best of our knowledge, the concurrent occurrence of familial cavernous malformations and ependymoma has not been previously reported in the literature. Herein, we describe a patient with familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndrome and posterior fossa ependymoma. A 17-year-old asymptomatic male was referred to our outpatient neurosurgery clinic after genetic testing identified a familial KRIT1 (CCM1) mutation. The patient's sister had presented with a seizure disorder previously; multiple cavernous malformations were discovered, and a symptomatic large cavernous malformation required a craniotomy for resection. Two years later, she was diagnosed with follicular thyroid cancer due to HRAS (c.182A>G) mutation. The patient and his sister were found to have a novel germline KRIT1 disease-causing variant (c.1739deletion, p.ASN580Ilefs*2) and a variant of uncertain significance, potentially pathogenic (c.1988 A>G, p.Asn663Ser) in cis in CCM1 (KRIT1), of paternal inheritance. Due to the presence of genetic abnormalities, the patient underwent screening imaging of his neuraxis. Multiple cavernous malformations were identified, as was an incidental fourth ventricular mass. Resection of the fourth ventricular lesion was performed, and histopathological examination was consistent with ependymoma. We report a unique case of posterior fossa ependymoma in an individual with a familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndrome and a novel genetic abnormality in KRIT1. The association of these two findings may be valuable in determining a potential genetic association between the two pathologies and elucidating the pathogenesis of both cavernous malformations and ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Algattas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hussam Abou-Al-Shaar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Mendelson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Georgianne L Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James Felker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Julia Meade
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Stephanie Greene
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
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22
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Su VL, Simon B, Draheim KM, Calderwood DA. Serine phosphorylation of the small phosphoprotein ICAP1 inhibits its nuclear accumulation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3269-3284. [PMID: 32005669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear accumulation of the small phosphoprotein integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1 (ICAP1) results in recruitment of its binding partner, Krev/Rap1 interaction trapped-1 (KRIT1), to the nucleus. KRIT1 loss is the most common cause of cerebral cavernous malformation, a neurovascular dysplasia resulting in dilated, thin-walled vessels that tend to rupture, increasing the risk for hemorrhagic stroke. KRIT1's nuclear roles are unknown, but it is known to function as a scaffolding or adaptor protein at cell-cell junctions and in the cytosol, supporting normal blood vessel integrity and development. As ICAP1 controls KRIT1 subcellular localization, presumably influencing KRIT1 function, in this work, we investigated the signals that regulate ICAP1 and, hence, KRIT1 nuclear localization. ICAP1 contains a nuclear localization signal within an unstructured, N-terminal region that is rich in serine and threonine residues, several of which are reportedly phosphorylated. Using quantitative microscopy, we revealed that phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions at Ser-10, or to a lesser extent at Ser-25, within this N-terminal region inhibit ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. Conversely, phosphorylation-blocking substitutions at these sites enhanced ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. We further demonstrate that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) can phosphorylate ICAP1 at Ser-10 both in vitro and in cultured cells and that active PAK4 inhibits ICAP1 nuclear accumulation in a Ser-10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that ICAP1 phosphorylation controls nuclear localization of the ICAP1-KRIT1 complex. We conclude that serine phosphorylation within the ICAP1 N-terminal region can prevent nuclear ICAP1 accumulation, providing a mechanism that regulates KRIT1 localization and signaling, potentially influencing vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Bertrand Simon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Kyle M Draheim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
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23
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Finetti F, Schiavo I, Ercoli J, Zotta A, Boda E, Retta SF, Trabalzini L. KRIT1 loss-mediated upregulation of NOX1 in stromal cells promotes paracrine pro-angiogenic responses. Cell Signal 2020; 68:109527. [PMID: 31917192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cerebrovascular disorder of proven genetic origin characterized by abnormally dilated and leaky capillaries occurring mainly in the central nervous system, with a prevalence of 0.3-0.5% in the general population. Genetic studies have identified causative mutations in three genes, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2 and CCM3, which are involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. However, distinct studies in animal models have clearly shown that CCM gene mutations alone are not sufficient to cause CCM disease, but require additional contributing factors, including stochastic events of increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Consistently, previous studies have shown that up-regulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in KRIT1 deficient endothelium contributes to the loss of microvessel barrier function. In this study, we demonstrate that KRIT1 loss-of-function in stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, causes the up-regulation of NADPH oxidase isoform 1 (NOX1) and the activation of inflammatory pathways, which in turn promote an enhanced production of proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore and importantly, we show that conditioned media from KRIT1 null fibroblasts induce proliferation, migration, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activation and VE-cadherin redistribution in wild type human endothelial cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that KRIT1 loss-of-function in stromal cells affects the surrounding microenvironment through a NOX1-mediated induction and release of angiogenic factors that are able to promote paracrine proangiogenic responses in human endothelial cells, thus pointing to a novel role for endothelial cell-nonautonomous effects of KRIT1 mutations in CCM pathogenesis, and opening new perspectives for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Finetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Irene Schiavo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Jasmine Ercoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Zotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy.
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Fisher OS, Li X, Liu W, Zhang R, Boggon TJ. Crystallographic Studies of the Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2152:291-302. [PMID: 32524560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are dysplasias that primarily occur in the neurovasculature, and are associated with mutations in three genes: KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10, the protein products of which are KRIT1 (Krev/Rap1 Interaction Trapped 1; CCM1, cerebral cavernous malformations 1), CCM2 (cerebral cavernous malformations 2; OSM, osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3), and CCM3 (cerebral cavernous malformations 3; PDCD10, programmed cell death 10). Until recently, these proteins were relatively understudied at the molecular level, and only three folded domains were documented. These were a band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM), and an ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) in KRIT1, and a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain in CCM2. Over the past 10 years, a crystallographic approach has been used to discover a series of previously unidentified domains within the CCM proteins. These include a non-functional Nudix (or pseudonudix) domain in KRIT1, a harmonin homology domain (HHD) in CCM2, and dimerization and focal adhesion targeting (FAT)-homology domains within CCM3. Many of the roles of these domains have been revealed by structure-guided studies that show the CCM proteins can directly interact with one another to form a signaling scaffold, and that the "CCM complex" functions in signal transduction by interacting with other binding partners, including ICAP1, RAP1, and MEKK3. In this chapter, we describe the crystallization of CCM protein domains alone, and with their interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana S Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Abcam Inc., Branford, CT, USA
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Parchur AK, Fang Z, Jagtap JM, Sharma G, Hansen C, Shafiee S, Hu W, Miao QR, Joshi A. NIR-II window tracking of hyperglycemia induced intracerebral hemorrhage in cerebral cavernous malformation deficient mice. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5133-5144. [PMID: 32821891 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Left panel: Pseudocolor map of 3 principle components from NIR-II kinetic imaging, Right panel (top to bottom): In vivo Ag2S QD NIR-II fluorescence, ex vivo iodine micro-CT, FITC dextran perfusion, and H&E staining in control vs CCM1+/− mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul K. Parchur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
- Department of Foundations of Medicine
| | - Jaidip M. Jagtap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Gayatri Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Christopher Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Shayan Shafiee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Wenquan Hu
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
- Department of Foundations of Medicine
| | - Qing R. Miao
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
- Department of Foundations of Medicine
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
- Department of Radiology
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Transcriptome-wide Profiling of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Patients Reveal Important Long noncoding RNA molecular signatures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18203. [PMID: 31796831 PMCID: PMC6890746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are low-flow vascular malformations in the brain associated with recurrent hemorrhage and seizures. The current treatment of CCMs relies solely on surgical intervention. Henceforth, alternative non-invasive therapies are urgently needed to help prevent subsequent hemorrhagic episodes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to the class of non-coding RNAs and are known to regulate gene transcription and involved in chromatin remodeling via various mechanism. Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating the role of lncRNAs in cerebrovascular disorders, their identification in CCMs pathology remains unknown. The objective of the current study was to identify lncRNAs associated with CCMs pathogenesis using patient cohorts having 10 CCM patients and 4 controls from brain. Executing next generation sequencing, we performed whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and identified 1,967 lncRNAs and 4,928 protein coding genes (PCGs) to be differentially expressed in CCMs patients. Among these, we selected top 6 differentially expressed lncRNAs each having significant correlative expression with more than 100 differentially expressed PCGs. The differential expression status of the top lncRNAs, SMIM25 and LBX2-AS1 in CCMs was further confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis of correlated PCGs revealed critical pathways related to vascular signaling and important biological processes relevant to CCMs pathophysiology. Here, by transcriptome-wide approach we demonstrate that lncRNAs are prevalent in CCMs disease and are likely to play critical roles in regulating important signaling pathways involved in the disease progression. We believe, that detailed future investigations on this set of identified lncRNAs can provide useful insights into the biology and, ultimately, contribute in preventing this debilitating disease.
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Tang AT, Sullivan KR, Hong CC, Goddard LM, Mahadevan A, Ren A, Pardo H, Peiper A, Griffin E, Tanes C, Mattei LM, Yang J, Li L, Mericko-Ishizuka P, Shen L, Hobson N, Girard R, Lightle R, Moore T, Shenkar R, Polster SP, Rödel CJ, Li N, Zhu Q, Whitehead KJ, Zheng X, Akers A, Morrison L, Kim H, Bittinger K, Lengner CJ, Schwaninger M, Velcich A, Augenlicht L, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Min W, Marchuk DA, Awad IA, Kahn ML. Distinct cellular roles for PDCD10 define a gut-brain axis in cerebral cavernous malformation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw3521. [PMID: 31776290 PMCID: PMC6937779 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a genetic, cerebrovascular disease. Familial CCM is caused by genetic mutations in KRIT1, CCM2, or PDCD10 Disease onset is earlier and more severe in individuals with PDCD10 mutations. Recent studies have shown that lesions arise from excess mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation by lipopolysaccharide derived from the gut microbiome. These findings suggest a gut-brain CCM disease axis but fail to define it or explain the poor prognosis of patients with PDCD10 mutations. Here, we demonstrate that the gut barrier is a primary determinant of CCM disease course, independent of microbiome configuration, that explains the increased severity of CCM disease associated with PDCD10 deficiency. Chemical disruption of the gut barrier with dextran sulfate sodium augments CCM formation in a mouse model, as does genetic loss of Pdcd10, but not Krit1, in gut epithelial cells. Loss of gut epithelial Pdcd10 results in disruption of the colonic mucosal barrier. Accordingly, loss of Mucin-2 or exposure to dietary emulsifiers that reduce the mucus barrier increases CCM burden analogous to loss of Pdcd10 in the gut epithelium. Last, we show that treatment with dexamethasone potently inhibits CCM formation in mice because of the combined effect of action at both brain endothelial cells and gut epithelial cells. These studies define a gut-brain disease axis in an experimental model of CCM in which a single gene is required for two critical components: gut epithelial function and brain endothelial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katie R Sullivan
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney C Hong
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren M Goddard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aileen Ren
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heidy Pardo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erin Griffin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Mericko-Ishizuka
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean P Polster
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Claudia J Rödel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Animal Physiology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin J Whitehead
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Amy Akers
- Angioma Alliance, Norfolk, VA 23517, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Velcich
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leonard Augenlicht
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, NY 10461, USA
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Animal Physiology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wang Min
- Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Arp2/3-Branched Actin Maintains an Active Pool of GTP-RhoA and Controls RhoA Abundance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101264. [PMID: 31623230 PMCID: PMC6830327 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, and division under precise spatiotemporal control. Different small GTPases exhibit cross talks to exert feedback response or to act in concert during signal transduction. However, whether and how specific cytoskeletal components' feedback to upstream signaling factors remains largely elusive. Here, we report an intriguing finding that disruption of the Arp2/3-branched actin specifically reduces RhoA activity but upregulates its total protein abundance. We further dissect the mechanisms underlying these circumstances and identify the altered cortactin/p190RhoGAP interaction and weakened CCM2/Smurf1 binding to be involved in GTP-RhoA reduction and total RhoA increase, respectively. Moreover, we find that cytokinesis defects induced by Arp2/3 inhibition can be rescued by activating RhoA. Our study reveals an intricate feedback from the actin cytoskeleton to the small GTPase. Our work highlights the role of Arp2/3-branched actin in signal transduction aside from its function in serving as critical cytoskeletal components to maintain cell morphology and motility.
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KRIT1 Deficiency Promotes Aortic Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194930. [PMID: 31590384 PMCID: PMC6801783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) are associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries and affecting 0.5% of the human population. However, growing evidence demonstrates that KRIT1 is implicated in the modulation of major redox-sensitive signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that its loss-of-function mutations may have pathological effects not limited to CCM disease. The aim of this study was to address whether KRIT1 loss-of-function predisposes to the development of pathological conditions associated with enhanced endothelial cell susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation, such as arterial endothelial dysfunction (ED) and atherosclerosis. Silencing of KRIT1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resulted in increased expression of endothelial proinflammatory adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and in enhanced susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis. These effects were associated with a downregulation of Notch1 activation that could be rescued by antioxidant treatment, suggesting that they are consequent to altered intracellular redox homeostasis induced by KRIT1 loss-of-function. Furthermore, analysis of the aorta of heterozygous KRIT1+/- mice fed a high-fructose diet to induce systemic oxidative stress and inflammation demonstrated a 1.6-fold increased expression of VCAM-1 and an approximately 2-fold enhanced fat accumulation (7.5% vs 3.6%) in atherosclerosis-prone regions, including the aortic arch and aortic root, as compared to corresponding wild-type littermates. In conclusion, we found that KRIT1 deficiency promotes ED, suggesting that, besides CCM, KRIT1 may be implicated in genetic susceptibility to the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Spiegler S, Rath M, Much CD, Sendtner BS, Felbor U. Precise CCM1 gene correction and inactivation in patient-derived endothelial cells: Modeling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis in vitro. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00755. [PMID: 31124307 PMCID: PMC6625102 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CRISPR/Cas9 system has opened new perspectives to study the molecular basis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) in personalized disease models. However, precise genome editing in endothelial and other hard‐to‐transfect cells remains challenging. Methods In a proof‐of‐principle study, we first isolated blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from a CCM1 mutation carrier with multiple CCMs. In a CRISPR/Cas9 gene correction approach, a high‐fidelity Cas9 variant was then transfected into patient‐derived BOECs using a ribonucleoprotein complex and a single‐strand DNA oligonucleotide. In addition, patient‐specific CCM1 knockout clones were expanded after CRISPR/Cas9 gene inactivation. Results Deep sequencing demonstrated correction of the mutant allele in nearly 33% of all cells whereas no CRISPR/Cas9‐induced mutations in predicted off‐target loci were identified. Corrected BOECs could be cultured in cell mixtures but demonstrated impaired clonal survival. In contrast, CCM1‐deficient BOECs displayed increased resistance to stress‐induced apoptotic cell death and could be clonally expanded to high passages. When cultured together, CCM1‐deficient BOECs largely replaced corrected as well as heterozygous BOECs. Conclusion We here demonstrate that a non‐viral CRISPR/Cas9 approach can not only be used for gene knockout but also for precise gene correction in hard‐to‐transfect endothelial cells (ECs). Comparing patient‐derived isogenic CCM1+/+, CCM1+/−, and CCM1−/− ECs, we show that the inactivation of the second allele results in clonal evolution of ECs lacking CCM1 which likely reflects the initiation phase of CCM genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Spiegler
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane D Much
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara S Sendtner
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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31
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Wang K, Zhou HJ, Wang M. CCM3 and cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 4:67-70. [PMID: 31338212 PMCID: PMC6613868 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions characterised by enlarged and irregular structure of small blood vessels in the brain, which can result in increased risk of stroke, focal neurological defects and seizures. Three different genes, CCM1/Krev/Rap1 Interacting Trapped 1, CCM2/MGC4607 and CCM3/PDCD10, are associated with the CCMs’ progression, and mutations in one of three CCM genes cause CCM disease. These three CCM proteins have similar function in maintaining the normal structure of small blood vessels. However, CCM3 mutation results in a more severe form of the disease which may suggest that CCM3 has unique biological function in the vasculature. The current review focuses on the signalling pathways mediated by CCM3 in regulating endothelial cell junction, proliferation, migration and permeability. These findings may offer potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Karschnia P, Nishimura S, Louvi A. Cerebrovascular disorders associated with genetic lesions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:283-300. [PMID: 30327838 PMCID: PMC6450555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disorders are underlain by perturbations in cerebral blood flow and abnormalities in blood vessel structure. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of select cerebrovascular disorders that are associated with genetic lesions and connect genomic findings with analyses aiming to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. We argue that a mechanistic understanding of genetic (familial) forms of cerebrovascular disease is a prerequisite for the development of rational therapeutic approaches, and has wider implications for treatment of sporadic (non-familial) forms, which are usually more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Karschnia
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208082, New Haven, CT, 06520-8082, USA
| | - Sayoko Nishimura
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208082, New Haven, CT, 06520-8082, USA
| | - Angeliki Louvi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208082, New Haven, CT, 06520-8082, USA.
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33
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Wang K, Wu D, Zhang B, Zhao G. Novel KRIT1/CCM1 and MGC4607/CCM2 Gene Variants in Chinese Families With Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1128. [PMID: 30622508 PMCID: PMC6308150 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are autosomal dominant disorders characterized by hemorrhagic strokes, recurrent headache, epilepsy, and focal neurological deficits. Genetic variants in KRIT1/CCM1, MGC4607/CCM2, and PDCD10/CCM3 genes contribute to CCMs. The clinical information of two Chinese families with CCMs was collected. MRI and video-electroencephalography were performed. Genetic variants of CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 genes were investigated by exome sequencing. The patients were presented with recurrent epilepsy or headache. Susceptibility-weighted images of brains showed many dark dots, while video-electroencephalography revealed many spikes from multiple brain regions of patients. Exome sequencing revealed a novel CCM1 genetic variant (c.1599_1601TGAdel, p.Asp533del) and a novel CCM2 genetic variant (c.773delA, p.K258fsX34) in Family one and Family two, respectively; cosegregation existed in these two families. The two family members presented typical CCMs symptoms. These two novel genetic variants in CCM1 and CCM2 genes were the causation of CCM in the two Chinese families, and our data enriched the genetic variant spectrum of CCM genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengchang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
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34
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Scimone C, Donato L, Marino S, Alafaci C, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Vis-à-vis: a focus on genetic features of cerebral cavernous malformations and brain arteriovenous malformations pathogenesis. Neurol Sci 2018; 40:243-251. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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35
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Suryavanshi N, Furmston J, Ridley AJ. The STRIPAK complex components FAM40A and FAM40B regulate endothelial cell contractility via ROCKs. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:26. [PMID: 30509168 PMCID: PMC6276190 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells provide a barrier between blood and tissues, which is regulated to allow molecules and cells in out of tissues. Patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) have dilated leaky blood vessels, especially in the central nervous system. A subset of these patients has loss-of-function mutations in CCM3. CCM3 is part of the STRIPAK protein complex that includes the little-characterized proteins FAM40A and FAM40B. RESULTS We show here that FAM40A and FAM40B can interact with CCM3. Knockdown of CCM3, FAM40A or FAM40B in endothelial cells by RNAi causes an increase in stress fibers and a reduction in loop formation in an in vitro angiogenesis assay, which can be reverted by inhibiting the Rho-regulated ROCK kinases. FAM40B depletion also increases endothelial permeability. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the importance of the FAM40 proteins for endothelial cell physiology, and suggest that they act as part of the CCM3-containing STRIPAK complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Suryavanshi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Joanna Furmston
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
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36
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Zhao W, Yang L, Chen X, Qian H, Zhang S, Chen Y, Luo R, Shao J, Liu H, Chen J. Phenotypic and functional characterization of tumor-derived endothelial cells isolated from primary human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:1149-1162. [PMID: 29956443 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) have been investigated using human tumor xenografts in mice models. In order to provide pure human TECs for the updating of clinical anti-angiogenic cancer therapy, in the present study we established a protocol of purification of TECs derived from clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and revealed the TEC features by in vitro and in vivo assays. METHODS We isolated TECs from fresh surgical resections of HCC by magnetic-activated cell sorting and purified by flow cytometry sorting upon CD31 expression, referred to as ECDHCCs. Next, we identified cultured ECDHCCs by morphology, phenotype, genotype, and functional assays. RESULTS The ECDHCCs appeared as Weibel-Palade bodies under electron microscopy. They expressed endothelial markers, such as CD31, CD105, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and expressed the genes that are associated with pro-angiogenesis, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, epiregulin, and programmed cell death 10. Functionally, ECDHCCs were capable of tube formation, wound healing, and Transwell migration in vitro. These in vitro behaviors were validated by in vivo Matrigel plug assay in mice. Finally, comparison of ECDHCC with the Hep-G2 liver cancer cell line showed there was no similarity of phenotype or function between these two types of cells. CONCLUSIONS Tumor endothelial cells derived from human HCC can be isolated and purified from clinical samples by flow cytometer. They have the endothelial phenotype and morphologic features and are capable of tube formation and migration. This study provides a useful model for researchers to study tumor angiogenesis and screening of candidate targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhao
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Suqing Zhang
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Runhua Luo
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Shao
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Qidong Cancer Registry, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, China
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37
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Nickel AC, Wan XY, Saban DV, Weng YL, Zhang S, Keyvani K, Sure U, Zhu Y. Loss of programmed cell death 10 activates tumor cells and leads to temozolomide-resistance in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2018; 141:31-41. [PMID: 30392087 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and incurable primary brain tumors. Identification of novel therapeutic targets is an urgent priority. Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10), a ubiquitously expressed apoptotic protein, has shown a dual function in different types of cancers and in chemo-resistance. Recently, we reported that PDCD10 was downregulated in human GBM. The aim of this study was to explore the function of PDCD10 in GBM cells. METHODS PDCD10 was knocked down in three GBM cell lines (U87, T98g and LN229) by lentiviral-mediated shRNA transduction. U87 and T98g transduced cells were used for phenotype study and LN229 and T98g cells were used for apoptosis study. The role of PDCD10 in apoptosis and chemo-resistance was investigated after treatment with staurosporine and temozolomide. A GBM xenograft mouse model was used to confirm the function of PDCD10 in vivo. A protein array was performed in PDCD10-knockdown and control GBM cells. RESULTS Knockdown of PDCD10 in GBM cells promoted cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. PDCD10-knockdown accelerated tumor growth and increased tumor mass by 2.1-fold and led to a chemo-resistance of mice treated with temozolomide. Immunostaining revealed extensive Ki67-positive cells and less activation of caspase-3 in PDCD10-knockdown tumors. The protein array demonstrated an increased release of multiple growth factors from PDCD10-knockdown GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS Loss of programmed cell death 10 activates tumor cells and leads to temozolomide-resistance in GBM, suggesting PDCD10 as a potential target for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Nickel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Xue-Yan Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dino-Vitali Saban
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Yin-Lun Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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38
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Poon CLC, Liu W, Song Y, Gomez M, Kulaberoglu Y, Zhang X, Xu W, Veraksa A, Hergovich A, Ghabrial A, Harvey KF. A Hippo-like Signaling Pathway Controls Tracheal Morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Cell 2018; 47:564-575.e5. [PMID: 30458981 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hippo-like pathways are ancient signaling modules first identified in yeasts. The best-defined metazoan module forms the core of the Hippo pathway, which regulates organ size and cell fate. Hippo-like kinase modules consist of a Sterile 20-like kinase, an NDR kinase, and non-catalytic protein scaffolds. In the Hippo pathway, the upstream kinase Hippo can be activated by another kinase, Tao-1. Here, we delineate a related Hippo-like signaling module that Tao-1 regulates to control tracheal morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Tao-1 activates the Sterile 20-like kinase GckIII by phosphorylating its activation loop, a mode of regulation that is conserved in humans. Tao-1 and GckIII act upstream of the NDR kinase Tricornered to ensure proper tube formation in trachea. Our study reveals that Tao-1 activates two related kinase modules to control both growth and morphogenesis. The Hippo-like signaling pathway we have delineated has a potential role in the human vascular disease cerebral cavernous malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Weijie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yanjun Song
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marta Gomez
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Amin Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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39
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Nardella G, Visci G, Guarnieri V, Castellana S, Biagini T, Bisceglia L, Palumbo O, Trivisano M, Vaira C, Scerrati M, Debrasi D, D'Angelo V, Carella M, Merla G, Mazza T, Castori M, D'Agruma L, Fusco C. A single-center study on 140 patients with cerebral cavernous malformations: 28 new pathogenic variants and functional characterization of a PDCD10 large deletion. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1885-1900. [PMID: 30161288 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a capillary malformation arising in the central nervous system. CCM may occur sporadically or cluster in families with autosomal dominant transmission, incomplete penetrance, and variable expressivity. Three genes are associated with CCM KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10. This work is a retrospective single-center molecular study on samples from multiple Italian clinical providers. From a pool of 317 CCM index patients, we found germline variants in either of the three genes in 80 (25.2%) probands, for a total of 55 different variants. In available families, extended molecular analysis found segregation in 60 additional subjects, for a total of 140 mutated individuals. From the 55 variants, 39 occurred in KRIT1 (20 novel), 8 in CCM2 (4 novel), and 8 in PDCD10 (4 novel). Effects of the three novel KRIT1 missense variants were characterized in silico. We also investigated a novel PDCD10 deletion spanning exon 4-10, on patient's fibroblasts, which showed significant reduction of interactions between KRIT1 and CCM2 encoded proteins and impaired autophagy process. This is the largest study in Italian CCM patients and expands the known mutational spectrum of KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10. Our approach highlights the relevance of seeking supporting information to pathogenicity of new variants for the improvement of management of CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Nardella
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Visci
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Stefano Castellana
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Luigi Bisceglia
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Vaira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Scerrati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Debrasi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Leonardo D'Agruma
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Carmela Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are manifested by microvascular lesions characterized by leaky endothelial cells with minimal intervening parenchyma predominantly in the central nervous system predisposed to hemorrhagic stroke, resulting in focal neurological defects. Till date, three proteins are implicated in this condition: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10). These multi-domain proteins form a protein complex via CCM2 that function as a docking site for the CCM signaling complex, which modulates many signaling pathways. Defects in the formation of this signaling complex have been shown to affect a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cell contact stability, vascular angiogenesis, oxidative damage protection and multiple biogenic events. In this review we provide an update on recent advances in structure and function of these CCM proteins, especially focusing on the signaling cascades involved in CCM pathogenesis and the resultant CCM cellular phenotypes in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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41
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Szymborska A, Gerhardt H. Hold Me, but Not Too Tight-Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions in Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029223. [PMID: 28851748 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions must perform seemingly incompatible tasks during vascular development-providing stable connections that prevent leakage, while allowing dynamic cellular rearrangements during sprouting, anastomosis, lumen formation, and functional remodeling of the vascular network. This review aims to highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms governing endothelial cell-cell adhesion in the context of vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymborska
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Genome-Wide Sequencing Reveals Small Nucleolar RNAs Downregulated in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1369-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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43
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Zhao H, Mleynek TM, Li DY. Dysregulated exocytosis of angiopoietin-2 drives cerebral cavernous malformation. Nat Med 2018; 22:971-3. [PMID: 27603130 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helong Zhao
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tara M Mleynek
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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44
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Long SL, Li YK, Xie YJ, Long ZF, Shi JF, Mo ZC. Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitor B Receptor: A Versatile Receptor with Multiple Functions and Actions. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1142-1150. [PMID: 29058484 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the reticulon protein family are predominantly distributed within the endoplasmic reticulum. The neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo) has three subtypes, including Nogo-A (200 kDa), Nogo-B (55 kDa), and Nogo-C (25 kDa). Nogo-A and Nogo-C are potent Nogos that are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system. Nogo-B, the splice variant of reticulon-4, is expressed widely in multiple human organ systems, including the liver, lung, kidney, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. Moreover, the Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) can interact with Nogo-B and can independently affect nervous system regeneration, the chemotaxis of endothelial cells, proliferation, and apoptosis. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that NgBR plays an important role in human pathophysiological processes, including lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, N-glycosylation, cell apoptosis, chemoresistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The pathophysiologic effects of NgBR have garnered increased attention, and the detection and enhancement of NgBR expression may be a novel approach to monitor the development and to improve the prognosis of relevant human clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lian Long
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Long
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Shi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Mo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China , Hengyang, China
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45
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You C, Zhao K, Dammann P, Keyvani K, Kreitschmann‐Andermahr I, Sure U, Zhu Y. EphB4 forward signalling mediates angiogenesis caused by CCM3/PDCD10-ablation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1848-1858. [PMID: 28371279 PMCID: PMC5571521 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CCM3, also named as PDCD10, is a ubiquitous protein expressed in nearly all tissues and in various types of cells. It is essential for vascular development and post-natal vessel maturation. Loss-of-function mutation of CCM3 predisposes for the familial form of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). We have previously shown that knock-down of CCM3 stimulated endothelial angiogenesis via impairing DLL4-Notch signalling; moreover, loss of endothelial CCM3 stimulated tumour angiogenesis and promoted tumour growth. The present study was designed to further elucidate the inside signalling pathway involved in CCM3-ablation-mediated angiogenesis. Here we report for the first time that silencing endothelial CCM3 led to a significant up-regulation of EphB4 mRNA and protein expression and to an increased kinase activity of EphB4, concomitantly accompanied by an activation of Erk1/2, which was reversed by treatment with the specific EphB4 kinase inhibitor NVP-BHG712 (NVP), indicating that silencing CCM3 activates EphB4 kinase forward signalling. Furthermore, treatment with NVP rescued the hyper-angiogenic phenotype induced by knock-down of endothelial CCM3 in vitro and in vivo. Additional study demonstrated that the activation of EphB4 forward signalling in endothelial cells under basal condition and after CCM3-silence was modulated by DLL4/Notch signalling, relying EphB4 at downstream of DLL4/Notch signalling. We conclude that angiogenesis induced by CCM3-silence is mediated by the activation of EphB4 forward signalling. The identified endothelial signalling pathway of CCM3-DLL4/Notch-EphB4-Erk1/2 may provide an insight into mechanism of CCM3-ablation-mediated angiogenesis and could potentially contribute to novel therapeutic concepts for disrupting aberrant angiogenesis in CCM and in hyper-vascularized tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao You
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | | | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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CCM2 and PAK4 act downstream of atrial natriuretic peptide signaling to promote cell spreading. Biochem J 2017; 474:1897-1918. [PMID: 28432261 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone released by the atrium in response to stretching forces. Via its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A), ANP maintains cardiovascular homeostasis by exerting diuretic, natriuretic, and hypotensive effects mediated, in part, by endothelial cells. Both in vivo and in vitro, ANP enhances endothelial barrier function by reducing RhoA activity and reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. We established mouse endothelial cells that stably express GC-A and used them to analyze the molecular mechanisms responsible for actin reorganization. Stimulation by ANP resulted in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and promotion of cell spreading. p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and cerebral cavernous malformations 2 (CCM2), a scaffold protein involved in a cerebrovascular disease, were required for the phosphorylation of MLC and promotion of cell spreading by ANP. Finally, in addition to the GC domain, the kinase homology domain of GC-A was also required for ANP/GC-A signaling. Our results indicate that CCM2 and PAK4 are important downstream mediators of ANP/GC-A signaling involved in cell spreading, an important initial step in the enhancement of endothelial barrier function.
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Combined HMG-COA reductase and prenylation inhibition in treatment of CCM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5503-5508. [PMID: 28500274 PMCID: PMC5448170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702942114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are common vascular anomalies that develop in the central nervous system and, more rarely, the retina. The lesions can cause headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hemorrhagic stroke. Symptomatic lesions are treated according to their presentation; however, targeted pharmacological therapies that improve the outcome of CCM disease are currently lacking. We performed a high-throughput screen to identify Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs or other bioactive compounds that could effectively suppress hyperproliferation of mouse brain primary astrocytes deficient for CCM3. We demonstrate that fluvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase and the N-bisphosphonate zoledronic acid monohydrate, an inhibitor of protein prenylation, act synergistically to reverse outcomes of CCM3 loss in cultured mouse primary astrocytes and in Drosophila glial cells in vivo. Further, the two drugs effectively attenuate neural and vascular deficits in chronic and acute mouse models of CCM3 loss in vivo, significantly reducing lesion burden and extending longevity. Sustained inhibition of the mevalonate pathway represents a potential pharmacological treatment option and suggests advantages of combination therapy for CCM disease.
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Excretory System: A Model for Tubulogenesis, Cell Fate Specification, and Plasticity. Genetics 2017; 203:35-63. [PMID: 27183565 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular tubes (canal, duct, and pore), a secretory gland, and two associated neurons. Just as in more complex organs, cells of the excretory system must first adopt specific identities and then coordinate diverse processes to form tubes of appropriate topology, shape, connectivity, and physiological function. The unicellular topology of excretory tubes, their varied and sometimes complex shapes, and the dynamic reprogramming of cell identity and remodeling of tube connectivity that occur during larval development are particularly fascinating features of this organ. The physiological roles of the excretory system in osmoregulation and other aspects of the animal's life cycle are only beginning to be explored. The cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways used to build and shape excretory tubes appear similar to those used in both unicellular and multicellular tubes in more complex organs, such as the vertebrate vascular system and kidney, making this simple organ system a useful model for understanding disease processes.
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Dejana E, Hirschi KK, Simons M. The molecular basis of endothelial cell plasticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14361. [PMID: 28181491 PMCID: PMC5309780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is capable of remarkable plasticity. In the embryo, primitive endothelial cells differentiate to acquire arterial, venous or lymphatic fates. Certain endothelial cells also undergo hematopoietic transition giving rise to multi-lineage hematopoietic stem and progenitors while others acquire mesenchymal properties necessary for heart development. In the adult, maintenance of differentiated endothelial state is an active process requiring constant signalling input. The failure to do so leads to the development of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition that plays an important role in pathogenesis of a number of diseases. A better understanding of these phenotypic changes may lead to development of new therapeutic interventions. Vascular endothelium possesses remarkable plasticity in response to cues from its surroundings, leading to great heterogeneity of endothelial cells in different vascular beds. Here the authors explain the molecular basis of endothelial plasticity during embryogenesis and in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Dejana
- Vascular Biology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20129, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovasc. Res. Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering New Haven, Connecticut CT06511, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut CT06511, USA
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Kar S, Bali KK, Baisantry A, Geffers R, Samii A, Bertalanffy H. Genome-Wide Sequencing Reveals MicroRNAs Downregulated in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:178-188. [PMID: 28181149 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are vascular lesions associated with loss-of-function mutations in one of the three genes encoding KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10. Recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to CCM development is limited. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in vascular pathologies resulting in loss of tight junction proteins, increased vascular permeability and endothelial cell dysfunction. Since the relevance of miRNAs in CCM pathophysiology has not been elucidated, the primary aim of the study was to identify the miRNA-mRNA expression network associated with CCM. Using small RNA sequencing, we identified a total of 764 matured miRNAs expressed in CCM patients compared to the healthy brains. The expression of the selected miRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were found to be consistent with the sequencing data. Upon application of additional statistical stringency, five miRNAs (let-7b-5p, miR-361-5p, miR-370-3p, miR-181a-2-3p, and miR-95-3p) were prioritized to be top CCM-relevant miRNAs. Further in silico analyses revealed that the prioritized miRNAs have a direct functional relation with mRNAs, such as MIB1, HIF1A, PDCD10, TJP1, OCLN, HES1, MAPK1, VEGFA, EGFL7, NF1, and ENG, which are previously characterized as key regulators of CCM pathology. To date, this is the first study to investigate the role of miRNAs in CCM pathology. By employing cutting edge molecular and in silico analyses on clinical samples, the current study reports global miRNA expression changes in CCM patients and provides a rich source of data set to understand detailed molecular machinery involved in CCM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kar
- International Neuroscience Institute, Rudolf-Pichlmayr-Strasse 4, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kiran Kumar Bali
- Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arpita Baisantry
- Department of Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Amir Samii
- International Neuroscience Institute, Rudolf-Pichlmayr-Strasse 4, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helmut Bertalanffy
- International Neuroscience Institute, Rudolf-Pichlmayr-Strasse 4, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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