1
|
Bagheri H, Friedman H, Hadwen A, Jarweh C, Cooper E, Oprea L, Guerrier C, Khadra A, Collin A, Cohen-Adad J, Young A, Victoriano GM, Swire M, Jarjour A, Bechler ME, Pryce RS, Chaurand P, Cougnaud L, Vuckovic D, Wilion E, Greene O, Nishiyama A, Benmamar-Badel A, Owens T, Grouza V, Tuznik M, Liu H, Rudko DA, Zhang J, Siminovitch KA, Peterson AC. Myelin basic protein mRNA levels affect myelin sheath dimensions, architecture, plasticity, and density of resident glial cells. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39023138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (Mbp) is essential for both elaboration and maintenance of CNS myelin, and its reduced accumulation results in hypomyelination. How different Mbp mRNA levels affect myelin dimensions across the lifespan and how resident glial cells may respond to such changes are unknown. Here, to investigate these questions, we used enhancer-edited mouse lines that accumulate Mbp mRNA levels ranging from 8% to 160% of wild type. In young mice, reduced Mbp mRNA levels resulted in corresponding decreases in Mbp protein accumulation and myelin sheath thickness, confirming the previously demonstrated rate-limiting role of Mbp transcription in the control of initial myelin synthesis. However, despite maintaining lower line specific Mbp mRNA levels into old age, both Mbp protein levels and myelin thickness improved or fully normalized at rates defined by the relative Mbp mRNA level. Sheath length, in contrast, was affected only when mRNA levels were very low, demonstrating that sheath thickness and length are not equally coupled to Mbp mRNA level. Striking abnormalities in sheath structure also emerged with reduced mRNA levels. Unexpectedly, an increase in the density of all glial cell types arose in response to reduced Mbp mRNA levels. This investigation extends understanding of the role Mbp plays in myelin sheath elaboration, architecture, and plasticity across the mouse lifespan and illuminates a novel axis of glial cell crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Bagheri
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hana Friedman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Hadwen
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Celia Jarweh
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ellis Cooper
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Oprea
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anmar Khadra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Armand Collin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Young
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Gerardo Mendez Victoriano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Swire
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Jarjour
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Marie E Bechler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rachel S Pryce
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lise Cougnaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elliott Wilion
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Owen Greene
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- The Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anouk Benmamar-Badel
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Grouza
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Rudko
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum and Toronto General Hospital Research Institutes, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine A Siminovitch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum and Toronto General Hospital Research Institutes, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan C Peterson
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deantoni M, Reyt M, Dourte M, de Haan S, Lesoinne A, Vandewalle G, Phillips C, Berthomier C, Maquet P, Muto V, Hammad G, Schmidt C, Baillet M. Circadian rapid eye movement sleep expression is associated with brain microstructural integrity in older adults. Commun Biol 2024; 7:758. [PMID: 38909162 PMCID: PMC11193799 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is increasingly suggested as a discriminant sleep state for subtle signs of age-related neurodegeneration. While REMS expression is under strong circadian control and circadian dysregulation increases with age, the association between brain aging and circadian REMS regulation has not yet been assessed. Here, we measure the circadian amplitude of REMS through a 40-h in-lab multiple nap protocol in controlled laboratory conditions, and brain microstructural integrity with quantitative multi-parameter mapping (MPM) imaging in 86 older individuals. We show that reduced circadian REMS amplitude is related to lower magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat), longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) and effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) values in several white matter regions mostly located around the lateral ventricles, and with lower R1 values in grey matter clusters encompassing the hippocampus, parahippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Our results further highlight the importance of considering circadian regulation for understanding the association between sleep and brain structure in older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Reyt
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marine Dourte
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stella de Haan
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Christophe Phillips
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Maquet
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Grégory Hammad
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Human Chronobiology and Sleep, University of Surrey, Guildford, England
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marion Baillet
- GIGA-CRC Human Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poggi G, Klaus F, Pryce CR. Pathophysiology in cortico-amygdala circuits and excessive aversion processing: the role of oligodendrocytes and myelination. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae140. [PMID: 38712320 PMCID: PMC11073757 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, present with alterations in emotional processing, including excessive processing of negative/aversive stimuli and events. The bidirectional human/primate brain circuit comprising anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala is of fundamental importance in processing emotional stimuli, and in rodents the medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit is to some extent analogous in structure and function. Here, we assess the comparative evidence for: (i) Anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex<->amygdala bidirectional neural circuits as major contributors to aversive stimulus processing; (ii) Structural and functional changes in anterior cingulate cortex<->amygdala circuit associated with excessive aversion processing in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, and in medial prefrontal cortex<->amygdala circuit in rodent models of chronic stress-induced increased aversion reactivity; and (iii) Altered status of oligodendrocytes and their oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelination in anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex<->amygdala circuits in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders and stress models. The comparative evidence from humans and rodents is that their respective anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex<->amygdala circuits are integral to adaptive aversion processing. However, at the sub-regional level, the anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex structure-function analogy is incomplete, and differences as well as similarities need to be taken into account. Structure-function imaging studies demonstrate that these neural circuits are altered in both human stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders and rodent models of stress-induced increased aversion processing. In both cases, the changes include altered white matter integrity, albeit the current evidence indicates that this is decreased in humans and increased in rodent models. At the cellular-molecular level, in both humans and rodents, the current evidence is that stress disorders do present with changes in oligodendrocyte lineage, oligodendrocytes and/or myelin in these neural circuits, but these changes are often discordant between and even within species. Nonetheless, by integrating the current comparative evidence, this review provides a timely insight into this field and should function to inform future studies-human, monkey and rodent-to ascertain whether or not the oligodendrocyte lineage and myelination are causally involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poggi
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Klaus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heller DT, Kolson DR, Brandebura AN, Amick EM, Wan J, Ramadan J, Holcomb PS, Liu S, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Qian J, Mathers PH, Spirou GA. Astrocyte ensheathment of calyx-forming axons of the auditory brainstem precedes accelerated expression of myelin genes and myelination by oligodendrocytes. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25552. [PMID: 37916792 PMCID: PMC10922096 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal brain development involves complex interactions among maturing neurons and glial cells that drive tissue organization. We previously analyzed gene expression in tissue from the mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) during the first postnatal week to study changes that surround rapid growth of the large calyx of Held (CH) nerve terminal. Here, we present genes that show significant changes in gene expression level during the second postnatal week, a developmental timeframe that brackets the onset of airborne sound stimulation and the early stages of myelination. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that many of these genes are related to the myelination process. Further investigation of these genes using a previously published cell type-specific bulk RNA-Seq data set in cortex and our own single-cell RNA-Seq data set in the MNTB revealed enrichment of these genes in the oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) cells. Combining the postnatal day (P)6-P14 microarray gene expression data with the previously published P0-P6 data provided fine temporal resolution to investigate the initiation and subsequent waves of gene expression related to OL cell maturation and the process of myelination. Many genes showed increasing expression levels between P2 and P6 in patterns that reflect OL cell maturation. Correspondingly, the first myelin proteins were detected by P4. Using a complementary, developmental series of electron microscopy 3D image volumes, we analyzed the temporal progression of axon wrapping and myelination in the MNTB. By employing a combination of established ultrastructural criteria to classify reconstructed early postnatal glial cells in the 3D volumes, we demonstrated for the first time that astrocytes within the mouse MNTB extensively wrap the axons of the growing CH terminal prior to OL cell wrapping and compaction of myelin. Our data revealed significant expression of several myelin genes and enrichment of multiple genes associated with lipid metabolism in astrocytes, which may subserve axon wrapping in addition to myelin formation. The transition from axon wrapping by astrocytes to OL cells occurs rapidly between P4 and P9 and identifies a potential new role of astrocytes in priming calyceal axons for subsequent myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R. Kolson
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ashley N. Brandebura
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Emily M. Amick
- Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jun Wan
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Paul S. Holcomb
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Sheng Liu
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas J. Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter H. Mathers
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rassul SM, Otsu M, Styles IB, Neely RK, Fulton D. Single-molecule tracking of myelin basic protein during oligodendrocyte differentiation. BIOLOGICAL IMAGING 2023; 3:e24. [PMID: 38510175 PMCID: PMC10951920 DOI: 10.1017/s2633903x23000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to expand our understanding of myelin basic protein (MBP), a key component of central nervous system myelin, by developing a protocol to track and quantifying individual MBP particles during oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation. MBP particle directionality, confinement, and diffusion were tracked by rapid TIRF and HILO imaging of Dendra2 tagged MBP in three stages of mouse oligodendroglia: OL precursors, early myelinating OLs, and mature myelinating OLs. The directionality and confinement of MBP particles increased at each stage consistent with progressive transport toward, and recruitment into, emerging myelin structures. Unexpectedly, diffusion data presented a more complex pattern with subpopulations of the most diffusive particles disappearing at the transition between the precursor and early myelinating stage, before reemerging in the membrane sheets of mature OLs. This diversity of particle behaviors, which would be undetectable by conventional ensemble-averaged methods, are consistent with a multifunctional view of MBP involving roles in myelin expansion and compaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M. Rassul
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences Training Programme, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Masahiro Otsu
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Braizon Therapeutics, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Iain B. Styles
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robert K. Neely
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carrillo-Barberà P, Rondelli AM, Morante-Redolat JM, Vernay B, Williams A, Bankhead P. AimSeg: A machine-learning-aided tool for axon, inner tongue and myelin segmentation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010845. [PMID: 37976310 PMCID: PMC10691719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) images of axons and their ensheathing myelin from both the central and peripheral nervous system are used for assessing myelin formation, degeneration (demyelination) and regeneration (remyelination). The g-ratio is the gold standard measure of assessing myelin thickness and quality, and traditionally is determined from measurements made manually from EM images-a time-consuming endeavour with limited reproducibility. These measurements have also historically neglected the innermost uncompacted myelin sheath, known as the inner tongue. Nonetheless, the inner tongue has been shown to be important for myelin growth and some studies have reported that certain conditions can elicit its enlargement. Ignoring this fact may bias the standard g-ratio analysis, whereas quantifying the uncompacted myelin has the potential to provide novel insights in the myelin field. In this regard, we have developed AimSeg, a bioimage analysis tool for axon, inner tongue and myelin segmentation. Aided by machine learning classifiers trained on transmission EM (TEM) images of tissue undergoing remyelination, AimSeg can be used either as an automated workflow or as a user-assisted segmentation tool. Validation results on TEM data from both healthy and remyelinating samples show good performance in segmenting all three fibre components, with the assisted segmentation showing the potential for further improvement with minimal user intervention. This results in a considerable reduction in time for analysis compared with manual annotation. AimSeg could also be used to build larger, high quality ground truth datasets to train novel deep learning models. Implemented in Fiji, AimSeg can use machine learning classifiers trained in ilastik. This, combined with a user-friendly interface and the ability to quantify uncompacted myelin, makes AimSeg a unique tool to assess myelin growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Carrillo-Barberà
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Maria Rondelli
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Manuel Morante-Redolat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre d’imagerie, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7104—Inserm U 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bankhead
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Pathology and CRUK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bey GR, Padiath QS. Enhanced differentiation of the mouse oli-neu oligodendroglial cell line using optimized culture conditions. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:161. [PMID: 37542275 PMCID: PMC10401818 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oligodendrocytes (OL) are the glial cell type in the CNS that are responsible for myelin formation. The ability to culture OLs in vitro has provided critical insights into the mechanisms underlying their function. However, primary OL cultures are tedious to obtain, difficult to propagate and are not easily conducive to genetic manipulation. To overcome these obstacles, researchers have generated immortalized OL like cell lines derived from various species. One such cell line is the mouse Oli-neu line which is thought to recapitulate characteristics of OLs in early stages of maturity. They have been extensively utilized in multiple studies as surrogates for OLs, especially in analyzing epigenetic modifications and regulatory pathways in the OL lineage. RESULTS In this report we present the development of optimized culture media and growth conditions that greatly facilitate the differentiation of Oli-neu cells. Oli-neu cells differentiated using these new protocols exhibit a higher expression of myelin related genes and increased branching, both of which are defining characteristics of mature OLs, when compared to previous culture protocols. We envision that these new culture conditions will greatly facilitate the use of Oli-neu cells and enhance their ability to recapitulate the salient features of primary OLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rodriguez Bey
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Quasar Saleem Padiath
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin F. Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise. FEBS J 2023; 290:1420-1453. [PMID: 34997690 PMCID: PMC9259766 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of disease-modifying therapeutics. While the abnormal accumulation of lipids was described in the very first report of AD neuropathology, it was not until recent decades that lipid dyshomeostasis became a focus of AD research. Clinically, lipidomic and metabolomic studies have consistently shown alterations in the levels of various lipid classes emerging in early stages of AD brains. Mechanistically, decades of discovery research have revealed multifaceted interactions between lipid metabolism and key AD pathogenic mechanisms including amyloidogenesis, bioenergetic deficit, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and myelin degeneration. In the present review, converging evidence defining lipid dyshomeostasis in AD is summarized, followed by discussions on mechanisms by which lipid metabolism contributes to pathogenesis and modifies disease risk. Furthermore, lipid-targeting therapeutic strategies, and the modification of their efficacy by disease stage, ApoE status, and metabolic and vascular profiles, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang T, Bae HG, Bhambri A, Zhang Y, Barbosa D, Xue J, Wazir S, Mulinyawe SB, Kim JH, Sun LO. Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis pathways to control myelination specificity and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.31.522394. [PMID: 36712125 PMCID: PMC9881874 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.31.522394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the sole myelin producing cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte numbers are tightly controlled across diverse brain regions to match local axon type and number, but the underlying mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. Here, we show that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that promotes cell survival under canonical settings, elicits premyelinating oligodendrocyte apoptosis during development and regulates critical aspects of nerve pulse propagation. Autophagy flux is increased in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and its genetic blockage causes ectopic oligodendrocyte survival throughout the entire brain. Autophagy acts in the TFEB-Bax/Bak pathway and elevates PUMA mRNA levels to trigger premyelinating oligodendrocyte apoptosis cell-autonomously. Autophagy continuously functions in the myelinating oligodendrocytes to limit myelin sheath numbers and fine-tune nerve pulse propagation. Our results provide in vivo evidence showing that autophagy promotes apoptosis in mammalian cells under physiological conditions and reveal key intrinsic mechanisms governing oligodendrocyte number. HIGHLIGHTS Autophagy flux increases in the premyelinating and myelinating oligodendrocytesAutophagy promotes premyelinating oligodendrocyte (pre-OL) apoptosis to control myelination location and timing Autophagy acts in the TFEB-PUMA-Bax/Bak pathway and elevates PUMA mRNA levels to determine pre-OL fate Autophagy continuously functions in the myelinating oligodendrocytes to limit myelin sheath thickness and finetune nerve pulse propagation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sarmah RJ, Kundu S. Stable layers of pure myelin basic protein (MBP): Structure, morphology and hysteresis behaviours. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.130973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
11
|
van den Bosch AMR, Hümmert S, Steyer A, Ruhwedel T, Hamann J, Smolders J, Nave KA, Stadelmann C, Kole MHP, Möbius W, Huitinga I. Ultrastructural Axon-Myelin Unit Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis Correlate with Inflammation. Ann Neurol 2022; 93:856-870. [PMID: 36565265 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) may contribute to disease progression. Here, we systematically quantified ultrastructural and subcellular characteristics of the axon-myelin unit in MS NAWM and determined how this correlates with low-grade inflammation. METHODS Human brain tissue obtained with short postmortem delay and fixation at autopsy enables systematic quantification of ultrastructural characteristics. In this study, we performed high-resolution immunohis tochemistry and quantitative transmission electron microscopy to study inflammation and ultrastructural characteristics of the axon-myelin unit in MS NAWM (n = 8) and control white matter (WM) in the optic nerve. RESULTS In the MS NAWM, there were more activated and phagocytic microglia cells (HLA+ P2RY12- and Iba1+ CD68+ ) and more T cells (CD3+ ) compared to control WM, mainly located in the perivascular space. In MS NAWM compared to control WM, there were, as expected, longer paranodes and juxtaparanodes and larger overlap between paranodes and juxtaparanodes. There was less compact myelin wrapping, a lower g-ratio, and a higher frequency of axonal mitochondria. Changes in myelin and axonal mitochondrial frequency correlated positively with the number of active and phagocytic microglia and lymphocytes in the optic nerve. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that in MS NAWM myelin detachment and uncompact myelin wrapping occurs, potassium channels are unmasked at the nodes of Ranvier, and axonal energy demand is increased, or mitochondrial transport is stagnated, accompanied by increased presence of activated and phagocytic microglia and T cells. These subclinical alterations to the axon-myelin unit in MS NAWM may contribute to disease progression. ANN NEUROL 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aletta M R van den Bosch
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Hümmert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Immunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center ErasMS, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maarten H P Kole
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pijuan I, Balducci E, Soto-Sánchez C, Fernández E, Barallobre MJ, Arbonés ML. Impaired macroglial development and axonal conductivity contributes to the neuropathology of DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19912. [PMID: 36402907 PMCID: PMC9675854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct development and activity of neurons and glial cells is necessary to establish proper brain connectivity. DYRK1A encodes a protein kinase involved in the neuropathology associated with Down syndrome that influences neurogenesis and the morphological differentiation of neurons. DYRK1A loss-of-function mutations in heterozygosity cause a well-recognizable syndrome of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we analysed the developmental trajectories of macroglial cells and the properties of the corpus callosum, the major white matter tract of the brain, in Dyrk1a+/- mice, a mouse model that recapitulates the main neurological features of DYRK1A syndrome. We found that Dyrk1a+/- haploinsufficient mutants present an increase in astrogliogenesis in the neocortex and a delay in the production of cortical oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and their progression along the oligodendroglial lineage. There were fewer myelinated axons in the corpus callosum of Dyrk1a+/- mice, axons that are thinner and with abnormal nodes of Ranvier. Moreover, action potential propagation along myelinated and unmyelinated callosal axons was slower in Dyrk1a+/- mutants. All these alterations are likely to affect neuronal circuit development and alter network synchronicity, influencing higher brain functions. These alterations highlight the relevance of glial cell abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pijuan
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Balducci
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Soto-Sánchez
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Instituto de Bioingeniería, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain ,grid.429738.30000 0004 1763 291XCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Instituto de Bioingeniería, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain ,grid.429738.30000 0004 1763 291XCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - María José Barallobre
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L. Arbonés
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Valenza M, Facchinetti R, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Palmitoylethanolamide and White Matter Lesions: Evidence for Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091191. [PMID: 36139030 PMCID: PMC9496237 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), the naturally occurring amide of ethanolamine and palmitic acid, is an endogenous lipid compound endowed with a plethora of pharmacological functions, including analgesic, neuroprotective, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the properties of PEA were first characterized nearly 65 years ago, the identity of the receptor mediating these actions has long remained elusive, causing a period of research stasis. In the last two decades, a renewal of interest in PEA occurred, and a series of interesting studies have demonstrated the pharmacological properties of PEA and clarified its mechanisms of action. Recent findings showed the ability of formulations containing PEA in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation, which represents the first step for the proper formation of myelin. This evidence opens new and promising research opportunities. White matter defects have been detected in a vast and heterogeneous group of diseases, including age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we summarize the history and pharmacology of PEA and discuss its therapeutic potential in restoring white matter defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Università Giustino Fortunato, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brandebura AN, Kolson DR, Amick EM, Ramadan J, Kersting MC, Nichol RH, Holcomb PS, Mathers PH, Stoilov P, Spirou GA. Transcriptional profiling reveals roles of intercellular Fgf9 signaling in astrocyte maturation and synaptic refinement during brainstem development. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102176. [PMID: 35753346 PMCID: PMC9304775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue maturation is a coordinated process under tight transcriptional control. We previously analyzed the kinetics of gene expression in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in the brainstem during the critical postnatal phase of its development. While this work revealed timed execution of transcriptional programs, it was blind to the specific cells where gene expression changes occurred. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA-Seq to determine transcriptional profiles of each major MNTB cell type. We discerned directional signaling patterns between neuronal, glial, and vascular-associated cells for VEGF, TGFβ, and Delta-Notch pathways during a robust period of vascular remodeling in the MNTB. Furthermore, we describe functional outcomes of the disruption of neuron-astrocyte fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) signaling. We used a conditional KO (cKO) approach to genetically delete Fgf9 from principal neurons in the MNTB, which led to an early onset of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) expression in astrocytes. In turn, Fgf9 cKO mice show increased levels of astrocyte-enriched brevican (Bcan), a component of the perineuronal net matrix that ensheaths principal neurons in the MNTB and the large calyx of Held terminal, while levels of the neuron-enriched hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (Hapln1) were unchanged. Finally, volumetric analysis of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (Vglut1/2), which serves as a proxy for terminal size, revealed an increase in calyx of Held volume in the Fgf9 cKO. Overall, we demonstrate a coordinated neuron-astrocyte Fgf9 signaling network that functions to regulate astrocyte maturation, perineuronal net structure, and synaptic refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Brandebura
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Douglas R Kolson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Emily M Amick
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew C Kersting
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Robert H Nichol
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Paul S Holcomb
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Peter H Mathers
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | - George A Spirou
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Joshi P, Bisht A, Joshi S, Semwal D, Nema NK, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. Ameliorating potential of curcumin and its analogue in central nervous system disorders and related conditions: A review of molecular pathways. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3143-3180. [PMID: 35790042 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one of the broadly studied phytomolecule owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and has been considered a promising therapeutic candidate in a wide range of disorders. Considering, its low bioavailability, different curcumin analogs have been developed to afford desired pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic outcome in varied pathological states. Several preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that curcumin ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress apoptosis-mediated neural cell degeneration and could effectively be utilized in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, in this review, we have summarized key findings of experimental and clinical studies conducted on curcumin and its analogues with special emphasis on molecular pathways, viz. NF-kB, Nrf2-ARE, glial activation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, SOCS/JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 /MyD88 /p38 MAPK, JNK, iNOS/NO, and MMP pathways involved in imparting ameliorative effects in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders and associated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.,R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akansha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushil Joshi
- R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Semwal
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Nema
- Paramount Kumkum Private Limited, Prestige Meridian-1, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Restores Oligodendrocyte Homeostasis via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α in an In Vitro Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061236. [PMID: 35740258 PMCID: PMC9219769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are cells fundamental for brain functions as they form the myelin sheath and feed axons. They perform these critical functions thanks to the cooperation with other glial cells, mainly astrocytes. The astrocyte/oligodendrocyte crosstalk needs numerous mediators and receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR agonists promote oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) maturation in myelinating oligodendrocytes. In the Alzheimer’s disease brain, deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) has been linked to several alterations, including astrogliosis and changes in OPCs maturation. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms. Here, we investigated for the first time the maturation of OPCs co-cultured with astrocytes in an in vitro model of Aβ1–42 toxicity. We also tested the potential beneficial effect of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective composite palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut), which is known to engage the isoform alfa of the PPARs. Our results show that Aβ1–42 triggers astrocyte reactivity and inflammation and reduces the levels of growth factors important for OPCs maturation. Oligodendrocytes indeed show low cell surface area and few arborizations. Co-ultra PEALut counteracts the Aβ1–42-induced inflammation and astrocyte reactivity preserving the morphology of co-cultured oligodendrocytes through a mechanism that in some cases involves PPAR-α. This is the first evidence of the negative effects exerted by Aβ1–42 on astrocyte/oligodendrocyte crosstalk and discloses a never-explored co-ultra PEALut ability in restoring oligodendrocyte homeostasis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR. Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35526004 PMCID: PMC9077942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary consumption of cuprizone – a copper chelator – has long been known to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple sclerosis. Despite the extensive use of cuprizone, the mechanism by which it induces demyelination are still unknown. With this review we provide an updated understanding of this model, by showcasing two distinct yet overlapping modes of action for cuprizone-induced demyelination; 1) damage originating from within the oligodendrocyte, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or reduced myelin protein synthesis. We term this mode of action ‘intrinsic cell damage’. And 2) damage to the oligodendrocyte exerted by inflammatory molecules, brain resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia or peripheral immune cells – neutrophils or T-cells. We term this mode of action ‘extrinsic cellular damage’. Lastly, we summarize recent developments in research on different forms of cell death induced by cuprizone, which could add valuable insights into the mechanisms of cuprizone toxicity. With this review we hope to provide a modern understanding of cuprizone-induced demyelination to understand the causes behind the demyelination in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zirngibl
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Sizov
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Transcriptome Analysis of Schwann Cells at Various Stages of Myelination Implicates Chromatin Regulator Sin3A in Control of Myelination Identity. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:720-740. [DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
19
|
Rahn RM, Brier LM, Bice AR, Reisman MD, Dougherty JD, Culver JP. Functional Connectivity of the Developing Mouse Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:1755-1768. [PMID: 34498678 PMCID: PMC9016285 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have established a variety of structural, synaptic, and cell physiological changes corresponding to critical periods in cortical development. However, the emergence of functional connectivity (FC) in development has not been fully characterized, and hemodynamic-based measures are vulnerable to any neurovascular coupling changes occurring in parallel. We therefore used optical fluorescence imaging to trace longitudinal calcium FC in the awake, resting-state mouse cortex at 5 developmental timepoints beginning at postnatal day 15 (P15) and ending in early adulthood at P60. Calcium FC displayed coherent functional maps as early as P15, and FC significantly varied in connections between many regions across development, with the developmental trajectory's shape specific to the functional region. Evaluating 325 seed-seed connections, we found that there was a significant increase in FC between P15 and P22 over the majority of the cortex as well as bilateral connectivity and node degree differences in frontal, motor, and retrosplenial cortices after P22. A rebalancing of inter- and intrahemispheric FC and local-distal FC dominance was also observed during development. This longitudinal developmental calcium FC study therefore provides a resource dataset to the field and identifies periods of dynamic change which cross-sectional studies may target for examination of disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Rahn
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lindsey M Brier
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Reisman
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scalabrino G. Newly Identified Deficiencies in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System and Their Impact on the Remyelination Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040815. [PMID: 35453565 PMCID: PMC9026986 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic and controversial. Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and allow saltatory nerve conduction. MS brings about the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). The conundrum of remyelination failure is, therefore, crucial in MS. In this review, the roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF), normal prions, and cobalamin in CNS myelinogenesis are briefly summarized. Thereafter, some findings of other authors and ourselves on MS and MS-like models are recapitulated, because they have shown that: (a) EGF is significantly decreased in the CNS of living or deceased MS patients; (b) its repeated administration to mice in various MS-models prevents demyelination and inflammatory reaction; (c) as was the case for EGF, normal prion levels are decreased in the MS CNS, with a strong correspondence between liquid and tissue levels; and (d) MS cobalamin levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but decreased in the spinal cord. In fact, no remyelination can occur in MS if these molecules (essential for any form of CNS myelination) are lacking. Lastly, other non-immunological MS abnormalities are reviewed. Together, these results have led to a critical reassessment of MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF has little or no role in immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Francis AT, Manifold B, Carlson EC, Hu R, Hill AH, Men S, Fu D. In vivo simultaneous nonlinear absorption Raman and fluorescence (SNARF) imaging of mouse brain cortical structures. Commun Biol 2022; 5:222. [PMID: 35273325 PMCID: PMC8913696 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free multiphoton microscopy is a powerful platform for biomedical imaging. Recent advancements have demonstrated the capabilities of transient absorption microscopy (TAM) for label-free quantification of hemoglobin and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy for pathological assessment of label-free virtual histochemical staining. We propose the combination of TAM and SRS with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to characterize, quantify, and compare hemodynamics, vessel structure, cell density, and cell identity in vivo between age groups. In this study, we construct a simultaneous nonlinear absorption, Raman, and fluorescence (SNARF) microscope with the highest reported in vivo imaging depth for SRS and TAM at 250–280 μm to enable these multimodal measurements. Using machine learning, we predict capillary-lining cell identities with 90% accuracy based on nuclear morphology and capillary relationship. The microscope and methodology outlined herein provides an exciting route to study several research topics, including neurovascular coupling, blood-brain barrier, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study a microscope is constructed that carries out simultaneous nonlinear absorption, Raman, and fluorescence (SNARF). Machine learning is then used to predict capillary-lining cell identities with 90% accuracy based on nuclear morphology and capillary relationship, which in combination with the developed microscope, can provide a means to study several fields such as neurovascular coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elena C Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pappaianni E, Borsarini B, Doucet GE, Hochman A, Frangou S, Micali N. Initial evidence of abnormal brain plasticity in anorexia nervosa: an ultra-high field study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2589. [PMID: 35173174 PMCID: PMC8850617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa has been associated with white matter abnormalities implicating subcortical abnormal myelination. Extending these findings to intracortical myelin has been challenging but ultra-high field neuroimaging offers new methodological opportunities. To test the integrity of intracortical myelin in AN we used 7 T neuroimaging to acquire T1-weighted images optimized for intracortical myelin from seven females with AN (age range: 18-33) and 11 healthy females (age range: 23-32). Intracortical T1 values (inverse index of myelin concentration) were extracted from 148 cortical regions at ten depth-levels across the cortical ribbon. Across all cortical regions, these levels were averaged to generate estimates of total intracortical myelin concentration and were clustered using principal component analyses into two clusters; the outer cluster comprised T1 values across depth-levels ranging from the CSF boundary to the middle of the cortical regions and the inner cluster comprised T1 values across depth-levels ranging from the middle of the cortical regions to the gray/white matter boundary. Individuals with AN exhibited higher T1 values (i.e., decreased intracortical myelin concentration) in all three metrics. It remains to be established if these abnormalities result from undernutrition or specific lipid nutritional imbalances, or are trait markers; and whether they may contribute to neurobiological deficits seen in AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pappaianni
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 2 Rue Verte, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Borsarini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 2 Rue Verte, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ayelet Hochman
- Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 2 Rue Verte, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosis and myelination: Insights from the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2022; 70:1215-1250. [PMID: 35107839 PMCID: PMC9302634 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), an imbalance between demyelination and remyelination can trigger progressive degenerative processes. The clearance of myelin debris (phagocytosis) from the site of demyelination by microglia is critically important to achieve adequate remyelination and to slow the progression of the disease. However, how microglia phagocytose the myelin debris, and why clearance is impaired in MS, is not fully known; likewise, the role of the microglia in remyelination remains unclear. Recent studies using cuprizone (CPZ) as an animal model of central nervous system demyelination revealed that the up‐regulation of signaling proteins in microglia facilitates effective phagocytosis of myelin debris. Moreover, during demyelination, protective mediators are released from activated microglia, resulting in the acceleration of remyelination in the CPZ model. In contrast, inadequate microglial activation or recruitment to the site of demyelination, and the production of toxic mediators, impairs remyelination resulting in progressive demyelination. In addition to the microglia‐mediated phagocytosis, astrocytes play an important role in the phagocytic process by recruiting microglia to the site of demyelination and producing regenerative mediators. The current review is an update of these emerging findings from the CPZ animal model, discussing the roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosis and myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences and Faculty of Mathematics & Science, Brock University, St. Cathari, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eugenin von Bernhardi J, Dimou L. Oligodendrogenesis is a key process for cognitive performance improvement induced by voluntary physical activity. Glia 2022; 70:1052-1067. [PMID: 35104015 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells and enhances neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus resulting in hippocampal circuit remodeling and cognitive enhancement. Nonetheless, knowledge of other neural progenitors affected by PA and the mechanisms through which they could contribute to circuit plasticity and cognitive enhancement are still poorly understood. In this work we demonstrated that NG2-glia, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, show enhanced proliferation and differentiation in response to voluntary PA in a brain region-dependent manner in adult mice. Surprisingly, preventing NG2-glia differentiation during enhanced PA abolishes the exercise-associated cognitive improvement without affecting neurogenesis or baseline learning capacity. Thus, here we provided new evidence highlighting the requirement of oligodendrogenesis for exercise induced-cognition enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenin von Bernhardi
- Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Graduate School for Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Graduate School for Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 Expression in Anatomical Regions and Cell Types of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020978. [PMID: 35055164 PMCID: PMC8781598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the optic nerve is one of the most myelinated tracts in the central nervous system (CNS), many myelin diseases affect the visual system. In this sense, our laboratory has recently reported that the GTPases R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are essential for oligodendrocyte survival and maturation. Hypomyelination produced by the absence of one or both proteins triggers axonal degeneration and loss of visual and motor function. However, little is known about R-Ras specificity and other possible roles that they could play in the CNS. In this work, we describe how a lack of R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 could not be compensated by increased expression of the closely related R-Ras3 or classical Ras. We further studied R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 expression within different CNS anatomical regions, finding that both were more abundant in less-myelinated regions, suggesting their expression in non-oligodendroglial cells. Finally, using confocal immunostaining colocalization, we report for the first time that R-Ras2 is specifically expressed in neurons. Neither microglia nor astrocytes expressed R-Ras1 or R-Ras2. These results open a new avenue for the study of neuronal R-Ras2’s contribution to the process of myelination.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pardo B, Herrada-Soler E, Satrústegui J, Contreras L, del Arco A. AGC1 Deficiency: Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:528. [PMID: 35008954 PMCID: PMC8745132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AGC1/Aralar/Slc25a12 is the mitochondrial carrier of aspartate-glutamate, the regulatory component of the NADH malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that transfers cytosolic redox power to neuronal mitochondria. The deficiency in AGC1/Aralar leads to the human rare disease named "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 39" (EIEE 39, OMIM # 612949) characterized by epilepsy, hypotonia, arrested psychomotor neurodevelopment, hypo myelination and a drastic drop in brain aspartate (Asp) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Current evidence suggest that neurons are the main brain cell type expressing Aralar. However, paradoxically, glial functions such as myelin and Glutamine (Gln) synthesis are markedly impaired in AGC1 deficiency. Herein, we discuss the role of the AGC1/Aralar-MAS pathway in neuronal functions such as Asp and NAA synthesis, lactate use, respiration on glucose, glutamate (Glu) oxidation and other neurometabolic aspects. The possible mechanism triggering the pathophysiological findings in AGC1 deficiency, such as epilepsy and postnatal hypomyelination observed in humans and mice, are also included. Many of these mechanisms arise from findings in the aralar-KO mice model that extensively recapitulate the human disease including the astroglial failure to synthesize Gln and the dopamine (DA) mishandling in the nigrostriatal system. Epilepsy and DA mishandling are a direct consequence of the metabolic defect in neurons due to AGC1/Aralar deficiency. However, the deficits in myelin and Gln synthesis may be a consequence of neuronal affectation or a direct effect of AGC1/Aralar deficiency in glial cells. Further research is needed to clarify this question and delineate the transcellular metabolic fluxes that control brain functions. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches successfully used in AGC1-deficient patients and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Herrada-Soler
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Contreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli del Arco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kang M, Yao Y. Laminin regulates oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Glia 2021; 70:414-429. [PMID: 34773273 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the cells that myelinate axons and provide trophic support to neurons in the CNS. Their dysfunction has been associated with a group of disorders known as demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocytes are derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which differentiate into premyelinating oligodendrocytes and eventually mature oligodendrocytes. The development and function of oligodendrocytes are tightly regulated by a variety of molecules, including laminin, a major protein of the extracellular matrix. Accumulating evidence suggests that laminin actively regulates every aspect of oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. How can laminin exert such diverse functions in oligodendrocytes? It is speculated that the distinct laminin isoforms, laminin receptors, and/or key signaling molecules expressed in oligodendrocytes at different developmental stages are the reasons. Understanding molecular targets and signaling pathways unique to each aspect of oligodendrocyte biology will enable more accurate manipulation of oligodendrocyte development and function, which may have implications in the therapies of demyelinating diseases. Here in this review, we first introduce oligodendrocyte biology, followed by the expression of laminin and laminin receptors in oligodendrocytes and other CNS cells. Next, the functions of laminin in oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination, are discussed in detail. Last, key questions and challenges in the field are discussed. By providing a comprehensive review on laminin's roles in OL lineage cells, we hope to stimulate novel hypotheses and encourage new research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hess JL, Radonjić NV, Patak J, Glatt SJ, Faraone SV. Autophagy, apoptosis, and neurodevelopmental genes might underlie selective brain region vulnerability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6643-6654. [PMID: 33339955 PMCID: PMC8760041 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale brain imaging studies by the ENIGMA Consortium identified structural changes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is not clear why some brain regions are impaired and others spared by the etiological risks for ADHD. We hypothesized that spatial variation in brain cell organization and/or pathway expression levels contribute to selective brain region vulnerability (SBRV) in ADHD. In this study, we used the largest available collection of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results from the ADHD ENIGMA Consortium (subcortical MRI n = 3242; cortical MRI n = 4180) along with high-resolution postmortem brain microarray data from Allen Brain Atlas (donors n = 6) from 22 brain regions to investigate our SBRV hypothesis. We performed deconvolution of the bulk transcriptomic data to determine abundances of neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the brain. We assessed the relationships between gene-set expression levels, cell abundance, and standardized effect sizes representing regional changes in brain sizes in cases of ADHD. Our analysis yielded significant correlations between apoptosis, autophagy, and neurodevelopment genes with smaller brain sizes in ADHD, along with associations to regional abundances of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The lack of enrichment of common genetic risk variants for ADHD within implicated gene sets suggests an environmental etiology to these differences. This work provides novel mechanistic clues about SBRV in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Hess
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jameson Patak
- Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Han D, Zhang B, Dong J, Yang B, Peng Y, Wang J, Wang L. 1,2-Dimyristoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine promotes the adhesion of nanoparticles to bio-membranes and transport in rat brain. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35455-35462. [PMID: 35493146 PMCID: PMC9043267 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01737c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) coated on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has advantages in neurotherapy and drug delivery. In this study, the surface of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-SPIONs was modified with DMPC, then PVP-SPIONs and DMPC/PVP-SPIONs were co-incubated with rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells to observe the effect of DMPC on the distribution of SPIONs in cells, and further PVP-SPIONs and DMPC/PVP-SPIONs were implanted into the substantia nigra of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by stereotaxic injection, and the brain tissues were removed at both twenty-four hours and seven days after injection. The distribution and transport of nanoparticles in the substantia nigra in vivo were explored in these different time periods. The results show that DMPC/PVP-SPIONs were effectively distributed on the membranes of axons, as well as dendritic and myelin sheaths. The attachment of nanoparticles to bio-membranes in the brain could result from similar phospholipid structures of DMPC and the membranes. In addition, DMPC/PVP-SPIONs were transported in the brain faster than those without DMPC. In vitro experiments found that DMPC/PVP-SPIONs enter cells more easily. These characteristics of iron oxide nanoparticles that are modified by phospholipids lead to potential applications in drug delivery or activating neuron membrane channels. 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) coated on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has advantages in neurotherapy and drug delivery.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous and Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology Guilin 541004 Guangxi China .,Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541004 China
| | - Baolin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous and Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology Guilin 541004 Guangxi China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541004 China
| | - Boning Yang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 Guangxi China
| | - Yuntao Peng
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541004 China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541004 China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541004 China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Defective myelination in an RNA polymerase III mutant leukodystrophic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024378118. [PMID: 34583988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024378118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase (Pol) III synthesizes abundant short noncoding RNAs that have essential functions in protein synthesis, secretion, and other processes. Despite the ubiquitous functions of these RNAs, mutations in Pol III subunits cause Pol III-related leukodystrophy, an early-onset neurodegenerative disease. The basis of this neural sensitivity and the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis are unknown. Here we show that mice expressing pathogenic mutations in the largest Pol III subunit, Polr3a, specifically in Olig2-expressing cells, have impaired growth and developmental delay, deficits in cognitive, sensory, and fine sensorimotor function, and hypomyelination in multiple regions of the cerebrum and spinal cord. These phenotypes reflect a subset of clinical features seen in patients. In contrast, the gross motor defects and cerebellar hypomyelination that are common features of severely affected patients are absent in the mice, suggesting a relatively mild form of the disease in this conditional model. Our results show that disease pathogenesis in the mice involves defects that reduce both the number of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes and the ability of these cells to produce a myelin sheath of normal thickness. The findings suggest unique sensitivities of oligodendrogenesis and myelination to perturbations of Pol III transcription.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Myelin is a key evolutionary specialization and adaptation of vertebrates formed by the plasma membrane of glial cells, which insulate axons in the nervous system. Myelination not only allows rapid and efficient transmission of electric impulses in the axon by decreasing capacitance and increasing resistance but also influences axonal metabolism and the plasticity of neural circuits. In this review, we will focus on Schwann cells, the glial cells which form myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we will describe the main extrinsic and intrinsic signals inducing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination and how myelin biogenesis is achieved. Finally, we will also discuss how the study of human disorders in which molecules and pathways relevant for myelination are altered has enormously contributed to the current knowledge on myelin biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bolino
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Enriched Environment Enhances the Myelin Regulatory Factor by mTOR Signaling and Protects the Myelin Membrane Against Oxidative Damage in Rats Exposed to Chronic Immobilization Stress. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3314-3324. [PMID: 34449011 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consequences of stress intervene in normal signaling of the brain leading to many psychological complications. The enriched environment (EE) may potentially ameliorate the stress response in rats. However, the mechanistic understanding of the enriched environment in protecting the myelin membrane from oxidative damage after prolonged exposure to immobilization stress (IS) remains vague. In the current study, we examined the impact of EE by exposing the rats to IS (4 h/day) followed by EE treatment (2 h/day) for 28 days and the activities of ROS, lipid peroxides, and phospholipids were studied, and its influence on the myelin regulatory factor (MyRF) and enzymes linked to sphingolipid was assessed in the forebrain region of myelin membrane. The ROS and lipid peroxidation was increased, and a significant decrease in the antioxidant activities was found in the IS group. IS + EE could reduce oxidative damage and increase the levels of antioxidant activities. The individual phospholipids including sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidic acid (PA) were decreased in the IS group, while IS + EE exhibited significant increase in the phospholipid classes regardless of the exposure to IS. There was down-regulation in the mRNA levels of MyRF, CERS2, SPLTC2, UGT8, and GLTP, while IS + EE could mitigate the up-regulation in the levels of mRNA of MyRF, CERS2, SPLTC2, UGT8, and GLTP. The protein expression of MOG, PLP1, and mTOR was found to be reduced in the IS group of rats, however, IS + EE revealed significant increase in the expression of these signaling molecules. These results suggest that EE had a positive effect on chronic stress response by protecting the myelin membrane against oxidative damage and increasing the protein synthesis required for myelin membrane plasticity via activation of MyRF and mTOR signaling in the forebrain region of IS exposed rats.
Collapse
|
34
|
Buyanova IS, Arsalidou M. Cerebral White Matter Myelination and Relations to Age, Gender, and Cognition: A Selective Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:662031. [PMID: 34295229 PMCID: PMC8290169 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.662031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter makes up about fifty percent of the human brain. Maturation of white matter accompanies biological development and undergoes the most dramatic changes during childhood and adolescence. Despite the advances in neuroimaging techniques, controversy concerning spatial, and temporal patterns of myelination, as well as the degree to which the microstructural characteristics of white matter can vary in a healthy brain as a function of age, gender and cognitive abilities still exists. In a selective review we describe methods of assessing myelination and evaluate effects of age and gender in nine major fiber tracts, highlighting their role in higher-order cognitive functions. Our findings suggests that myelination indices vary by age, fiber tract, and hemisphere. Effects of gender were also identified, although some attribute differences to methodological factors or social and learning opportunities. Findings point to further directions of research that will improve our understanding of the complex myelination-behavior relation across development that may have implications for educational and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Buyanova
- Neuropsy Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Neuropsy Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Cognitive Centre, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Facci L, Barbierato M, Fusco M, Giusti P, Zusso M. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin-Induced Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation is Associated With Tyro3 Receptor Upregulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:698133. [PMID: 34276381 PMCID: PMC8277943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.698133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis frequently fails, especially in the chronic phase of the disease promoting axonal and neuronal degeneration and progressive disease disability. Drug-based therapies able to promote endogenous remyelination capability of oligodendrocytes are thus emerging as primary approaches to multiple sclerosis. We have recently reported that the co-ultramicronized composite of palmitoylethanolamide and the flavonoid luteolin (PEALut) promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation without affecting proliferation. Since TAM receptor signaling has been reported to be important modulator of oligodendrocyte survival, we here evaluated the eventual involvement of TAM receptors in PEALut-induced OPC maturation. The mRNAs related to TAM receptors -Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk- were all present at day 2 in vitro. However, while Tyro3 gene expression significantly increased upon cell differentiation, Axl and Mertk did not change during the first week in vitro. Tyro3 gene expression developmental pattern resembled that of MBP myelin protein. In OPCs treated with PEALut the developmental increase of Tyro3 mRNA was significantly higher as compared to vehicle while was reduced gene expression related to Axl and Mertk. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, prevented oligodendrocyte growth differentiation and myelination. PEALut, administered to the cultures 30 min after rapamycin, prevented the alteration of mRNA basal expression of the TAM receptors as well as the expression of myelin proteins MBP and CNPase. Altogether, data obtained confirm that PEALut promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation as shown by the increase of MBP and CNPase and Tyro3 mRNAs as well as CNPase and Tyro3 immunostainings. The finding that these effects are reduced when OPCs are exposed to rapamycin suggests an involvement of mTOR signaling in PEALut effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Barbierato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariella Fusco
- Scientific Information and Documentation Center, Epitech Group SpA, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vandewouw MM, Hunt BAE, Ziolkowski J, Taylor MJ. The developing relations between networks of cortical myelin and neurophysiological connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118142. [PMID: 33951516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work identified that patterns of distributed brain regions sharing similar myeloarchitecture are related to underlying functional connectivity, demonstrating cortical myelin's plasticity to changes in functional demand. However, the changing relations between functional and structural architecture throughout child and adulthood are poorly understood. We show that structural covariance connectivity (T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio) and functional connectivity (magnetoencephalography) exhibit nonlinear developmental changes. We then show significant relations between structural and functional connectivity, which have shared and distinct characteristics dependent on the neural oscillatory frequency. Increases in structure-function coupling are visible during the protracted myelination observed throughout childhood and adolescence and are followed by decreases near the onset of adulthood. Our work lays the foundation for understanding the mechanisms by which myeloarchitecture supports brain function, enabling future investigations into how clinical populations may deviate from normative patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Vandewouw
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Benjamin A E Hunt
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Justine Ziolkowski
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 0A4 Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Oligodendrocyte Development and Regenerative Therapeutics in Multiple Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040327. [PMID: 33918664 PMCID: PMC8069894 DOI: 10.3390/life11040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is an important biological process essential for central nervous system (CNS) development and functions. Oligodendroglial lineage cells undergo several morphological and molecular changes at different stages of their lineage progression into myelinating OLs. The transition steps of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to myelinating oligodendrocytes are defined by a specific pattern of regulated gene expression, which is under the control of coordinated signaling pathways. Any abnormal development, loss or failure of oligodendrocytes to myelinate axons can lead to several neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is characterized by inflammation and demyelination, and current treatments target only the immune component of the disease, but have little impact on remyelination. Recently, several pharmacological compounds enhancing remyelination have been identified and some of them are in clinical trials. Here, we will review the current knowledge on oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination and remyelination. We will focus on MS as a pathological condition, the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in young adults.
Collapse
|
38
|
Pagnin M, Kondos-Devcic D, Chincarini G, Cumberland A, Richardson SJ, Tolcos M. Role of thyroid hormones in normal and abnormal central nervous system myelination in humans and rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100901. [PMID: 33493504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are instrumental in promoting the molecular mechanisms which underlie the complex nature of neural development and function within the central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. The key neurodevelopmental process of myelination is conserved between humans and rodents, of which both experience peak fetal TH concentrations concomitant with onset of myelination. The importance of supplying adequate levels of THs to the myelin producing cells, the oligodendrocytes, for promoting their maturation is crucial for proper neural function. In this review we examine the key TH distributor and transport proteins, including transthyretin (TTR) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), essential for supporting proper oligodendrocyte and myelin health; and discuss disorders with impaired TH signalling in relation to abnormal CNS myelination in humans and rodents. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using novel TH analogues in the treatment of myelination disorders associated with abnormal TH signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Pagnin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Delphi Kondos-Devcic
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Angela Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | | | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Reiche L, Göttle P, Lane L, Duek P, Park M, Azim K, Schütte J, Manousi A, Schira-Heinen J, Küry P. C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653075. [PMID: 33796011 PMCID: PMC8008080 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently associated with impaired differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell lineage and subsequent alterations in white matter structure and dynamics. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause for cognitive impairments and intellectual disability (ID) and is associated with a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, as well as with hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS and underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. This also relates to C21ORF91, a protein considered a key modulator of aberrant CNS development in DS. We investigated the role of C21orf91 ortholog in terms of oligodendrogenesis and myelination using database information as well as through cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Upon modulation of C21orf91 gene expression, we found this factor to be important for accurate oligodendroglial differentiation, influencing their capacity to mature and to myelinate axons. Interestingly, C21orf91 overexpression initiates a cell population coexpressing astroglial- and oligodendroglial markers indicating that elevated C21orf91 expression levels induce a gliogenic shift towards the astrocytic lineage reflecting non-equilibrated glial cell populations in DS brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Schütte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pantazou V, Roux T, Oliveira Moreira V, Lubetzki C, Desmazières A. Interaction between Neurons and the Oligodendroglial Lineage in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Preclinical Models. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:231. [PMID: 33799653 PMCID: PMC7999210 DOI: 10.3390/life11030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex central nervous system inflammatory disease leading to demyelination and associated functional deficits. Though endogenous remyelination exists, it is only partial and, with time, patients can enter a progressive phase of the disease, with neurodegeneration as a hallmark. Though major therapeutic advances have been made, with immunotherapies reducing relapse rate during the inflammatory phase of MS, there is presently no therapy available which significantly impacts disease progression. Remyelination has been shown to favor neuroprotection, and it is thus of major importance to better understand remyelination mechanisms in order to promote them and hence preserve neurons. A crucial point is how this process is regulated through the neuronal crosstalk with the oligodendroglial lineage. In this review, we present the current knowledge on neuron interaction with the oligodendroglial lineage, in physiological context as well as in MS and its experimental models. We further discuss the therapeutic possibilities resulting from this research field, which might allow to support remyelination and neuroprotection and thus limit MS progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pantazou
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 46 Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Roux
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Oliveira Moreira
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Desmazières
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ma B, Guckian KM, Liu XG, Yang C, Li B, Scannevin R, Mingueneau M, Drouillard A, Walzer T. Novel Potent Selective Orally Active S1P5 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:351-355. [PMID: 33738061 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
S1P5 is one of the five sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors which play important roles in immune and CNS cell homeostasis, growth, and differentiation. Little is known about the effect of modulation of S1P5 due to the lack of S1P5 specific modulators with suitable druglike properties. Here we describe the discovery and optimization of a novel series of potent selective S1P5 antagonists and the identification of an orally active brain-penetrant tool compound 15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annabelle Drouillard
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France
- International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France
- International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon 69007, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Combined Use of Chitosan and Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells to Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vivo. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6613029. [PMID: 33488738 PMCID: PMC7801080 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6613029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury remains a clinical challenge with severe physiological and functional consequences. Despite the existence of multiple possible therapeutic approaches, until now, there is no consensus regarding the advantages of each option or the best methodology in promoting nerve regeneration. Regenerative medicine is a promise to overcome this medical limitation, and in this work, chitosan nerve guide conduits and olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were applied in different therapeutic combinations to promote regeneration in sciatic nerves after neurotmesis injury. Over 20 weeks, the intervened animals were subjected to a regular functional assessment (determination of motor performance, nociception, and sciatic indexes), and after this period, they were evaluated kinematically and the sciatic nerves and cranial tibial muscles were evaluated stereologically and histomorphometrically, respectively. The results obtained allowed confirming the beneficial effects of using these therapeutic approaches. The use of chitosan NGCs and cells resulted in better motor performance, better sciatic indexes, and lower gait dysfunction after 20 weeks. The use of only NGGs demonstrated better nociceptive recoveries. The stereological evaluation of the sciatic nerve revealed identical values in the different parameters for all therapeutic groups. In the muscle histomorphometric evaluation, the groups treated with NGCs and cells showed results close to those of the group that received traditional sutures, the one with the best final values. The therapeutic combinations studied show promising outcomes and should be the target of new future works to overcome some irregularities found in the results and establish the combination of nerve guidance conduits and olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as viable options in the treatment of peripheral nerves after injury.
Collapse
|
44
|
Doelman W, Marqvorsen MHS, Chiodo F, Bruijns SCM, van der Marel GA, van Kooyk Y, van Kasteren SI, Araman C. Synthesis of Asparagine Derivatives Harboring a Lewis X Type DC-SIGN Ligand and Evaluation of their Impact on Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2742-2752. [PMID: 33090600 PMCID: PMC7898482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a key component of myelin and an autoantigen in the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Post‐translational N‐glycosylation of Asn31 of MOG seems to play a key role in modulating the immune response towards myelin. This is mediated by the interaction of Lewis‐type glycan structures in the N‐glycan of MOG with the DC‐SIGN receptor on dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report the synthesis of an unnatural Lewis X (LeX)‐containing Fmoc‐SPPS‐compatible asparagine building block (SPPS=solid‐phase peptide synthesis), as well as asparagine building blocks containing two LeX‐derived oligosaccharides: LacNAc and Fucα1‐3GlcNAc. These building blocks were used for the glycosylation of the immunodominant portion of MOG (MOG31‐55) and analyzed with respect to their ability to bind to DC‐SIGN in different biological setups, as well as their ability to inhibit the citrullination‐induced aggregation of MOG31‐55. Finally, a cytokine secretion assay was carried out on human monocyte‐derived DCs, which showed the ability of the neoglycopeptide decorated with a single LeX to alter the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, inducing a tolerogenic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies constitute a subset of genetic white matter disorders characterized by a primary lack of myelin deposition. Most patients with severe hypomyelination present in infancy or early childhood and develop severe neurological deficits, but the clinical presentation can also be mild with onset of symptoms in adolescence or adulthood. MRI can be used to visualize the process of myelination in detail, and MRI pattern recognition can provide a clinical diagnosis in many patients. Next-generation sequencing provides a definitive diagnosis in 80-90% of patients. Genes associated with hypomyelination include those that encode structural myelin proteins but also many that encode proteins involved in RNA translation and some lysosomal proteins. The precise pathomechanisms remain to be elucidated. Improved understanding of the process of myelination, the metabolic axonal support functions of myelin and the proposed contribution of myelin to CNS plasticity provide possible explanations as to why almost all patients with hypomyelination experience slow clinical decline after a long phase of stability. In this Review, we provide an overview of the hypomyelinating leukodystrophies, the advances in our understanding of myelin biology and of the genes involved in these disorders, and the insights these advances have provided into their clinical presentations and evolution.
Collapse
|
46
|
Nakamura DS, Lin YH, Khan D, Gothié JDM, de Faria O, Dixon JA, McBride HM, Antel JP, Kennedy TE. Mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics regulated by netrin-1 in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2020; 69:392-412. [PMID: 32910475 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that produce energy and molecular precursors that are essential for myelin synthesis. Unlike in neurons, mitochondria in oligodendrocytes increase intracellular movement in response to glutamatergic activation and are more susceptible to oxidative stress than in astrocytes or microglia. The signaling pathways that regulate these cell type-specific mitochondrial responses in oligodendrocytes are not understood. Here, we visualized mitochondria migrating through thin cytoplasmic channels crossing myelin basic protein-positive compacted membranes and localized within paranodal loop cytoplasm. We hypothesized that local extracellular enrichment of netrin-1 might regulate the recruitment and function of paranodal proteins and organelles, including mitochondria. We identified rapid recruitment of mitochondria and paranodal proteins, including neurofascin 155 (NF155) and the netrin receptor deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), to sites of contact between oligodendrocytes and netrin-1-coated microbeads in vitro. We provide evidence that Src-family kinase activation and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition downstream of netrin-1 induces mitochondrial elongation, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane, and increases glycolysis. Our findings identify a signaling mechanism in oligodendrocytes that is sufficient to locally recruit paranodal proteins and regulate the subcellular localization, morphology, and function of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Nakamura
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damla Khan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-David M Gothié
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Omar de Faria
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James A Dixon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Spontaneous Local Calcium Transients Regulate Oligodendrocyte Development in Culture through Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry and Release. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0347-19.2020. [PMID: 32409508 PMCID: PMC7438061 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0347-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) insulate axonal fibers for fast conduction of nerve impulses by wrapping axons of the CNS with compact myelin membranes. Differentiating OLs undergo drastic chances in cell morphology. Bipolar oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) transform into highly ramified multipolar OLs, which then expand myelin membranes that enwrap axons. While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying CNS myelination and its disruption in diseases, the cellular mechanisms that regulate OL differentiation are not fully understood. Here, we report that developing rat OLs in culture exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ local transients (sCaLTs) in their process arbors in the absence of neurons. Importantly, we find that the frequency of sCaLTs markedly increases as OLs undergo extensive process outgrowth and branching. We further show that sCaLTs are primarily generated through a combination of Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores. Inhibition of sCaLTs impairs the elaboration and branching of OL processes, as well as substantially reduces the formation of large myelin sheets in culture. Together, our findings identify an important role for spontaneous local Ca2+ signaling in OL development.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bagheri H, Friedman H, Siminovitch KA, Peterson AC. Transcriptional regulators of the Golli/myelin basic protein locus integrate additive and stealth activities. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008752. [PMID: 32790717 PMCID: PMC7446974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is composed of plasma membrane spirally wrapped around axons and compacted into dense sheaths by myelin-associated proteins. Myelin is elaborated by neuroepithelial derived oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and by neural crest derived Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). While some myelin proteins accumulate in only one lineage, myelin basic protein (Mbp) is expressed in both. Overlapping the Mbp gene is Golli, a transcriptional unit that is expressed widely both within and beyond the nervous system. A super-enhancer domain within the Golli/Mbp locus contains multiple enhancers shown previously to drive reporter construct expression specifically in oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. In order to determine the contribution of each enhancer to the Golli/Mbp expression program, and to reveal if functional interactions occur among them, we derived mouse lines in which they were deleted, either singly or in different combinations, and relative mRNA accumulation was measured at key stages of early development and at maturity. Although super-enhancers have been shown previously to facilitate interaction among their component enhancers, the enhancers investigated here demonstrated largely additive relationships. However, enhancers demonstrating autonomous activity strictly in one lineage, when missing, were found to significantly reduce output in the other, thus revealing cryptic "stealth" activity. Further, in the absence of a key oligodendrocyte enhancer, Golli accumulation was markedly and uniformly attenuated in all cell types investigated. Our observations suggest a model in which enhancer-mediated DNA-looping and potential super-enhancer properties underlie Golli/Mbp regulatory organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Bagheri
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hana Friedman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Siminovitch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum and Toronto General Hospital Research Institutes, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan C. Peterson
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Guo SM, Yeh LH, Folkesson J, Ivanov IE, Krishnan AP, Keefe MG, Hashemi E, Shin D, Chhun BB, Cho NH, Leonetti MD, Han MH, Nowakowski TJ, Mehta SB. Revealing architectural order with quantitative label-free imaging and deep learning. eLife 2020; 9:e55502. [PMID: 32716843 PMCID: PMC7431134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization (QLIPP) for simultaneous measurement of density, anisotropy, and orientation of structures in unlabeled live cells and tissue slices. We combine QLIPP with deep neural networks to predict fluorescence images of diverse cell and tissue structures. QLIPP images reveal anatomical regions and axon tract orientation in prenatal human brain tissue sections that are not visible using brightfield imaging. We report a variant of U-Net architecture, multi-channel 2.5D U-Net, for computationally efficient prediction of fluorescence images in three dimensions and over large fields of view. Further, we develop data normalization methods for accurate prediction of myelin distribution over large brain regions. We show that experimental defects in labeling the human tissue can be rescued with quantitative label-free imaging and neural network model. We anticipate that the proposed method will enable new studies of architectural order at spatial scales ranging from organelles to tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Hao Yeh
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Matthew G Keefe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ezzat Hashemi
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - David Shin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Nathan H Cho
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Park J, Kim H, Kim J, Cheon M. A practical application of generative adversarial networks for RNA-seq analysis to predict the molecular progress of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008099. [PMID: 32706788 PMCID: PMC7406107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has become a powerful tool for dissecting the molecular and pathological signatures of a variety of human diseases. However, the limited availability of biological samples from different disease stages is a major hurdle in studying disease progressions and identifying early pathological changes. Deep learning techniques have recently begun to be applied to analyze NGS data and thereby predict the progression of biological processes. In this study, we applied a deep learning technique called generative adversarial networks (GANs) to predict the molecular progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We successfully applied GANs to analyze RNA-seq data from a 5xFAD mouse model of AD, which recapitulates major AD features of massive amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. We examined how the generator is featured to have specific-sample generation and biological gene association. Based on the above observations, we suggested virtual disease progress by latent space interpolation to yield the transition curves of various genes with pathological changes from normal to AD state. By performing pathway analysis based on the transition curve patterns, we identified several pathological processes with progressive changes, such as inflammatory systems and synapse functions, which have previously been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Interestingly, our analysis indicates that alteration of cholesterol biosynthesis begins at a very early stage of AD, suggesting that it is the first effect to mediate the cholesterol metabolism of AD downstream of Aβ accumulation. Here, we suggest that GANs are a useful tool to study disease progression, leading to the identification of early pathological signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Park
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
| | - Mookyung Cheon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|