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Jiang X, Ogawa T, Yonezawa K, Shimizu N, Ichinose S, Uchihashi T, Nagaike W, Moriya T, Adachi N, Kawasaki M, Dohmae N, Senda T, Hirokawa N. The two-step cargo recognition mechanism of heterotrimeric kinesin. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56864. [PMID: 37575008 PMCID: PMC10626431 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-driven intracellular transport is essential for various cell biological events and thus plays a crucial role in many pathological processes. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the specific and dynamic cargo-binding mechanism of kinesins. Here, an integrated structural analysis of the KIF3/KAP3 and KIF3/KAP3-APC complexes unveils the mechanism by which KIF3/KAP3 can dynamically grasp APC in a two-step manner, which suggests kinesin-cargo recognition dynamics composed of cargo loading, locking, and release. Our finding is the first demonstration of the two-step cargo recognition and stabilization mechanism of kinesins, which provides novel insights into the intracellular trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Advanced Medical ScienceDokkyo Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
- Biomolecular Characterization UnitRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
- Center for Digital Green‐InnovationNara Institute of Science and TechnologyNaraJapan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of PhysicsNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | | | - Toshio Moriya
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Naruhiko Adachi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Masato Kawasaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization UnitRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health ScienceJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
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2
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Garbouchian A, Montgomery AC, Gilbert SP, Bentley M. KAP is the neuronal organelle adaptor for Kinesin-2 KIF3AB and KIF3AC. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar133. [PMID: 36200888 PMCID: PMC9727798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-driven organelle transport is crucial for neuron development and maintenance, yet the mechanisms by which kinesins specifically bind their organelle cargoes remain undefined. In contrast to other transport kinesins, the neuronal function and specific organelle adaptors of heterodimeric Kinesin-2 family members KIF3AB and KIF3AC remain unknown. We developed a novel microscopy-based assay to define protein-protein interactions in intact neurons. The experiments found that both KIF3AB and KIF3AC bind kinesin-associated protein (KAP). These interactions are mediated by the distal C-terminal tail regions and not the coiled-coil domain. We used live-cell imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons to define the localization and trafficking parameters of KIF3AB and KIF3AC organelle populations. We discovered that KIF3AB/KAP and KIF3AC/KAP bind the same organelle populations and defined their transport parameters in axons and dendrites. The results also show that ∼12% of KIF3 organelles contain the RNA-binding protein adenomatous polyposis coli. These data point toward a model in which KIF3AB and KIF3AC use KAP as their neuronal organelle adaptor and that these kinesins mediate transport of a range of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garbouchian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Andrew C. Montgomery
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Susan P. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180,*Address correspondence to: Marvin Bentley ()
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Hibbard JVK, Vázquez N, Wallingford JB. Cilia proteins getting to work - how do they commute from the cytoplasm to the base of cilia? J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259444. [PMID: 36073764 PMCID: PMC9482345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are multifunctional organelles that originated with the last eukaryotic common ancestor and play central roles in the life cycles of diverse organisms. The motile flagella that move single cells like sperm or unicellular organisms, the motile cilia on animal multiciliated cells that generate fluid flow in organs, and the immotile primary cilia that decorate nearly all cells in animals share many protein components in common, yet each also requires specialized proteins to perform their specialized functions. Despite a now-advanced understanding of how such proteins are transported within cilia, we still know very little about how they are transported from their sites of synthesis through the cytoplasm to the ciliary base. Here, we review the literature concerning this underappreciated topic in ciliary cell biology. We discuss both general mechanisms, as well as specific examples of motor-driven active transport and passive transport via diffusion-and-capture. We then provide deeper discussion of specific, illustrative examples, such as the diverse array of protein subunits that together comprise the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system and the multi-protein axonemal dynein motors that drive beating of motile cilia. We hope this Review will spur further work, shedding light not only on ciliogenesis and ciliary signaling, but also on intracellular transport in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78751, USA
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Yue Y, Engelke MF, Blasius TL, Verhey KJ. Hedgehog-induced ciliary trafficking of kinesin-4 motor KIF7 requires intraflagellar transport but not KIF7's microtubule binding. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:br1. [PMID: 34705483 PMCID: PMC8886809 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-4 motor KIF7 is a conserved regulator of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, Hedgehog signaling requires the primary cilium, and KIF7 and Gli transcription factors accumulate at the cilium tip in response to Hedgehog activation. Unlike conventional kinesins, KIF7 is an immotile kinesin and its mechanism of ciliary accumulation is unknown. We generated KIF7 variants with altered microtubule binding or motility. We demonstrate that microtubule binding of KIF7 is not required for the increase in KIF7 or Gli localization at the cilium tip in response to Hedgehog signaling. In addition, we show that the immotile behavior of KIF7 is required to prevent ciliary localization of Gli transcription factors in the absence of Hedgehog signaling. Using an engineered kinesin-2 motor that enables acute inhibition of intraflagellar transport, we demonstrate that kinesin-2 KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP mediates the translocation of KIF7 to the cilium tip in response to Hedgehog pathway activation. Together, these results suggest that KIF7’s role at the tip of the cilium is unrelated to its ability to bind to microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin F Engelke
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Onodera S, Morita N, Nakamura Y, Takahashi S, Hashimoto K, Nomura T, Katakura A, Kosaki K, Azuma T. Novel alterations in IFT172 and KIFAP3 may induce basal cell carcinoma. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:443. [PMID: 34674729 PMCID: PMC8529737 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly occurring neoplasm in patients with Gorlin syndrome. It is widely accepted that multiple basal cell carcinomas simultaneously develop in middle-aged patients with this syndrome. However, the presence of driver genes other than the PTCH1 in Gorlin syndrome has not been explored. This study aimed to identify common gene mutations other than PTCH1 in simultaneously occurring basal cell carcinomas in patients with Gorlin syndrome via exome sequencing analysis. Methods Next-generation sequencing analysis was performed using four basal cell carcinoma samples, one dental keratinocyte sample, and two epidermoid cyst samples, which were surgically resected from one patient with Gorlin syndrome on the same day. Results Overall, 282 somatic mutations were identified in the neoplasms. No additional somatic mutations in PTCH1, PTCH2, TP53, and SMO were identified. However, enrichment analysis showed that multiple genes, such as IFT172 and KIFAP3, could regulate ciliary functions important for Hedgehog signaling. Conclusion The development of BCCs in patients with Gorlin syndrome may be triggered by mutations that cause substantial dysfunction of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Nana Morita
- Department of Oral Medicine and Hospital Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan.,Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, 1-7-1, aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, 189-8511, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nakamura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hashimoto
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, 2-15-45, Mita, Minatoku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
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Kopinke D, Norris AM, Mukhopadhyay S. Developmental and regenerative paradigms of cilia regulated hedgehog signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:89-103. [PMID: 32540122 PMCID: PMC7736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Alessandra M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Jacob JT, Nair RR, Poll BG, Pineda CM, Hobbs RP, Matunis MJ, Coulombe PA. Keratin 17 regulates nuclear morphology and chromatin organization. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs254094. [PMID: 33008845 PMCID: PMC7648610 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 17 (KRT17; K17), a non-lamin intermediate filament protein, was recently found to occur in the nucleus. We report here on K17-dependent differences in nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, and cell proliferation. Human tumor keratinocyte cell lines lacking K17 exhibit flatter nuclei relative to normal. Re-expression of wild-type K17, but not a mutant form lacking an intact nuclear localization signal (NLS), rescues nuclear morphology in KRT17-null cells. Analyses of primary cultures of skin keratinocytes from a mouse strain expressing K17 with a mutated NLS corroborated these findings. Proteomics screens identified K17-interacting nuclear proteins with known roles in gene expression, chromatin organization and RNA processing. Key histone modifications and LAP2β (an isoform encoded by TMPO) localization within the nucleus are altered in the absence of K17, correlating with decreased cell proliferation and suppression of GLI1 target genes. Nuclear K17 thus impacts nuclear morphology with an associated impact on chromatin organization, gene expression, and proliferation in epithelial cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Raji R Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian G Poll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher M Pineda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan P Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Nakayama K, Katoh Y. Architecture of the IFT ciliary trafficking machinery and interplay between its components. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:179-196. [PMID: 32456460 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within cilia but also their selective entry and exit across the ciliary gate is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery with the aid of motor proteins. The IFT-B complex, which is powered by the kinesin-2 motor, mediates anterograde protein trafficking from the base to the tip of cilia, whereas the IFT-A complex together with the dynein-2 complex mediates retrograde protein trafficking. The BBSome complex connects ciliary membrane proteins to the IFT machinery. Defects in any component of this trafficking machinery lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and ciliary functions, and results in a broad spectrum of disorders, collectively called the ciliopathies. In this review article, we provide an overview of the architectures of the components of the IFT machinery and their functional interplay in ciliary protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Matissek SJ, Elsawa SF. GLI3: a mediator of genetic diseases, development and cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:54. [PMID: 32245491 PMCID: PMC7119169 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GLI3 is a member of the Hedgehog (Hh/HH) signaling pathway that can exist as a full length (Gli3-FL/GLI3-FL) or repressor (Gli3-R/GLI3-R) form. In response to HH activation, GLI3-FL regulates HH genes by targeting the GLI1 promoter. In the absence of HH signaling, GLI3 is phosphorylated leading to its partial degradation and the generation of GLI3-R which represses HH functions. GLI3 is also involved in tissue development, immune cell development and cancer. The absence of Gli3 in mice impaired brain and lung development and GLI3 mutations in humans are the cause of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) and Pallister Hall syndromes (PHS). In the immune system GLI3 regulates B, T and NK-cells and may be involved in LPS-TLR4 signaling. In addition, GLI3 was found to be upregulated in multiple cancers and was found to positively regulate cancerous behavior such as anchorage-independent growth, angiogenesis, proliferation and migration with the exception in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and medulloblastoma where GLI plays an anti-cancerous role. Finally, GLI3 is a target of microRNA. Here, we will review the biological significance of GLI3 and discuss gaps in our understanding of this molecule. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J. Matissek
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd Rudman 291, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Sherine F. Elsawa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd Rudman 291, Durham, NH 03824 USA
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11
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Li S, Wei Z, Li G, Zhang Q, Niu S, Xu D, Mao N, Chen S, Gao X, Cai W, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Li D, Yi X, Yang F, Xu H. Silica Perturbs Primary Cilia and Causes Myofibroblast Differentiation during Silicosis by Reduction of the KIF3A-Repressor GLI3 Complex. Theranostics 2020; 10:1719-1732. [PMID: 32042332 PMCID: PMC6993221 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) on primary cilia and myofibroblast differentiation during silicosis by regulating Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling. Methods: Changes in primary cilia during silicosis and myofibroblast differentiation were detected in silicotic patients, experimental silicotic rats, and a myofibroblast differentiation model induced by SiO2. We also explored the mechanisms underlying KIF3A regulation of Glioma-associated oncogene homologs (GLIs) involved in myofibroblast differentiation. Results: Primary cilia (marked by ARL13B and Ac-α-Tub) and ciliary-related proteins (IFT 88 and KIF3A) were increased initially and then decreased as silicosis progressed. Loss and shedding of primary cilia were also found during silicosis. Treatment of MRC-5 fibroblasts with silica and then transfection of KIF3A-siRNA blocked activation of SHH signalling, but increased GLI2FL as a transcriptional activator of SRF, and reduced the inhibitory effect of GLI3R on ACTA2. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that primary cilia are markedly altered during silicosis and the loss of KIF3A may promote myofibroblast differentiation induced by SiO2.
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Chen C, Yang Z, Huang ZS. Progress in research on association between cell signal transduction pathways and hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1330-1338. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i21.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signal transduction refers to the process by which a signal molecule induces signal transduction in a cell by stimulating the cell membrane or intracellular receptor, thereby affecting the biological function of the cell. In recent years, studies have found that the activation or inhibition of certain cell signal transduction pathways plays an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. This article will review the recent research progress in the understanding of the role of some common signal transduction pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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13
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Liu ZH, Dong SX, Jia JH, Zhang ZL, Zhen ZG. KIF3B Promotes the Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:355-361. [PMID: 31157987 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hu Liu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai City, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital in Xingtai City, Xingtai City, China
| | - Jun-Hong Jia
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai City, China
| | - Zhen-Liang Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai City, China
| | - Zhong-Guang Zhen
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai City, China
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14
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Oh YS, Wang EJ, Gailey CD, Brautigan DL, Allen BL, Fu Z. Ciliopathy-Associated Protein Kinase ICK Requires Its Non-Catalytic Carboxyl-Terminal Domain for Regulation of Ciliogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:E677. [PMID: 31277411 PMCID: PMC6678984 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the human ICK (intestinal cell kinase) gene cause dysfunctional primary cilia and perinatal lethality which are associated with human ciliopathies. The enzyme that we herein call CAPK (ciliopathy-associated protein kinase) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has a highly conserved MAPK-like N-terminal catalytic domain and an unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) whose functions are completely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that truncation of the CTD impairs the ability of CAPK to interact with and phosphorylate its substrate, kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A). We also find that deletion of the CTD of CAPK compromises both localization to the primary cilium and negative regulation of ciliogenesis. Thus, CAPK substrate recognition, ciliary targeting, and ciliary function depend on the non-catalytic CTD of the protein which is predicted to be intrinsically disordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eric J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Casey D Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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15
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Collins JE, White RJ, Staudt N, Sealy IM, Packham I, Wali N, Tudor C, Mazzeo C, Green A, Siragher E, Ryder E, White JK, Papatheodoru I, Tang A, Füllgrabe A, Billis K, Geyer SH, Weninger WJ, Galli A, Hemberger M, Stemple DL, Robertson E, Smith JC, Mohun T, Adams DJ, Busch-Nentwich EM. Common and distinct transcriptional signatures of mammalian embryonic lethality. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2792. [PMID: 31243271 PMCID: PMC6594971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders programme has analysed the morphological and molecular phenotypes of embryonic and perinatal lethal mouse mutant lines in order to investigate the causes of embryonic lethality. Here we show that individual whole-embryo RNA-seq of 73 mouse mutant lines (>1000 transcriptomes) identifies transcriptional events underlying embryonic lethality and associates previously uncharacterised genes with specific pathways and tissues. For example, our data suggest that Hmgxb3 is involved in DNA-damage repair and cell-cycle regulation. Further, we separate embryonic delay signatures from mutant line-specific transcriptional changes by developing a baseline mRNA expression catalogue of wild-type mice during early embryogenesis (4-36 somites). Analysis of transcription outside coding sequence identifies deregulation of repetitive elements in Morc2a mutants and a gene involved in gene-specific splicing. Collectively, this work provides a large scale resource to further our understanding of early embryonic developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Collins
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard J White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nicole Staudt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ian M Sealy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ian Packham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Neha Wali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Tudor
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cecilia Mazzeo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Angela Green
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Siragher
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Irene Papatheodoru
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Amy Tang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Anja Füllgrabe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Konstantinos Billis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Stefan H Geyer
- Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Weninger
- Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Camena Bioscience, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Robertson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - James C Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Timothy Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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16
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Engelke MF, Waas B, Kearns SE, Suber A, Boss A, Allen BL, Verhey KJ. Acute Inhibition of Heterotrimeric Kinesin-2 Function Reveals Mechanisms of Intraflagellar Transport in Mammalian Cilia. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1137-1148.e4. [PMID: 30905605 PMCID: PMC6445692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The trafficking of components within cilia, called intraflagellar transport (IFT), is powered by kinesin-2 and dynein-2 motors. Loss of function in any subunit of the heterotrimeric KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP kinesin-2 motor prevents ciliogenesis in mammalian cells and has hindered an understanding of how kinesin-2 motors function in cilium assembly and IFT. We used a chemical-genetic approach to generate an inhibitable KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP kinesin-2 motor (i3A/i3B) that is capable of rescuing wild-type (WT) motor function for cilium assembly and Hedgehog signaling in Kif3a/Kif3b double-knockout cells. We demonstrate that KIF3A/KIF3B function is required not just for cilium assembly but also for cilium maintenance, as inhibition of i3A/i3B blocks IFT within 2 min and leads to a complete loss of primary cilia within 8 h. In contrast, inhibition of dynein-2 has no effect on cilium maintenance within the same time frame. The kinetics of cilia loss indicate that two processes contribute to ciliary disassembly in response to cessation of anterograde IFT: a slow shortening that is steady over time and a rapid deciliation that occurs with stochastic onset. We also demonstrate that the kinesin-2 family members KIF3A/KIF3C and KIF17 cannot rescue ciliogenesis in Kif3a/Kif3b double-knockout cells or delay the loss of assembled cilia upon i3A/i3B inhibition. These results demonstrate that KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP is the sole and essential motor for cilium assembly and maintenance in mammalian cells. These findings highlight differences in how kinesin-2 motors were adapted for cilium assembly and IFT function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Engelke
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Bridget Waas
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Kearns
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allison Boss
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Quinn SM, Howsmon DP, Hahn J, Gilbert SP. Kinesin-2 heterodimerization alters entry into a processive run along the microtubule but not stepping within the run. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13389-13400. [PMID: 29991594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric KIF3AC and KIF3AB, two members of the mammalian kinesin-2 family, generate force for microtubule plus end-directed cargo transport. However, the advantage of heterodimeric kinesins over homodimeric ones is not well-understood. We showed previously that microtubule association for entry into a processive run was similar in rate for KIF3AC and KIF3AB at ∼7.0 μm-1 s-1 Yet, for engineered homodimers of KIF3AA and KIF3BB, this constant is significantly faster at 11 μm-1 s-1 and much slower for KIF3CC at 2.1 μm-1 s-1 These results led us to hypothesize that heterodimerization of KIF3A with KIF3C and KIF3A with KIF3B altered the intrinsic catalytic properties of each motor domain. Here, we tested this hypothesis by using presteady-state stopped-flow kinetics and mathematical modeling. Surprisingly, the modeling revealed that the catalytic properties of KIF3A and KIF3B/C were altered upon microtubule binding, yet each motor domain retained its relative intrinsic kinetics for ADP release and subsequent ATP binding and the nucleotide-promoted transitions thereafter. These results are consistent with the interpretation that for KIF3AB, each motor head is catalytically similar and therefore each step is approximately equivalent. In contrast, for KIF3AC the results predict that the processive steps will alternate between a fast step for KIF3A followed by a slow step for KIF3C resulting in asymmetric stepping during a processive run. This study reveals the impact of heterodimerization of the motor polypeptides for microtubule association to start the processive run and the fundamental differences in the motile properties of KIF3C compared with KIF3A and KIF3B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juergen Hahn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, and .,Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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18
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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19
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Hor CH, Tang BL, Goh EL. Rab23 and developmental disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:849-860. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rab23 is a conserved member of the Rab family of small GTPases that regulates membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. It is unique amongst the Rabs in terms of its implicated role in mammalian development, as originally illustrated by the embryonic lethality and open neural tube phenotype of a spontaneous mouse mutant that carries homozygous mutation of open brain, a gene encoding Rab23. Rab23 was initially identified to act as an antagonist of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and has since been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological roles, including oncogenesis. Interestingly, RAB23 null allele homozygosity in humans is not lethal, but instead causes the developmental disorder Carpenter’s syndrome (CS), which is characterized by craniofacial malformations, polysyndactyly, obesity and intellectual disability. CS bears some phenotypic resemblance to a spectrum of hereditary defects associated with the primary cilium, or the ciliopathies. Recent findings have in fact implicated Rab23 in protein traffic to the primary cilium, thus linking it with the primary cellular locale of Shh signaling. Rab23 also has Shh and cilia-independent functions. It is known to mediate the expression of Nodal at the mouse left lateral plate mesoderm and Kupffer’s vesicle, the zebrafish equivalent of the mouse node. It is thus important for the left-right patterning of vertebrate embryos. In this review, we discuss the developmental disorders associated with Rab23 and attempt to relate its cellular activities to its roles in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H.H. Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore, Medical Drive , Singapore 117456 , Singapore
| | - Eyleen L.K. Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
- Department of Physiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 8 Medical Drive , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- KK Research Center, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
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20
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Hong SR, Wang CL, Huang YS, Chang YC, Chang YC, Pusapati GV, Lin CY, Hsu N, Cheng HC, Chiang YC, Huang WE, Shaner NC, Rohatgi R, Inoue T, Lin YC. Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1732. [PMID: 29712905 PMCID: PMC5928066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells and are suggested to be involved in a wide range of cellular activities. However, the complexity and dynamic distribution of tubulin PTMs within cells have hindered the understanding of their physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments. Here, we develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia, a microtubule-based sensory organelle protruding on the cell surface, by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the cilia in minutes. This rapid deglutamylation quickly leads to altered ciliary functions such as kinesin-2-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport and Hedgehog signaling, along with no apparent crosstalk to other PTMs such as acetylation and detyrosination. Our study offers a feasible approach to spatiotemporally manipulate tubulin PTMs in living cells. Future expansion of the repertoire of actuators that regulate PTMs may facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how diverse tubulin PTMs encode ciliary as well as cellular functions. Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells, therefore assessing the physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments has been challenging. Here the authors develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cuei-Ling Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ning Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chen Chiang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Nathan C Shaner
- Department of Photobiology and Bioimaging, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, 92121, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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21
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Lau CI, Barbarulo A, Solanki A, Saldaña JI, Crompton T. The kinesin motor protein Kif7 is required for T-cell development and normal MHC expression on thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in the thymus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24163-24176. [PMID: 28445929 PMCID: PMC5421836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kif7 is a ciliary kinesin motor protein that regulates mammalian Hedgehog pathway activation through influencing structure of the primary cilium. Here we show that Kif7 is required for normal T-cell development, despite the fact that T-cells lack primary cilia. Analysis of Kif7-deficient thymus showed that Kif7-deficiency increases the early CD44+CD25+CD4-CD8- thymocyte progenitor population but reduces differentiation to CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cell. At the transition from DP to mature T-cell, Kif7-deficiency selectively delayed maturation to the CD8 lineage. Expression of CD5, which correlates with TCR signal strength, was reduced on DP and mature CD4 and CD8 cells, as a result of thymocyte-intrinsic Kif7-deficiency, and Kif7-deficient T-cells from radiation chimeras activated less efficiently when stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in vitro. Kif7-deficient thymocytes showed higher expression of the Hedgehog target gene Ptch1 than WT, but were less sensitive to treatment with recombinant Shh, and Kif7-deficient T-cell development was refractory to neutralisation of endogenous Hh proteins, indicating that Kif7-deficient thymocytes were unable to interpret changes in the Hedgehog signal. In addition, Kif7-deficiency reduced cell-surface MHCII expression on thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-In Lau
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Anisha Solanki
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - José Ignacio Saldaña
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- Immunobiology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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22
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Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Cell Cycle-Related Kinase (CCRK) regulates ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling in mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006912. [PMID: 28817564 PMCID: PMC5574612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a key role in cell fate specification, proliferation, and survival during mammalian development. Cells require a small organelle, the primary cilium, to respond properly to Hh signals and the key regulators of Hh signal transduction exhibit dynamic localization to this organelle when the pathway is activated. Here, we investigate the role of Cell Cycle Related kinase (CCRK) in regulation of cilium-dependent Hh signaling in the mouse. Mice mutant for Ccrk exhibit a variety of developmental defects indicative of inappropriate regulation of this pathway. Cell biological, biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that CCRK is required to control the Hedgehog pathway at the level or downstream of Smoothened and upstream of the Gli transcription factors, Gli2 and Gli3. In vitro experiments indicate that Ccrk mutant cells show a greater deficit in response to signaling over long time periods than over short ones. Similar to Chlamydomonas mutants lacking the CCRK homolog, LF2, mouse Ccrk mutant cells show defective regulation of ciliary length and morphology. Ccrk mutant cells exhibit defects in intraflagellar transport (the transport mechanism used to assemble cilia), as well as slowed kinetics of ciliary enrichment of key Hh pathway regulators. Collectively, the data suggest that CCRK positively regulates the kinetics by which ciliary proteins such as Smoothened and Gli2 are imported into the cilium, and that the efficiency of ciliary recruitment allows for potent responses to Hedgehog signaling over long time periods. The importance of cilia in development and disease has become broadly appreciated in recent years due in part to their roles in signal transduction. Despite this attention, crucial aspects of ciliary assembly and function, such as the mechanisms controlling ciliary assembly and the signal transduction events occurring in cilia, remain unclear. Cilia play a central role in sensing and transducing Hedgehog signals in the context of mammalian embryogenesis and in a variety of cancers. Here, we investigate the functions of Cell Cycle Related Kinase (CCRK), which plays an evolutionarily conserved function in the assembly of cilia and flagella. We find that mouse CCRK positively and negatively regulates ciliary length. We show that CCRK controls multiple aspects of Hedgehog signaling in vivo and in vitro by regulating the processing and activities of the Gli transcription factors. Our data suggest that CCRK controls Hedgehog signaling by promoting the efficient ciliary import of core signaling components.
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Han Y, Xiong Y, Shi X, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Gli ciliary localization and Hedgehog signaling by the PY-NLS/karyopherin-β2 nuclear import system. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002063. [PMID: 28777795 PMCID: PMC5544186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates depends on primary cilia. Upon stimulation, Hh pathway components, including Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS)/karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) nuclear import system regulates Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activation. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization. Kapβ2 is required for the formation of Gli activator (GliA) in wild-type but not in Sufu mutant cells. Knockdown of Kapβ2 affected Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos, as well as in vitro cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) and SmoM2-driven medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of cultured medulloblastoma cells, which was rescued by Gli overexpression. Interestingly, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, thus forming a positive feedback loop for Gli activation. Our study unravels the molecular mechanism and cellular machinery regulating Gli ciliary localization and identifies Kapβ2 as a critical regulator of the Hh pathway and a potential drug target for Hh-driven cancers. The secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling activity contributes to a wide range of human diseases, including birth defects and cancer. Hh signaling in vertebrates critically depends on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based plasma membrane protrusion present on the surface of most mammalian cells. Upon ligand stimulation, Hh pathway components, including the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting are still poorly understood. Here, we discover that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) and the nuclear import factor karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) regulate Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activity. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization without affecting Smo ciliary accumulation in response to Hh. Kapβ2 regulates the formation of the active form of Gli, which is required for proper Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos and cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of medulloblastoma cells driven by an oncogenic form of Smo. Finally, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, forming a positive feedback loop to promote Gli activation. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Gli ciliary targeting and identifies Kapβ2 as a potential cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
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Takao D, Wang L, Boss A, Verhey KJ. Protein Interaction Analysis Provides a Map of the Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Ciliary Gating Zone. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2296-2306.e3. [PMID: 28736169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The motility and signaling functions of the primary cilium require a unique protein and lipid composition that is determined by gating mechanisms localized at the base of the cilium. Several protein complexes localize to the gating zone and may regulate ciliary protein composition; however, the mechanisms of ciliary gating and the dynamics of the gating components are largely unknown. Here, we used the BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) assay and report for the first time on the protein-protein interactions that occur between ciliary gating components and transiting cargoes during ciliary entry. We find that the nucleoporin Nup62 and the C termini of the nephronophthisis (NPHP) proteins NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the axoneme-associated kinesin-2 motor KIF17 and thus spatially map to the inner region of the ciliary gating zone. Nup62 and NPHP4 exhibit rapid turnover at the transition zone and thus define dynamic components of the gate. We find that B9D1, AHI1, and the N termini of NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the transmembrane protein SSTR3 and thus spatially map to the outer region of the ciliary gating zone. B9D1, AHI1, and NPHP5 exhibit little to no turnover at the transition zone and thus define components of a stable gating structure. These data provide the first comprehensive map of the molecular orientations of gating zone components along the inner-to-outer axis of the ciliary gating zone. These results advance our understanding of the functional roles of gating zone components in regulating ciliary protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Allison Boss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Zhao YQ, Yang HY, Zhang DD, Han YL, Hou CC, Zhu JQ. Dynamic transcription and expression patterns of KIF3A and KIF3B genes during spermiogenesis in the shrimp, Palaemon carincauda. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 184:59-77. [PMID: 28689636 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis is a highly ordered and complex process in the male germ cell differentiation. The microtubule-based motor proteins KIF3A and KIF3B are required for the progression of the stages of spermiogenesis. In this study, the main goal was to determine whether KIF3A and KIF3B have a key role in spermiogenesis in Palaemon carincauda. The complete cDNA of KIF3A/3B from the testis of P. carincauda was cloned by using PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The predicted secondary and tertiary structures of KIF3A/3B contained three domains which were the: a) head region, b) stalk region, and c) tail region. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) results revealed that KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were obtained for all the tissues examined, with the greatest gene expression in the testis. In situ hybridization indicated the KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were distributed in the periphery of the nuclear in the early spermatid of spermiogenesis. In the middle and late spermatid stages, KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were gradually upregulated and assembled to one side where acrosome biogenesis begins. In the mature sperm, KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were distributed in the acrosome cap and spike. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that KIF3A, tubulin, mitochondria, and Golgi were co-localized in different stages during spermiogenesis in P. carincauda. The temporal and spatial gene expression dynamics of KIF3A/3B indicate that KIF3A and KIF3B proteins may be involved in acrosome formation and nucleus shaping. Moreover, these proteins can transport the mitochondria and Golgi that facilitate acrosome formation in P. carincauda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China.
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27
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He M, Agbu S, Anderson KV. Microtubule Motors Drive Hedgehog Signaling in Primary Cilia. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:110-125. [PMID: 27765513 PMCID: PMC5258846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is required for development and for maintenance of adult stem cells, and overactivation of the pathway can cause tumorigenesis. All responses to Hh family ligands in mammals require the primary cilium, an ancient microtubule-based organelle that extends from the cell surface. Genetic studies in mice and humans have defined specific functions for cilium-associated microtubule motor proteins: they act in the construction and disassembly of the primary cilium, they control ciliary length and stability, and some have direct roles in mammalian Hh signal transduction. These studies highlight how integrated genetic and cell biological studies can define the molecular mechanisms that underlie cilium-associated health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu He
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephanie Agbu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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28
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Girotra M, Srivastava S, Kulkarni A, Barbora A, Bobra K, Ghosal D, Devan P, Aher A, Jain A, Panda D, Ray K. The C-terminal tails of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor subunits directly bind to α-tubulin1: Possible implications for cilia-specific tubulin entry. Traffic 2017; 18:123-133. [PMID: 27976831 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of microtubule-based cytoskeleton propels the cilia and flagella growth. Previous studies have indicated that the kinesin-2 family motors transport tubulin into the cilia through intraflagellar transport. Here, we report a direct interaction between the C-terminal tail fragments of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and α-tubulin1 isoforms in vitro. Blot overlay screen, affinity purification from tissue extracts, cosedimentation with subtilisin-treated microtubule and LC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of the tail-fragment-associated tubulin identified an association between the tail domains and α-tubulin1A/D isotype. The interaction was confirmed by Forster's resonance energy transfer assay in tissue-cultured cells. The overexpression of the recombinant tails in NIH3T3 cells affected the primary cilia growth, which was rescued by coexpression of a α-tubulin1 transgene. Furthermore, fluorescent recovery after photobleach analysis in the olfactory cilia of Drosophila indicated that tubulin is transported in a non-particulate form requiring kinesin-2. These results provide additional new insight into the mechanisms underlying selective tubulin isoform enrichment in the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Girotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuttama Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayan Barbora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Kratika Bobra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Pavithra Devan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Amol Aher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Akanksha Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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29
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Giridhar PV, Bell SM, Sridharan A, Rajavelu P, Kitzmiller JA, Na CL, Kofron M, Brandt EB, Ericksen M, Naren AP, Moon C, Khurana Hershey GK, Whitsett JA. Airway Epithelial KIF3A Regulates Th2 Responses to Aeroallergens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4228-4239. [PMID: 27794000 PMCID: PMC5123825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A, the gene encoding kinesin family member 3A, is a susceptibility gene locus associated with asthma; however, mechanisms by which KIF3A might influence the pathogenesis of the disorder are unknown. In this study, we deleted the mouse Kif3a gene in airway epithelial cells. Both homozygous and heterozygous Kif3a gene-deleted mice were highly susceptible to aeroallergens from Aspergillus fumigatus and the house dust mite, resulting in an asthma-like pathology characterized by increased goblet cell metaplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and Th2-mediated inflammation. Deletion of the Kif3a gene increased the severity of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation and expression of cytokines (Il-4, Il-13, and Il-17a) and chemokine (Ccl11) RNAs following pulmonary exposure to Aspergillus extract. Inhibition of Kif3a disrupted the structure of motile cilia and impaired mucociliary clearance, barrier function, and epithelial repair, demonstrating additional mechanisms by which deficiency of KIF3A in respiratory epithelial cells contributes to pulmonary pathology. Airway epithelial KIF3A suppresses Th2 pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness following aeroallergen exposure, implicating epithelial microtubular functions in the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Vummidi Giridhar
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Sheila M Bell
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Priya Rajavelu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Cheng-Lun Na
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Eric B Brandt
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Mark Ericksen
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Changsuk Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
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Albracht CD, Guzik-Lendrum S, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Heterodimerization of Kinesin-2 KIF3AB Modulates Entry into the Processive Run. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23248-23256. [PMID: 27637334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian KIF3AB is an N-terminal processive kinesin-2 that is best known for its roles in intracellular transport. There has been significant interest in KIF3AB to define the key principles that underlie its processivity but also to define the mechanistic basis of its sensitivity to force. In this study, the kinetics for entry into the processive run were quantified. The results show for KIF3AB that the kinetics of microtubule association at 7 μm-1 s-1 is less than the rates observed for KIF3AA at 13 μm-1 s-1 or KIF3BB at 11.9 μm-1 s-1 ADP release after microtubule association for KIF3AB is 33 s-1 and is significantly slower than ADP release from homodimeric KIF3AA and KIF3BB, which reach 80-90 s-1 To explore the interhead communication implied by the rate differences at these first steps, we compared the kinetics of KIF3AB microtubule association followed by ADP release with the kinetics for mixtures of KIF3AA plus KIF3BB. Surprisingly, the kinetics of KIF3AB are not equivalent to any of the mixtures of KIF3AA + KIF3BB. In fact, the transients for each of the mixtures overlay the transients for KIF3AA and KIF3BB. These results reveal that intermolecular communication within the KIF3AB heterodimer modulates entry into the processive run, and the results suggest that it is the high rate of microtubule association that drives rebinding to the microtubule after force-dependent motor detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton D Albracht
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Stephanie Guzik-Lendrum
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Ivan Rayment
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
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31
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Torrado B, Graña M, Badano JL, Irigoín F. Ciliary Entry of the Hedgehog Transcriptional Activator Gli2 Is Mediated by the Nuclear Import Machinery but Differs from Nuclear Transport in Being Imp-α/β1-Independent. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162033. [PMID: 27579771 PMCID: PMC5007031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli2 is the primary transcriptional activator of Hedgehog signalling in mammals. Upon stimulation of the pathway, Gli2 moves into the cilium before reaching the nucleus. However, the mechanisms underlying its entry into the cilium are not completely understood. Since several similarities have been reported between nuclear and ciliary import, we investigated if the nuclear import machinery participates in Gli2 ciliary entry. Here we show that while two conserved classical nuclear localization signals mediate Gli2 nuclear localization via importin (Imp)-α/β1, these sequences are not required for Gli2 ciliary import. However, blocking Imp-mediated transport through overexpression of GTP-locked Ran reduced the percentage of Gli2 positive cilia, an effect that was not explained by increased CRM1-dependent export of Gli2 from the cilium. We explored the participation of Imp-β2 in Gli2 ciliary traffic and observed that this transporter is involved in moving Gli2 into the cilium, as has been described for other ciliary proteins. In addition, our data indicate that Imp-β2 might also collaborate in Gli2 nuclear entry. How does Imp-β2 determine the final destination of a protein that can localize to two distinct subcellular compartments remains an open question. Therefore, our data shows that the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling machinery plays a critical role mediating the subcellular distribution of Gli2 and the activation of the pathway, but distinct importins likely play a differential role mediating its ciliary and nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Torrado
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - Martín Graña
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - José L. Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Irigoín
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP11800, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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32
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Guzik-Lendrum S, Rank KC, Bensel BM, Taylor KC, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Kinesin-2 KIF3AC and KIF3AB Can Drive Long-Range Transport along Microtubules. Biophys J 2016; 109:1472-82. [PMID: 26445448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian KIF3AC is classified as a heterotrimeric kinesin-2 that is best known for organelle transport in neurons, yet in vitro studies to characterize its single molecule behavior are lacking. The results presented show that a KIF3AC motor that includes the native helix α7 sequence for coiled-coil formation is highly processive with run lengths of ∼1.23 μm and matching those exhibited by conventional kinesin-1. This result was unexpected because KIF3AC exhibits the canonical kinesin-2 neck-linker sequence that has been reported to be responsible for shorter run lengths observed for another heterotrimeric kinesin-2, KIF3AB. However, KIF3AB with its native neck linker and helix α7 is also highly processive with run lengths of ∼1.62 μm and exceeding those of KIF3AC and kinesin-1. Loop L11, a component of the microtubule-motor interface and implicated in activating ADP release upon microtubule collision, is significantly extended in KIF3C as compared with other kinesins. A KIF3AC encoding a truncation in KIF3C loop L11 (KIF3ACΔL11) exhibited longer run lengths at ∼1.55 μm than wild-type KIF3AC and were more similar to KIF3AB run lengths, suggesting that L11 also contributes to tuning motor processivity. The steady-state ATPase results show that shortening L11 does not alter kcat, consistent with the observation that single molecule velocities are not affected by this truncation. However, shortening loop L11 of KIF3C significantly increases the microtubule affinity of KIF3ACΔL11, revealing another structural and mechanistic property that can modulate processivity. The results presented provide new, to our knowledge, insights to understand structure-function relationships governing processivity and a better understanding of the potential of KIF3AC for long-distance transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guzik-Lendrum
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Katherine C Rank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brandon M Bensel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Keenan C Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
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Phillips RK, Peter LG, Gilbert SP, Rayment I. Family-specific Kinesin Structures Reveal Neck-linker Length Based on Initiation of the Coiled-coil. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20372-86. [PMID: 27462072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1, -2, -5, and -7 generate processive hand-over-hand 8-nm steps to transport intracellular cargoes toward the microtubule plus end. This processive motility requires gating mechanisms to coordinate the mechanochemical cycles of the two motor heads to sustain the processive run. A key structural element believed to regulate the degree of processivity is the neck-linker, a short peptide of 12-18 residues, which connects the motor domain to its coiled-coil stalk. Although a shorter neck-linker has been correlated with longer run lengths, the structural data to support this hypothesis have been lacking. To test this hypothesis, seven kinesin structures were determined by x-ray crystallography. Each included the neck-linker motif, followed by helix α7 that constitutes the start of the coiled-coil stalk. In the majority of the structures, the neck-linker length differed from predictions because helix α7, which initiates the coiled-coil, started earlier in the sequence than predicted. A further examination of structures in the Protein Data Bank reveals that there is a great disparity between the predicted and observed starting residues. This suggests that an accurate prediction of the start of a coiled-coil is currently difficult to achieve. These results are significant because they now exclude simple comparisons between members of the kinesin superfamily and add a further layer of complexity when interpreting the results of mutagenesis or protein fusion. They also re-emphasize the need to consider factors beyond the kinesin neck-linker motif when attempting to understand how inter-head communication is tuned to achieve the degree of processivity required for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Phillips
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Logan G Peter
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Ivan Rayment
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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Zhang P, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Fast or Slow, Either Head Can Start the Processive Run of Kinesin-2 KIF3AC. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4407-16. [PMID: 26710851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian KIF3AC contains two distinct motor polypeptides and is best known for its role in organelle transport in neurons. Our recent studies showed that KIF3AC is as processive as conventional kinesin-1, suggesting that their ATPase mechanochemistry may be similar. However, the presence of two different motor polypeptides in KIF3AC implies that there must be a cellular advantage for the KIF3AC heterodimer. The hypothesis tested was whether there is an intrinsic bias within KIF3AC such that either KIF3A or KIF3C initiates the processive run. To pursue these experiments, a mechanistic approach was used to compare the pre-steady-state kinetics of KIF3AC to the kinetics of homodimeric KIF3AA and KIF3CC. The results indicate that microtubule collision at 11.4 μM(-1) s(-1) coupled with ADP release at 78 s(-1) are fast steps for homodimeric KIF3AA. In contrast, KIF3CC exhibits much slower microtubule association at 2.1 μM(-1) s(-1) and ADP release at 8 s(-1). For KIF3AC, microtubule association at 6.6 μM(-1) s(-1) and ADP release at 51 s(-1) are intermediate between the constants for KIF3AA and KIF3CC. These results indicate that either KIF3A or KIF3C can initiate the processive run. Surprisingly, the kinetics of the initial event of microtubule collision followed by ADP release for KIF3AC is not equivalent to 1:1 mixtures of KIF3AA plus KIF3CC homodimers at the same motor concentration. These results reveal that the intermolecular communication within the KIF3AC heterodimer modulates entry into the processive run regardless of whether the run is initiated by the KIF3A or KIF3C motor domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Ivan Rayment
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
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