1
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Wang B, Martini-Stoica H, Qi C, Lu TC, Wang S, Xiong W, Qi Y, Xu Y, Sardiello M, Li H, Zheng H. TFEB-vacuolar ATPase signaling regulates lysosomal function and microglial activation in tauopathy. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:48-62. [PMID: 37985800 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) mediates gene expression through binding to the coordinated lysosome expression and regulation (CLEAR) sequence. TFEB targets include subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), which are essential for lysosome acidification. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of wild-type and PS19 (Tau) transgenic mice expressing the P301S mutant tau identified three unique microglia subclusters in Tau mice that were associated with heightened lysosome and immune pathway genes. To explore the lysosome-immune relationship, we specifically disrupted the TFEB-v-ATPase signaling by creating a knock-in mouse line in which the CLEAR sequence of one of the v-ATPase subunits, Atp6v1h, was mutated. CLEAR mutant exhibited a muted response to TFEB, resulting in impaired lysosomal acidification and activity. Crossing the CLEAR mutant with Tau mice led to higher tau pathology but diminished microglia response. These microglia were enriched in a subcluster low in mTOR and HIF-1 pathways and were locked in a homeostatic state. Our studies demonstrate a physiological function of TFEB-v-ATPase signaling in maintaining lysosomal homeostasis and a critical role of the lysosome in mounting a microglia and immune response in tauopathy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chuangye Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen Xiong
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan and Jan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Lysosomes in senescence and aging. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57265. [PMID: 37811693 PMCID: PMC10626421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of lysosomes, the primary hydrolytic organelles in animal cells, is frequently associated with aging and age-related diseases. At the cellular level, lysosomal dysfunction is strongly linked to cellular senescence or the induction of cell death pathways. However, the precise mechanisms by which lysosomal dysfunction participates in these various cellular or organismal phenotypes have remained elusive. The ability of lysosomes to degrade diverse macromolecules including damaged proteins and organelles puts lysosomes at the center of multiple cellular stress responses. Lysosomal activity is tightly regulated by many coordinated cellular processes including pathways that function inside and outside of the organelle. Here, we collectively classify these coordinated pathways as the lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS). We review evidence that the LYPAS is upregulated by diverse cellular stresses, its adaptability regulates senescence and cell death decisions, and it can form the basis for therapeutic manipulation for a wide range of age-related diseases and potentially for aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Xiaojun Tan
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
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3
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Louphrasitthiphol P, Loffreda A, Pogenberg V, Picaud S, Schepsky A, Friedrichsen H, Zeng Z, Lashgari A, Thomas B, Patton EE, Wilmanns M, Filippakopoulos P, Lambert JP, Steingrímsson E, Mazza D, Goding CR. Acetylation reprograms MITF target selectivity and residence time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6051. [PMID: 37770430 PMCID: PMC10539308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of transcription factors to discriminate between different classes of binding sites associated with specific biological functions underpins effective gene regulation in development and homeostasis. How this is achieved is poorly understood. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF is a lineage-survival oncogene that plays a crucial role in melanocyte development and melanoma. MITF suppresses invasion, reprograms metabolism and promotes both proliferation and differentiation. How MITF distinguishes between differentiation and proliferation-associated targets is unknown. Here we show that compared to many transcription factors MITF exhibits a very long residence time which is reduced by p300/CBP-mediated MITF acetylation at K206. While K206 acetylation also decreases genome-wide MITF DNA-binding affinity, it preferentially directs DNA binding away from differentiation-associated CATGTG motifs toward CACGTG elements. The results reveal an acetylation-mediated switch that suppresses differentiation and provides a mechanistic explanation of why a human K206Q MITF mutation is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Alessia Loffreda
- Experimental Imaging Center, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Vivian Pogenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Hamburg Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Schepsky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hans Friedrichsen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit & Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anahita Lashgari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Central Proteomics Facility, Sir William Dunn Pathology School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit & Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
- University Hamburg Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salulte San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Wang B, Martini-Stoica H, Qi C, Lu TC, Wang S, Xiong W, Qi Y, Xu Y, Sardiello M, Li H, Zheng H. TFEB-vacuolar ATPase signaling regulates lysosomal function and microglial activation in tauopathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.527293. [PMID: 36798205 PMCID: PMC9934527 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) mediates gene expression through binding to the Coordinated Lysosome Expression And Regulation (CLEAR) sequence. TFEB targets include subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) essential for lysosome acidification. Single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of wild-type and PS19 (Tau) transgenic mice identified three unique microglia subclusters in Tau mice that were associated with heightened lysosome and immune pathway genes. To explore the lysosome-immune relationship, we specifically disrupted the TFEB-v-ATPase signaling by creating a knock-in mouse line in which the CLEAR sequence of one of the v-ATPase subunits, Atp6v1h, was mutated. We show that the CLEAR mutant exhibited a muted response to TFEB, resulting in impaired lysosomal acidification and activity. Crossing the CLEAR mutant with Tau mice led to higher tau pathology but diminished microglia response. These microglia were enriched in a subcluster low in mTOR and HIF-1 pathways and was locked in a homeostatic state. Our studies demonstrate a physiological function of TFEB-v-ATPase signaling in maintaining lysosomal homoeostasis and a critical role of the lysosome in mounting a microglia and immune response in tauopathy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chuangye Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen Xiong
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan and Jan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Patra S, Patil S, Klionsky DJ, Bhutia SK. Lysosome signaling in cell survival and programmed cell death for cellular homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:287-305. [PMID: 36502521 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in lysosome biology have transformed our view of lysosomes from static garbage disposals that can also act as suicide bags to decidedly dynamic multirole adaptive operators of cellular homeostasis. Lysosome-governed signaling pathways, proteins, and transcription factors equilibrate the rate of catabolism and anabolism (autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis and metabolite pool maintenance) by sensing cellular metabolic status. Lysosomes also interact with other organelles by establishing contact sites through which they exchange cellular contents. Lysosomal function is critically assessed by lysosomal positioning and motility for cellular adaptation. In this setting, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) is the chief architect of lysosomal signaling to control cellular homeostasis. Notably, lysosomes can orchestrate explicit cell death mechanisms, such as autophagic cell death and lysosomal membrane permeabilization-associated regulated necrotic cell death, to maintain cellular homeostasis. These lines of evidence emphasize that the lysosomes serve as a central signaling hub for cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
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6
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Shi J, Guo Y, Wang H, Xiao Y, Liu W, Lyu L. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in melanin metabolism. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6661-6668. [PMID: 36207998 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved way of regulating intracellular protein balance. UPS mediates proteolysis and disruption of variation or misfolding, while finely regulating proteins involved in differentiation and other biological processes. AIMS The aim of this review is to systematically introduce UPS as a key regulator of melanin metabolism. METHODS Systematic search and retrospective review were performed on the published data. RESULTS Melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF) is a substrate of the ubiquitin ligase VCHL1 and acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of key enzymes in melanin synthesis such as tyrosinase (TYR). The rate-limiting enzyme TYR is modified by the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 during melanosynthesis. Melanin itself is also regulated by multiple ubiquitin ligases including Fbp1 and Vhl. By regulating the ubiquitination modification to target each link of melanin synthesis, it plays an important role in correcting the disorder of melanin metabolism. A number of chemical agents have been proven to inhibit the activity of ubiquitin ligase. CONCLUSIONS Drugs targeting E3 ligase and deubiquitinating enzymes have great potential in the treatment of melanin metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, China
| | - Yanfang Guo
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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7
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Ogienko AA, Omelina ES, Bylino OV, Batin MA, Georgiev PG, Pindyurin AV. Drosophila as a Model Organism to Study Basic Mechanisms of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911244. [PMID: 36232546 PMCID: PMC9569508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression determines the fate and function of various cells and tissues and, as a consequence, the correct development and functioning of complex organisms. Certain mechanisms of gene activity regulation provide adequate cell responses to changes in environmental factors. Aside from gene expression disorders that lead to various pathologies, alterations of expression of particular genes were shown to significantly decrease or increase the lifespan in a wide range of organisms from yeast to human. Drosophila fruit fly is an ideal model system to explore mechanisms of longevity and aging due to low cost, easy handling and maintenance, large number of progeny per adult, short life cycle and lifespan, relatively low number of paralogous genes, high evolutionary conservation of epigenetic mechanisms and signalling pathways, and availability of a wide range of tools to modulate gene expression in vivo. Here, we focus on the organization of the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways whose components significantly influence the aging process and on the interconnections of these pathways with gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Ogienko
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S. Omelina
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Bylino
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Batin
- Open Longevity, 15260 Ventura Blvd., Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, CA 91403, USA
| | - Pavel G. Georgiev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-90-42
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8
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Gu X, Jouandin P, Lalgudi PV, Binari R, Valenstein ML, Reid MA, Allen AE, Kamitaki N, Locasale JW, Perrimon N, Sabatini DM. Sestrin mediates detection of and adaptation to low-leucine diets in Drosophila. Nature 2022; 608:209-216. [PMID: 35859173 PMCID: PMC10112710 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism in response to multiple nutrients, including the essential amino acid leucine1. Recent work in cultured mammalian cells established the Sestrins as leucine-binding proteins that inhibit mTORC1 signalling during leucine deprivation2,3, but their role in the organismal response to dietary leucine remains elusive. Here we find that Sestrin-null flies (Sesn-/-) fail to inhibit mTORC1 or activate autophagy after acute leucine starvation and have impaired development and a shortened lifespan on a low-leucine diet. Knock-in flies expressing a leucine-binding-deficient Sestrin mutant (SesnL431E) have reduced, leucine-insensitive mTORC1 activity. Notably, we find that flies can discriminate between food with or without leucine, and preferentially feed and lay progeny on leucine-containing food. This preference depends on Sestrin and its capacity to bind leucine. Leucine regulates mTORC1 activity in glial cells, and knockdown of Sesn in these cells reduces the ability of flies to detect leucine-free food. Thus, nutrient sensing by mTORC1 is necessary for flies not only to adapt to, but also to detect, a diet deficient in an essential nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Patrick Jouandin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pranav V Lalgudi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rich Binari
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max L Valenstein
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annamarie E Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Hsu CH, Lee KJ, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Wang GS, Chen LP, Liao KW, Lin CS. The Lysosome in Malignant Melanoma: Biology, Function and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2022; 11:1492. [PMID: 35563798 PMCID: PMC9103375 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that play roles in the degradation and recycling of cellular waste and homeostasis maintenance within cells. False alterations of lysosomal functions can lead to broad detrimental effects and cause various diseases, including cancers. Cancer cells that are rapidly proliferative and invasive are highly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with high metastasis characteristics, drug resistance, and aggressiveness. It is critical to understand the role of lysosomes in melanoma pathogenesis in order to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients. In this mini-review, we compile our current knowledge of lysosomes' role in tumorigenesis, progression, therapy resistance, and the current treatment strategies related to lysosomes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Keng-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Ching Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
| | - Guo-Shou Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Lei-Po Chen
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan;
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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10
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Zeng J, Kang WN, Jin L, Anjum AA, Li GQ. Vacuolar ATPase subunit F is critical for larval survival in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:177-189. [PMID: 34787941 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) is an important proton pump in insect tissues including gut and Malpighian tubule. Subunit F, one of the 16 subunits of the vATPase holoenzyme, is not well characterized. Here, we found that two HvvATPaseF isoforms were highly expressed in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules (MT) in the 28-spotted lady-beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, an agricultural pest that feeds on Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Knockdown of both HvvATPaseF variants by RNA interference (RNAi) delayed larval growth and negatively affected ecdysis and adult emergence. In the midgut, RNAi treatment resulted in the disappearance of peritrophic membrane, the reduction in the size and the impaired integrity of the gut, which was associated with sparse principle cells and an increase in TUNEL- and EdU-positive cells. Whereas the MT were opaque and the tubule lumens were full of urine in dsegfp-fed larvae, the tubules were clear and the tubule lumens were empty in the dsvATPaseF-fed larvae. HvvATPaseF knockdown was also associated with a decrease in the abundance of the fat body and the levels of glucose, trehalose, triglyceride, total soluble amino acids and proteins, and an increase in glycogen. Consistent with the known effects of sugars on chitin formation, both the expression level of a chitin biosynthesis gene and the thickness of the head capsule cuticle were reduced in the HvvATPaseF-depleted beetles. Our results demonstrated that subunit F plays an essential role in H. vigintioctopunctata development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Nan Kang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmad Ali Anjum
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Murakawa T, Nakamura T, Kawaguchi K, Murayama F, Zhao N, Stasevich TJ, Kimura H, Fujita N. A Drosophila toolkit for HA-tagged proteins unveils a block in autophagy flux in the last instar larval fat body. Development 2022; 149:274775. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
For in vivo functional analysis of a protein of interest (POI), multiple transgenic strains with a POI that harbors different tags are needed but generation of these strains is still labor-intensive work. To overcome this, we have developed a versatile Drosophila toolkit with a genetically encoded single-chain variable fragment for the HA epitope tag: ‘HA Frankenbody’. This system allows various analyses of HA-tagged POI in live tissues by simply crossing an HA Frankenbody fly with an HA-tagged POI fly. Strikingly, the GFP-mCherry tandem fluorescent-tagged HA Frankenbody revealed a block in autophagic flux and an accumulation of enlarged autolysosomes in the last instar larval and prepupal fat body. Mechanistically, lysosomal activity was downregulated at this stage, and endocytosis, but not autophagy, was indispensable for the swelling of lysosomes. Furthermore, forced activation of lysosomes by fat body-targeted overexpression of Mitf, the single MiTF/TFE family gene in Drosophila, suppressed the lysosomal swelling and resulted in pupal lethality. Collectively, we propose that downregulated lysosomal function in the fat body plays a role in the metamorphosis of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Murakawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-11 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-11 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-11 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Futoshi Murayama
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Timothy J. Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- World Research Hub Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-11 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naonobu Fujita
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-11 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science & Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Zhang Z, Shen W, Liu W, Lyu L. Role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism: Implications in melanin-related diseases. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4146-4159. [PMID: 35041756 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate degradation and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and play a wide range of key roles in different biological processes. They mediate different stages of melanocyte differentiation, growth, and apoptosis through a variety of pathways and can mediate melanin production by targeting key enzymes. AIMS This article was aimed to review the role of miRNAs in melanin metabolism and to introduce the role and significance of miRNAs in melanin-related diseases. MATERIALS & METHODS Systematic search and retrospective review were performed on the published data. RESULTS This paper reviews the process of melanin synthesis and the regulatory mechanism, explores the miRNA expression profiles in different model organisms, and introduces the mechanisms of several key miRNAs participating in melanin metabolism through target genes. We also explore the potential role of miRNA as a new target for the treatment of melanin metabolism disease, including vitiligo, melanoma, and chloasma. CONCLUSION miRNAs play a key role in melanin-related diseases, and the miRNAs involved may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanlu Shen
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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13
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Chan H, Li Q, Wang X, Liu WY, Hu W, Zeng J, Xie C, Kwong TNY, Ho IHT, Liu X, Chen H, Yu J, Ko H, Chan RCY, Ip M, Gin T, Cheng ASL, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wong SH, Wu WKK. Vitamin D 3 and carbamazepine protect against Clostridioides difficile infection in mice by restoring macrophage lysosome acidification. Autophagy 2022; 18:2050-2067. [PMID: 34989311 PMCID: PMC9466624 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. TcdB is a major C. difficile exotoxin that activates macrophages to promote inflammation and epithelial damage. Lysosome impairment is a known trigger for inflammation. Herein, we hypothesize that TcdB could impair macrophage lysosomal function to mediate inflammation during CDI. Effects of TcdB on lysosomal function and the downstream pro-inflammatory SQSTM1/p62-NFKB (nuclear factor kappa B) signaling were assessed in cultured macrophages and in a murine CDI model. Protective effects of two lysosome activators (i.e., vitamin D3 and carbamazepine) were assessed. Results showed that TcdB inhibited CTNNB1/β-catenin activity to downregulate MITF (melanocyte inducing transcription factor) and its direct target genes encoding components of lysosomal membrane vacuolar-type ATPase, thereby suppressing lysosome acidification in macrophages. The resulting lysosomal dysfunction then impaired autophagic flux and activated SQSTM1-NFKB signaling to drive the expression of IL1B/IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), IL8 and CXCL2 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2). Restoring MITF function by enforced MITF expression or restoring lysosome acidification with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or carbamazepine suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro. In mice, gavage with TcdB-hyperproducing C. difficile or injection of TcdB into ligated colon segments caused prominent MITF downregulation in macrophages. Vitamin D3 and carbamazepine lessened TcdB-induced lysosomal dysfunction, inflammation and histological damage. In conclusion, TcdB inhibits the CTNNB1-MITF axis to suppress lysosome acidification and activates the downstream SQSTM1-NFKB signaling in macrophages during CDI. Vitamin D3 and carbamazepine protect against CDI by restoring MITF expression and lysosomal function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing Yingzhi Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Judeng Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Ngai Yeung Kwong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Idy Hiu Ting Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho Ko
- Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raphael Chiu Yeung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alfred Sze Lok Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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14
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Gutiérrez-Pérez P, Santillán EM, Lendl T, Wang J, Schrempf A, Steinacker TL, Asparuhova M, Brandstetter M, Haselbach D, Cochella L. miR-1 sustains muscle physiology by controlling V-ATPase complex assembly. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1434. [PMID: 34652942 PMCID: PMC8519577 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle function requires unique structural and metabolic adaptations that can render muscle cells selectively vulnerable, with mutations in some ubiquitously expressed genes causing myopathies but sparing other tissues. We uncovered a muscle cell vulnerability by studying miR-1, a deeply conserved, muscle-specific microRNA whose ablation causes various muscle defects. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that miR-1 represses multiple subunits of the ubiquitous vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) complex, which is essential for internal compartment acidification and metabolic signaling. V-ATPase subunits are predicted miR-1 targets in animals ranging from C. elegans to humans, and we experimentally validated this in Drosophila. Unexpectedly, up-regulation of V-ATPase subunits upon miR-1 deletion causes reduced V-ATPase function due to defects in complex assembly. These results reveal V-ATPase assembly as a conserved muscle cell vulnerability and support a previously unknown role for microRNAs in the regulation of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio M. Santillán
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jingkui Wang
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schrempf
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mila Asparuhova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Brandstetter
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luisa Cochella
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Knockdown of Vacuolar ATPase Subunit G Gene Affects Larval Survival and Impaired Pupation and Adult Emergence in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100935. [PMID: 34680704 PMCID: PMC8538789 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Vacuolar ATPase (vATPase), a proton pump driven by ATP hydrolysis, acts as a membrane energizer to motivate the movement of ions and nutrients across the cellular membrane in insect guts and Malpighian tubules, among others. The vATPase holoenzyme contains 16 subunits. Out of these subunits, mammalian G subunit includes three isoforms (G1-G3) which are encoded by three distinctive genes. The physiological role of a specific G isoform can be compensated by others. Thus, current experimental evidence on the in vivo function of G is rather limited among eight V1 subunits. In the present paper, particular attention was paid to an insect model, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ladybird, a serious defoliator of Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants in many Asian countries. Given that the beetle is sensitive to RNA interference (RNAi), HvvATPaseG gene was knocked down by ingestion of its corresponding dsRNA at the fourth-instar larval stage. Silence of HvvATPaseG affected larval growth and survival, impaired pupation and adult emergence. Our results provide a basis for further functional research on the vATPase G subunit in insects and suggest new ideas for the management of H. vigintioctopunctata. Abstract The vATPase holoenzyme consists of two functional subcomplexes, the cytoplasmic (peripheral) V1 and the membrane-embedded V0. Both V1 and V0 sectors contain eight subunits, with stoichiometry of A3B3CDE3FG3H in V1 and ac8c’c”def(Voa1p) in V0 respectively. However, the function of G subunit has not been characterized in any non-Drosophilid insect species. In the present paper, we uncovered that HvvATPaseG was actively transcribed from embryo to adult in a Coleopteran pest Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Its mRNA levels peaked in larval hindgut and Malpighian tubules. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of HvvATPaseG significantly reduced larval feeding, affected chitin biosynthesis, destroyed midgut integrity, damaged midgut peritrophic membrane, and retarded larval growth. The function of Malpighian tubules was damaged, the contents of glucose, trehalose, lipid, total soluble amino acids and protein were lowered and the fat bodies were lessened in the HvvATPaseG RNAi larvae, compared with those in the PBS- and dsegfp-fed beetles. In contrast, the amount of glycogen was dramatically increased in the HvvATPaseG depletion ladybirds. As a result, the development was arrested, pupation was inhibited and adult emergence was impaired in the HvvATPaseG hypomorphs. Our results demonstrated that G subunit plays a critical role during larval development in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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16
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Whole-genome association study searching for QTL for Aeromonas salmonicida resistance in rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17857. [PMID: 34497310 PMCID: PMC8426485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, has extensive negative effects on wild and farmed salmonids worldwide. Vaccination induces some protection under certain conditions but disease outbreaks occur even in vaccinated fish. Therefore, alternative disease control approaches are required to ensure the sustainable expansion of rainbow trout aquaculture. Selective breeding can be applied to enhance host resistance to pathogens. The present work used genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with A. salmonicida resistance in rainbow trout. A total 798 rainbow trout exposed to A. salmonicida by bath challenge revealed 614 susceptible and 138 resistant fish. Genotyping was conducted using the 57 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and the GWAS was performed for survival and time to death phenotypes. We identified a QTL on chromosome 16 and located positional candidate genes in the proximity of the most significant SNPs. In addition, samples from exposed fish were examined for expression of 24 immune-relevant genes indicating a systematic immune response to the infection. The present work demonstrated that resistance to A. salmonicida is moderately heritable with oligogenic architecture. These result will be useful for the future breeding programs for improving the natural resistance of rainbow trout against furunculosis.
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17
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Ballesteros‐Álvarez J, Andersen JK. mTORC2: The other mTOR in autophagy regulation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13431. [PMID: 34250734 PMCID: PMC8373318 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has gathered significant attention as a ubiquitously expressed multimeric kinase with key implications for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This kinase forms the central core of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which share the ability of integrating environmental, nutritional, and hormonal cues but which regulate separate molecular pathways that result in different cellular responses. Particularly, mTORC1 has been described as a major negative regulator of endosomal biogenesis and autophagy, a catabolic process that degrades intracellular components and organelles within the lysosomes and is thought to play a key role in human health and disease. In contrast, the role of mTORC2 in the regulation of autophagy has been considerably less studied despite mounting evidence this complex may regulate autophagy in a different and perhaps complementary manner to that of mTORC1. Genetic ablation of unique subunits is currently being utilized to study the differential effects of the two mTOR complexes. RICTOR is the best‐described subunit specific to mTORC2 and as such has become a useful tool for investigating the specific actions of this complex. The development of complex‐specific inhibitors for mTORC2 is also an area of intense interest. Studies to date have demonstrated that mTORC1/2 complexes each signal to a variety of exclusive downstream molecules with distinct biological roles. Pinpointing the particular effects of these downstream effectors is crucial toward the development of novel therapies aimed at accurately modulating autophagy in the context of human aging and disease.
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18
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Lebo DPV, McCall K. Murder on the Ovarian Express: A Tale of Non-Autonomous Cell Death in the Drosophila Ovary. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061454. [PMID: 34200604 PMCID: PMC8228772 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout oogenesis, Drosophila egg chambers traverse the fine line between survival and death. After surviving the ten early and middle stages of oogenesis, egg chambers drastically change their size and structure to produce fully developed oocytes. The development of an oocyte comes at a cost, the price is the lives of the oocyte’s 15 siblings, the nurse cells. These nurse cells do not die of their own accord. Their death is dependent upon their neighbors—the stretch follicle cells. Stretch follicle cells are nonprofessional phagocytes that spend the final stages of oogenesis surrounding the nurse cells and subsequently forcing the nurse cells to give up everything for the sake of the oocyte. In this review, we provide an overview of cell death in the ovary, with a focus on recent findings concerning this phagocyte-dependent non-autonomous cell death.
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19
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Kim S, Song HS, Yu J, Kim YM. MiT Family Transcriptional Factors in Immune Cell Functions. Mol Cells 2021; 44:342-355. [PMID: 33972476 PMCID: PMC8175148 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT family) proteins are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that perform many essential biological functions. In mammals, the MiT family consists of MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor or melanocyte-inducing transcription factor), TFEB (transcription factor EB), TFE3 (transcription factor E3), and TFEC (transcription factor EC). These transcriptional factors belong to the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor family and bind the E-box DNA motifs in the promoter regions of target genes to enhance transcription. The best studied functions of MiT proteins include lysosome biogenesis and autophagy induction. In addition, they modulate cellular metabolism, mitochondria dynamics, and various stress responses. The control of nuclear localization via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation serves as the primary regulatory mechanism for MiT family proteins, and several kinases and phosphatases have been identified to directly determine the transcriptional activities of MiT proteins. In different immune cell types, each MiT family member is shown to play distinct or redundant roles and we expect that there is far more to learn about their functions and regulatory mechanisms in host defense and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongryong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sup Song
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jihyun Yu
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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20
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Špaková I, Rabajdová M, Mičková H, Graier WF, Mareková M. Effect of hypoxia factors gene silencing on ROS production and metabolic status of A375 malignant melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10325. [PMID: 33990669 PMCID: PMC8121821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate response of melanocytes to exogenous or endogenous stress stimuli like extreme pH and temperature, metabolite and oxygen deficiency or a high UV dose initiates a cellular stress response. This process activates adaptive processes to minimize the negative impact of the stressor on the pigment cell. Under physiological conditions, a non-cancer cell is directed to apoptosis if the stressor persists. However, malignant melanoma cells will survive persistent stress thanks to distinct "cancerous" signaling pathways (e.g. MEK) and transcription factors that regulate the expression of so-called "survival genes" (e.g. HIF, MITF). In this survival response of cancer cells, MEK pathway directs melanoma cells to deregulate mitochondrial metabolism, to accumulate reduced species (NADH), and to centralize metabolism in the cytosol. The aim of this work was to study the effect of gene silencing in malignant melanoma A375 cells on metabolic processes in cytosol and mitochondria. Gene silencing of HIF-1α, and miR-210 in normoxia and pseudohypoxia, and analysis of its effect on MITF-M, and PDHA1 expression. Detection of cytosolic NADH by Peredox-mCherry Assay. Detection of OCR, and ECAR using Seahorse XF96. Measurement of produced O2•- with MitoTracker Red CMXRos. 1H NMR analysis of metabolites present in cell suspension, and medium. By gene silencing of HIF-1α and miR-210 the expression of PDHA1 was upregulated while that of MITF-M was downregulated, yielding acceleration of mitochondrial respiratory activity and thus elimination of ROS. Hence, we detected a significantly reduced A375 cell viability, an increase in alanine, inositol, nucleotides, and other metabolites that together define apoptosis. Based on the results of measurements of mitochondrial resipiratory activity, ROS production, and changes in the metabolites obtained in cells under the observed conditions, we concluded that silencing of HIF-1α and miR-210 yields apoptosis and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death in A375 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Špaková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Rabajdová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Helena Mičková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Mária Mareková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovakia
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21
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Formica M, Storaci AM, Bertolini I, Carminati F, Knævelsrud H, Vaira V, Vaccari T. V-ATPase controls tumor growth and autophagy in a Drosophila model of gliomagenesis. Autophagy 2021; 17:4442-4452. [PMID: 33978540 PMCID: PMC8726678 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1918915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a very aggressive and incurable tumor, often results from constitutive activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). To understand the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glial tumors in vivo, we used an established Drosophila melanogaster model of glioma based on overexpression in larval glial cells of an active human EGFR and of the PI3K homolog Pi3K92E/Dp110. Interestingly, the resulting hyperplastic glia express high levels of key components of the lysosomal-autophagic compartment, including vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) subunits and ref(2)P (refractory to Sigma P), the Drosophila homolog of SQSTM1/p62. However, cellular clearance of autophagic cargoes appears inhibited upstream of autophagosome formation. Remarkably, downregulation of subunits of V-ATPase, of Pdk1, or of the Tor (Target of rapamycin) complex 1 (TORC1) component raptor prevents overgrowth and normalize ref(2)P levels. In addition, downregulation of the V-ATPase subunit VhaPPA1-1 reduces Akt and Tor-dependent signaling and restores clearance. Consistent with evidence in flies, neurospheres from patients with high V-ATPase subunit expression show inhibition of autophagy. Altogether, our data suggest that autophagy is repressed during glial tumorigenesis and that V-ATPase and MTORC1 components acting at lysosomes could represent therapeutic targets against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Formica
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Storaci
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Bertolini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Helene Knævelsrud
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Dissection of two routes to naïve pluripotency using different kinase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1863. [PMID: 33767186 PMCID: PMC7994667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in the naïve state through inhibition of Mek1/2 and Gsk3 (2i). A relevant effect of 2i is the inhibition of Cdk8/19, which are negative regulators of the Mediator complex, responsible for the activity of enhancers. Inhibition of Cdk8/19 (Cdk8/19i) stimulates enhancers and, similar to 2i, stabilizes ESCs in the naïve state. Here, we use mass spectrometry to describe the molecular events (phosphoproteome, proteome, and metabolome) triggered by 2i and Cdk8/19i on ESCs. Our data reveal widespread commonalities between these two treatments, suggesting overlapping processes. We find that post-transcriptional de-repression by both 2i and Cdk8/19i might support the mitochondrial capacity of naive cells. However, proteome reprogramming in each treatment is achieved by different mechanisms. Cdk8/19i acts directly on the transcriptional machinery, activating key identity genes to promote the naïve program. In contrast, 2i stabilizes the naïve circuitry through, in part, de-phosphorylation of downstream transcriptional effectors.
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23
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Ribet ABP, Ng PY, Pavlos NJ. Membrane Transport Proteins in Osteoclasts: The Ins and Outs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:644986. [PMID: 33718388 PMCID: PMC7952445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.644986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During bone resorption, the osteoclast must sustain an extraordinarily low pH environment, withstand immense ionic pressures, and coordinate nutrient and waste exchange across its membrane to sustain its unique structural and functional polarity. To achieve this, osteoclasts are equipped with an elaborate set of membrane transport proteins (pumps, transporters and channels) that serve as molecular ‘gatekeepers’ to regulate the bilateral exchange of ions, amino acids, metabolites and macromolecules across the ruffled border and basolateral domains. Whereas the importance of the vacuolar-ATPase proton pump and chloride voltage-gated channel 7 in osteoclasts has long been established, comparatively little is known about the contributions of other membrane transport proteins, including those categorized as secondary active transporters. In this Special Issue review, we provide a contemporary update on the ‘ins and outs’ of membrane transport proteins implicated in osteoclast differentiation, function and bone homeostasis and discuss their therapeutic potential for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B P Ribet
- Bone Biology and Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Bone Biology and Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Bone Biology and Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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24
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La Spina M, Contreras PS, Rissone A, Meena NK, Jeong E, Martina JA. MiT/TFE Family of Transcription Factors: An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:609683. [PMID: 33490073 PMCID: PMC7815692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Response and adaptation to stress are critical for the survival of all living organisms. The regulation of the transcriptional machinery is an important aspect of these complex processes. The members of the microphthalmia (MiT/TFE) family of transcription factors, apart from their involvement in melanocyte biology, are emerging as key players in a wide range of cellular functions in response to a plethora of internal and external stresses. The MiT/TFE proteins are structurally related and conserved through evolution. Their tissue expression and activities are highly regulated by alternative splicing, promoter usage, and posttranslational modifications. Here, we summarize the functions of MiT/TFE proteins as master transcriptional regulators across evolution and discuss the contribution of animal models to our understanding of the various roles of these transcription factors. We also highlight the importance of deciphering transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the quest for potential therapeutic targets for human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina La Spina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pablo S Contreras
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alberto Rissone
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Naresh K Meena
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eutteum Jeong
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Cunningham KM, Maulding K, Ruan K, Senturk M, Grima JC, Sung H, Zuo Z, Song H, Gao J, Dubey S, Rothstein JD, Zhang K, Bellen HJ, Lloyd TE. TFEB/Mitf links impaired nuclear import to autophagolysosomal dysfunction in C9-ALS. eLife 2020; 9:59419. [PMID: 33300868 PMCID: PMC7758070 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which disrupted NCT causes neurodegeneration remain unclear. In a Drosophila screen, we identified ref(2)P/p62, a key regulator of autophagy, as a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration caused by the GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion (G4C2 HRE) in C9orf72 that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We found that p62 is increased and forms ubiquitinated aggregates due to decreased autophagic cargo degradation. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of Drosophila tissues demonstrate an accumulation of lysosome-like organelles that precedes neurodegeneration. These phenotypes are partially caused by cytoplasmic mislocalization of Mitf/TFEB, a key transcriptional regulator of autophagolysosomal function. Additionally, TFEB is mislocalized and downregulated in human cells expressing GGGGCC repeats and in C9-ALS patient motor cortex. Our data suggest that the C9orf72-HRE impairs Mitf/TFEB nuclear import, thereby disrupting autophagy and exacerbating proteostasis defects in C9-ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Cunningham
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kirstin Maulding
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mumine Senturk
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, United States
| | - Jonathan C Grima
- Brain Science Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hyun Sung
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, United States
| | - Helen Song
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Junli Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Sandeep Dubey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Brain Science Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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26
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Xu T, Nicolson S, Sandow JJ, Dayan S, Jiang X, Manning JA, Webb AI, Kumar S, Denton D. Cp1/cathepsin L is required for autolysosomal clearance in Drosophila. Autophagy 2020; 17:2734-2749. [PMID: 33112206 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1838105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradative pathway important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Much of our current knowledge of autophagy is focused on the initiation steps in this process. Recently, an understanding of later steps, particularly lysosomal fusion leading to autolysosome formation and the subsequent role of lysosomal enzymes in degradation and recycling, is becoming evident. Autophagy can function in both cell survival and cell death, however, the mechanisms that distinguish adaptive/survival autophagy from autophagy-dependent cell death remain to be established. Here, using proteomic analysis of Drosophila larval midguts during degradation, we identify a group of proteins with peptidase activity, suggesting a role in autophagy-dependent cell death. We show that Cp1/cathepsin L-deficient larval midgut cells accumulate aberrant autophagic vesicles due to a block in autophagic flux, yet later stages of midgut degradation are not compromised. The accumulation of large aberrant autolysosomes in the absence of Cp1 appears to be the consequence of decreased degradative capacity as they contain undigested cytoplasmic material, rather than a defect in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, we find that other cathepsins may also contribute to proper autolysosomal degradation in Drosophila larval midgut cells. Our findings provide evidence that cathepsins play an essential role in the autolysosome to maintain basal autophagy flux by balancing autophagosome production and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- Advanced Technology and Biology, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jantina A Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- Advanced Technology and Biology, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
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27
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Vu HN, Dilshat R, Fock V, Steingrímsson E. User guide to MiT-TFE isoforms and post-translational modifications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:13-27. [PMID: 32846025 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is at the core of melanocyte and melanoma fate specification. The related factors TFEB and TFE3 have been shown to be instrumental for transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, cellular processes important for mediating nutrition signals and recycling of cellular materials, in many cell types. The MITF, TFEB, TFE3, and TFEC proteins are highly related. They share many structural and functional features and are targeted by the same signaling pathways. However, the existence of several isoforms of each factor and the increasing number of residues shown to be post-translationally modified by various signaling pathways poses a difficulty in indexing amino acid residues in different isoforms across the different proteins. Here, we provide a resource manual to cross-reference amino acids and post-translational modifications in all isoforms of the MiT-TFE family in humans, mice, and zebrafish and summarize the protein accession numbers for each isoform of these factors in the different genomic databases. This will facilitate future studies on the signaling pathways that regulate different isoforms of the MiT-TFE transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valerie Fock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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28
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Johansson JA, Marie KL, Lu Y, Brombin A, Santoriello C, Zeng Z, Zich J, Gautier P, von Kriegsheim A, Brunsdon H, Wheeler AP, Dreger M, Houston DR, Dooley CM, Sims AH, Busch-Nentwich EM, Zon LI, Illingworth RS, Patton EE. PRL3-DDX21 Transcriptional Control of Endolysosomal Genes Restricts Melanocyte Stem Cell Differentiation. Dev Cell 2020; 54:317-332.e9. [PMID: 32652076 PMCID: PMC7435699 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes, replenished throughout life by melanocyte stem cells (MSCs), play a critical role in pigmentation and melanoma. Here, we reveal a function for the metastasis-associated phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) in MSC regeneration. We show that PRL3 binds to the RNA helicase DDX21, thereby restricting productive transcription by RNAPII at master transcription factor (MITF)-regulated endolysosomal vesicle genes. In zebrafish, this mechanism controls premature melanoblast expansion and differentiation from MSCs. In melanoma patients, restricted transcription of this endolysosomal vesicle pathway is a hallmark of PRL3-high melanomas. Our work presents the conceptual advance that PRL3-mediated control of transcriptional elongation is a differentiation checkpoint mechanism for activated MSCs and has clinical relevance for the activity of PRL3 in regenerating tissue and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette A Johansson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuting Lu
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Cristina Santoriello
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology, Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Judith Zich
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hannah Brunsdon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ann P Wheeler
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marcel Dreger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Christopher M Dooley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Department ECNV, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology, Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Robert S Illingworth
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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29
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Li W, Qin X, Wang B, Xu G, Zhang J, Jiang X, Chen C, Qiu F, Zou Z. MiTF is Associated with Chemoresistance to Cisplatin in A549 Lung Cancer Cells via Modulating Lysosomal Biogenesis and Autophagy. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6563-6573. [PMID: 32801894 PMCID: PMC7398682 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s255939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is often fatal; advanced NSCLC has a 5-year survival rate less than 20%. Platinum-based chemotherapy, in particular, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin or DDP), is employed for the treatment of NSCLC; however, the drug resistance occurs frequently. Autophagy is defined as the process of intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic materials in the lysosome; however, the correlation between autophagy and drug resistance remains controversial. Herein, we investigated the correlation between autophagy and cisplatin resistance and also explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results We demonstrated that DDP-resistant NSCLC A549 (A549/DDP) cells had higher autophagy activity in comparison with its parental A549 cells; DDP treatment induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease of autophagy. Intriguingly, inhibition of autophagy with pharmacological drugs or knockdown of ATG5 or Beclin-1 aggravated cell death induced by DDP treatment, indicating that autophagy played protective roles during DDP treatment. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that DDP treatment could decrease the mRNA expression level of key autophagy-related genes, such as ATG5, Beclin-1, and ATG7, suggesting DDP repressed autophagy at the transcriptional level. The MiTF/TFE family (including TFEB, TFE3, TFEC, and MiTF) were involved in nutrient sensing and organelle biogenesis, and specifically, the lysosomal biogenesis. We found that only MiTF was dramatically decreased upon DDP treatment, and also a profound decrease of lysosomal markers, LAMP-1 or LAMP-2, suggesting that MiTF was involved in the modulation of lysosomal biogenesis and, consequently, the autophagy. Moreover, the knockdown of MiTF resulted in more severe cell death in A549/DDP cells, indicting the substantial correlation between MiTF and cisplatin chemoresistance. Conclusion Our study provides novel insights into the association between MiTF and DDP chemoresistance in NSCLC cells, and suggests targeting MiTF and/or autophagy might be a potential strategy for the reversal of DDP chemoresistance for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Dongsheng Lung-Brain Diseases Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Dongsheng Lung-Brain Diseases Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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30
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Louphrasitthiphol P, Siddaway R, Loffreda A, Pogenberg V, Friedrichsen H, Schepsky A, Zeng Z, Lu M, Strub T, Freter R, Lisle R, Suer E, Thomas B, Schuster-Böckler B, Filippakopoulos P, Middleton M, Lu X, Patton EE, Davidson I, Lambert JP, Wilmanns M, Steingrímsson E, Mazza D, Goding CR. Tuning Transcription Factor Availability through Acetylation-Mediated Genomic Redistribution. Mol Cell 2020; 79:472-487.e10. [PMID: 32531202 PMCID: PMC7427332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that decreasing transcription factor DNA-binding affinity reduces transcription initiation by diminishing occupancy of sequence-specific regulatory elements. However, in vivo transcription factors find their binding sites while confronted with a large excess of low-affinity degenerate motifs. Here, using the melanoma lineage survival oncogene MITF as a model, we show that low-affinity binding sites act as a competitive reservoir in vivo from which transcription factors are released by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-stimulated acetylation to promote increased occupancy of their regulatory elements. Consequently, a low-DNA-binding-affinity acetylation-mimetic MITF mutation supports melanocyte development and drives tumorigenesis, whereas a high-affinity non-acetylatable mutant does not. The results reveal a paradoxical acetylation-mediated molecular clutch that tunes transcription factor availability via genome-wide redistribution and couples BRAF to tumorigenesis. Our results further suggest that p300/CREB-binding protein-mediated transcription factor acetylation may represent a common mechanism to control transcription factor availability. Reducing transcription factor DNA-binding affinity increases activity in vivo Acetylation is triggered by MAPK signaling Acetylation leads to genome-wide transcription factor redistribution Acetylation of MITF drives tumorigenesis and melanocyte development
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Robert Siddaway
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alessia Loffreda
- Experimental Imaging Center, Cancer Imaging Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Fondazione CEN, European Center for Nanomedicine, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vivian Pogenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany & University Hamburg Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Friedrichsen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexander Schepsky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Min Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas Strub
- Institut de Génetique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Equipe labéllisée Ligue contre le Cancer, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Rasmus Freter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard Lisle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eda Suer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Central Proteomics Facility, Sir William Dunn Pathology School, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Benjamin Schuster-Böckler
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Middleton
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Institut de Génetique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Equipe labéllisée Ligue contre le Cancer, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany & University Hamburg Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, Cancer Imaging Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Fondazione CEN, European Center for Nanomedicine, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Bolotta A, Filardo G, Abruzzo PM, Astolfi A, De Sanctis P, Di Martino A, Hofer C, Indio V, Kern H, Löfler S, Marcacci M, Zampieri S, Marini M, Zucchini C. Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression in Long-Term Endurance and Resistance Trained Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113988. [PMID: 32498275 PMCID: PMC7312229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is deemed the most efficient way of counteracting the age-related decline of skeletal muscle. Here we report a transcriptional study by next-generation sequencing of vastus lateralis biopsies from elderly with a life-long high-level training practice (n = 9) and from age-matched sedentary subjects (n = 5). Unsupervised mixture distribution analysis was able to correctly categorize trained and untrained subjects, whereas it failed to discriminate between individuals who underwent a prevalent endurance (n = 5) or a prevalent resistance (n = 4) training, thus showing that the training mode was not relevant for sarcopenia prevention. KEGG analysis of transcripts showed that physical exercise affected a high number of metabolic and signaling pathways, in particular those related to energy handling and mitochondrial biogenesis, where AMPK and AKT-mTOR signaling pathways are both active and balance each other, concurring to the establishment of an insulin-sensitive phenotype and to the maintenance of a functional muscle mass. Other pathways affected by exercise training increased the efficiency of the proteostatic mechanisms, consolidated the cytoskeletal organization, lowered the inflammation level, and contrasted cellular senescence. This study on extraordinary individuals who trained at high level for at least thirty years suggests that aging processes and exercise training travel the same paths in the opposite direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bolotta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Provvidenza Maria Abruzzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2094122
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Giorgio Prodi Interdepartimental Center for Cancer Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (V.I.)
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola De Sanctis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Alessandro Di Martino
- Second Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Christian Hofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1160 Wien, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Valentina Indio
- Giorgio Prodi Interdepartimental Center for Cancer Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (V.I.)
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1160 Wien, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1160 Wien, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Knee Joint Reconstruction Center, 3rd Orthopaedic Division, Humanitas Clinical Institute, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Marini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Zucchini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
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Mondragon AA, Yalonetskaya A, Ortega AJ, Zhang Y, Naranjo O, Elguero J, Chung WS, McCall K. Lysosomal Machinery Drives Extracellular Acidification to Direct Non-apoptotic Cell Death. Cell Rep 2020; 27:11-19.e3. [PMID: 30943394 PMCID: PMC6613820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental aspect of development, homeostasis, and disease; yet, our understanding of non-apoptotic forms of cell death is limited. One such form is phagoptosis, in which one cell utilizes phagocytosis machinery to kill another cell that would otherwise continue living. We have previously identified a non-autonomous requirement of phagocytosis machinery for the developmental programmed cell death of germline nurse cells in the Drosophila ovary; however, the precise mechanism of death remained elusive. Here, we show that lysosomal machinery acting in epithelial follicle cells is used to non-autonomously induce the death of nearby germline cells. Stretch follicle cells recruit V-ATPases and chloride channels to their plasma membrane to extracellularly acidify the germline and release cathepsins that destroy the nurse cells. Our results reveal a role for lysosomal machinery acting at the plasma membrane to cause the death of neighboring cells, providing insight into mechanisms driving non-autonomous cell death. Mondragon et al. show that V-ATPase proton pumps localize to the plasma membrane of follicle cells and promote extracellular acidification to eliminate adjacent nurse cells in the Drosophila ovary. The follicle cells subsequently release cathepsins by exocytosis into the nurse cells to promote their final degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Mondragon
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alla Yalonetskaya
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anthony J Ortega
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Johnny Elguero
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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33
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Poe AR, Xu Y, Zhang C, Lei J, Li K, Labib D, Han C. Low FoxO expression in Drosophila somatosensory neurons protects dendrite growth under nutrient restriction. eLife 2020; 9:53351. [PMID: 32427101 PMCID: PMC7308081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During prolonged nutrient restriction, developing animals redistribute vital nutrients to favor brain growth at the expense of other organs. In Drosophila, such brain sparing relies on a glia-derived growth factor to sustain proliferation of neural stem cells. However, whether other aspects of neural development are also spared under nutrient restriction is unknown. Here we show that dynamically growing somatosensory neurons in the Drosophila peripheral nervous system exhibit organ sparing at the level of arbor growth: Under nutrient stress, sensory dendrites preferentially grow as compared to neighboring non-neural tissues, resulting in dendrite overgrowth. These neurons express lower levels of the stress sensor FoxO than neighboring epidermal cells, and hence exhibit no marked induction of autophagy and a milder suppression of Tor signaling under nutrient stress. Preferential dendrite growth allows for heightened animal responses to sensory stimuli, indicative of a potential survival advantage under environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Poe
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Yineng Xu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Christine Zhang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Joyce Lei
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Kailyn Li
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David Labib
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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Hyperactive Innate Immunity Causes Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons upon Altering Activity of Cdk5. Cell Rep 2020; 26:131-144.e4. [PMID: 30605670 PMCID: PMC6442473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is central to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but it remains unclear why immunity is altered in the disease state and whether changes in immunity are a cause or a consequence of neuronal dysfunction. Here, we identify a molecular pathway that links innate immunity to age-dependent loss of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. We find, first, that altering the expression of the activating subunit of the Cdk5 protein kinase (Cdk5α) causes severe disruption of autophagy. Second, this disruption of autophagy is both necessary and sufficient to cause the hyperactivation of innate immunity, particularly expression of anti-microbial peptides. Finally, it is the upregulation of immunity that induces the age-dependent death of dopaminergic neurons. Given the dysregulation of Cdk5 and innate immunity in human neurodegeneration and the conserved role of the kinase in the regulation of autophagy, this sequence is likely to have direct application to the chain of events in human neurodegenerative disease. How can one disentangle the many pathologies of neurodegeneration from one another and from normal aging? Shukla et al. show that a mutation in Drosophila kills neurons by impairing autophagy, which in turn stimulates neurotoxic levels of innate immunity, and this acts synergistically with a parallel pathway that accelerates aging.
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Csizmadia T, Juhász G. Crinophagy mechanisms and its potential role in human health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:239-255. [PMID: 32620244 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagic-lysosomal degradation is essential for the maintenance of normal homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Several types of such self-degradative and recycling pathways have been identified. From these, probably the least known autophagic process is crinophagy, during which unnecessary or obsolete secretory granules directly fuse with late endosomes/lysosomes as a means of rapid elimination of unused secretory material from the cytoplasm. This process was identified in 1966, but we are only beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms and regulation of crinophagy. In this review, we summarize the current examination methods and possible model systems, discuss the recently identified factors that are required for crinophagy, and give an overview of the potential medical relevance of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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36
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Dai Y, Li K, Wu W, Wu K, Yi H, Li W, Xiao Y, Zhong Y, Cao Y, Tian L. Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces the transcription and complex assembly of V-ATPases to facilitate autophagy in Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 116:103255. [PMID: 31654713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type H + -adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases) are indispensable for lysosome acidification and participate in autophagic processes. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) predominantly induces autophagy and regulates insect larval molting and metamorphosis; however, the specific mechanism of lysosome acidification regulation by 20E remains unclear. Here, we showed that the developmental profiles of Bombyx V-ATPases were in accordance with autophagy occurrence and lysosome acidification in the fat body during larval-pupal metamorphosis. BmV-ATPase-A and BmV-ATPase-B were required for lysosome acidification and autophagic flux. Both 20E treatment and starvation were able to induce lysosome acidification. Furthermore, BmV-ATPase transcription was induced by 20E treatment and reduced by RNAi targeting the 20E receptor BmUsp. On the one hand, 20E upregulated the transcription of BmV-ATPases through inducing Bombyx transcription factor EB (TFEB) and its nuclear translocation; on the other hand, 20E inhibited mTOR signaling to induce the transcription and assembly of BmV-ATPase subunits. Overall, 20E induces lysosome acidification by upregulating the transcription and assembly of V-ATPase subunits via activating BmTFEB and cooperating with nutrient signaling. These findings improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying lysosome acidification and autophagic flux in Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wenmei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunzhong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Yangjin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Biological Science Research Center/Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
An incomplete view of the mechanisms that drive metastasis, the primary cause of cancer-related death, has been a major barrier to development of effective therapeutics and prognostic diagnostics. Increasing evidence indicates that the interplay between microenvironment, genetic lesions, and cellular plasticity drives the metastatic cascade and resistance to therapies. Here, using melanoma as a model, we outline the diversity and trajectories of cell states during metastatic dissemination and therapy exposure, and highlight how understanding the magnitude and dynamics of nongenetic reprogramming in space and time at single-cell resolution can be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that capitalize on nongenetic tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rambow
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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38
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Cell Competition Is Driven by Autophagy. Dev Cell 2019; 51:99-112.e4. [PMID: 31543447 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a quality control process that selectively eliminates unfit cells from the growing tissue via cell-cell interaction. Despite extensive mechanistic studies, the mechanism by which cell elimination is triggered has been elusive. Here, through a genetic screen in Drosophila, we discover that V-ATPase, an essential factor for autophagy, is required for triggering cell competition. Strikingly, autophagy is specifically elevated in prospective "loser" cells nearby wild-type "winner" cells, and blocking autophagy in loser cells abolishes their elimination. Mechanistically, elevated autophagy upregulates a proapoptotic gene hid through NFκB, and the elevated hid cooperates with JNK signaling to effectively induce loser's death. Crucially, this mechanism generally applies to cell competition caused by differences in protein synthesis between cells. Our findings establish a common mechanism of cell competition whereby cells with higher protein synthesis induce autophagy in their neighboring cells, leading to elimination of unfit cells.
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39
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Abstract
In this review, Goding and Arnheiter present the current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited. All transcription factors are equal, but some are more equal than others. In the 25 yr since the gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was first isolated, MITF has emerged as a key coordinator of many aspects of melanocyte and melanoma biology. Like all transcription factors, MITF binds to specific DNA sequences and up-regulates or down-regulates its target genes. What marks MITF as being remarkable among its peers is the sheer range of biological processes that it appears to coordinate. These include cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. In this article we present our current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease, as well as those of the MITF-related factors TFEB and TFE3, and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
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40
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MITF has a central role in regulating starvation-induced autophagy in melanoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1055. [PMID: 30705290 PMCID: PMC6355916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The MITF transcription factor is a master regulator of melanocyte development and a critical factor in melanomagenesis. The related transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 regulate lysosomal activity and autophagy processes known to be important in melanoma. Here we show that MITF binds the CLEAR-box element in the promoters of lysosomal and autophagosomal genes in melanocytes and melanoma cells. The crystal structure of MITF bound to the CLEAR-box reveals how the palindromic nature of this motif induces symmetric MITF homodimer binding. In metastatic melanoma tumors and cell lines, MITF positively correlates with the expression of lysosomal and autophagosomal genes, which, interestingly, are different from the lysosomal and autophagosomal genes correlated with TFEB and TFE3. Depletion of MITF in melanoma cells and melanocytes attenuates the response to starvation-induced autophagy, whereas the overexpression of MITF in melanoma cells increases the number of autophagosomes but is not sufficient to induce autophagic flux. Our results suggest that MITF and the related factors TFEB and TFE3 have separate roles in regulating a starvation-induced autophagy response in melanoma. Understanding the normal and pathophysiological roles of MITF and related transcription factors may provide important clinical insights into melanoma therapy.
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A Drosophila genetic screen for suppressors of S6kinase-dependent growth identifies the F-box subunit Archipelago/FBXW7. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:573-582. [PMID: 30656413 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-01529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify novel negative regulators of the Drosophila S6kinase (dS6K). S6K is a downstream effector of the growth-regulatory complex mTORC1 (mechanistic-Target-of-Rapamycin complex 1). Nutrients activate mTORC1, which in turn induces the phosphorylation of S6K to promote cell growth, whereas fasting represses mTORC1 activity. Here, we screened 11,000 RNA-interfering (RNAi) lines and retained those that enhanced a dS6K-dependent growth phenotype. Since RNAi induces gene knockdown, enhanced tissue growth supports the idea that the targeted gene acts as a growth suppressor. To validate the resulting candidate genes, we monitored dS6K phosphorylation and protein levels in double-stranded RNAi-treated S2 cells. We identified novel dS6K negative regulators, including gene products implicated in basal cellular functions, suggesting that feedback inputs modulate mTORC1/dS6K signaling. We also identified Archipelago (Ago), the Drosophila homologue of FBXW7, which is an E3-ubiquitin-ligase subunit that loads ubiquitin units onto target substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation. Despite a previous report showing an interaction between Ago/FBXW7 and dS6K in a yeast two-hybrid assay and the presence of an Ago/FBXW7-consensus motif in the dS6K polypeptide, we could not see a direct interaction in immunoprecipitation assay. Nevertheless, we observed that loss-of-ago/fbxw7 in larvae resulted in an increase in dS6K protein levels, but no change in the levels of phosphorylated dS6K or dS6K transcripts, suggesting that Ago/FBXW7 indirectly controls dS6K translation or stability. Through the identification of novel negative regulators of the downstream target, dS6K, our study may help deciphering the underlying mechanisms driving deregulations of mTORC1, which underlies several human diseases.
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42
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A genetic mosaic screen identifies genes modulating Notch signaling in Drosophila. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203781. [PMID: 30235233 PMCID: PMC6147428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is conserved in most multicellular organisms and plays critical roles during animal development. The core components and major signal transduction mechanism of Notch signaling have been extensively studied. However, our understanding of how Notch signaling activity is regulated in diverse developmental processes still remains incomplete. Here, we report a genetic mosaic screen in Drosophila melanogaster that leads to identification of Notch signali ng modulators during wing development. We discovered a group of genes required for the formation of the fly wing margin, a developmental process that is strictly dependent on the balanced Notch signaling activity. These genes encode transcription factors, protein phosphatases, vacuolar ATPases and factors required for RNA transport, stability, and translation. Our data support the view that Notch signaling is controlled through a wide range of molecular processes. These results also provide foundations for further study by showing that Me31B and Wdr62 function as two novel modulators of Notch signaling activity.
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BRAF/MAPK and GSK3 signaling converges to control MITF nuclear export. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8668-E8677. [PMID: 30150413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810498115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The close integration of the MAPK, PI3K, and WNT signaling pathways underpins much of development and is deregulated in cancer. In principle, combinatorial posttranslational modification of key lineage-specific transcription factors would be an effective means to integrate critical signaling events. Understanding how this might be achieved is central to deciphering the impact of microenvironmental cues in development and disease. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF plays a crucial role in the development of melanocytes, the retinal pigment epithelium, osteoclasts, and mast cells and acts as a lineage survival oncogene in melanoma. MITF coordinates survival, differentiation, cell-cycle progression, cell migration, metabolism, and lysosome biogenesis. However, how the activity of this key transcription factor is controlled remains poorly understood. Here, we show that GSK3, downstream from both the PI3K and Wnt pathways, and BRAF/MAPK signaling converges to control MITF nuclear export. Phosphorylation of the melanocyte MITF-M isoform in response to BRAF/MAPK signaling primes for phosphorylation by GSK3, a kinase inhibited by both PI3K and Wnt signaling. Dual phosphorylation, but not monophosphorylation, then promotes MITF nuclear export by activating a previously unrecognized hydrophobic export signal. Nonmelanocyte MITF isoforms exhibit poor regulation by MAPK signaling, but instead their export is controlled by mTOR. We uncover here an unanticipated mode of MITF regulation that integrates the output of key developmental and cancer-associated signaling pathways to gate MITF flux through the import-export cycle. The results have significant implications for our understanding of melanoma progression and stem cell renewal.
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Wissel S, Harzer H, Bonnay F, Burkard TR, Neumüller RA, Knoblich JA. Time-resolved transcriptomics in neural stem cells identifies a v-ATPase/Notch regulatory loop. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3285-3300. [PMID: 29959232 PMCID: PMC6123005 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster neural stem cells (neuroblasts) divide asymmetrically by differentially segregating protein determinants into their daughter cells. Wissel et al. use time-resolved transcriptional profiling to identify a v-ATPase/Notch regulatory loop that acts in multiple stem cell lineages both during nervous system development and in the adult gut. Drosophila melanogaster neural stem cells (neuroblasts [NBs]) divide asymmetrically by differentially segregating protein determinants into their daughter cells. Although the machinery for asymmetric protein segregation is well understood, the events that reprogram one of the two daughter cells toward terminal differentiation are less clear. In this study, we use time-resolved transcriptional profiling to identify the earliest transcriptional differences between the daughter cells on their way toward distinct fates. By screening for coregulated protein complexes, we identify vacuolar-type H+–ATPase (v-ATPase) among the first and most significantly down-regulated complexes in differentiating daughter cells. We show that v-ATPase is essential for NB growth and persistent activity of the Notch signaling pathway. Our data suggest that v-ATPase and Notch form a regulatory loop that acts in multiple stem cell lineages both during nervous system development and in the adult gut. We provide a unique resource for investigating neural stem cell biology and demonstrate that cell fate changes can be induced by transcriptional regulation of basic, cell-essential pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wissel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Harzer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - François Bonnay
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph A Neumüller
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Puertollano R, Ferguson SM, Brugarolas J, Ballabio A. The complex relationship between TFEB transcription factor phosphorylation and subcellular localization. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798804. [PMID: 29764979 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MiT-TFE family of basic helix-loop-helix leucine-zipper transcription factors includes four members: TFEB, TFE3, TFEC, and MITF Originally described as oncogenes, these factors play a major role as regulators of lysosome biogenesis, cellular energy homeostasis, and autophagy. An important mechanism by which these transcription factors are regulated involves their shuttling between the surface of lysosomes, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. Such dynamic changes in subcellular localization occur in response to nutrient fluctuations and various forms of cell stress and are mediated by changes in the phosphorylation of multiple conserved amino acids. Major kinases responsible for MiT-TFE protein phosphorylation include mTOR, ERK, GSK3, and AKT In addition, calcineurin de-phosphorylates MiT-TFE proteins in response to lysosomal calcium release. Thus, through changes in the phosphorylation state of MiT-TFE proteins, lysosome function is coordinated with the cellular metabolic state and cellular demands. This review summarizes the evidence supporting MiT-TFE regulation by phosphorylation at multiple key sites. Elucidation of such regulatory mechanisms is of fundamental importance to understand how these transcription factors contribute to both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shawn M Ferguson
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA .,Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) coordinates cellular growth and metabolism with environmental inputs to ensure that cells grow only under favourable conditions. When active, mTORC1 stimulates biosynthetic pathways including protein, lipid and nucleotide synthesis and inhibits cellular catabolism through repression of the autophagic pathway, thereby promoting cell growth and proliferation. The recruitment of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface has been shown to be essential for its activation. This finding has significantly enhanced our knowledge of mTORC1 regulation and has focused the attention of the field on the lysosome as a signalling hub which coordinates several homeostatic pathways. The intriguing localisation of mTORC1 to the cellular organelle that plays a crucial role in catabolism enables mTORC1 to feedback to autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, thus leading mTORC1 to enact precise spatial and temporal control of cell growth. This review will cover the signalling interactions which take place on the surface of lysosomes and the cross-talk which exists between mTORC1 activity and lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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47
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Zhu M, Zhang S, Tian X, Wu C. Mask mitigates MAPT- and FUS-induced degeneration by enhancing autophagy through lysosomal acidification. Autophagy 2017; 13:1924-1938. [PMID: 28806139 PMCID: PMC5788473 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1362524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of intracellular misfolded or damaged proteins is associated with both normal aging and late-onset degenerative diseases. Two cellular clearance mechanisms, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosomal pathway, work in concert to degrade harmful protein aggregates and maintain protein homeostasis. Here we show that Mask, an Ankyrin-repeat and KH-domain containing protein, plays a key role in promoting autophagy flux and mitigating degeneration caused by protein aggregation or impaired UPS function. In Drosophila eye models of human tauopathy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diseases, loss of Mask function enhanced, while gain of Mask function mitigated, eye degenerations induced by eye-specific expression of human pathogenic MAPT/TAU or FUS proteins. The fly larval muscle, a more accessible tissue, was then used to study the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo. We found that Mask modulates the global abundance of K48- and K63-ubiquitinated proteins by regulating autophagy-lysosome-mediated degradation, but not UPS function. Indeed, upregulation of Mask compensated the partial loss of UPS function. We further demonstrate that Mask promotes autophagic flux by enhancing lysosomal function, and that Mask is necessary and sufficient for promoting the expression levels of the proton-pumping vacuolar (V)-type ATPases in a TFEB-independent manner. Moreover, the beneficial effects conferred by Mask expression on the UPS dysfunction and neurodegenerative models depend on intact autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Our findings highlight the importance of lysosome acidification in cellular surveillance mechanisms and establish a model for exploring strategies to mitigate neurodegeneration by boosting lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Zhu
- a Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- b The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- a Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Chunlai Wu
- a Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
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48
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Brady OA, Martina JA, Puertollano R. Emerging roles for TFEB in the immune response and inflammation. Autophagy 2017; 14:181-189. [PMID: 28738171 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1313943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a central feature of an effective immune response, which functions to eliminate pathogens and other foreign material, and promote recovery; however, dysregulation of the inflammatory response is associated with a wide variety of disease states. The autophagy-lysosome pathway is one of 2 major degradative pathways used by the cell and serves to eliminate long-lived and dysfunctional proteins and organelles to maintain homeostasis. Mounting evidence implicates the autophagy-lysosome pathway as a key player in regulating the inflammatory response; hence many inflammatory diseases may fundamentally be diseases of autophagy-lysosome pathway dysfunction. The recent identification of TFEB and TFE3 as master regulators of macroautophagy/autophagy and lysosome function raises the possibility that these transcription factors may be of central importance in linking autophagy and lysosome dysfunction with inflammatory disorders. Here, we review the current state of knowledge linking TFEB and TFE3 to the processes of autophagy and inflammation and highlight several conditions, which are linked by these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Brady
- a Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - José A Martina
- a Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- a Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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49
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Abstract
The vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are a family of proton pumps that couple ATP hydrolysis to proton transport into intracellular compartments and across the plasma membrane. They function in a wide array of normal cellular processes, including membrane traffic, protein processing and degradation, and the coupled transport of small molecules, as well as such physiological processes as urinary acidification and bone resorption. The V-ATPases have also been implicated in a number of disease processes, including viral infection, renal disease, and bone resorption defects. This review is focused on the growing evidence for the important role of V-ATPases in cancer. This includes functions in cellular signaling (particularly Wnt, Notch, and mTOR signaling), cancer cell survival in the highly acidic environment of tumors, aiding the development of drug resistance, as well as crucial roles in tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. Of greatest excitement is evidence that at least some tumors express isoforms of V-ATPase subunits whose disruption is not lethal, leading to the possibility of developing anti-cancer therapeutics that selectively target V-ATPases that function in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stransky
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Program in Biochemistry, and Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristina Cotter
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Program in Biochemistry, and Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Forgac
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Program in Biochemistry, and Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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The lysosome: a crucial hub for AMPK and mTORC1 signalling. Biochem J 2017; 474:1453-1466. [PMID: 28408430 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has recently been focussed on the lysosome as a signalling hub. Following the initial discovery that localisation of the nutrient-sensitive kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), to the lysosome was essential for mTORC1 activation, the field has rapidly expanded to reveal the role of the lysosome as a platform permitting the co-ordination of several homeostatic signalling pathways. Much is now understood about how the lysosome contributes to amino acid sensing by mTORC1, the involvement of the energy-sensing kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), at the lysosome and how both AMPK and mTORC1 signalling pathways feedback to lysosomal biogenesis and regeneration following autophagy. This review will cover the classical role of the lysosome in autophagy, the dynamic signalling interactions which take place on the lysosomal surface and the multiple levels of cross-talk which exist between lysosomes, AMPK and mTORC1.
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