1
|
Liu QQ, Wu GH, Wang XC, Xiong XW, Rui-Wang, Yao BL. The role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated cognitive impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1424561. [PMID: 38962803 PMCID: PMC11220205 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1424561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (COI) is a prevalent complication across a spectrum of brain disorders, underpinned by intricate mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. Neurons, the principal cell population of the nervous system, orchestrate cognitive processes and govern cognitive balance. Extensive inquiry has spotlighted the involvement of Foxo3a in COI. The regulatory cascade of Foxo3a transactivation implicates multiple downstream signaling pathways encompassing mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis, collectively affecting neuronal activity. Notably, the expression and activity profile of neuronal Foxo3a are subject to modulation via various modalities, including methylation of promoter, phosphorylation and acetylation of protein. Furthermore, upstream pathways such as PI3K/AKT, the SIRT family, and diverse micro-RNAs intricately interface with Foxo3a, engendering alterations in neuronal function. Through several downstream routes, Foxo3a regulates neuronal dynamics, thereby modulating the onset or amelioration of COI in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Foxo3a is a potential therapeutic cognitive target, and clinical drugs or multiple small molecules have been preliminarily shown to have cognitive-enhancing effects that indirectly affect Foxo3a. Particularly noteworthy are multiple randomized, controlled, placebo clinical trials illustrating the significant cognitive enhancement achievable through autophagy modulation. Here, we discussed the role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated COI and common cognitively impaired diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bao-Le Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nikhil K, Shah K. CDK5: an oncogene or an anti-oncogene: location location location. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:186. [PMID: 37993880 PMCID: PMC10666462 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered various physiological functions of CDK5 in many nonneuronal tissues. Upregulation of CDK5 and/or its activator p35 in neurons promotes healthy neuronal functions, but their overexpression in nonneuronal tissues is causally linked to cancer of many origins. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which CDK5 recruits diverse tissue-specific substrates to elicit distinct phenotypes in sixteen different human cancers. The emerging theme suggests that CDK5's role as an oncogene or anti-oncogene depends upon its subcellular localization. CDK5 mostly acts as an oncogene, but in gastric cancer, it is a tumor suppressor due to its unique nuclear localization. This indicates that CDK5's access to certain nuclear substrates converts it into an anti-oncogenic kinase. While acting as a bonafide oncogene, CDK5 also activates a few cancer-suppressive pathways in some cancers, presumably due to the mislocalization of nuclear substrates in the cytoplasm. Therefore, directing CDK5 to the nucleus or exporting tumor-suppressive nuclear substrates to the cytoplasm may be promising approaches to combat CDK5-induced oncogenicity, analogous to neurotoxicity triggered by nuclear CDK5. Furthermore, while p35 overexpression is oncogenic, hyperactivation of CDK5 by inducing p25 formation results in apoptosis, which could be exploited to selectively kill cancer cells by dialing up CDK5 activity, instead of inhibiting it. CDK5 thus acts as a molecular rheostat, with different activity levels eliciting distinct functional outcomes. Finally, as CDK5's role is defined by its substrates, targeting them individually or in conjunction with CDK5 should create potentially valuable new clinical opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fredi BM, De Labio RW, Rasmussen LT, Chagas EFB, Chen ES, Turecki G, Smith MDAC, Payão SLM. CDK10, CDK11, FOXO1, and FOXO3 Gene Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Encephalic Samples. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01341-9. [PMID: 36988771 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects different regions of the brain. Its pathophysiology includes the accumulation of β-amyloid protein, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammatory processes. Genetic factors are involved in the onset of AD, but they are not fully elucidated. Identification of gene expression in encephalic tissues of patients with AD may help elucidate its development. Our objectives were to characterize and compare the gene expression of CDK10, CDK11, FOXO1, and FOXO3 in encephalic tissue samples from AD patients and elderly controls, from the auditory cortex and cerebellum. RT-qPCR was used on samples from 82 individuals (45 with AD and 37 controls). We observed a statistically significant increase in CDK10 (p = 0.029*) and CDK11 (p = 0.048*) gene expression in the AD group compared to the control, which was most evident in the cerebellum. Furthermore, the Spearman test demonstrated the presence of a positive correlation of gene expression both in the auditory cortex in the AD group (r = 0.046/p = 0.004) and control group (r = 0.454/p = 0.005); and in the cerebellum in the AD group (r = 0.654 /p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference and correlation in the gene expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3 in the AD group and the control. In conclusion, CDK10 and CDK11 have high expression in AD patients compared to control, and they present a positive correlation of gene expression in the analyzed groups and tissues, which suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- The Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank, Douglas Mental Health University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palanivel V, Gupta V, Mirshahvaladi SSO, Sharma S, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Mirzaei M, Graham SL, Basavarajappa D. Neuroprotective Effects of Neuropeptide Y on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells in Glutamate Excitotoxicity and ER Stress Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223665. [PMID: 36429093 PMCID: PMC9688085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is involved in various physiological functions, and its dysregulation is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress are the common mechanisms associated with numerous neurodegenerative illnesses. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effects of NPY against glutamate toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We exposed the SH-SY5Y cells to glutamate and tunicamycin for two different time points and analyzed the protective effects of NPY at different concentrations. The protective effects of NPY treatments were assessed by cell viability assay, and the signalling pathway changes were evaluated by biochemical techniques such as Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Our results showed that treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with NPY significantly increased the viability of the cells in both glutamate toxicity and ER stress conditions. NPY treatments significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced pro-apoptotic activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/BAD pathways. The protective effects of NPY were further evident against tunicamycin-induced ER stress. NPY treatments significantly suppressed the ER stress activation by downregulating BiP, phospho-eIF2α, and CHOP expression. In addition, NPY alleviated the Akt/FoxO3a pathway in acute oxidative conditions caused by glutamate and tunicamycin in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that NPY is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced cell toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress through anti-apoptotic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viswanthram Palanivel
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Seyed Shahab Oddin Mirshahvaladi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo H, Xuanyuan S, Zhang B, Shi C. Activation of PI3K/Akt prevents hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced GnRH decline via FOXO3a. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the hypothalamus has an important role in aging by regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-directed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decline. Moreover, our previous study has shown that ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury activates NF-κB to reduce hypothalamic GnRH release, thus suggesting that IR injury may facilitate hypothalamic programming of system aging. In this study, we further examined the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, a critical intracellular signal pathway involved in the repair process after IR, in hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR)-associated GnRH decline in vitro. We used GT1-7 cells and primarily-cultured mouse GnRH neurons as cell models for investigation. Our data revealed that the activation of the PI3K/Akt/Forkhead box protein O3a (FOXO3a) pathway protects GnRH neurons from HR-induced GnRH decline by preventing HR-induced gnrh1 gene inhibition and NF-κB activation. Our results further the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of HR-associated hypothalamic GnRH decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Shi
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang J, Zhang P, Wang Q, Chiang CW, Zhou Y, Hou Y, Xu J, Chen R, Zhang B, Lewis SJ, Leverenz JB, Pieper AA, Li B, Li L, Cummings J, Cheng F. Artificial intelligence framework identifies candidate targets for drug repurposing in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:7. [PMID: 35012639 PMCID: PMC8751379 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, utilizing GWAS and multi-omics data to identify high-confidence AD risk genes (ARGs) and druggable targets that can guide development of new therapeutics for patients suffering from AD has heretofore not been successful. METHODS To address this critical problem in the field, we have developed a network-based artificial intelligence framework that is capable of integrating multi-omics data along with human protein-protein interactome networks to accurately infer accurate drug targets impacted by GWAS-identified variants to identify new therapeutics. When applied to AD, this approach integrates GWAS findings, multi-omics data from brain samples of AD patients and AD transgenic animal models, drug-target networks, and the human protein-protein interactome, along with large-scale patient database validation and in vitro mechanistic observations in human microglia cells. RESULTS Through this approach, we identified 103 ARGs validated by various levels of pathobiological evidence in AD. Via network-based prediction and population-based validation, we then showed that three drugs (pioglitazone, febuxostat, and atenolol) are significantly associated with decreased risk of AD compared with matched control populations. Pioglitazone usage is significantly associated with decreased risk of AD (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.916, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.861-0.974, P = 0.005) in a retrospective case-control validation. Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist used to treat type 2 diabetes, and propensity score matching cohort studies confirmed its association with reduced risk of AD in comparison to glipizide (HR = 0.921, 95% CI 0.862-0.984, P = 0.0159), an insulin secretagogue that is also used to treat type 2 diabetes. In vitro experiments showed that pioglitazone downregulated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK5) in human microglia cells, supporting a possible mechanism-of-action for its beneficial effect in AD. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we present an integrated, network-based artificial intelligence methodology to rapidly translate GWAS findings and multi-omics data to genotype-informed therapeutic discovery in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jielin Xu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Co-Expression Analysis of microRNAs and Proteins in Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010163. [PMID: 35011725 PMCID: PMC8750061 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia globally; however, the aetiology of AD remains elusive hindering the development of effective therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression and have been of growing interest in recent studies in many pathologies including AD not only for their use as biomarkers but also for their implications in the therapeutic field. In this study, miRNA and protein profiles were obtained from brain tissues of different stage (Braak III-IV and Braak V-VI) of AD patients and compared to matched controls. The aim of the study was to identify in the late stage of AD, the key dysregulated pathways that may contribute to pathogenesis and then to evaluate whether any of these pathways could be detected in the early phase of AD, opening new opportunity for early treatment that could stop or delay the pathology. Six common pathways were found regulated by miRNAs and proteins in the late stage of AD, with one of them (Rap1 signalling) activated since the early phase. MiRNAs and proteins were also compared to explore an inverse trend of expression which could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets. These results suggest that specific miRNA changes could represent molecular fingerprint of neurodegenerative processes and potential therapeutic targets for early intervention.
Collapse
|
8
|
Saeed S. A Systematic Mapping Study of Tumor Cell Released by Enzymes and Toxins. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/wpdou0f3sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Chen Y, Sun Y, Luo Z, Lin J, Qi B, Kang X, Ying C, Guo C, Yao M, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Chen J, Chen S. Potential Mechanism Underlying Exercise Upregulated Circulating Blood Exosome miR-215-5p to Prevent Necroptosis of Neuronal Cells and a Model for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:860364. [PMID: 35615585 PMCID: PMC9126031 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.860364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is crucial for preventing Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. The construction of an accurate AD risk prediction model is beneficial as it can provide a theoretical basis for preventive exercise prescription. In recent years, necroptosis has been confirmed as an important manifestation of AD, and exercise is known to inhibit necroptosis of neuronal cells. In this study, we extracted 67 necroptosis-related genes and 32 necroptosis-related lncRNAs and screened for key predictive AD risk genes through a random forest analysis. Based on the neural network Prediction model, we constructed a new logistic regression-based AD risk prediction model in order to provide a visual basis for the formulation of exercise prescription. The prediction model had an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.979, indicative of strong predictive power and a robust clinical application prospect. In the exercise group, the expression of exosomal miR-215-5p was found to be upregulated; miR-215-5p could potentially inhibit the expressions of IDH1, BCL2L11, and SIRT1. The single-cell SCENIC assay was used to identify key transcriptional regulators in skeletal muscle. Among them, CEBPB and GATA6 were identified as putative transcriptional regulators of miR-215. After "skeletal muscle removal of load," the expressions of CEBPB and GATA6 increased substantially, which in turn led to the elevation of miR-215 expression, thereby suggesting a putative mechanism for negative feedback regulation of exosomal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beijie Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueran Kang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenting Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Wang,
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jiwu Chen,
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shiyi Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Pravir Kumar. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8001-8047. [PMID: 34741624 PMCID: PMC11072037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal transduction mechanisms. These pathways determine the fate of cellular organelle and protein involved in human health and disease such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Cell death pathways share common molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some key signaling molecules such as p53 and VEGF mediated angiogenic pathway exhibit cellular and molecular responses resulting in the triggering of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Herein, based on previous studies, we describe the intricate relation between cell death pathways through their common genes and the role of various stress-causing agents. Further, extensive research on autophagy and apoptotic machinery excavates the implementation of selective biomarkers, for instance, mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3 family members, caspases, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and p38/JNK/MAPK, in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This molecular phenomenon will lead to the discovery of possible therapeutic biomolecules as a pharmacological intervention that are involved in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe the potential role of micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and biomolecules as therapeutic agents that regulate cell death machinery to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrated that under stress conditions, such as calcium efflux, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and oxidative stress intermediate molecules, namely p53 and VEGF, activate and cause cell death. Further, activation of p53 and VEGF cause alteration in gene expression and dysregulated signaling pathways through the involvement of signaling molecules, namely mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3, AMPK, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt, and caspases. Alteration in gene expression and signaling cascades cause neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates, which are characteristics features of neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates lead to neuronal cell death by activating death pathways like autophagy and apoptosis. However, autophagy has a dual role in the apoptosis pathways, i.e., activation and inhibition of the apoptosis signaling. Further, micro-RNAs and LncRNAs act as pharmacological regulators of autophagy and apoptosis cascade, whereas, natural compounds and chemical compounds act as pharmacological inhibitors that rescue neuronal cell death through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
- , Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du S, Zheng H. Role of FoxO transcription factors in aging and age-related metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 34727995 PMCID: PMC8561869 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging happens to all of us as we live. Thanks to the improved living standard and discovery of life-saving medicines, our life expectancy has increased substantially across the world in the past century. However, the rise in lifespan leads to unprecedented increases in both the number and the percentage of individuals 65 years and older, accompanied by the increased incidences of age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. FoxO transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved molecules that play critical roles in diverse biological processes, in particular aging and metabolism. Their dysfunction is often found in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Here, we summarize the signaling pathways and cellular functions of FoxO proteins. We also review the complex role of FoxO in aging and age-related diseases, with focus on type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease and discuss the possibility of FoxO as a molecular link between aging and disease risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Du
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sooreshjani MA, Kamra M, Zoubeidi A, Shah K. Reciprocal deregulation of NKX3.1 and AURKA axis in castration-resistant prostate cancer and NEPC models. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:68. [PMID: 34625072 PMCID: PMC8499580 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NKX3.1, a prostate-specific tumor suppressor, is either genomically lost or its protein levels are severely downregulated, which are invariably associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, a clear disconnect exists between its mRNA and protein levels, indicating that its post-translational regulation may be critical in maintaining its protein levels. Similarly, AURKA is vastly overexpressed in all stages of prostate cancer (PCa), including castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC), although its transcripts are only increased in ~ 15% of cases, hinting at additional mechanisms of deregulation. Thus, identifying the upstream regulators that control AURKA and NKX3.1’s levels and/or their downstream effectors offer an alternative route to inhibit AURKA and upregulate NKX3.1 in highly fatal CRPC and NEPC. AURKA and NKX3.1 have not linked to each other in any study to date. Methods A chemical genetic screen revealed NKX3.1 as a direct target of AURKA. AURKA-NKX3.1 cross-talk was analyzed using several biochemical techniques in CRPC and NEPC cells. Results We uncovered a reciprocal loop between AURKA and NKX3.1 in CRPC and NEPC cells. We observed that AURKA-mediated NKX3.1 downregulation is a major mechanism that drives CRPC pathogenesis and NEPC differentiation. AURKA phosphorylates NKX3.1 at three sites, which degrades it, but AURKA does not regulate NKX3.1 mRNA levels. NKX3.1 degradation drives highly aggressive oncogenic phenotypes in cells. NKX3.1 also degrades AURKA in a feedback loop. NKX3.1-AURKA loop thus upregulates AKT, ARv7 and Androgen Receptor (AR)-signaling in tandem promoting highly malignant phenotypes. Just as importantly, we observed that NKX3.1 overexpression fully abolished synaptophysin and enolase expression in NEPC cells, uncovering a strong negative relationship between NKX3.1 and neuroendocrine phenotypes, which was further confirmed be measuring neurite outgrowth. While WT-NKX3.1 inhibited neuronal differentiation, 3A-NKX3.1 expression obliterated it. Conclusions NKX3.1 loss could be a major mechanism causing AURKA upregulation in CRPC and NEPC and vice versa. NKX3.1 genomic loss requires gene therapy, nonetheless, targeting AURKA provides a powerful tool to maintain NKX3.1 levels. Conversely, when NKX3.1 upregulation strategy using small molecules comes to fruition, AURKA inhibition should work synergistically due to the reciprocal loop in these highly aggressive incurable diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00765-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Aflaki Sooreshjani
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
LIMK2-NKX3.1 Engagement Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102324. [PMID: 34066036 PMCID: PMC8151535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NKX3.1's downregulation is strongly associated with prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, progression, and CRPC development. Nevertheless, a clear disagreement exists between NKX3.1 protein and mRNA levels in PCa tissues, indicating that its regulation at a post-translational level plays a vital role. This study identified a strong negative relationship between NKX3.1 and LIMK2, which is critical in CRPC pathogenesis. We identified that NKX3.1 degradation by direct phosphorylation by LIMK2 is crucial for promoting oncogenicity in CRPC cells and in vivo. LIMK2 also downregulates NKX3.1 mRNA levels. In return, NKX3.1 promotes LIMK2's ubiquitylation. Thus, the negative crosstalk between LIMK2-NKX3.1 regulates AR, ARv7, and AKT signaling, promoting aggressive phenotypes. We also provide a new link between NKX3.1 and PTEN, both of which are downregulated by LIMK2. PTEN loss is strongly linked with NKX3.1 downregulation. As NKX3.1 is a prostate-specific tumor suppressor, preserving its levels by LIMK2 inhibition provides a tremendous opportunity for developing targeted therapy in CRPC. Further, as NKX3.1 downregulates AR transcription and inhibits AKT signaling, restoring its levels by inhibiting LIMK2 is expected to be especially beneficial by co-targeting two driver pathways in tandem, a highly desirable requisite for developing effective PCa therapeutics.
Collapse
|
14
|
A transition to degeneration triggered by oxidative stress in degenerative disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:736-746. [PMID: 33159186 PMCID: PMC7914161 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the activities of many signaling pathways are dysregulated during the progression of neurodegenerative and muscle degeneration disorders, the precise sequence of cellular events leading to degeneration has not been fully elucidated. Two kinases of particular interest, the growth-promoting Tor kinase and the energy sensor AMPK, appear to show reciprocal changes in activity during degeneration, with increased Tor activity and decreased AMPK activity reported. These changes in activity have been predicted to cause degeneration by attenuating autophagy, leading to the accumulation of unfolded protein aggregates and dysfunctional mitochondria, the consequent increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately oxidative damage. Here we propose that this increased ROS production not only causes oxidative damage but also ultimately induces an oxidative stress response that reactivates the redox-sensitive AMPK and activates the redox-sensitive stress kinase JNK. Activation of these kinases reactivates autophagy. Because at this late stage, cells have become filled with dysfunctional mitochondria and protein aggregates, which are autophagy targets, this autophagy reactivation induces degeneration. The mechanism proposed here emphasizes that the process of degeneration is dynamic, that dysregulated signaling pathways change over time and can transition from deleterious to beneficial and vice versa as degeneration progresses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gu S, Cui F, Yin J, Fang C, Liu L. Altered mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and apoptosis-related genes in the FOXO pathway in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine. Neurosci Lett 2021; 746:135669. [PMID: 33485989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to analyze the alterations in the mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and apoptosis-related genes in the forkhead box transcription factor O (FOXO) pathway in schizophrenia patients before and after olanzapine treatment. For a total of 32 acute schizophrenic inpatients, clinical data with PANSS were obtained before and after four weeks of olanzapine treatment (mean dose 14.24 ± 4.35 mg/d) along with data from 32 healthy volunteers. The mRNA expression levels of the FOXO pathway genes were measured by real-time qPCR after fasting venous blood was collected and analyzed. The mRNA expression levels of FOXO1, FOXO3A, FASLG, and BCL2L11 were observed to be significantly decreased in acute schizophrenia patients. After four weeks of olanzapine treatment, the expression levels of the first three genes were further reduced, but BCL2L11 expression levels were not significantly changed. The pairwise correlations between the mRNA expression level of FASLG and those of the other three genes were not observed in acute schizophrenia patients, while these relationships were observed in healthy controls. After olanzapine treatment, the FASLG mRNA expression level was restored and exhibited a pairwise correlation with the FOXO3A and BCL2L11 mRNA expression levels but not with the FOXO1 mRNA expression level, and FASLG mRNA expression was also correlated with the duration of the disease. The statuses and correlations of the mRNA expression levels of FOXO pathway-related genes were altered in schizophrenia patients and were affected by olanzapine treatment and the duration of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Gu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Fengwei Cui
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Chunxia Fang
- Combined TCM & Western Medicine Department, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SPOP by LIMK2 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:995-1008. [PMID: 33311589 PMCID: PMC7921662 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SPOP, an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, can act either as a tumour suppressor or a tumour promoter. In prostate cancer (PCa), it inhibits tumorigenesis by degrading several oncogenic substrates. SPOP is the most altered gene in PCa (~15%), which renders it ineffective, promoting cancer. The remaining PCa tumours, which retain WT-SPOP, still progress to castration-resistant (CRPC) stage, indicating that other critical mechanisms exist for downregulating SPOP. SPOP is reduced in ~94% of WT-SPOP-bearing prostate tumours; however, no molecular mechanism is known for its downregulation. METHODS SPOP was identified as a direct target of LIMK2 using an innovative technique. The reciprocal relationship between SPOP and LIMK2 and its consequences on oncogenicity were analysed using a variety of biochemical assays. To probe this relationship in vivo, xenograft studies were conducted. RESULTS LIMK2 degrades SPOP by direct phosphorylation at three sites. SPOP promotes LIMK2's ubiquitylation, creating a feedback loop. SPOP's degradation stabilises AR, ARv7 and c-Myc promoting oncogenicity. Phospho-resistant SPOP completely suppresses tumorigenesis in vivo, indicating that LIMK2-mediated SPOP degradation is a key event in PCa progression. CONCLUSIONS While genomically altered SPOP-bearing tumours require gene therapy, uncovering LIMK2-SPOP relationship provides a powerful opportunity to retain WT-SPOP by inhibiting LIMK2, thereby halting disease progression.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nikhil K, Kamra M, Raza A, Haymour HS, Shah K. Molecular Interplay between AURKA and SPOP Dictates CRPC Pathogenesis via Androgen Receptor. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3247. [PMID: 33158056 PMCID: PMC7693105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SPOP, an adaptor protein for E3 ubiquitin ligase can function as a tumor-suppressor or a tumor-enhancer. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), it inhibits tumorigenesis by degrading many oncogenic targets, including androgen receptor (AR). Expectedly, SPOP is the most commonly mutated gene in CRPC (15%), which closely correlates with poor prognosis. Importantly, 85% of tumors that retain wild-type SPOP show reduced protein levels, indicating that SPOP downregulation is an essential step in CRPC progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. This study uncovered the first mechanism of SPOP regulation in any type of cancer. We identified SPOP as a direct substrate of Aurora A (AURKA) using an innovative technique. AURKA directly phosphorylates SPOP at three sites, causing its ubiquitylation. SPOP degradation drives highly aggressive oncogenic phenotypes in cells and in vivo including stabilizing AR, ARv7 and c-Myc. Further, SPOP degrades AURKA via a feedback loop. SPOP upregulation is one of the mechanisms by which enzalutamide exerts its efficacy. Consequently, phospho-resistant SPOP fully abrogates tumorigenesis and EMT in vivo, and renders CRPC cells sensitive to enzalutamide. While genomic mutations of SPOP can be treated with gene therapy, identification of AURKA as an upstream regulator of SPOP provides a powerful opportunity for retaining WT-SPOP in a vast majority of CRPC patients using AURKA inhibitors ± enzalutamide, thereby treating the disease and inhibiting its progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.N.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (H.S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marlier Q, D'aes T, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Core cell cycle machinery is crucially involved in both life and death of post-mitotic neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4553-4571. [PMID: 32476056 PMCID: PMC11105064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A persistent dogma in neuroscience supported the idea that terminally differentiated neurons permanently withdraw from the cell cycle. However, since the late 1990s, several studies have shown that cell cycle proteins are expressed in post-mitotic neurons under physiological conditions, indicating that the cell cycle machinery is not restricted to proliferating cells. Moreover, many studies have highlighted a clear link between cell cycle-related proteins and neurological disorders, particularly relating to apoptosis-induced neuronal death. Indeed, cell cycle-related proteins can be upregulated or overactivated in post-mitotic neurons in case of acute or degenerative central nervous system disease. Given the considerable lack of effective treatments for age-related neurological disorders, new therapeutic approaches targeting the cell cycle machinery might thus be considered. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge about the role of the cell cycle machinery in post-mitotic neurons in healthy and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tine D'aes
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Serum FOXO3A: A ray of hope for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111290. [PMID: 32603667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often difficult because of distinct and subjective clinical features, especially in the early stage. FOXO3a protein present in the cognitive centre of brain in inferior temporal region and parahippocampus. FOXO3a can be a potential novel target against AD. AD, Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI) and Geriatric Control (GC) were recruited after diagnosis by clinical assessment, MRI, TauPET and FDG-PET. We have quantified serum FOXO3a by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and compare with TauPET between of AD, MCI patients and GC. Serum FOXO3A was significantly lower in AD (1.42 ± 0.09 ng/μl) compare to MCI (1.61 ± 0.14 ng/μl) and GC (1.89 ± 0.07 ng/μl). However, the Tau was higher in AD both in serum and also in PET scan. Serum pTau was significantly over-expressed in AD (0.176 ± 0.03 ng/μl), compare to other groups; MCI (0.16 ± 0.014 ng/μl) and GC (0.15 ± 0.024 ng/μl). Serum FOXO3A could significantly differentiate AD vs MCI, MCI vs GC and AD vs GC. However, Tau protein could only differentiate AD vs GC but not MCI vs GC. Serum FOXO3A may serve as novel blood marker for early detection for AD and target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chi Y, Carter JH, Swanger J, Mazin AV, Moritz RL, Clurman BE. A novel landscape of nuclear human CDK2 substrates revealed by in situ phosphorylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9899. [PMID: 32494624 PMCID: PMC7164936 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) controls cell division and is central to oncogenic signaling. We used an "in situ" approach to identify CDK2 substrates within nuclei isolated from cells expressing CDK2 engineered to use adenosine 5'-triphosphate analogs. We identified 117 candidate substrates, ~40% of which are known CDK substrates. Previously unknown candidates were validated to be CDK2 substrates, including LSD1, DOT1L, and Rad54. The identification of many chromatin-associated proteins may have been facilitated by labeling conditions that preserved nuclear architecture and physiologic CDK2 regulation by endogenous cyclins. Candidate substrates include proteins that regulate histone modifications, chromatin, transcription, and RNA/DNA metabolism. Many of these proteins also coexist in multi-protein complexes, including epigenetic regulators, that may provide new links between cell division and other cellular processes mediated by CDK2. In situ phosphorylation thus revealed candidate substrates with a high validation rate and should be readily applicable to other nuclear kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chi
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue, N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John H. Carter
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jherek Swanger
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexander V. Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue, N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce E. Clurman
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xia P, Chen J, Liu Y, Fletcher M, Jensen BC, Cheng Z. Doxorubicin induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy through cyclin-dependent kinase 2-mediated activation of forkhead box O1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4265-4276. [PMID: 32075913 PMCID: PMC7105316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical investigations indicate that anthracycline-based chemotherapies induce early decline in heart mass in cancer patients. Heart mass decline may be caused by a decrease in cardiac cell number because of increased cell death or by a reduction in cell size because of atrophy. We previously reported that an anthracycline, doxorubicin (DOX), induces apoptotic death of cardiomyocytes by activating cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). However, the signaling pathway downstream of CDK2 remains to be characterized, and it is also unclear whether the same pathway mediates cardiac atrophy. Here we demonstrate that DOX exposure induces CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) at Ser-249, leading to transcription of its proapoptotic target gene, Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim). In cultured cardiomyocytes, treatment with the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 or transfection with FOXO1-specific siRNAs protected against DOX-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. Oral administration of AS1842856 in mice abrogated apoptosis and prevented DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. Intriguingly, pharmacological FOXO1 inhibition also attenuated DOX-induced cardiac atrophy, likely because of repression of muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1), a proatrophic FOXO1 target gene. In conclusion, DOX exposure induces CDK2-dependent FOXO1 activation, resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy. Our results identify FOXO1 as a promising drug target for managing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. We propose that FOXO1 inhibitors may have potential as cardioprotective therapeutic agents during cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202-2131
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202-2131
| | - Yuening Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202-2131
| | - Maya Fletcher
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258
| | - Brian C Jensen
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7075
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202-2131.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nikhil K, Raza A, Haymour HS, Flueckiger BV, Chu J, Shah K. Aurora Kinase A-YBX1 Synergy Fuels Aggressive Oncogenic Phenotypes and Chemoresistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030660. [PMID: 32178290 PMCID: PMC7140108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional protein YBX1 upregulation promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, YBX1 protein abundance, but not its DNA status or mRNA levels, predicts CRPC recurrence, although the mechanism remains unknown. Similarly, the mechanism by which YBX1 regulates androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains unclear. We uncovered the first molecular mechanism of YBX1 upregulation at a post-translational level. YBX1 was identified as an Aurora Kinase-A (AURKA) substrate using a chemical screen. AURKA phosphorylates YBX1 at two key residues, which stabilizes it and promotes its nuclear translocation. YBX1 reciprocates and stabilizes AURKA, thereby initiating a synergistic loop. Notably, phospho-resistant YBX1 is dominant-negative and fully inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition, chemoresistance, drug-resistance and tumorigenesis in vivo. Unexpectedly, we further observed that YBX1 upregulates AR post-translationally by preventing its ubiquitylation, but not by increasing its transcription as reported before. Uncovering YBX1-mediated AR stabilization is highly significant due to AR's critical role in both androgen-sensitive prostate cancer and CRPC. As YBX1 inhibitors are unknown, AURKA inhibitors provide a potent tool to degrade both YBX1 and AR simultaneously. Finally, this is the first study to show a reciprocal loop between YBX1 and its kinase, indicating that their concomitant inhibition will be act synergistically for CRPC therapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ceylan H, Budak H, Kocpinar EF, Baltaci NG, Erdogan O. Examining the link between dose-dependent dietary iron intake and Alzheimer's disease through oxidative stress in the rat cortex. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 56:198-206. [PMID: 31525623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are characterized by the progressive deterioration of the structure and function of the nervous system. A number of environmental risk factors including potentially toxic elements such as iron, lead to negative effects on many metabolic reactions as well as neuroprotection. The aim of this study is to reveal whether long-term iron overload is one of the underlying factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS 15 young-adult male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups treated with iron through drinking water for 4 months. Following feeding, the iron content, reduced glutathione (GSH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels of cortex tissues were measured. Specific enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically. mRNA expression profiles were measured using real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Iron levels were elevated in case of non-toxic (0.87 and 3 μg/mL) iron administration. However, no changes were observed in toxic (30 and 300 μg/mL) iron administration. GSH and H2O2 levels altered with long-term iron overload. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities significantly increased in all groups, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased only in case of 0.87 and 30 μg/mL iron administration. Expression levels of neuroprotective and AD-related genes were altered by 3 μg/mL iron overload in a dose-dependent manner. The expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were elevated at 3 μg/mL iron concentration. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study allow us to conclude that long-term dietary iron intake, especially at a dose of 3 μg/mL demonstrates negative effects on the rat cortex by provoking antioxidant metabolism and AD pathology in a dose-dependently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ceylan
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Harun Budak
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Enver Fehim Kocpinar
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Vocational School, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Muş Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Gonul Baltaci
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Orhan Erdogan
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A drug library screen identifies Carbenoxolone as novel FOXO inhibitor that overcomes FOXO3-mediated chemoprotection in high-stage neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2019; 39:1080-1097. [PMID: 31591479 PMCID: PMC6989399 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXO3 has been associated in different tumor entities with hallmarks of cancer, including metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, maintenance of tumor-initiating stem cells, and drug resistance. In neuroblastoma (NB), we recently demonstrated that nuclear FOXO3 promotes tumor angiogenesis in vivo and chemoresistance in vitro. Hence, inhibiting the transcriptional activity of FOXO3 is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, as no FOXO3 inhibitor is clinically available to date, we used a medium-throughput fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) screening in a drug-repositioning approach to identify compounds that bind to the FOXO3-DNA-binding-domain (DBD). Carbenoxolone (CBX), a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative, was identified as a potential FOXO3-inhibitory compound that binds to the FOXO3-DBD with a binding affinity of 19 µM. Specific interaction of CBX with the FOXO3-DBD was validated by fluorescence-based electrophoretic mobility shift assay (FAM-EMSA). CBX inhibits the transcriptional activity of FOXO3 target genes, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), DEPP-, and BIM promoter reporter assays, and real-time RT-PCR analyses. In high-stage NB cells with functional TP53, FOXO3 triggers the expression of SESN3, which increases chemoprotection and cell survival. Importantly, FOXO3 inhibition by CBX treatment at pharmacologically relevant concentrations efficiently repressed FOXO3-mediated SESN3 expression and clonogenic survival and sensitized high-stage NB cells to chemotherapy in a 2D and 3D culture model. Thus, CBX might be a promising novel candidate for the treatment of therapy-resistant high-stage NB and other "FOXO-resistant" cancers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nagashima T, Iino Y, Tomioka M. DAF-16/FOXO promotes taste avoidance learning independently of axonal insulin-like signaling. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008297. [PMID: 31323047 PMCID: PMC6668909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The avoidance of starvation is critical for the survival of most organisms, thus animals change behavior based on past nutritional conditions. Insulin signaling is important for nutritional state-dependent behavioral plasticity, yet the underlying regulatory mechanism at the cellular level remains unclear. Previous studies showed that insulin-like signaling is required for taste avoidance learning, in which the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans avoids salt concentrations encountered under starvation conditions. DAF-2c, a splice isoform of the DAF-2 insulin receptor, functions in the axon of the ASER sensory neuron, which senses changes in salt concentrations. In addition, mutants of a major downstream factor of DAF-2, the forkhead transcription factor O (FOXO) homolog DAF-16, show defects in taste avoidance learning. Interestingly, the defect of the daf-2 mutant is not suppressed by daf-16 mutations in the learning, unlike those in other phenomena, such as longevity and development. Here we show that multiple DAF-16 isoforms function in ASER. By epistasis analysis using a DAF-2c isoform-specific mutant and an activated form of DAF-16, we found that DAF-16 acts in the nucleus in parallel with the DAF-2c-dependent pathway in the axon, indicating that insulin-like signaling acts both in the cell body and axon of a single neuron, ASER. Starvation conditioning induces nuclear translocation of DAF-16 in ASER and degradation of DAF-16 before starvation conditioning causes defects in taste avoidance learning. Forced nuclear localization of DAF-16 in ASER biased chemotaxis towards lower salt concentrtions and this effect required the Gq/PKC pathway and neuropeptide processing enzymes. These data imply that DAF-16/FOXO transmits starvation signals and modulates neuropeptide transmission in the learning. Animals change behavior based on remembered experiences of hunger and appetite. Signaling by insulin and insulin-like peptides in the nervous system plays key roles in behavioral responses to hunger and satiety. In C. elegans, insulin-like signaling in the gustatory sensory neuron ASER regulates learned avoidance of salt concentrations experienced during fasting, which we call taste avoidance learning. DAF-2c, an isoform of the insulin receptor homolog, is localized to the axon of ASER and regulates taste avoidance learning. Here, we show that DAF-16, the forkhead transcription factor O (FOXO) homolog, translocates into the nucleus of ASER during fasting and promotes taste avoidance learning. DAF-16 is negatively regulated by insulin-like signaling independently of axonal DAF-2c signaling. This dual function of insulin-like signaling in the cell body and the axon ensures dynamic changes in behavioral responses after experience of hunger. By genetic analyses using constitutively nuclear-translocated DAF-16, we show that DAF-16 in ASER regulates taste avoidance learning via modulating neuropeptide signaling in the nervous system, which is reminiscent of the function of FOXO in the hypothalamus in the regulation of food-seeking behavior in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hollville E, Romero SE, Deshmukh M. Apoptotic cell death regulation in neurons. FEBS J 2019; 286:3276-3298. [PMID: 31230407 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in shaping the developing nervous system during embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post-mitotic neurons. However, once neurons are incorporated into functional circuits and become mature, they greatly restrict their capacity to die via apoptosis, thus allowing the mature nervous system to persist in a healthy and functional state throughout life. This robust restriction of the apoptotic pathway during neuronal differentiation and maturation is defined by multiple unique mechanisms that function to more precisely control and restrict the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, while these mechanisms are necessary for neuronal survival, mature neurons are still capable of activating the apoptotic pathway in certain pathological contexts. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms governing the survival of post-mitotic neurons, while also detailing the physiological and pathological contexts in which neurons are capable of overcoming this high apoptotic threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selena E Romero
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shah K, Kim H. The significant others: Global search for direct kinase substrates using chemical approaches. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:721-737. [PMID: 30801966 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases function as key signaling hubs in the intricate network of biochemical signaling processes in the living cell. More than two-thirds of the human proteome is estimated to be phosphorylated at ~960,000 phosphosites, which makes it challenging to identify the direct contribution of any desired kinase in generating this phosphoproteome. In this review, we discuss some of the methods that have been developed over the years for global identification of kinase substrates. The methods are essentially categorized into two classes, namely, (i) direct tagging of kinase substrates and (ii) indirect phosphoproteomics-based approaches. We discuss the advantages and limitations entailed to each of the method introduced, with a special emphasis on the analog-sensitive (as) kinase approach method. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):721-737, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nikhil K, Chang L, Viccaro K, Jacobsen M, McGuire C, Satapathy SR, Tandiary M, Broman MM, Cresswell G, He YJ, Sandusky GE, Ratliff TL, Chowdhury D, Shah K. Identification of LIMK2 as a therapeutic target in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:182-196. [PMID: 30716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study identified LIMK2 kinase as a disease-specific target in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) pathogenesis, which is upregulated in response to androgen deprivation therapy, the current standard of treatment for prostate cancer. Surgical castration increases LIMK2 expression in mouse prostates due to increased hypoxia. Similarly, human clinical specimens showed highest LIMK2 levels in CRPC tissues compared to other stages, while minimal LIMK2 was observed in normal prostates. Most notably, inducible knockdown of LIMK2 fully reverses CRPC tumorigenesis in castrated mice, underscoring its potential as a clinical target for CRPC. We also identified TWIST1 as a direct substrate of LIMK2, which uncovered the molecular mechanism of LIMK2-induced malignancy. TWIST1 is strongly associated with CRPC initiation, progression and poor prognosis. LIMK2 increases TWIST1 mRNA levels upon hypoxia; and stabilizes TWIST1 by direct phosphorylation. TWIST1 also stabilizes LIMK2 by inhibiting its ubiquitylation. Phosphorylation-dead TWIST1 acts as dominant negative and fully prevents EMT and tumor formation in vivo, thereby highlighting the significance of LIMK2-TWIST1 signaling axis in CRPC. As LIMK2 null mice are viable, targeting LIMK2 should have minimal collateral toxicity, thereby improving the overall survival of CRPC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Callista McGuire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shakti R Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Tandiary
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yizhou J He
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nikhil K, Viccaro K, Shah K. Multifaceted Regulation of ALDH1A1 by Cdk5 in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1366-1390. [PMID: 29948941 PMCID: PMC6368892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study revealed multifaceted regulation of ALDH1A1 by Cdk5 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. ALDH1A1 is a multifunctional enzyme with dehydrogenase, esterase, and anti-oxidant activities. ALDH1A1 is also a major regulator of retinoic acid (RA) signaling, which is critical for normal brain homeostasis. We identified ALDH1A1 as both physiological and pathological target of Cdk5. First, under neurotoxic conditions, Cdk5-induced oxidative stress upregulates ALDH1A1 transcription. Second, Cdk5 increases ALDH1A1 levels by preventing its ubiquitylation via direct phosphorylation. Third, ALDH1A1 phosphorylation increases its dehydrogenase activity by altering its tetrameric state to a highly active monomeric state. Fourth, persistent oxidative stress triggered by deregulated Cdk5 inactivates ALDH1A1. Thus, initially, the good Cdk5 attempts to mitigate ensuing oxidative stress by upregulating ALDH1A1 via phosphorylation and paradoxically by increasing oxidative stress. Later, sustained oxidative stress generated by Cdk5 inhibits ALDH1A1 activity, leading to neurotoxicity. ALDH1A1 upregulation is highly neuroprotective. In human AD tissues, ALDH1A1 levels increase with disease severity. However, ALDH1A1 activity was highest at mild and moderate stages, but declines significantly at severe stage. These findings confirm that during the initial stages, neurons attempt to upregulate and activate ALDH1A1 to protect from accruing oxidative stress-induced damage; however, persistently deleterious conditions inactivate ALDH1A1, further contributing to neurotoxicity. This study thus revealed two faces of Cdk5, good and bad in neuronal function and survival, with a single substrate, ALDH1A1. The bad Cdk5 prevails in the end, overriding the good Cdk5 act, suggesting that Cdk5 is an effective therapeutic target for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West, Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West, Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West, Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mechanisms Associated with Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer-Related Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5815-5834. [PMID: 30684218 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests dementia and pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are both dependent and independent of amyloid processing and can be induced by multiple 'hits' on vital neuronal functions. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses the most important risk factor for developing AD after ageing and dysfunctional IR/PI3K/Akt signalling is a major contributor in both diseases. We developed a model of T2D, coupling subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin (STZ) with a human junk food (HJF) diet to more closely mimic the human condition. Over 35 weeks, this induced classic signs of T2D (hyperglycemia and insulin dysfunction) and a modest, but stable deficit in spatial recognition memory, with very little long-term modification of proteins in or associated with IR/PI3K/Akt signalling in CA1 of the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular infusion of soluble amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) to mimic the early preclinical rise in Aβ alone induced a more severe, but short-lasting deficits in memory and deregulation of proteins. Infusion of Aβ on the T2D phenotype exacerbated and prolonged the memory deficits over approximately 4 months, and induced more severe aberrant regulation of proteins associated with autophagy, inflammation and glucose uptake from the periphery. A mild form of environmental enrichment transiently rescued memory deficits and could reverse the regulation of some, but not all protein changes. Together, these data identify mechanisms by which T2D could create a modest dysfunctional neuronal milieu via multiple and parallel inputs that permits the development of pathological events identified in AD and memory deficits when Aβ levels are transiently effective in the brain.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhai X, Liu C, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xu Z. Inactivation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 in Hair Cells Causes Hearing Loss in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:461. [PMID: 30618612 PMCID: PMC6297389 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is abundantly expressed in post-mitotic cells including neurons. It is involved in multiple cellular events, such as cytoskeletal dynamics, signaling cascades, gene expression, and cell survival, et al. Dysfunction of CDK5 has been associated with a number of neurological disorders. Here we show that CDK5 is expressed in mouse cochlear hair cells, and CDK5 inactivation in hair cells causes hearing loss in mice. CDK5 inactivation has no effect on stereocilia development in the cochlear hair cells. However, it affects stereocilia maintenance, resulting in stereocilia disorganization and eventually stereocilia loss. Consistently, hair cell loss was significantly elevated by CDK5 inactivation. Despite that CDK5 has been shown to play important roles in synapse development and/or function, CDK5 inactivation does not affect the formation of ribbon synapses of cochlear hair cells. Further investigation showed that CDK5 inactivation causes reduced phosphorylation of ERM (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) proteins, which might contribute to the stereocilia deficits. Taken together, our data suggest that CDK5 plays pivotal roles in auditory hair cells, and CDK5 inactivation causes hearing loss in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jin W, Qazi TJ, Quan Z, Li N, Qing H. Dysregulation of Transcription Factors: A Key Culprit Behind Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:548-565. [PMID: 30484370 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418811787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are considered heterogeneous disorders characterized by progressive pathological changes in neuronal systems. Transcription factors are protein molecules that are important in regulating the expression of genes. Although the clinical manifestations of NDs vary, the pathological processes appear similar with regard to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and proteostasis, to which, as numerous studies have discovered, transcription factors are closely linked. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the roles of transcription factors in NDs, and then we elucidated their functions during pathological processes, and finally we discussed their therapeutic values in NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Talal Jamil Qazi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Spurrier J, Shukla AK, McLinden K, Johnson K, Giniger E. Altered expression of the Cdk5 activator-like protein, Cdk5α, causes neurodegeneration, in part by accelerating the rate of aging. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031161. [PMID: 29469033 PMCID: PMC5897722 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegeneration, but the connection between the two processes remains opaque. This is in part for want of a rigorous way to define physiological age, as opposed to chronological age. Here, we develop a comprehensive metric for physiological age in Drosophila, based on genome-wide expression profiling. We applied this metric to a model of adult-onset neurodegeneration, increased or decreased expression of the activating subunit of the Cdk5 protein kinase, encoded by the gene Cdk5α, the ortholog of mammalian p35. Cdk5α-mediated degeneration was associated with a 27-150% acceleration of the intrinsic rate of aging, depending on the tissue and genetic manipulation. Gene ontology analysis and direct experimental tests revealed that affected age-associated processes included numerous core phenotypes of neurodegeneration, including enhanced oxidative stress and impaired proteostasis. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdk5α-mediated neurodegeneration results from accelerated aging, in combination with cell-autonomous neuronal insults. These data fundamentally recast our picture of the relationship between neurodegeneration and its most prominent risk factor, natural aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Spurrier
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University/National Institutes of Health Graduate Partnership Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kristina McLinden
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Protective Effects of IGF-I against β-Amyloid-related Downregulation of Hippocampal Somatostatinergic System Involve Activation of Akt and Protein Kinase A. Neuroscience 2018; 374:104-118. [PMID: 29406271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF), a neuropeptide highly distributed in the hippocampus and involved in learning and memory, is markedly reduced in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. The effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) against β amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuronal death and associated cognitive disorders have been extensively reported in experimental models of this disease. Here, we examined the effect of IGF-I on the hippocampal somatostatinergic system in Aβ-treated rats and the molecular mechanisms associated with changes in this peptidergic system. Intracerebroventricular Aβ25-35 administration during 14 days (300 pmol/day) to male rats increased Aβ25-35 levels and cell death and markedly reduced SRIF and SRIF receptor 2 levels in the hippocampus. These deleterious effects were associated with reduced Akt and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Subcutaneous IGF-I co-administration (50 µg/kg/day) reduced hippocampal Aβ25-35 levels, cell death and JNK activation. In addition, IGF-I prevented the reduction in the components of the somatostatinergic system affected by Aβ infusion. Its co-administration also augmented protein kinase A (PKA) activity, as well as Akt and CREB phosphorylation. These results suggest that IGF-I co-administration may have protective effects on the hippocampal somatostatinergic system against Aβ insult through up-regulation of PKA activity and Akt and CREB phosphorylation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved FOXO family of transcription factors has emerged as a significant arbiter of neural cell fate and function in mammals. From the neural stem cell (NSC) state through mature neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions, they have been found to modulate neural cell survival, stress responses, lineage commitment, and neuronal signaling. Lineage-specific FOXO knockout mice have provided an invaluable tool for the dissection of FOXO biology in the nervous system. Within the NSC compartments of the brain, FOXOs are required for the maintenance of NSC quiescence and for the clearance of reactive oxygen species. Within mature neurons, FOXO transcriptional activity is essential for the prevention of age-dependent axonal degeneration. Acutely, FOXO3 has been found to cause axonal degeneration upon withdrawal of neurotrophic factors. In more active neural signaling, FOXO6 promotes increased dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons and is required for the consolidation of memories. In addition to the central nervous system (CNS), FOXOs also influence the functionality of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). FOXO1 knockout within the PNS results in a reduction of sympathetic tone and decreased levels of brain-derived norepinephrine and lower energy expenditure. FOXO3 knockout mice have impaired hearing which may be due to defects in synapse localization within the ear. Given the scope of FOXO activities in both the CNS and PNS, it will be of interest to study FOXOs within the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. From within the nervous system, FOXOs may also regulate important parameters such as whole-body metabolism, motor function, and catecholamine production, making FOXOs key players in physiologic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Santo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jihye Paik
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Williams DM, Karlsson IK, Pedersen NL, Hägg S. Circulating insulin-like growth factors and Alzheimer disease: A mendelian randomization study. Neurology 2017; 90:e291-e297. [PMID: 29282328 PMCID: PMC5798653 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine whether genetically predicted variation in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) or its binding protein, IGFBP3, are associated with risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), using a mendelian randomization study design. Methods We first examined disease risk by genotypes of 9 insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using published summary genome-wide association statistics from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP; n = 17,008 cases; 37,154 controls). We then assessed whether any SNP-disease results replicated in an independent sample derived from the Swedish Twin Registry (n = 984 cases; 10,304 controls). Results Meta-analyses of SNP-AD results did not suggest that variation in IGF1, IGFBP3, or the molar ratio of these affect AD risk. Only one SNP appeared to affect AD risk in IGAP data. This variant is located in the gene FOXO3, implicated in human longevity. In a meta-analysis of both IGAP and secondary data, the odds ratio of AD per FOXO3 risk allele was 1.04 (95% confidence interval 1.01–1.08; p = 0.008). Conclusions These findings suggest that circulating IGF1 and IGFBP3 are not important determinants of AD risk. FOXO3 function may influence AD development via pathways that are independent of IGF signaling (i.e., pleiotropic actions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Williams
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.M.W., I.K.K., N.L.P., S.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Psychology (N.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
| | - Ida K Karlsson
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.M.W., I.K.K., N.L.P., S.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Psychology (N.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.M.W., I.K.K., N.L.P., S.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Psychology (N.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sara Hägg
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.M.W., I.K.K., N.L.P., S.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Psychology (N.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cui N, Lu H, Li M, Yan Q. PTPN21 protects PC12 cell against oxygen-glucose deprivation by activating cdk5 through ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
38
|
Sun L, Zhao M, Liu M, Su P, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang X, Wu Z. Suppression of FoxO3a attenuates neurobehavioral deficits after traumatic brain injury through inhibiting neuronal autophagy. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:271-279. [PMID: 28889023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious insult that frequently leads to neurological impairments. Forkhead box O (FoxO) 3a, as transcription factor, has been confirmed to modulate autophagic process. Moreover, FoxO3a is expressed throughout the brain including the hippocampus. However, the role of FoxO3a in the pathophysiology of TBI is unclear. The present study is designed to investigate whether FoxO3a has the neuroprotective effects on rats subjected to TBI, and further to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Thus, a rat model of TBI was created by using a modified weight-drop device to mimic the insults of TBI. The results showed that FoxO3a was significantly increased in the serum of patients with TBI as well as in experimental animals. Furthermore, our data also demonstrated that TBI stimulated the translocation of FoxO3a from the cytosol to the nucleus. Additionally, we found that knockdown of FoxO3a by siRNA silencing significantly improved neurobehavioral dysfunctions and conferred a better neuroprotective effects after TBI, evidenced by promoting motor behavioral recovery, attenuating learning and memory impairments, and partially reversing neuronal damage in the hippocampus. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection, we identified that nuclear accumulation of Foxo3a could induce highly expression of autophagy pathway genes including LC-3, Beclin-1, p62, ATG12, and ATG14, and finally initiate neurological impairments. Interestingly, silencing FoxO3a by siRNA remarkably inhibited the induction of neuronal autophagy after TBI, and activated autophagy was closely related to TBI-induced neurological deficits. Taken together, these findings indicated that FoxO3a knockdown conferred neuroprotective effects after TBI through inhibiting the activation of neuronal autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Sun
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Manman Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Youxiang Li
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhongxue Wu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nikhil K, Shah K. The Cdk5-Mcl-1 axis promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a model of Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3023-3039. [PMID: 28751497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 deregulation is highly neurotoxic in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We identified Mcl-1 as a direct Cdk5 substrate using an innovative chemical screen in mouse brain lysates. Our data demonstrate that Mcl-1 levels determine the threshold for cellular damage in response to neurotoxic insults. Mcl-1 is a disease-specific target of Cdk5, which associates with Cdk5 under basal conditions, but is not regulated by it. Neurotoxic insults hyperactivate Cdk5 causing Mcl-1 phosphorylation at T92. This phosphorylation event triggers Mcl-1 ubiquitylation, which directly correlates with mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ectopic expression of phosphorylation-dead T92A-Mcl-1 fully prevents mitochondrial damage and subsequent cell death triggered by neurotoxic treatments in neuronal cells and primary cortical neurons. Notably, enhancing Mcl-1 levels offers comparable neuroprotection to that observed upon Cdk5 depletion, suggesting that Mcl-1 degradation by direct phosphorylation is a key mechanism by which Cdk5 promotes neurotoxicity in AD. The clinical significance of the Mcl-1-Cdk5 axis was investigated in human AD clinical specimens, revealing an inverse correlation between Mcl-1 levels and disease severity. These results emphasize the potential of Mcl-1 upregulation as an attractive therapeutic strategy for delaying or preventing neurodegeneration in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shah K, Rossie S. Tale of the Good and the Bad Cdk5: Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3426-3438. [PMID: 28502042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cdk5 kinase, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling in the brain. Cdk5 is essential for brain development during embryogenesis. After birth, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity is deregulated in various brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemic stroke, resulting in profound remodeling of the neuronal cytoskeleton, loss of synapses, and ultimately neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the "good and bad" Cdk5 in the brain and its pleiotropic contribution in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal remodeling. A vast majority of physiological and pathological Cdk5 substrates are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, our special emphasis is on the numerous Cdk5 substrates identified in the past two decades such as ephexin1, p27, Mst3, CaMKv, kalirin-7, RasGRF2, Pak1, WAVE1, neurabin-1, TrkB, 5-HT6R, talin, drebrin, synapsin I, synapsin III, CRMP1, GKAP, SPAR, PSD-95, and LRRK2. These substrates have unraveled the molecular mechanisms by which Cdk5 plays divergent roles in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal dynamics both in healthy and diseased states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center of Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Sandra Rossie
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang J, Nikhil K, Viccaro K, Chang L, Jacobsen M, Sandusky G, Shah K. The Aurora-A-Twist1 axis promotes highly aggressive phenotypes in pancreatic carcinoma. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1078-1093. [PMID: 28167680 PMCID: PMC5358340 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We uncovered a crucial role for the Aurora kinase A (AURKA)-Twist1 axis in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Twist1 is the first EMT-specific target of AURKA that was identified using an innovative screen. AURKA phosphorylates Twist1 at three sites, which results in its multifaceted regulation - AURKA inhibits its ubiquitylation, increases its transcriptional activity and favors its homodimerization. Twist1 reciprocates and prevents AURKA degradation, thereby triggering a feedback loop. Ablation of either AURKA or Twist1 completely inhibits EMT, highlighting both proteins as central players in EMT progression. Phosphorylation-dead Twist1 serves as a dominant-negative and fully reverses the EMT phenotype induced by Twist1, underscoring the crucial role of AURKA-mediated phosphorylation in mediating Twist1-induced malignancy. Likewise, Twist1-overexpressing BxPC3 cells formed large tumors in vivo, whereas expression of phosphorylation-dead Twist1 fully abrogated this effect. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic cancer specimens revealed a 3-fold higher level of Twist1 compared to that seen in healthy normal tissues. This is the first study that links Twist1 in a feedback loop with its activating kinase, which indicates that concurrent inhibition of AURKA and Twist1 will be synergistic in inhibiting pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, room A-128, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, room A-128, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang J, Nikhil K, Viccaro K, Chang L, White J, Shah K. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ALDH1A1 by Aurora kinase A: insights on their synergistic relationship in pancreatic cancer. BMC Biol 2017; 15:10. [PMID: 28193222 PMCID: PMC5307883 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) formation are key underlying causes that promote extensive metastasis, drug resistance, and tumor recurrence in highly lethal pancreatic cancer. The mechanisms leading to EMT and CSC phenotypes are not fully understood, which has hindered the development of effective targeted therapies capable of improving treatment outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer. Results We show a central role of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in promoting EMT and CSC phenotypes via ALDH1A1, which was discovered as its direct substrate using an innovative chemical genetic screen. AURKA phosphorylates ALDH1A1 at three critical residues which exert a multifaceted regulation over its level, enzymatic activity, and quaternary structure. While all three phosphorylation sites contribute to its increased stability, T267 phosphorylation primarily regulates ALDH1A1 activity. AURKA-mediated phosphorylation rapidly dissociates tetrameric ALDH1A1 into a highly active monomeric species. ALDH1A1 also reciprocates and prevents AURKA degradation, thereby triggering a positive feedback activation loop which drives highly aggressive phenotypes in cancer. Phospho-resistant ALDH1A1 fully reverses EMT and CSC phenotypes, thus serving as dominant negative, which underscores the clinical significance of the AURKA-ALDH1A1 signaling axis in pancreatic cancer. Conclusions While increased levels and activity of ALDH1A1 are hallmarks of CSCs, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We show the first phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ALDH1A1, which increases its levels and activity via AURKA. Recent global phospho-proteomic screens have revealed increased phosphorylation of ALDH1A1 at the T267 site in human cancers and healthy liver tissues where ALDH1A1 is highly expressed and active, indicating that this regulation is likely crucial both in normal and diseased states. This is also the first study to demonstrate oligomer-dependent activity of ALDH1A1, signifying that targeting its oligomerization state may be an effective therapeutic approach for counteracting its protective functions in cancer. Finally, while AURKA inhibition provides a potent tool to reduce ALDH1A1 levels and activity, the reciprocal loop between them ensures that their concurrent inhibition will be highly synergistic when inhibiting tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and metastasis in highly aggressive pancreatic cancer and beyond. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0335-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacoba White
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu H, Tan CC, Tan L, Yu JT. A Mitocentric View of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6046-6060. [PMID: 27696116 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an increasing morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Plaques formed by amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by microtubule-associated protein tau are two main characters of AD. Though previous studies have focused on Aβ and tau and got some progressions on their toxicity mechanisms, no significantly effective treatments targeting the Aβ and tau have been found. However, it is worth noting that mounting evidences showed that mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event during the process of AD pathologic changes. What is more, these studies also showed an obvious association between mitochondrial dysfunction and Aβ/tau toxicity. Furthermore, both genetic and environmental factors may increase the oxidative stress and the mitochondria are also the sensitive target of ROS, which may form a vicious feedback between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, eventually resulting in deficient energy, synaptic failure, and cell death. This article reviews the previous related studies from different aspects and concludes the critical roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, suggesting a different route to AD therapy, which may guide the research and treatment direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|