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Benrabaa SAM, Chang SA, Chang ES, Mykles DL. Effects of molting on the expression of ecdysteroid responsive genes in the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 355:114548. [PMID: 38761872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Ecdysteroid molting hormones coordinate arthropod growth and development. Binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) to ecdysteroid receptor EcR/RXR activates a cascade of nuclear receptor transcription factors that mediate tissue responses to hormone. Insect ecdysteroid responsive and Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factor gene sequences were used to extract orthologs from blackback land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) Y-organ (YO) transcriptome: Gl-Ecdysone Receptor (EcR), Gl-Broad Complex (Br-C), Gl-E74, Gl-Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), Gl-Hormone Receptor 4 (HR4), Gl-FOXO, and Gl-Fushi tarazu factor-1 (Ftz-f1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantified mRNA levels in tissues from intermolt animals and in YO of animals induced to molt by multiple limb autotomy (MLA) or eyestalk ablation (ESA). Gl-EcR, Gl-Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), Gl-Br-C, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO were expressed in all 10 tissues, with Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels in the YO lower than those in most of the other tissues. In MLA animals, molting had no effect on Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, and Gl-Ftz-f1 mRNA levels and little effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels. Gl-HR3 and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels were increased during premolt stages, while Gl-RXR mRNA level was highest during intermolt and premolt stages and lowest at postmolt stage. In ESA animals, YO mRNA levels were not correlated with hemolymph ecdysteroid titers. ESA had no effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E74, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels, while Gl-RXR, Gl-Br-C, and Gl-E75 mRNA levels were decreased at 3 days post-ESA. These data suggest that transcriptional up-regulation of Gl-FOXO and Gl-HR3 contributes to increased YO ecdysteroidogenesis during premolt. By contrast, transcriptional regulation of ecdysteroid responsive genes and ecdysteroidogenesis were uncoupled in the YO of ESA animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon A Chang
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ernest S Chang
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Donald L Mykles
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA.
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Ammonia Stress Disturbs Moult Signaling in Juvenile Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030409. [PMID: 36979101 PMCID: PMC10045928 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a significant concern during hatchery culture in brachyuran species, and its accumulation may lead to abortive moulting and large-scale deaths of the early juveniles. To date, the underlying mechanism for ammonia-induced alteration of the moulting process is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia on the moulting as well as the potential mechanisms in early juveniles of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus, an important aquaculture species in China. We evaluated the survival rate and moulting rate of the juvenile crabs (C2) and analyzed the expression pattern of the genes in key components of molt signaling during a complete moulting cycle under different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (the control group: <0.1 mg/L; the LA group: 5 mg/L; and the HA group: 20 mg/L). The results showed that: (1) the survival rate in the LA and HA groups was lower than that in the control group at the end of the experiment, and moulting death syndrome (MDS) was only observed in the HA group; (2) the moulting rate was higher in the LA group and lower in the HA group compared to the control group; (3) consistent with the results of the moulting experiment, MIH showed decreased expression, and genes related to ecdysteroid synthesis, ecdysteroid receptors, and responsive effectors exhibited increased expression in the LA group compared to the control group; and (4) although MIH expression was upregulated, increased expression of the genes associated with ecdysteroid synthesis, ecdysteroid receptors and downstream effectors still observed in the HA group. Our results indicated that low levels of ammonia can promote moulting in juvenile swimming crabs by inhibiting the expression of MIH and activating moult signaling, whereas high levels of ammonia inhibit moulting and lead to MDS through impairing moult signaling.
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Xiong X, Cao Y, Li Z, Huang R, Du X, Zheng Z. Ecdysone signal pathway participates in shell formation in pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106045. [PMID: 34915168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysone exists in arthropods, Mollusca and other invertebrates and plays vital roles in exoskeleton formation of Ecdysozoa. However, little is known about its functions in bivalve species. Herein, we identified ecdysone from the serum of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii and obtained the coding sequence of ecdysone receptor (PmEcR) and homologue of its heterodimer protein retinoid X receptor (PmRXR). The deduced amino acid sequences of PmEcR and PmRXR contained a DNA-binding and ligand-binding domain and were very similar to the orthologs of other species. Moreover, PmEcR and PmRXR were located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of HEK-293T cells. PmEcR and PmRXR were highly expressed in early embryos and biomineralized mantle tissue. Moreover, the serum concentration of ecdysone significantly increased at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-shell notching. The expression of PmEcR in the mantle tissue was significantly induced at the corresponding time points, while that of PmRXR was significantly induced at 6 h. Ecdysone stimulation remarkably induced the expression of growth factors (BMP2 and BMP7), transcription factors (PmRunt and AP-1), and shell matrix protein genes (chitinase, lysine-rich matrix protein (KRMP), TYR2, and PmCOLVI), which indicated that ecdysone signaling plays important roles in shell repair. However, yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that PmEcR and PmRXR did not form dimers, suggesting the different molecular interactions of EcR in bivalves. These findings provide insights into the function of ecdysone and its regulation pathway in bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Xiong
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yanfei Cao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China.
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Wang M, Xie X, Xu D, Wang Z, Yu G, Jin Z, Zhu D. Molecular characterization of the Sex-lethal gene in mud crab Scylla paramamosain and its potential role in sexual development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hu XL, Tang YY, Kwok ML, Chan KM, Chu KH. Impact of juvenile hormone analogue insecticides on the water flea Moina macrocopa: Growth, reproduction and transgenerational effect. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 220:105402. [PMID: 31927065 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing quantities of insecticides that leach into water bodies severely affect the health of the aquatic environment. Juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) insecticides are endocrine disrupters that interfere with hormonal activity in insects by mimicking juvenile hormones (JHs). Because the structure and functions of methyl farnesoate in crustaceans are similar to the insect JHs, exogenous JHA insecticides may cause adverse effects on the growth and reproduction in crustaceans similar to those observed in insects. This study examined the toxic effects of two JHA insecticides, methoprene and fenoxycarb, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. The 24-h and 48-h LC50 values for fenoxycarb and methoprene were 0.53 and 0.32 mg/L and 0.70 and 0.54 mg/L, respectively. Chronic exposure to the two JHAs caused a series of toxic effects in M. macrocopa, including shortening of life expectancy, repression of body growth, reduction in fecundity, and disturbed the expression of genes involved in the JH signaling pathway, in cuticle development, and in the carbohydrate, amino acid, and ATP metabolic processes. Moreover, JHA exposure impaired the growth and reproduction of the offspring of M. macrocopa exposed to JHAs, even when the neonates were not exposed to the chemicals. In addition, changes in the expression of genes related to histone methylation indicate that epigenetic changes may promote transgenerational impairment in M. macrocopa. These results demonstrate the toxic effects of fenoxycarb and methoprene on non-target aquatic organisms. The damages done by these JHA insecticides to the aquatic environment is worthy of our attention and further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Long Kwok
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Meng X, Zhang M, Gao B, Lv J, Li J, Liu P. Integrative Proteomic and MicroRNA Analysis: Insights Into Mechanisms of Eyestalk Ablation-Induced Ovarian Maturation in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:533. [PMID: 32922361 PMCID: PMC7456853 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyestalk ablation is the most common method to induce ovarian maturation in decapod crustacean aquaculture, but it jeopardizes broodstock survival and larvae production. It is important to understand the molecular basis underlying the maturation triggered by ablation and thereby develop an alternative measure for maturation manipulation. In this study, we investigate alterations of ovarian proteome and miRNA profile after ablation in a commercially important marine crab Portunus trituberculatus. Quantitative proteomic analysis using iTRAQ reveals that 163 proteins are differentially expressed following ablation, and modulation of methyl farnesoate metabolism and activation of calcium signaling may play important roles in the ovarian maturation induced by ablation. miRNA expression profiling identifies 31 miRNAs that show statistically significant changes. Integration of miRNA and proteome expression data with miRNA target prediction algorithms generates a potential regulatory network consisting of 26 miRNAs and 30 proteins linked by 71 possible functional associations. The miRNA-protein network analysis suggests that miRNAs are involved in promoting ovarian maturation by controlling expression of proteins related to methyl farnesoate synthesis, calcium signals, and energy metabolism. Experimental validation and temporal expression analysis indicate multiple miRNAs can act synergistically to regulate expression of Farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase and Calmodulin. Our findings provide new insights for elucidating the mechanisms underlying eyestalk ablation-induced ovarian maturation and could be useful for devising an alternative technique for manipulating reproduction in P. trituberculatus and other decapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianjian Lv
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Liu
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7
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Liu Y, Ding R, Pan B, Wang L, Liu S, Nie X. Simvastatin affect the expression of detoxification-related genes and enzymes in Daphnia magna and alter its life history parameters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109389. [PMID: 31272027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV), as an hypocholesterolaemic drug, has been detected in various aquatic environment. However, limited information is available on the effects of SV on freshwater invertebrates. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of SV on Daphnia. magna (D. magna) through measuring the physiological changes (e.g., survival, growth rate, and reproduction) in a 21-d chronic toxicity test We also determined the expression of seven detoxification and reproduction-related genes (i.e. HR96, P-gp, CYP360A8, GST, CYP314, EcR and Vtg) and several enzymes (i.e. APND, ERND, GST and CAT) in a acute test (24 h). Results showed that high concentration (e.g. 50 μg L-1) of SV for short time exposure (e.g. 24 h) significantly induced the expression of HR96 and P-gp (e.g. up to 2.5 folds)and enzymes (e.g. increasing 4.0 folds for ERND and GST activity) in D. magna.. The long-term chronic exposure (21 days) may cause the changes of life history parameters such as decreasing total egg production number per individual and intrinsic growth rates etc. SV may act as a potential endocrine disruptor to D. magna and the reproduction parameters were more sensitive endpoints than the survival and growth for evaluating SV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Benben Pan
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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8
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Hu XL, Niu JJ, Meng Q, Chai YH, Chu KH, Chan KM. Effects of two juvenile hormone analogue insecticides, fenoxycarb and methoprene, on Neocaridina davidi. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:89-99. [PMID: 31302406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) insecticides are endocrine disrupters that interfere with hormonal action in insects by mimicking their juvenile hormones (JH). As the structure and functions of methyl farnesoate in crustaceans are similar to those of JH in insects, exogenous JHA insecticides could have adverse effects on the development and reproduction of crustaceans. This study examined the toxic effects of two JHA insecticides, fenoxycarb and methoprene, on a freshwater shrimp model of cherry shrimp, Neocaridina davidi. Both insecticides had detrimental effects on cherry shrimp, but fenoxycarb was more toxic than methoprene. Chronic exposure to these insecticides reduced the shrimp's body length and molting frequency. Based on transcriptome annotations for N. davidi, we identified important gene homologues that were active in both insect JH biosynthetic and degradative pathways as well as JH and ecdysteroid signaling pathways. Chronic treatments with JHAs had significant effects on these genes in N. davidi. Our transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in the pathways related to cuticle development, serine protease activity, and carbohydrate, peptide and lipid metabolic processes were differentially expressed in shrimp exposed to JHAs. These results demonstrate the toxicity of fenoxycarb and methoprene to freshwater crustaceans and indicate the need to monitor the use of JHA insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiao Jiao Niu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuet Hung Chai
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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9
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In S, Yoon HW, Yoo JW, Cho H, Kim RO, Lee YM. Acute toxicity of bisphenol A and its structural analogues and transcriptional modulation of the ecdysone-mediated pathway in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:310-317. [PMID: 31030948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a representative endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that has estrogenic effects in aquatic animals. In recent years, due to the continuing usage of BPA, its analogues have been developed as alternative substances to replace its use. The molting process is a pivotal point in the development and reproduction of crustaceans. However, studies of the effects of EDCs on molting in crustaceans at the molecular level are scarce. In the present study, we examined the acute toxicity of BPA and its analogues bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) to the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. We further identified four ecdysteroid pathway - related genes (cyp314a1, EcRA, EcRB, and USP) in D. celebensis, and investigated the transcriptional modulation of these genes during molting and after exposure to BPA and its analogues for 48 h. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these four genes are highly conserved among arthropods and may be involved in development and reproduction in the adult stage. The mRNA expression patterns of cyp314a1, EcRA and USP were matched with the molting cycle, suggesting that these genes play a role in the molting process in the adult stage in cladocerans. Following relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, BPA and its analogues were found to modulate the expression of each of these four genes differently, indicating that these compounds can disrupt the normal endocrine system function of D. celebensis. This study improves our understanding of the molecular mode of action of BPA and its analogues in D. celebensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon In
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Yoo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Ok Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea.
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Hyde CJ, Elizur A, Ventura T. The crustacean ecdysone cassette: A gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:172-183. [PMID: 30157455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods have long been utilized as models to explore molecular function, and the findings derived from them can be applied throughout metazoa, including as a basis for medical research. This has led to the adoption of many representative insect models beyond Drosophila, as each lends its own unique perspective to questions in endocrinology and genetics. However, non-insect arthropods are yet to be realised for the potential insight they may provide in such studies. The Crustacea are among the most ancient arthropods from which insects descended, comprising a huge variety of life histories and ecological roles. Of the events in a typical crustacean development, metamorphosis is perhaps the most ubiquitous, challenging and highly studied. Despite this, our knowledge of the endocrinology which underpins metamorphosis is rudimentary at best; although several key molecules have been identified and studied in depth, the link between them is quite nebulous and leans heavily on well-explored insect models, which diverged from the Pancrustacea over 450 million years ago. As omics technologies become increasingly accessible, they bring the prospect of explorative molecular research which will allow us to uncover components and pathways unique to crustaceans. This review reconciles known components of crustacean metamorphosis and reflects on our findings in insects to outline a future search space, with focus given to the ecdysone cascade. To expand our knowledge of this ubiquitous endocrine system not only aids in our understanding of crustacean metamorphosis, but also provides a deeper insight into the adaptive capacity of arthropods throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Hyde
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
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11
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Lee JH, Suryaningtyas IT, Yoon TH, Shim JM, Park H, Kim HW. Transcriptomic analysis of the hepatopancreas induced by eyestalk ablation in shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 24:99-110. [PMID: 28915415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although eyestalk ablation (ESA) is currently considered the most effective method to facilitate molting and maturation, its physiological responses are still not clearly explained in decapod crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the hepatopancreatic transcriptomes of Litopenaeus vannamei after ESA using the Illumina Miseq platform. After screening 53,029 contigs with high cutoff values (fold change>|10|; P-value<0.05; RPKM>1), we were able to identify 105 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 100 were up-regulated and five were down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that many DEGs were involved in the synthetic pathways for glycerol and trehalose, which are known to function as the major protectants under conditions of low temperature and osmotic stress in arthropods. Additional analysis of the other DEGs enabled us to classify them in four categories: immunity; cellular trafficking; transcriptional regulation; molting and maturation. Many DEGs were involved in immunity and stress responses, in particular the proPO activation system, which is the major immune and wound-healing system in arthropods. In addition to immunity and stress responses, we were also able to identify DEGs involved in molting and maturation processes (e.g., group I chitinase), as well as those involved in hormone metabolism and trafficking. Collectively, based on the transcriptomic analysis, ESA causes not only stress and immune responses, but also molting and maturation in L. vannamei. The DEGs identified in this study could be useful markers to understand the physiological responses that ESA induces in shrimp, such as molting, maturation, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae-Ho Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Shim
- East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Gangneung 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zhu B, Tang L, Yu Y, Yu H, Wang L, Qian C, Wei G, Liu C. Identification of ecdysteroid receptor-mediated signaling pathways in the hepatopancreas of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:372-381. [PMID: 28069422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas of crustaceans plays an important role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, digestion of food, and biogenesis. In this study, the hepatopancreas transcriptome from the red crayfish Procambarus clarkii was characterized for the first time using high-throughput sequencing, producing approximately 41.4 million reads were obtained. After de novo assembly, 57,363 unigenes with an average length of 725bp were identified, Gene Ontology analysis categorized 22,580 as being involved in biological processes, among which metabolic process and cellular process groups were the most highly enriched. A total of 8034 unigenes were assigned to 223 metabolic pathways following mapping against the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Ecdysteroid receptor (EcR)-mediated signaling pathways were investigated using digital gene expression (DGE) analysis following RNA interference targeting the EcR. A total of 529 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 322 downregulated and 207 upregulated unigenes. Of these, 445 (84.12%) were annotated successfully by alignment with known sequences, many of which were related to catalytic activity and binding functional categories. Using KEGG enrichment analysis, 183 DEGs were clustered into 78 pathways, and six significantly enriched pathways were predicted. The expression patterns of candidate genes identified by real-time PCR were consistent with the DGE results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yingying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Huimin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Chaoliang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
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Liu Y, Wang L, Pan B, Wang C, Bao S, Nie X. Toxic effects of diclofenac on life history parameters and the expression of detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 183:104-113. [PMID: 28043021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), as a widely used drug, has been detected in various environmental media such as municipal wastewater effluent. However, there is little information on the effects of DCF on freshwater invertebrates potentially exposing to its residues in surface water. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of DCF on the physiological parameters (e.g., survival, growth rate, and reproduction) of a crustacean, Daphnia magna, via a 21-d chronic toxicity test, and we also evaluated the effects of DCF on the expression of the genes related to the detoxification metabolism, growth, development and reproduction (e.g., HR96, P-gp, CYP360A8, CYP314, GST, EcR and Vtg) in acute exposure (up to 96h) with RT-PCR. Significant toxic effects of DCF to D. magna were observed at 50μgL-1, the expression of these selected genes was inhibited with 24h of exposure, and induced after 48h to some extents. The expression of Vtg was induced at high concentrations of DCF (500μgL-1 and 5000μgL-1) after 24h and 48h of exposure, but also significantly induced at low concentration (50μgL-1) after 96h of exposure. Dose- and time-dependent relationships were observed for gene expression of the seven selected genes. In the 21-d chronic toxicity test, the days to the first brood and the days to the first egg production were both significantly delayed at 50μgL-1. However, there were no significant differences observed among the molting frequency, number of eggs produced in the first brood, total number of eggs per individual, total number of broods per individual, body length and intrinsic growth rate. Our results suggested that the reproduction parameters are more sensitive endpoints than the survival and growth for evaluating the toxicity of DCF to aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Benben Pan
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Dai TH, Sserwadda A, Song K, Zang YN, Shen HS. Cloning and Expression of Ecdysone Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor from Procambarus clarkii: Induction by Eyestalk Ablation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101739. [PMID: 27763563 PMCID: PMC5085767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysone receptor and retinoid X receptor are key regulators in molting. Here, full length ecdysone receptor (PcEcR) and retinoid X receptor (PcRXR) cDNAs from Procambarus clarkii were cloned. Full length cDNA of PcEcR has 2500 bp, encoding 576 amino acid proteins, and full length cDNA of PcRXR has 2593 bp, in which a 15 bp and a 204 bp insert/deletion splice variant regions in DNA binding domain and hinge domain were identified. The two splice variant regions in PcRXR result four isoforms: PcRXR1-4, encoding 525, 520, 457 and 452 amino acids respectively. PcEcR was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and eyestalk and PcRXR was highly expressed in the eyestalk among eight examined tissues. Both PcEcR and PcRXR had induced expression after eyestalk ablation (ESA) in the three examined tissues. In muscle, PcEcR and PcRXR were upregulated after ESA, PcEcR reached the highest level on day 3 after ESA and increased 33.5-fold relative to day 0, and PcRXR reached highest the level on day 1 after ESA and increased 2.7-fold relative to day 0. In the hepatopancreas, PcEcR and PcRXR dEcReased continuously after ESA, and the expression levels of PcEcR and PcRXR were only 0.7% and 1.7% on day 7 after ESA relative to day 0, respectively. In the ovaries, PcEcR was upregulated after ESA, reached the highest level on day 3 after ESA, increased 3.0-fold relative to day 0, and the expression level of PcRXR changed insignificantly after ESA (p > 0.05). The different responses of PcEcR and PcRXR after ESA indicates that different tissues play different roles (and coordinates their functions) in molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Dai
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Ali Sserwadda
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Kun Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Huai-Shun Shen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Lee SR, Lee JH, Kim AR, Kim S, Park H, Baek HJ, Kim HW. Three cDNAs encoding vitellogenin homologs from Antarctic copepod, Tigriopus kingsejongensis: Cloning and transcriptional analysis in different maturation stages, temperatures, and putative reproductive hormones. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 192:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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FOXL2 down-regulates vitellogenin expression at mature stage in Eriocheir sinensis. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150151. [PMID: 26430246 PMCID: PMC4708011 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study highlights that forkhead transcription factor (FOXL)2 down-regulates vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis not only through the regulation of follicular cell apoptosis with DEAD-box RNA helicase 20 (DDX20), but also may through the steroidogenic pathway with fushi tarazu factor (FTZ-F)1 at mature stage in Eriocheir sinensis. Ovarian development in crustaceans is characterized by rapid production of egg yolk protein in a process called vitellogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of a DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box RNA helicase 20 (DDX20), forkhead transcription factor (FOXL)2 and fushi tarazu factor (FTZ-F)1 in the regulation of vitellogenesis. Based on ESTs from the testis and accessory gland of Eriocheir sinensis, we cloned the full-length cDNAs of foxl2 and fushitarazu factor 1 (ftz-f1), which include the conserved structural features of the forkhead family and nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) family respectively. The expression of foxl2 mRNA surged at the mature stage of the ovary, when vtg mRNA swooped, suggesting that foxl2 negatively affects the vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis at this developmental stage. Etoposide (inducing germ cell apoptosis) treatment up-regulated FOXL2 and DDX20 at both the mRNA and the protein levels, primarily in the follicular cells as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. Furthermore, foxl2, ddx20 and ftz-f1 mRNA levels increased significantly with right-eyestalk ablation. Interactions between FOXL2 and DDX20 or FTZ-F1 were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and the forkhead domain of FOXL2 was identified as the specific structure interacting with FTZ-F1. In conclusion, FOXL2 down-regulates VTG expression by binding with DDX20 in regulation of follicular cell apoptosis and with FTZ-F1 to repress the synthesis of VTG at the mature stage. This report is the first to describe the molecular mechanism of VTG synthesis in E. sinensis and may shed new light on the regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme by FOXL2 and FTZ-F1 in vitellogenesis.
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Gong J, Ye H, Xie Y, Yang Y, Huang H, Li S, Zeng C. Ecdysone receptor in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain: a possible role in promoting ovarian development. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:273-87. [PMID: 25563354 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In arthropods, it is known that ecdysteroids regulate molting, limb regeneration, and reproduction through activation of the ecdysone receptor (EcR). However, the ecdysteroid signaling pathway for promotion of ovarian development in crustaceans is still unclear. In this study, three cDNA isoforms of EcR were cloned from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. qRT-PCR revealed that the SpEcR mRNA was abundant in the eyestalk, ovary and epidermis. During ovarian development, the SpEcR transcripts increased from stage I (undeveloped stage) and reached a peak at stage IV (late vitellogenic stage) before dropping to a lower level at stage V (mature stage). Meanwhile, levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the hemolymph, detected by HPLC-MS, displayed a similar pattern of increase with ovarian development. Results from in situ hybridization indicated that SpEcR mRNA was present in the follicular cells during vitellogenesis. Results from in vivo experiments revealed that 20E at 0.2 μg/g body weight significantly stimulated the expression of SpEcR and vitellogenin (SpVg) in female crabs during the early vitellogenic stage but not during the previtellogenic stage. This was confirmed by results from in vitro experiments which indicated that SpEcR and SpVg expression levels were significantly upregulated in early vitellogenic ovarian explants incubated with 5.0 μM 20E at 3 and 6 h but not in previtellogenic ovarian explants. Finally, results from in vitro gene silencing experiments indicated that the expression of SpEcR and SpVg in the ovary was significantly inhibited by SpEcR dsRNA. All these results together indicated that in S. paramamosain, 20E, and SpEcR, located in the follicular cells, play important roles in the promotion of ovarian development via regulating the expression of SpVg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Yinjie Xie
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Yanan Yang
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Huiyang Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Shaojing Li
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Chaoshu Zeng
- College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen 361102, ChinaCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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18
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Shyamal S, Anilkumar G, Bhaskaran R, Doss GP, Durica DS. Significant fluctuations in ecdysteroid receptor gene (EcR) expression in relation to seasons of molt and reproduction in the grapsid crab, Metopograpsus messor (Brachyura: Decapoda). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:39-51. [PMID: 25448252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metopograpsus messor, a brachyuran crab inhabiting the estuaries of North Kerala (India), is a prolific breeder releasing approximately 14-16 broods a year. The present paper reports the sequence information on the DNA binding domain (C domain, DBD), linker (D domain) and ligand binding domain (E domain, LBD) of M. messor ecdysteroid receptor (MmEcR) gene, the first grapsid brachyuran crab EcR examined. We have also measured MmEcR transcript levels in the ovary and the hepatopancreas throughout the annual cycle, with special reference to seasons of molt and reproduction. MmEcR expression in both the tissues is found to be at its peak (P<0.05) in late premolt crabs (January/May, molt/reproduction season); the expression levels are lowest (P<0.05) during June/July, when the females would neither molt nor reproduce (season for molt/reproduction repose). Intermediate levels of expression were found during the breeding season (August/December). Interestingly, this pattern of gene expression is in concordance with the fluctuating ecdysteroid levels of the hemolymph and Y organ secretory activity. The significant levels of fluctuation in the ovarian expression of MmEcR strongly suggest the ovary as a potential target for ecdysteroid action. A season-wise comparison of the gene expression reveals that ovarian MmEcR transcript levels are higher in breeding crabs (August/December) than the non-breeding animals (June/July), implicating a possible ecdysteroid role in reproduction in M. messor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmishtha Shyamal
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Anilkumar
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Bhaskaran
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G P Doss
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D S Durica
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, USA
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Nikapitiya C, Kim WS, Park K, Kwak IS. Identification of potential markers and sensitive tissues for low or high salinity stress in an intertidal mud crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:407-416. [PMID: 25240977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophthalmus japonicus is an intertidal mud crab is an ecologically important species in Korea, can tolerate a wide range of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Environmental changes especially salinity cause physiological stress to the marine habitats. Differential gene transcription of M. japonicus tissues provided information about tissue specific responses against salinity. Five potential genes were identified and their transcription levels were determined quantitatively comparison to seawater (SW: 31 ± 1 psu) in M. japonicus gills and hepatopancreas after exposed them to different salinities. Ecdysteroid receptor (Mj-EcR), trypsin (Mj-Tryp), arginine kinase (Mj-AK), lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (Mj-LGBP) and peroxinectin (Mj-Prx) in hepatopancreas up-regulated against different salinities. In contrast, the gills, Mj-EcR, Mj-Tryp and Mj-AK showed late up-regulated responses to 40 psu compared to SW. All genes except Mj-LGBP showed up regulation in the gills as time dependent manner. These genes can be considered as potential markers to assess responses in salinity changes. This study suggests hepatopancreas is a suitable tissue for transcriptional, biochemical and physiological responses analysis on M. japonicus in low and high salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Kim
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyun Park
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Qian Z, He S, Liu T, Liu Y, Hou F, Liu Q, Wang X, Mi X, Wang P, Liu X. Identification of ecdysteroid signaling late-response genes from different tissues of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 172:10-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Shen H, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Xu Z. Calcium–calmodulin dependent protein kinase I from Macrobrachium nipponense: cDNA cloning and involvement in molting. Gene 2014; 538:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sex-lethal gene of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: cDNA cloning, induction by eyestalk ablation, and expression of two splice variants in males and females. Dev Genes Evol 2014; 224:97-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-014-0467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Shen H, Zhou X, Bai A, Ren X, Zhang Y. Ecdysone receptor gene from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium nipponense: identification of different splice variants and sexually dimorphic expression, fluctuation of expression in the molt cycle and effect of eyestalk ablation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:86-94. [PMID: 23899714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA of an ecdysone receptor gene (MnEcR) from Macrobrachium nipponense was cloned and the expression of the gene was investigated. MnEcR maintained a relatively low expression level in the early stages of embryos, but from nauplius stage, a steady increase in MnEcR expression was detected, it had the highest expression level in zoea stage. MnEcR was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and gills among ten different tissues examined. MnEcR was rapidly upregulated in the premolt stage and rapidly downregulated in the postmolt stage. The expression of MnEcR was remarkably downregulated after eyestalk ablation in M. nipponense. An 18-amino-acid insertion/deletion and a 49-amino-acid substitution were found in the coding region of MnEcR, resulting in four splice variants: MnEcR-L1, -L2, -S1 and-S2. The expression of four splice variants of MnEcR in gonads was investigated using RT-PCR. Interestingly, the expression patterns of these splice variants differed between males and females. The dominant splice variants in testis were MnEcR-S1 and -S2, while in ovary they were MnEcR-L1 and -S2, indicating specific roles for these splice variants in male and female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaishun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
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Techa S, Chung JS. Ecdysone and retinoid-X receptors of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: Cloning and their expression patterns in eyestalks and Y-organs during the molt cycle. Gene 2013; 527:139-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Low-frequency depression (LFD) of transmitter release occurs at phasic synapses with stimulation at 0.2 Hz in both isolated crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) preparations and in intact animals. LFD is regulated by presynaptic activity of the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (Silverman-Gavrila and Charlton, 2009). Since the fast Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM inhibits LFD but the slow chelator EGTA-AM does not, the Ca(2+) sensor for LFD may be close to a Ca(2+) source at active zones. Calcineurin can be activated by the Ca(2+)-activated protease calpain, and immunostaining showed that both proteins are present at nerve terminals. Three calpain inhibitors, calpain inhibitor I, MDL-28170, and PD150606, but not the control compound PD145305, inhibit LFD both in the intact animal as shown by electromyograms and by intracellular recordings at neuromuscular junctions. Analysis of mini-EPSPs indicated that these inhibitors had minimal postsynaptic effects. Proteolytic activity in CNS extract, detected by a fluorescent calpain substrate, was modulated by Ca(2+) and calpain inhibitors. Western blot analysis of CNS extract showed that proteolysis of calcineurin to a fragment consistent with the constitutively active form required Ca(2+) and was blocked by calpain inhibitors. Inhibition of LFD by calpain inhibition blocks the reduction in phosphoactin and the depolymerization of tubulin that normally occurs in LFD, probably by blocking the dephosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins by calcineurin. In contrast, high-frequency depression does not involve protein phosphorylation- or calpain-dependent mechanisms. LFD may involve a specific pathway in which local Ca(2+) signaling activates presynaptic calpain and calcineurin at active zones and causes changes of tubulin cytoskeleton.
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Gaertner K, Chandler GT, Quattro J, Ferguson PL, Sabo-Attwood T. Identification and expression of the ecdysone receptor in the harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis, in response to fipronil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 76:39-45. [PMID: 22000904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The marine copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis (A. tenuiremis), is a well characterized invertebrate model for the screening and evaluation of endocrine and reproductive toxins using life-cycle assays. These tests evaluate phenotypic endpoints related to development and reproduction, which are utilized to predict population outcomes. Some of these endpoints in arthropods, including sexual maturation and molting, are controlled by the hormone ecdysone which acts through its cognate receptor, the ecdysone receptor. The purpose of this research was to obtain and characterize sequence information for the A. tenuiremis ecdysone receptor and investigate modulation of expression levels by fipronil, an insecticide that causes infertility in males and reduced egg extrusion in female copepods, and ponasterone, a natural ecdysone receptor agonist. Results show successful cloning and phylogenetic analysis of the ecdysone receptor for A. tenuiremis, providing the first genetic information for a hormone receptor in this species. Exposure of copepodites to fipronil for 1, 2, 4, 18 and 30 h caused a significant increase in ecdysone receptor transcriptional expression at 30 h compared to control unexposed animals. This work illustrates a potential mechanism whereby exposure to fipronil, and potentially other endocrine disrupting compounds, results in impacted reproduction. Furthermore, this exemplifies the potential utility of ecdysone receptor transcriptional measurement as a sensitive and rapid biomarker of ecological relevance when linked to traditional A. tenuiremis bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gaertner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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27
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Nair PMG, Choi J. Modulation in the mRNA expression of ecdysone receptor gene in aquatic midge, Chironomus riparius upon exposure to nonylphenol and silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:98-106. [PMID: 22196049 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chironomus riparius, a non-biting midge (Chironomidae, Diptera), is extensively used as a model organism in aquatic ecotoxicological studies, although little is known about its genome sequences. Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that play an important role in development, growth, moulting of larva, and reproduction in Chironomus spp. The effect of ecdysteroids is mediated by their binding to the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). To study the effect of environmental stressors, nonylphenol and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on the modulation of EcR mRNA, in this study, full length cDNA of C. riparius ecdysone receptor (CrEcR) was identified from the Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) database and expression of the corresponding mRNA was analyzed following exposure to nonylphenol and AgNPs. The CrEcR cDNA was 2548 base pairs (bp) in length, with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 242 bp and a 3' UTR of 684 bp. The open reading frame contains 1617 nucleotides, encoding 539 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 61 kDa and pI of 5.89, and revealed the presence of several domains associated with DNA binding, dimerization, ligand binding and transcriptional activation characteristic of steroid receptor family members. It was found that the expression level of CrEcR was significantly up-regulated on exposure to nonylphenol and significant up or down regulation was observed on exposure to AgNPs. These finding shows that nonylphenol as well as AgNPs could modulate the ecdysone nuclear receptor and may have significant implications in different developmental stages in C. riparius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Gopalakrishnan Nair
- School of Environmental Engineering and Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
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28
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Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid metabolism in crustaceans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:196-203. [PMID: 20837145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The molting gland, or Y-organ (YO), is the primary site for ecdysteroid synthesis in decapod crustaceans. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is divided into two stages: (1) conversion of cholesterol to 5β-diketol and (2) conversion of 5β-diketol to secreted products. Stage 1 involves the conversion of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DC) by 7,8-dehydrogenase, the "Black Box" reactions involving 3-oxo-Δ(4) intermediates, and the conversion of Δ(4)-diketol to 5β-diketol by 5β[H]-reductase. The stage 2 reactions generate four major products, depending on species: ecdysone, 3-dehydroecdysone (3DE), 25-deoxyecdysone (25dE), and 3-dehydro-25-deoxyecdysone (3D25dE). Peripheral tissues convert these compounds to the active hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and ponasterone A (25-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone or 25d20E). The hydroxylations at C25, C22, C2, and C20 are catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenases, which are encoded by the Halloween genes Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, respectively, in insects. Orthologs of these genes are present in the Daphnia genome and a cDNA encoding Phantom has been cloned from prawn. Inactivation involves conversion of ecdysteroids to polar metabolites and/or conjugates, which are eliminated in the urine and feces. The antennal gland is the major route for excretion of ecdysteroids synthesized by the YO. The hepatopancreas eliminates ingested ecdysteroids by forming apolar conjugates. The concentrations of ecdysteroids vary over the molt cycle and are determined by the combined effects biosynthesis, metabolism, and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Campus 1878, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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29
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Tarrant AM, Behrendt L, Stegeman JJ, Verslycke T. Ecdysteroid receptor from the American lobster Homarus americanus: EcR/RXR isoform cloning and ligand-binding properties. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 173:346-55. [PMID: 21722641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In arthropods, ecdysteroids regulate molting by activating a heterodimer formed by the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). While this mechanism is similar in insects and crustaceans, variation in receptor splicing, dimerization and ligand affinity adds specificity to molting processes. This study reports the EcR and RXR sequences from American lobster, a commercially and ecologically important crustacean. We cloned two EcR splice variants, both of which specifically bind ponasterone A, and two RXR variants, both of which enhance binding of ponasterone A to the EcR. Lobster EcR has high affinity for ponasterone A and muristerone and moderately high affinity for the insecticide tebufenozide. Bisphenol A, diethyl phthalate, and two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 29 and PCB 30), environmental chemicals shown to interfere with crustacean molting, showed little or no affinity for lobster EcR. These studies establish the molecular basis for investigation of lobster ecdysteroid signaling and signal disruption by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, 45 Water Street, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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30
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Chang ES, Mykles DL. Regulation of crustacean molting: a review and our perspectives. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:323-30. [PMID: 21501612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Molting is a highly complex process that requires precise coordination to be successful. We describe the early classical endocrinological experiments that elucidated the hormones and glands responsible for this process. We then describe the more recent experiments that have provided information on the cellular and molecular aspects of molting. In addition to providing a review of the scientific literature, we have also included our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest S Chang
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA.
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31
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Nagai C, Nagata S, Nagasawa H. Effects of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) on the transcript expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzyme genes in the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:293-304. [PMID: 21447337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), a member of a neuropeptide family present only in arthropods, plays a pivotal role in the modulation of hemolymph glucose levels, molting, reproduction, and the stress response. Although it has been determined that hepatopancreas and muscle are the major tissues in which CHH regulates hyperglycemic activity, the molecular mechanism by which CHH regulates carbohydrate metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the mRNA expression levels of enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis in order to determine how CHH regulates hemolymph glucose levels. We first cloned cDNAs encoding four carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes from the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, glycogen phosphorylase (MjGP), glycogen synthase (MjGS), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (MjFBPase), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (MjPEPCK). RT-PCR analysis showed that eyestalk ablation remarkably decreased MjGP and increased MjGS transcript levels in the hepatopancreas, but not in muscle. Considering the fact that various eyestalk factors, including MIH, are removed by eyestalk ablation, these results indicate that after eyestalk ablation the metabolic state proceeds towards glycogen accumulation in the specific tissues related to molting. In contrast, MjFBPase and MjPEPCK transcript levels were not significantly changed by eyestalk ablation, indicating that CHH and other eyestalk-derived factors might not induce gluconeogenesis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that exposure of hepatopancreas to recombinant CHH significantly changed the expression levels of MjGP and MjGS, but not MjFBPase and MjPEPCK. Collectively, these results indicate that CHH is involved in glycogen metabolism in hepatopancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Cloning and tissue expression of eleven troponin-C isoforms in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Characterization of two vitellogenin cDNAs from a Pandalus shrimp (Pandalopsis japonica): expression in hepatopancreas is down-regulated by endosulfan exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:102-12. [PMID: 20546914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide of the cyclodiene family of pesticides that inhibits molting and reproduction in aquatic crustaceans. In order to determine the molecular mechanism of endosulfan as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), differential display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR) was used to isolate genes in the shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica, affected by endosulfan exposure. PCR screening of cDNA from the hepatopancreas from control and endosulfan-exposed animals, using 120 sets of random primers, yielded partial cDNAs encoding two vitellogenin-like proteins (Pj-Vg1 and -Vg2). Complete sequences were obtained using a combination of RT-PCR and RACE-PCR. Pj-Vg1 (7883bp) encoded a protein composed of 2533 amino acid residues (283.27 kDa estimated mass), whereas Pj-Vg2 (7792 bp) encoded a protein composed of 2537 amino acids residues (284.87 kDa estimated mass). Alignment of the Pj-Vgs with those of other vitellogenins identified a conserved subtilisin cleavage site (RQKR) and the lipoprotein N-terminal (vitellin), DUF1081, and von Willebrand factor type D domains, indicating both genes encoded functional proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Pj-Vg1 and -Vg2 were most similar to Pandalus hypsinotus Vg. Both Pj-Vg1 and -Vg2 were expressed primarily in the hepatopancreas, although the Pj-Vg2 transcript was also detected in the ovary. The effects of the 3-day endosulfan exposure (2.5 microg/L and 25 microg/L) on Vg expression in the hepatopancreas were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of both transcripts was significantly inhibited at 25 microg/L suggesting that Pj-Vgs can be used as indicator for endosulfan exposure.
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34
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Hwang DS, Lee JS, Lee KW, Rhee JS, Han J, Lee J, Park GS, Lee YM, Lee JS. Cloning and expression of ecdysone receptor (EcR) from the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:303-12. [PMID: 20025995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that play an important role in development, growth, molting of larva, and reproduction in the Arthropoda. The effect of ecdysteroids is mediated by its binding to ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). To investigate the role of EcR during development and the effect to environmental stressors on EcR expression in a copepod, we isolated and characterized cDNA and 5'-promoter region of the Tigriopus japonicus EcR (TJ-EcR), and studied mRNA expression pattern. The full-length TJ-EcR cDNA sequence was 1962bp in length and the open reading frame encoded 546 amino acids. The deduced TJ-EcR protein contained well-conserved DNA-binding domain and ligand-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TJ-EcR was clustered with the EcR of other crustaceans. TJ-EcR mRNA was expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner: high in early developmental stages and low in the adult stage. Significantly elevated expression of the TJ-EcR gene in adults was detected at hypersalinity (42ppt) and high temperature (35 degrees C) condition. The 5'-flanking region of TJ-EcR gene contains heat shock protein 70 response elements, implying that the environmental stressors may affect its expression via the stress-sensor. In addition, bisphenol A (100microg/L) repressed TJ-EcR expression. Our results suggest that TJ-EcR could be a biomarker for the monitoring of the impact of environmental stressors in copepods.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Benzhydryl Compounds
- Cloning, Molecular
- Copepoda/drug effects
- Copepoda/genetics
- Copepoda/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Phenols/toxicity
- Phylogeny
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Salinity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Physiological
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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35
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Covi JA, Bader BD, Chang ES, Mykles DL. Molt cycle regulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, and the differential expression of a myostatin-like factor during atrophy induced by molting or unweighting. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:172-83. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.034389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In decapod crustaceans, claw muscle undergoes atrophy in response to elevated ecdysteroids while thoracic muscle undergoes atrophy in response to unweighting. The signaling pathways that regulate muscle atrophy in crustaceans are largely unknown. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth in mammals, and a myostatin-like cDNA is preferentially expressed in muscle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis (Gl-Mstn). Contrary to prediction, levels of Gl-Mstn mRNA decreased dramatically in both the claw closer and weighted thoracic muscles when molting was induced by either eyestalk ablation (ESA) or multiple limb autotomy (MLA). However, the effect of molt induction was greater in the claw muscle. By late premolt, Gl-Mstn mRNA in the claw muscle decreased 81% and 94% in ESA and MLA animals, respectively, and was negatively correlated with ecdysteroids. Gl-Mstn mRNA in thoracic muscle decreased 68% and 82% in ESA and MLA animals, respectively, but was only weakly correlated with ecdysteroid. Claw and thoracic muscles also differed to varying extents in the expression of ecdysteroid receptor (Gl-EcR and Gl-RXR), elongation factor-2 (Gl-EF-2), and calpain T (Gl-CalpT) in response to molt induction, but levels of the four transcripts were not correlated with ecdysteroid. The downregulation of Gl-Mstn expression in premolt claw muscle coincided with 11- and 13-fold increases in protein synthesis in the myofibrillar and soluble protein fractions, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of the increase in the synthesis of soluble proteins was greater than that of myofibrillar proteins during early premolt (1.4:1, soluble:myofibrillar), but the two were equivalent during late premolt. By contrast, Gl-Mstn mRNA increased 3-fold and Gl-CalpT mRNA decreased 40% in unweighted thoracic muscle; there was little or no effect on Gl-EF-2, Gl-EcR, and Gl-RXR mRNA levels. These data indicate that Gl-Mstn expression is negatively regulated by both ecdysteroids and load-bearing contractile activity. The downregulation of Gl-Mstn in claw muscle may induce the elevated protein turnover associated with remodeling of the contractile apparatus during molt-induced atrophy. The upregulation of Gl-Mstn in unweighted thoracic muscle suggests that this factor is also involved in disuse atrophy when hemolymph ecdysteroid levels are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Covi
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523USA
| | - B. D. Bader
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523USA
| | - E. S. Chang
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923USA
| | - D. L. Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523USA
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36
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Abstract
The molting process in arthropods is regulated by steroid hormones acting via nuclear receptor proteins. The most common molting hormone is the ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone. The receptors of 20-hydroxyecdysone have also been identified in many arthropod species, and the amino acid sequences determined. The functional molting hormone receptors consist of two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, namely the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle, although the ecdysone receptor may be functional, in some instances, without the ultraspiracle. Generally, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle heterodimer binds to a number of ecdysone response elements, sequence motifs that reside in the promoter of various ecdysteroid-responsive genes. In the ensuing transcriptional induction, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex binds to 20-hydroxyecdysone or to a cognate ligand that, in turn, leads to the release of a corepressor and the recruitment of coactivators. 3D structures of the ligand-binding domains of the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle have been solved for a few insect species. Ecdysone agonists bind to ecdysone receptors specifically, and ligand-ecdysone receptor binding is enhanced in the presence of the ultraspiracle in insects. The basic mode of ecdysteroid receptor action is highly conserved, but substantial functional differences exist among the receptors of individual species. Even though the transcriptional effects are apparently similar for ecdysteroids and nonsteroidal compounds such as diacylhydrazines, the binding shapes are different between them. The compounds having the strongest binding affinity to receptors ordinarily have strong molting hormone activity. The ability of the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex to manifest the effects of small lipophilic agonists has led to their use as gene switches for medical and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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37
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Molecular cloning and localization of a calpain-like protease from the abdominal muscle of Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2009-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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38
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Myer A, Mason HA, Smith W, Brown C, Schwartz LM. Differential control of cell death and gene expression during two distinct phases of hormonally-regulated muscle death in the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:314-320. [PMID: 19135059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In larvae of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta, the intersegmental muscles (ISMs) span eight abdominal segments and represent the major muscle group. Following pupation, the ISMs in the first two and last two segments undergo programmed cell death (PCD), while the remaining four segments persist until the time of adult eclosion, when they too undergo PCD. ISM death at adult eclosion is initiated by a decline in the circulating ecdysteroid titer and requires de novo gene expression. In this study we have investigated the hormonal regulation and the patterns of gene expression that accompany both early and late ISM death. We find that distinct endocrine cues regulate these two periods of muscle death. Even though the middle segments of ISMs are exposed to the same endocrine environment as the adjacent cells that die following pupation, they do not express death-associated transcripts until they are specifically signaled to die following adult eclosion. These data indicate that subsets of homologous muscles appear to make segment-specific decisions to couple their endogenous cell death programs to distinctly different developmental cues. Nevertheless, once cell death is initiated, they utilize many of the same molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Myer
- Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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39
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Kim BK, Kim KS, Oh CW, Mykles DL, Lee SG, Kim HJ, Kim HW. Twelve actin-encoding cDNAs from the American lobster, Homarus americanus: cloning and tissue expression of eight skeletal muscle, one heart, and three cytoplasmic isoforms. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:178-84. [PMID: 19258044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lobster muscles express a diverse array of myofibrillar protein isoforms. Three fiber types (fast, slow-twitch or S1, and slow-tonic or S2) differ qualitatively and quantitatively in myosin heavy and light chains, troponin-T, -I, and -C, paramyosin, and tropomyosin variants. However, little is known about the diversity of actin isoforms present in crustacean tissues. In this report we characterized cDNAs that encode twelve actin isoforms in the American lobster, Homarus americanus: eight from skeletal muscle (Ha-ActinSK1-8), one from heart (Ha-ActinHT1), and three cytoplasmic type actins from hepatopancreas (Ha-ActinCT1-3). All twelve cDNAs were products of distinct genes, as indicated by differences in the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). The open reading frames specified polypeptides 376 or 377 amino acids in length. Although key amino residues are conserved in the lobster actins, variations in nearby sequences may affect actin polymerization and/or interactions with other myofibrillar proteins. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed muscle fiber type- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Ha-Actin-HT1 was expressed exclusively in heart (87% of the total; 12% of the total was Ha-ActinCT1). Ha-ActinCT1 was expressed in all tissues, while CT2 and CT3 were expressed only in hepatopancreas, with Ha-ActinCT2 as the major isoform (93% of the total). Ha-ActinSK1 and SK2 were the major isoforms (88% and 12% of the total, respectively) in the S1 fibers of crusher claw closer muscle. Fast fibers in the cutter claw closer and deep abdominal muscles differed in SK isoforms. Ha-ActinSK3, SK4, and SK5 were the major isoforms in cutter claw closer muscle (12%, 48%, and 37% of the total, respectively). Ha-ActinSK5 and SK8 were the major isoforms in deep abdominal flexor (31% and 65% of the total, respectively) and extensor (46% and 53% of the total, respectively) muscles, with SK6 and SK7 expressed at low levels. These data indicate that fast fibers in cutter claw and abdominal muscles show a phenotypic plasticity with respect to the expression of actin isoforms and may constitute discrete subtypes that differ in contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kwang Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737 South Korea
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40
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Pancreatic lipase-related protein (PY–PLRP) highly expressed in the vitellogenic ovary of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Endocrine regulation of the reproduction in crustaceans: Identification of potential targets for toxicants and environmental contaminants. Biologia (Bratisl) 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Schilder RJ, Marden JH. Parasites, proteomics and performance: effects of gregarine gut parasites on dragonfly flight muscle composition and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 210:4298-306. [PMID: 18055619 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, we found that dragonflies infected with gregarine gut parasites have reduced muscle power output, loss of lipid oxidation in their flight muscles, and a suite of symptoms similar to mammalian metabolic syndrome. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in muscle protein composition underlie the observed changes in contractile performance. We found that gregarine infection was associated with a 10-fold average reduction in abundance of a approximately 155 kDa fragment of muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC; approximately 206 kDa intact size). Insect MHC gene sequences contain evolutionarily conserved amino acid motifs predicted for calpain cleavage, and we found that calpain digestion of purified dragonfly MHC produced a peptide of approximately 155 kDa. Thus, gut parasites in dragonflies are associated with what appears to be a reduction in proteolytic degradation of MHC. MHC155 abundance showed a strong negative relationship to muscle power output in healthy dragonflies but either no relationship or a weakly positive relationship in infected dragonflies. Troponin T (TnT) protein isoform profiles were not significantly different between healthy and infected dragonflies but whereas TnT isoform profile was correlated with power output in healthy dragonflies, there was no such correlation in infected dragonflies. Multivariate analyses of power output based on MHC155 abundance and a principal component of TnT protein isoform abundances explained 98% of the variation in muscle power output in healthy dragonflies but only 29% when data from healthy and infected dragonflies were pooled. These results indicate that important, yet largely unexplored, functional relationships exist between (pathways regulating) myofibrillar protein expression and (post-translational) protein processing. Moreover, infection by protozoan parasites of the midgut is associated with changes in muscle protein composition (i.e. across body compartments) that, either alone or in combination with other unmeasured changes, alter muscle contractile performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schilder
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Asazuma H, Nagata S, Kono M, Nagasawa H. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of ecdysone receptor and retinoid X receptor from the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:139-50. [PMID: 17555998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding EcR (MjEcR) and RXR (MjRXR) were cloned and sequenced from the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus using PCR techniques. The amino acid sequence of MjEcR was similar to that of known EcR especially in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of insect EcR. The DNA binding domain of MjRXR showed higher homology with that of insect USP (>90% identity) than vertebrate RXR ( approximately 85% identity), while LBD of MjRXR is more homologous with that of vertebrate RXR ( approximately 65% identity) than that of insect USP (30-60% identity). The transcripts of MjEcR and MjRXR were expressed in all tissues examined and in particular, highly in Y-organ and heart and in ovary and heart, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that the expression level of MjEcR in hepatopancreas and thoracic muscle increased from intermolt to premolt stages. The analyses also showed that the expressions of MjEcR and MjRXR were regulated in a tissue-specific manner. No significant changes were observed in reproductive organs throughout the molting stages, and MjRXR was expressed much more than MjEcR at all stages. These data suggest that MjRXR mediates a certain hormonal signal related to reproduction.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molting/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Penaeidae/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptors/chemistry
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Asazuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Horigane M, Ogihara K, Nakajima Y, Shinoda T, Taylor D. Cloning and expression of the ecdysteroid receptor during ecdysis and reproduction in females of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:601-12. [PMID: 17894558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of ecdysteroid regulation in development and reproduction have been thoroughly investigated in Diptera and Lepidoptera, but few studies report the molecular actions of ecdysteroids in hemimetabolous insects and more primitive arthropods. Ecdysteroids appear to be the main hormones regulating development and vitellogenesis in ticks. An ecdysteroid receptor that showed high homology with EcRs of other arthropods was isolated from Ornithodoros moubata (OmEcRA). OmEcR expression patterns coincided with ecdysteroid titres in the haemolymph during moulting and vitellogenesis and differed between mated and virgin females. Therefore, OmEcR appears to mediate the regulation of moulting and vitellogenesis by ecdysteroids in O. moubata females as seen in other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horigane
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Lee SG, Bader BD, Chang ES, Mykles DL. Effects of elevated ecdysteroid on tissue expression of three guanylyl cyclases in the tropical land crab Gecarcinus lateralis: possible roles of neuropeptide signaling in the molting gland. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:3245-54. [PMID: 17766302 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.007740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Two eyestalk (ES) neuropeptides, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), increase intracellular cGMP levels in target tissues. Both MIH and CHH inhibit ecdysteroid secretion by the molting gland or Y-organ (YO), but apparently through different guanylyl cyclase(GC)-dependent pathways. MIH signaling may be mediated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO-sensitive GC. CHH binds to a membrane receptor GC. As molting affects neuropeptide signaling, the effects of ecdysteroid on the expression of the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis β subunit of a NO-sensitive GC (Gl-GC-Iβ), a membrane receptor GC (Gl-GC-II) and a NO-insensitive soluble GC (Gl-GC-III) were determined. Gl-GC-Iβ isoforms differing in the absence or presence of an N-terminal 32-amino acid sequence and Gl-GC-III were expressed at higher mRNA levels in ES ganglia, gill,hepatopancreas, ovary and testis, and at lower levels in YO, heart and skeletal muscle. Three Gl-GC-II isoforms, which vary in the length of insertions (+18, +9 and +0 amino acids) within the N-terminal ligand-binding domain, differed in tissue distribution. Gl-GC-II(+18) was expressed highly in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac muscles); Gl-GC-II(+9) was expressed in all tissues examined (ES ganglia, YO, gill, hepatopancreas, striated muscles and gonads); and Gl-GC-II(+0) was expressed in most tissues and was the dominant isoform in ES and thoracic ganglia. ES ablation, which increased hemolymph ecdysteroid, increased Gl-GC-II(+18) mRNA level in claw muscle. Using real-time RT-PCR, ES ablation increased Gl-GC-Iβ, Gl-GC-III and ecdysone receptor mRNA levels in the YOs ∼ten-, ∼four- and∼twofold, respectively, whereas Gl-GC-II mRNA level was unchanged. A single injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone into intact animals transiently lowered Gl-GC-Iβ in hepatopancreas, testis and skeletal muscle, and certain Gl-GC-II isoforms in some of the tissues. These data suggest that YO and other tissues can modulate responses to neuropeptides by altering GC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Lee
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Medler S, Chang ES, Mykles DL. Muscle-specific calpain is localized in regions near motor endplates in differentiating lobster claw muscles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:591-8. [PMID: 17827046 PMCID: PMC2719716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are Ca2+-dependent proteinases that mediate protein turnover in crustacean skeletal muscles. We used an antibody directed against lobster muscle-specific calpain (Ha-CalpM) to examine its distribution in differentiating juvenile lobster claw muscles. These muscles are comprised of both fast and slow fibers early in development, but become specialized into predominantly fast or exclusively slow muscles in adults. The transition into adult muscle types requires that myofibrillar proteins specific for fast or slow muscles to be selectively removed and replaced by the appropriate proteins. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a distinct staining pattern where staining was preferentially localized in the fiber periphery along one side of the fiber. Immunolabeling with an antibody directed against synaptotagmin revealed that the calpain staining was greatest in the cytoplasm adjacent to synaptic terminals. In complementary analyses, we used sequence-specific primers with real-time PCR to quantify the levels of Ha-CalpM in whole juvenile claw muscles. These expression levels were not significantly different between cutter and crusher claws, but were positively correlated with the expression of fast myosin heavy chain. The anatomical localization of Ha-CalpM near motor endplates, coupled with the correlation with fast myofibrillar gene expression, suggests a role for this intracellular proteinase in fiber type switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Medler
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Wheatly MG, Gao Y, Gillen CM. Paradox of epithelial cell calcium homeostasis during vectorial transfer in crayfish kidney. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:267-72. [PMID: 17537439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molting cycle of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has been used as a model to study the cellular physiology and molecular biology of Ca "supply" proteins that effect transcellular vectorial Ca(2+) movement to achieve organismal Ca homeostasis. Specifically, periods of net Ca(2+) influx (postmolt) have been compared with periods of net Ca(2+) balance (intermolt). The broader goal is to understand the paradox facing epithelial cells of maintaining low cytosolic Ca(2+)in the face of mass Ca(2+)transit across epithelial cells. This mini-review compares mRNA and protein expression profiles for a series of proteins that are of strategic importance in effecting transcellular Ca(2+) flux in a selected epithelium, the antennal gland (kidney analog) specifically during apical to basolateral Ca(2+) conveyance. Target proteins were selected as representative of key "stages" in the transcellular transfer of Ca(2+): import (epithelial Ca(2+) channel, ECaC); storage (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, SERCA); buffering (sarcoplasmic Ca(2+) binding protein, SCP); and export (plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase, PMCA and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, NCX). The purpose of this review is to assess coordination of expression of these target proteins at times of high Ca(2+) demand (premolt and postmolt) compared to low Ca demand (intermolt) as a function of cellular location (apical vs. basolateral; endomembranes vs. plasma membranes) and relative abundance within different regions of the antennal gland. Understanding the spatiotemporal regulation of Ca(2+) handling proteins involved in transcellular transport is fundamental to investigating their endocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele G Wheatly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435-0001, USA.
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Vafopoulou X, Laufer H, Steel CGH. Spatial and temporal distribution of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) in haemocytes and epidermal cells during wound healing in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:359-70. [PMID: 17399711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing in crustaceans preserves the integrity of the integument and prevents entry of pathogens. We studied the interaction between the moulting hormones (ecdysteroids) and the cellular events under the wound during wound healing with or without bacteria infection. Wounding of the carapace by abrasion induced a rapid increase in circulating ecdysteroid levels to a low sustained plateau level for about 12 days, followed by a sharp premoult peak and moulting. Within 48h of wounding, the nuclear receptor for ecdysteroids (EcR) appeared in the nuclei of haemocytes (hyaline, semigranular and granulocytes), visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy and anti-EcR. Hyaline haematocytes aggregated in layers below the wound site and granulocytes engaged in phagocytosis. Therefore, the immune system responds directly and rapidly to ecdysteroids. Epidermal cells developed EcR only several days after the haemocytes and only under intact carapace, not under the wound where they appeared apoptotic. At the wound margin, EcR-positive epidermal cells and fibroblasts proceeded to migrate across the wound between the layers of haemocytes. Epidermis was fully regenerated by day 15; at this time the ecdysteroid titre began rising towards a premoult peak and EcR disappeared from the nuclei of epidermal cells suggesting that high amounts of ecdysteroids exert negative control on EcR. When bacteria were injected at the time of wounding, both the plateau level of ecdysteroid titre and the cellular events of wound healing were prolonged by 5-7 days, showing that healing of the wound is slower and that the duration of the plateau phase of the titre depends on the degree of assault on the animal. We conclude that the low levels of ecdysteroids induced by wounding activate the immune system to begin healing below the wound and also stimulate adjacent epidermal cells to commence the process of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthe Vafopoulou
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M3J 1P3.
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Abstract
Steroid molecules are present in all invertebrates, and some of them have established hormonal roles: this is the case for ecdysteroids in arthropods and, to a lesser extent, for vertebrate-type steroids in molluscs. Steroids are not only hormones, they may also fulfill many other functions in chemical communication, chemical defense or even digestive physiology. The increasing occurrence of endocrine disruption problems caused by environmental pollutants, which interfere in particular with reproductive physiology of vertebrates but also of invertebrates has made necessary to better understand the endocrine physiology of the latter and the role of steroids in these processes. So many attempts are being made to better understand the endocrine roles of steroids in arthropods and molluscs, and to establish whether they also fulfill similar functions in other invertebrate phyla. At the moment, both the precise identification of these steroids, the determination of their origin (endogenous versus exogenous) and of their mechanism of action are under active investigation. This research takes profit of the development of genome sequencing programs on many invertebrate species, which allow the identification of receptors and/or biosynthetic enzymes, when related to their vertebrate counterparts, but the story is not so simple, as will be exemplified by estrogen receptors of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lafont
- Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle des Protéines, CNRS FRE 2852, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier no. 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Kim HW, Lee SG, Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 242:80-95. [PMID: 16150535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the potential role of the steroid molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in regulating molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, full-length cDNAs encoding retinoid-X receptor (Gl-RXR) and E75 early ecdysone inducible gene (Gl-E75) were obtained from land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) skeletal muscle mRNA using RT-PCR and 3' and 5' RACE. Gl-E75A (3528bp), which encoded a protein of 828 amino acids, had highest sequence identity to Me-E75A from a shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). It was expressed in skeletal muscle and gonads. The deduced amino acid sequence of Gl-RXR was highly similar to that of the fiddler crab RXR (Up-RXR) and insect ultraspiracle (USP). Nine variant sequences occurred in Gl-RXR mRNAs at three alternative splicing sites, one in the "T box" in the linker D domain and two in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The three T-box variants, termed T(+8), T(+7), and T(+12), contained insertions of 8, 7, or 12 amino acids, respectively. Four variants were generated at the first site in the LBD. Two of the LBD site 1 variants differed in the presence (+33) or absence (-33) of a 33-amino acid sequence; the other two were LBD truncations with or without the 33 amino acid sequence (+33DeltaE/F and -33DeltaE/F, respectively). Two variants differing in the presence (+35) or absence (-35) of a 35-amino acid sequence were generated at the second site in the LBD. The Gl-RXRa isoform (1516 bp) with the longest open reading frame (+12/+33/+35) encoded a protein of 436 amino acids. Thoracic muscle expressed only isoforms with the T(+12) sequence. In contrast, claw muscle expressed isoforms with T(+7) or T(+12) and fewer isoforms with T(+8). Ovary and testis expressed a greater number of RXR isoforms than skeletal muscle. All tissues expressed full-length and truncated RXR isoforms. These data suggest that differences in response of claw and thoracic muscles to elevated ecdysteroid are due in part to differences in the expression of RXR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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